Passive detached single family house in Aylesbury · ENERGELIO Tél. :+33 (0)3.20.52.44.20 7 rue de...
Transcript of Passive detached single family house in Aylesbury · ENERGELIO Tél. :+33 (0)3.20.52.44.20 7 rue de...
ENERGELIO Tél. :+33 (0)3.20.52.44.20
7 rue de l’Hôpital Militaire E-mail : [email protected]
F-59800 LILLE
Passive detached single family house in
Aylesbury
Feasibility study of a photovoltaic self-consumption
system
PH+PV
29/04/2016
N°Affaire Phase Mission Indice Auteur Validé
16044 PH+PV Conseil 1 CT CC
Page 2 | 27
SUMMARY
1 - MAIN FINDINGS DEVELOPPED IN THIS REPORT ____________________ 4
2 - INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________ 5
3 - PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM _______________________________________ 5
4 - DEMAND ANALYSIS ____________________________________________ 6
4.1 - Domestic use _________________________________________________________ 6
4.2 - Domestic Hot Water ____________________________________________________ 7
4.3 - Heating system ________________________________________________________ 7
4.4 - Combined demand profile _______________________________________________ 8
4.5 - Load and generation ___________________________________________________ 8
5 - STATIC HOURLY MODEL _______________________________________ 10
5.1 - Protocol _____________________________________________________________ 10
5.2 - Profiles _____________________________________________________________ 10
5.2.1 - Heating _________________________________________________________________ 10
5.2.2 - DHW ___________________________________________________________________ 11
5.2.3 - Electricity demand (all uses except heating and DHW) _________________________ 11
5.3 - Daily consumption ____________________________________________________ 12
5.3.1 - Annual scale ____________________________________________________________ 12
5.3.2 - Focus on winter __________________________________________________________ 12
5.4 - Peak loads ___________________________________________________________ 13
6 - SOLAR AUTOCONSUMPTION RESULTS __________________________ 14
6.1 - Selfconsumption ratio _________________________________________________ 14
6.2 - Grid electricity purchase ___________________________________________ 15
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6.3 - Detailed results with a 5 kWh battery ____________________________________ 16
6.4 - Detailed results with a 10 kWh battery ____________________________________ 16
6.5 - Detailed results with a 15 kWh battery ____________________________________ 17
6.6 - Detailed results with a 40 kWh battery ____________________________________ 17
6.7 - Grid electricity sales___________________________________________________ 18
6.7.1 - Annual scale ____________________________________________________________ 18
6.7.2 - 5 kWh grid sales _________________________________________________________ 19
6.7.3 - 10 kWh grid sales ________________________________________________________ 19
6.7.4 - 15 kWh grid sales ________________________________________________________ 20
6.7.5 - 40 kWh grid sales ________________________________________________________ 20
6.7.6 - Findings ________________________________________________________________ 21
7 - PEAK LOAD REDUCTION _______________________________________ 22
7.1 - Peak demand with no battery ___________________________________________ 23
7.2 - Peak demand with 5 kWh battery ________________________________________ 23
7.3 - Peak demand with 15 kWh battery _______________________________________ 24
7.4 - Peak demand with 40 kWh battery _______________________________________ 24
7.5 - Comparison with a classic housing ______________________________________ 25
8 - OTHER LEADS ________________________________________________ 26
8.1 - Smart system for solar self-consumption _________________________________ 26
8.1.1 - MyLight System’s Kit _____________________________________________________ 26
8.1.1 - Victron HUB 4 system _____________________________________________________ 27
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1 - MAIN FINDINGS DEVELOPPED IN THIS REPORT
Electricity for Domestic use and Domestic Hot Water (DHW) system are the main electricity
consumers: this is the “Passivehouse effect”.
Thanks to the HP system, peak loads are very low. The maximum mean load observed is around 2.5 kW during winter.
In mid-season + summer, mean load is around 1 kW.
The solar self-consumption ratio, which represents the combination of PV generation directly
used + the battery charge used, presents a logarithmic behavior when the capacity increases.
This is very important to note that considering the high power level installed (12.4 kWc), the self-
consumption ratio without battery is already high. Installing a battery will rise up the ratio.
From our point of view, a ratio between 75% and 80% is a good value in individual housing. For
instance, a battery capacity around 13 kWh represents a 78.6% self-consumption ratio.
Concerning grid electricity purchases, we can also notice a logarithmic behavior: the first kWhs installed allow a grid electricity purchases reduction. However, the reduction is limited. This behavior is only due to the winter period.
Installing batteries can reduce the annual grid sales, but not in summer. Again, we can notice a logarithmic behavior. Summer sales always represent a huge part.
Batteries can reduce peak demand. When we draw the reduced peak demand regarding battery capacity, we can find an optimal area around 15 kWh.
Compared to a classic housing, peak loads can be reduced here by more than 80%.
To go further, it can be very interesting to install a smart system to increase the self-consumption ratio.
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Solar autoconsumption : gen directly used + battery
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Hours / year when peak load is above 1 kW
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2 - INTRODUCTION
Lark Rise is a PassiveHouse standard project: the most advanced energy standard worldwide. This project is also equipped with a 12.4 kWp PV array on the roof. Moreover, it is very likely that this project be eligible for the new PassivHouse Plus label. The aim of the study is to quantify the self-consumption potential, and also to estimate how much the winter peak load demand can be reduced. In this report, we will focus on 3 main subjects:
1. What is the best battery size? 2. Can we reduce peak loads with a battery? 3. Compared to a classic building, is the winter
electrical load peak reduced?
3 - PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
The photovoltaic system of the passive house generates 12.4 kWp with
38 solar panels. Each panel is a Sunpower model with a 10-degree
angle with the horizontal. Regarding the location and the direction of the
house, 10,978 kWh of energy is produced every year.
According to our calculations, more than 45% of the annual photovoltaic production is not used and has to be injected into the grid. Regarding this figure, we propose to define which strategy can be set up in the passive house for controlling this energy production.
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4 - DEMAND ANALYSIS
For our calculations, we built a consumption profile including: domestic use, DHW and heating demand.
Domestic use and Domestic Hot Water (DHW) system are the main electricity consumers: this is the
“Passivehouse effect”.
4.1 - Domestic use
The refrigerator, the freezer and the ventilation system need to be provided in electricity all the time, in a
constant way. It is constant demand.
Some appliances, such as the dishwashing and the clothes washing, need to be scheduled for immediate
and ulterior use. It is programmable demand.
Lighting, cooking and consumer electronics are considered as floating demand. These items consume
more electricity than the previous items and they are less predictable. But this demand can be easily
decreased. Indeed, they depend on the following parameters: family behavior, weather, etc.
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kWh
/ye
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Electricity Demand
Consumer electronics
Cooking
Lighting
Ventilation
Freezing
Refrigerating
Small appliances
Clothes washing
Dishwashing
Constant demand
Programmable
demand
Floating demand
Page 7 | 27
4.2 - Domestic Hot Water
DHW can be considered as a deferrable demand.
Water is heated, accumulated in a tank and can be
used later.
The domestic hot water consumption is equal to 844
kWh per year (according to PHPP with a 2.8
SCOP).
4.3 - Heating system
The heat pump covers 100% of space heating
demand.
Annual heating demand is equal to 15.1 kWh/m²
per year, that is to say 2702.9 kWh per year. With
a 2.8 SCOP, the annual heating consumption
remains very low: 991 kWh per year.
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DHW consumption (PHPP)
DHW consumption (PHPP)
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Annual heating consumption (PHPP)
Annual heating consumption (PHPP)
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4.4 - Combined demand profile
4.5 - Load and generation
Optimization of the photovoltaic production depends on balance between load and generation.
The management system has to be designed for consuming the generated energy for the following energy
consumption items:
- Constant demand is the first item which consumes solar generation;
- After constant demand, solar generation provides energy for domestic hot water. Water can be easily
heated and stored for a non-immediate use;
- If there is an electricity surplus, it can be used for programmable demand and also for heating.
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Domestic Use DWH consumption Heating consumption
kWh
/ye
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Lark Rise - Annual Electricity Demand
Annual heating consumption (PHPP)
DHW consumption (PHPP)
Consumer electronics
Cooking
Lighting
Ventilation
Freezing
Refrigerating
Small appliances
Clothes washing
Dishwashing
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On an annual basis, we can notice that the PV production is about 2.5 times higher than electricity demand.
Basically, with a monthly approach, the maximum energy consumption from the building doesn’t coincide
with the maximum energy generation from the photovoltaic system. There is an electricity surplus between
March and October.
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Global electricity Demand PV generation
kWh
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Lark Rise - Annual Electricity Demand
PV generation
Annual heating consumption (PHPP)
DHW consumption (PHPP)
Consumer electronics
Cooking
Lighting
Ventilation
Freezing
Refrigerating
Small appliances
Clothes washing
Dishwashing
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Monthly solar PV generation vs Load
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5 - STATIC HOURLY MODEL
5.1 - Protocol
The static model is based on an 8760 hours excel model and consists in comparing battery scenarios with
one demand profile. We allowed ourselves to use some methods developed in the Darke and Taylor’s excel
worksheet. The profile is considered as a constant demand per day from the domestic use, combined with
the heating system consumption and finally the DHW system.
5.2 - Profiles
5.2.1 - Heating
The heating profile is calculated with a dynamic model, based on a PH building with the same time constant
and adapted to the weather data.
(typical day)
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THEORICAL HEATING DEMAND
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5.2.2 - DHW
DHW is supposed to be launched during the day, when the PV is producing.
5.2.3 - Electricity demand (all uses except heating and DHW)
Electricity demand profile for all uses is following. During the day, we assume that the dishwasher and the
washing machine is programmed to run between 11am and 3pm.
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5.3 - Daily consumption
5.3.1 - Annual scale
On an annual scale, the daily consumption is constant in mid-season and summer. In winter, peak consumption appears, due to the heating demand.
5.3.2 - Focus on winter
In winter, daily consumption is variable. However, it is interesting to note that mean consumption is around 19 kWh/day.
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Daily consumption / Annual scale
Daily constant
consumption
Heating peaks
Mean
value :
19 kWh/day
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5.4 - Peak loads
This graph is showing to main conclusions:
1. Thanks to the HP system, peak loads are very low. The maximum mean load observed is around 2.5 kW during winter, which is very low.
2. In mid-season + summer, mean load is around 1 kW. Here is a focus of peak loads in winter:
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ANNUAL LOAD PROFILE
Max 2.5kW
Base : 1kW
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6 - SOLAR AUTOCONSUMPTION RESULTS
6.1 - Selfconsumption ratio
We chose to look at the solar self-consumption ratio, which represents the combination of PV generation
directly used + the battery charge used.
As expected, we notice a logarithmic behavior: the first kWh is most effective.
This is very important to note that considering the high power level installed (12.4 kWp), the self-consumption
ratio without battery is already high. Installing a battery will rise up the ratio.
From our point of view, a ratio between 75% and 80% is a good value in individual housing. For instance,
a battery capacity around 13 kWh represents a 78.6% self-consumption ratio.
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BATTERY CAPACITY (KWH)
Solar autoconsumption : gen directly used + battery
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6.2 - Grid electricity purchase
The following curve shows the grid electricity purchase linked to the battery capacity. For this indicator, we can also notice a logarithmic behavior: the first kWhs installed allow a reduction of grid electricity purchase. However, the reduction is limited. This behavior is due to the winter period.
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Grid electricity purchase
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6.3 - Detailed results with a 5 kWh battery
6.4 - Detailed results with a 10 kWh battery
189 199 238 255
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5 kWh- Monthly dataDirect autoconsumption Battery Charge Used Grid Electricity
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10 kWh- Monthly dataDirect autoconsumption Battery Charge Used Grid Electricity
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6.5 - Detailed results with a 15 kWh battery
6.6 - Detailed results with a 40 kWh battery
189 199 238 255
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15 kWh- Monthly dataDirect autoconsumption Battery Charge Used Grid Electricity
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40 kWh- Monthly dataDirect autoconsumption Battery Charge Used Grid Electricity
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6.7 - Grid electricity sales
6.7.1 - Annual scale
Installing batteries can reduce the annual grid sales, but not in Summer. Again, we can notice a logarithmic behavior. Summer sales always represent a huge part. We can see this phenomenon with the detailed graphs below:
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KW
GRID REINJECTION
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6.7.2 - 5 kWh grid sales
6.7.3 - 10 kWh grid sales
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10 kWh - Monthly dataGrid sales
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6.7.4 - 15 kWh grid sales
6.7.5 - 40 kWh grid sales
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40 kWh - Monthly dataGrid sales
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6.7.6 - Findings
Those detailed graph show that even if we install a huge battery capacity (40 kWh here), grid sales cannot be reduced during the March October period. It also means that batteries cannot reduce peak reinjection loads into the grid.
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7 - PEAK LOAD REDUCTION
As seen previously, peak loads reach about 2.5 kW. Normal load represents 1 kW. Besides, we noticed to choose a battery size, we miss a parameter. Self-consumption ratio is not sufficient. Considering this, we would like to know what size of battery could authorize a peak load reduction from 2.5 kW to 1kW in winter.
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ANNUAL LOAD PROFILE
Max 2.5kW
Base : 1kW
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BATTERY CAPACITY (KWH)
Hours / year when peak load is above 1 kW
Optimal area
Page 23 | 27
7.1 - Peak demand with no battery
7.2 - Peak demand with 5 kWh battery
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GRID PEAK DEMAND - 5 KWH
Page 24 | 27
7.3 - Peak demand with 15 kWh battery
15 kWh appears to be a good compromise between investment and peak load reduction here.
7.4 - Peak demand with 40 kWh battery
We can see here that even with a 40 kWh battery, peak demand above 1 kW still exists and happens in Winter.
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Page 25 | 27
7.5 - Comparison with a classic housing
We can see here that compared to a classic house, the Lark Rise project with a 15 kWh battery reduces its peak load demand by more than 80%.
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PEA
K LO
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-KW
WI NTER PERI OD
Grid - Classic Housing Grid - PH + 15 kWh battery
Page 26 | 27
8 - OTHER LEADS
8.1 - Smart system for solar self-consumption
In order to increase the self-consumption ratio, two systems are suggested and described below.
8.1.1 - MyLight System’s Kit
Optimization of consumption and production is achieved with these two components:
- A Central Control Unit which manages and optimizes electricity flow in the house;
- Several SmartPlugs.
By combining their functions, domestic hot water and electrical appliances are used when electricity
production from solar energy is its maximum.
Page 27 | 27
8.1.1 - Victron HUB 4 system
The Victron HUB 4 System is distributed by Victron Energy, based in Glasgow. This system is a grid-parallel energy storage system. It can be added in any existing photovoltaic system. The system is mainly constituted by these products:
- Batteries, any type of battery can be used; - A Victron colour control GX to monitor and control the system; - A Carlo Gavazzi energy meter for export/import measures, so the system is able to determine
when the battery must be charged or discharged; - The other components are the initial elements of the photovoltaic system.