Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018 B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry ... · History and background of the...
Transcript of Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018 B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry ... · History and background of the...
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Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester I
Core Course
BIOMOLECULES (BCB151)
Credit: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: WATER AND PROTEINS (12 Lectures)
Water: Physical properties and hydrogen bonding of water; structure of liquid water and its
solvent properties; hydrophobic interactions. Ionization of H2O and ion product of water; the pH
scale; relationship between pH and pKa (Henderson-Hasselbalch equation); buffers
Proteins: Definition, biological functions of proteins; structure of twenty alpha-amino acids
commonly found in proteins; abbreviations and classification of 20 amino acids; zwitterion
nature of amino acid in aqueous solutions; essential amino acids; peptide bond formation;
backbone structure of proteins/polypeptides; N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids; properties
of amino acids/proteins arising from their dipolar nature; basic understanding of primary,
secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins/peptides; fibrous and globular proteins;
elementary ideas on protein denaturation and renaturation.
UNIT II: CARBOHYDRATES (12 Lectures)
Definition, biological functions; classification into monosaccharides (aldoses and ketoses),
oligosaccharides and polysaccharides; optical isomerism, open chain and ring structures of
carbohydrates; mutarotation; structure of biologically important carbohydrates (D-glucose, D-
galactose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-ribose, D-2-deoxyribose, D-maltose, D-lactose, D-
sucrose); polysaccharides- starch, cellulose, glycogen and mucopolysaccharides; suitability of
polysaccharides as storage material.
UNIT III: LIPIDS (12 Lectures)
Definition; biological functions; general formulae, nomenclature and properties of fatty acids;
essential and non-essential fatty acids; classification of lipids; general structure and function of
Annexure - I
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major lipid subclasses: acylglycerols, phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, waxes, terpenes,
steroids and prostaglandins; saponifiable and non-saponifiable lipids; suitability of triglycerides
as storage lipids; saponification number and iodine number; biomembranes
UNIT IV: NUCLEIC ACIDS (12 Lectures)
Nucleosides and nucleotides; generalized structural plan of nucleic acids. Evidence that DNA is
the genetic material; Watson-Crick model of DNA; size of DNA in prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells. Central dogma of molecular biology; gene, genome and chromosome. Basic ideas of DNA
replication, transcription and protein biosynthesis; genetic code and codons. Mutations-
definition and types.
Suggested Reading:
• Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry (2017) by Nelson and Cox. Seventh edition. WH
Freeman and Co.
• Biochemistry (2015) by Berg, Tymoczko, Gatto, Stryer. Eighth Edition. WH Freeman
and Co.
• Introducing Biochemistry (1982) by Wood and Pickering. ELBS/John Muray.
• Outlines of Biochemistry by Conn and Stumpf (5th Edition, 1987) Wiley, New Delhi.
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Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester II
Core Course
MICROBIOLOGY & VIROLOGY (BCB251)
Credit: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFICATION, MORPHOLOGY, NUTRITION &
PHYSIOLOGY OF BACTERIA (12 Lectures)
Brief introduction to microorganisms, criteria used in the classification of bacteria- morphology,
cytology, genetics, host specialization, serology, physiology etc. Numerical taxonomy, a brief
account of Bergey’s manual. General organization of bacterial cells - gram positive and gram
negative organisms; structure and function of peptidoglycan in gram positive and gram negative
organisms; functions of polymeric components in outer membrane and acidic polymers in gram
negative organisms. Bacterial growth; phases of growth, physical factors affecting bacterial
growth ( pH, temperature and oxygen requirements).
UNIT II: BACTERIAL GENETICS (12 Lectures)
Adaptation and mutation: types of mutations and their effects. Significance of gene transfer in
bacteria. Methods of lateral gene transfer: transformation, transduction and conjugation; their
discovery and mechanism. Generalised and specialised transduction; Temperate and virulent
phages, lysogenic and lytic cycles, Characteristics of plasmids, Transposable elements: insertion
sequences and transposons.
UNIT III: MORPHOLOGY & REPLICATION OF VIRUSES (12 Lectures)
Definitions of virus, viroids, virusoids and prion; general properties of viruses. Virus structure;
variations in size and shape/symmetry. Cultivation and detection of viruses; Plaque formation
and haemagglutination inhibition test. Replication of bacteriophages, animal viruses and
retroviruses.
UNIT IV: VIRAL INFECTIONS (12 Lectures)
Acute viral infections - Influenza, dengue and yellow fever viruses; persistent viral infections-
herpes/hepatitis and AIDS; transformation and cancer. Role of vaccines in prevention of viral
infections, types of polio vaccines.
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Suggested Reading:
• Microbiology: Principles and Explorations (2014) by JG Black and LJ Black. Ninth
edition. Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology (2013) by JC Pomerville. Tenth edition, Jones
and Bartlett.
• Microbiology (2001) by Chan, Pelczar and Krieg. Fifth edition. McGraw Hill India.
• Microbiology: An Introduction (2014) by Tortora, Funke and Case. Twelfth edition.
Pearson Education, Inc.
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Biochemistry Department
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester III
Core Course
ENZYMOLOGY (BCB351)
Credits: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION (12 Lectures)
Definition, historical perspective, IUB enzyme classification (rationale, overview and specific
examples). Nature of non-enzymatic and enzymatic catalysis. Measurement and expression of
enzyme activity, enzyme assays. Definition of IU, enzyme turn over number and specific
activity. Role of non-protein organic molecules and inorganic ions, co-factors, coenzymes,
prosthetic groups. Role of vitamins as coenzyme precursors (general treatment), details of
coenzyme functions of NAD and pyridoxal phosphate.
UNIT II: MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION (12 Lectures)
Concept of enzyme-substrate complex, evidences for the formation of enzyme-substrate
complex. Nature of substrate binding sites, active sites of enzymes. Collision and transition
state theory. Michaelis-Menten equation, determination and significance of Vmax and Km.
Lock and key and induced fit model of enzyme-substrate interactions. Stereo-specificity of
enzyme for substrates. Enzyme catalytic efficiency, proximity, orientation, distortion or strain,
acid-base and nucleophilic catalysis.
UNIT III: ENZYME KINETICS & ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES (14 Lectures)
Kinetics of zero and first order reactions, effect of enzyme concentration, substrate
concentration, temperature and pH on enzyme activity; enzyme inhibition (reversible and
irreversible inhibition). Evaluation of Km, Ki and Vmax in the presence of inhibitors.
Significance and evaluation of energy of activation and free energy. Allosteric enzymes-
definition, behavior and physiological significance.
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UNIT III: INDUSTRIAL AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF ENZYMES
(10 Lectures)
Industrial uses of enzymes; production of glucose from maltose, starch, cellulose and dextran;
use of lactase in diary industry; production of glycose-fructose syrup from sucrose. Use of
proteases in food, detergent and leather industries. Medical applications of enzymes; use of
glucose oxidase in enzyme electrodes.
Suggested Reading:
• Biochemistry (2015) by Berg, Tymoczko, Gatto, Stryer. Eighth Edition.
• Biochemistry (1998) by GL Zubay. Fourth edition. W.C. Brown Publishers, USA
• Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry (2017) by Nelson and Cox Seventh edition.
• Biochemical Calculations by Irwin H. Segel
• Fundamentals of Enzymology (2000) by N. Price and L. Stevens.
• Understanding Enzymes by Trevor Palmer
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Biochemistry Department
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester III
Ability Enhancement Discipline Centric Course
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOCHEMISTRY (BCB352)
Credits: 2
Total Lectures: 24
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: BIOCHEMICAL REAGENTS AND SOLUTIONS (6 Lectures)
Safety practices in the laboratory. Preparation and storage of solutions. Concepts of solution
concentration and storing solutions.
UNIT II: CONCEPT OF BUFFER (6 Lectures)
Concept of a buffer, Henderson-Hasselbach equation, working of a pH meter. Quantitative
transfer of liquids.
UNIT III: SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC TECHNIQUES (6 Lectures)
Principle and instrumentation of UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. Determination of the
absorption maxima and molar extinction coefficient (of a relevant organic molecule).
Determination of concentration of a protein solution by Lowry/BCA method.
UNIT IV: CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES (6 Lectures)
Chromatography: general principles, types and techniques; partition, size exclusion, ion
exchange, and affinity chromatography.
Suggested Reading:
• Physical Biochemistry: Principles and Applications (2010) by D. Sheehan. Second
edition, Wiley Blackwell (West Sussex)
• Physical Biochemistry: Applications to Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (1982) by
David Freifelder. Second Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company (New York)
• An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry (1998) by DT Plummer. Third Edition, Tata
McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd. (New Delhi)
Department of Biochemistry
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Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester III
Ability Enhancement Discipline Centric Course
BIOSTATISTICS AND DATA ANALYSIS
(BCB353)
Credits: 2
Total Lectures: 24
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: DATA IN BIOLOGY (4 lectures)
Data in Biology: development in biostatistics; samples and populations: samplying techniques
(random and stratified); sampling and non-sampling errors; accuracy and precision; frequency
distributions and their graphical representations.
UNIT II: MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND DISPERSION (8 Lectures)
Measures of central tendency: mean, median and mode. Partition values: Quartiles, deciles and
percentiles. Measures of dispebsion: Range, standard deviation and coefficient of variance.
Distribution patterns: normal, Binomial and Poisson distribution patterns. Skewness and
Kurtosis.
UNIT III: PROBABILITY, CORRELATION AND REGRESSION (6 Lectures)
Probability: Basic concepts, addition and multiplication rules of probability, conditional
probability, Bayes’ theorem and its applications in biostatistics. Correlation analysis: Scatter
diagrams, Pearson’s and Spearman’s coefficients of correlation. Regression analysis: Method of
least squares, equations of lines of regression and their applications in biostatistics.
UNIT IV: HYPOTHESIS TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (6 Lectures)
Hypothesis testing: concept of null hypothesis, type I and type II errors, P-value of the statistic.
Student’s ‘t’ test: paired and unpaired. Chi-square test. F-test. Analysis of variance: one-way and
two-way classifications.
Suggested Reading:
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• Primer of Biostatistics (2011) by Stanton Glantz. Seventh edition, McGraw-Hill Medical.
• Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences (2013) by Wayne Daniel
and Chad Cross. Tenth edition, Wiley.
• Principles of Biostatistics (2000), Marcello Pagano and Kimberlee Gauvrean. Second
edition, Thompson learning.
• Biostatistical Analysis, 5th edition (2009) by Jerrold Zar. Fifth edition, Pearson.
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Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester IV
Core Course
METABOLISM (BCB451)
Credits: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: ANAEROBIC CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM (12 Lectures)
Definition, reactions of glycolysis; entry of galactose, fructose and mannose in glycolysis;
utilization of sucrose and lactose; production of ATP and its utilization during muscle
contraction; oxygen debt; alcoholic fermentation; glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis,
glycogenesis; hexose monophosphate shunt pathway and its significance; regulation of
glycolysis; what happens in diabetes? galactosemia, glucose intolerance.
UNIT II: AEROBIC CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM (12 Lectures)
History and background of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl
CoA; individual reactions of the TCA cycle; energetics of the cycle; anabolic nature of TCA
cycle; regulation of TCA cycle; glyoxalate cycle and its significance; electron transport and
oxidative phosphorylation; energy coupling hypothesis.
UNIT III: LIPID METABOLSIM (12 Lectures)
Historical development and individual reactions of beta-oxidation pathway; oxidation of
unsaturated fatty acids and odd chain fatty acids; metabolism of triacytylglycerols; formation and
break down of ketone bodies; biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol; role of serum
lipoproteins (LDL, HDL) in the development of coronary heart disease.
UNIT IV: NITROGEN METABOLISM (12 Lectures)
Nitrogen balance studies in man (normal, negative and positive nitrogen balance). Urea cycle
(preliminary account); transamination and deamination reactions; comparative biochemistry of
nitrogen excretion; metabolism of purines and pyrimidines including regulation (preliminary
account). Synthesis of biologically active amines e.g. epinephrine, non-epinephrine, dopamine,
serotonin, -aminobutyric acid & histamine. Glutathione as cofactor.
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Suggested Reading:
• Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry (2017) by Nelson and Cox Seventh edition. WH
Freeman.
• Biochemistry (2015) by Berg, Tymoczko, Gatto, Stryer. Eighth Edition. WH Freeman.
• Outlines of Biochemistry (1987) by Conn and Stumpf. Fifth edition, Wiley, New Delhi.
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Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester IV
Ability Enhancement Discipline Centric Course
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (BCB452)
Credits: 2
Total Lectures: 24
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION (6 Lectures)
Organization of clinical laboratory. Introduction to instrumentation and automation in clinical
biochemistry laboratories, safety regulations and first aid. General comments on specimen
collection, types of specimen for biochemical analysis. Precision, accuracy, quality control,
precautions and limitations.
UNIT 2: BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN LIVER AND RENAL DISEASES (6 Lectures)
Hepatic and renal diseases: associated symptoms and their evaluation. Diagnostic strategies
(liver and renal function tests).
UNIT 3: BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN CARDIAC DISEASES AND LIPID PROFILE
(6 Lectures)
Cardiac diseases: associated symptoms and their evaluation. Cardiac markers. Lipid profile:
components and implications in cardiovascular disease. Clinical significance of variations in
lipoproteins. Estimation of triglycerides.
UNIT 4: ASSESSMENT OF BLOOD GLUCOSE (6 Lectures)
Clinical significance of variations in blood glucose. Estimation of blood glucose by glucose
oxidase peroxidase method. Various blood glucose laboratory tests: fasting blood sugar test,
post-prandial blood sugar test, glucose tolerance test, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c).
Suggested Reading:
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1. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry (2001), 5th ed., Burtis, C. A., Ashwood, E., R., W.
B. Saunders Company,ISBN: 0-7216-8634-6
2. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry (2015) by Rodwell, Weil, Botham, Bender, Connolly.
Thirtieth edition, McGraw Hill Education.
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Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry Semester IV
Ability Enhancement Discipline Centric Course
PROTEIN PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES (BCB453)
Credits: 2
Total Lectures: 24
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: PROTEIN PURIFICATION (6 Lectures)
Basic concept about purification of proteins, different techniques of protein purification: ion-
exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, affinity chromatography.
UNIT II: SEQUENCING, FOLDING AND DENATURATION OF PROTEINS
(6 Lectures)
Protein sequencing; sequenators; quaternary structure of proteins; characteristics of molten
globule state; in vivo folding; models of protein folding.
UNIT III: PROTEIN GEL ELECTROPHORESIS AND MS (6 Lectures)
Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; mass spectrometry: matrix assisted laser
desorption ionization MS.
UNIT IV: PROTEIN FOLDING (6 Lectures)
Folding and denaturation of proteins. Functional proteomics; applications of proteome analysis.
Suggested Reading:
• Physical Biochemistry: Principles and Applications (2010) by D. Sheehan. Second
edition, Wiley Blackwell (West Sussex)
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• Physical Biochemistry: Applications to Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (1982) by
David Freifelder. Second Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company (New York)
• An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry (1998) by DT Plummer. Third Edition, Tata
McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd. (New Delhi)
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Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester IV
Open Elective Course
OUTLINES OF BIOCHEMISTRY (BCB491)
Credits: 2
Total Lectures: 24
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: WATER (6 Lectures)
Water and its hydrogen bonding property. pH, pKa and Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,
hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions, buffers.
UNIT II: PROTEIN CHEMISTRY (6 Lectures)
Definition, structure of amino acids; peptide bond formation; backbone structure of
proteins/polypeptides; N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids; disulphide bonds. Basic
understanding of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins/peptides;
elementary ideas on protein denaturation and renaturation.
UNIT III: ENZYMES (6 Lectures)
Basics of enzymology: classification of enzymes, characteristics of enzymes, concept of
holoenzyme, apoenzyme, coenzyme and cofactor; mechanism of enzyme action. Enzyme
kinetics; Michaelis-Menten equation; determination and significance of Vmax and KM. Basic idea
of enzyme inhibition.
UNIT IV: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (6 Lectures)
Genome, Gene and Organization: Chromatin structure. Primary and secondary structure of DNA.
Watson-Crick model of DNA; supercoiling. Denaturation and renaturation of DNA.
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Suggested Reading:
• Biochemistry (1998) by Geoffrey Zubay. Fourth edition, WC Brown Publishers, USA.
• Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry (2017) by Nelson and Cox. Seventh edition.
• Biochemistry (2015) by Berg, Tymoczko, Gatto, Stryer. Eighth Edition.
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Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester V
Core Course
CONCEPTS OF CELL BIOLOGY
(BCB551)
Credits: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES (12 Lectures)
a) Structural organization of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Ultrastructure, organization and
functions of mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes and
microbodies, peroxisome.
b) Structure of a typical plant cell. Cell wall – composition, structure and functions.
Ultrastructure of chloroplasts. Preliminary idea of light and dark reactions of photosynthesis;
photophosphorylations. Functions of vacuoles in plants.
UNIT II: MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12 Lectures)
Functions of biological membranes. Composition - nature of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and
other molecules. Model membranes - monolayer, bilayer, liposomes. Singer and Nicholson
model (fluid-mosaic model). Factors affecting membrane fluidity and asymmetry. Transport
function of membranes, active and passive transport of various substances; transport via vescicle
formation. Electrical properties of membrane.
UNIT III: CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS AND TECHNIQUES IN CELL BIOLOGY
(12 ectures)
a) Structure and organization of cytoskeletal filaments-microfilaments, microtubule and
intermediate filaments. Assembly and movement of cilia and flagella.
b) Visualization of cells and sub-cellular components by light microscopy, different fixation and
staining techniques for EM, freeze itch and freeze fracture methods for EM.
UNIT IV: CELL CYCLE, CELL DEATH AND CELL RENEWAL (12 Lectures)
Cell division-mitosis and meiosis; eukaryotic cell cycle- steps and control of cell cycle.
Restriction points and check points. Brief outline of apoptosis and necrosis. Salient features of a
transformed cell.
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Suggested Reading:
• Cell Biology (2012) by G. Karp. Seventh edition, Wiley.
• Molecular Biology of the Cell (2014) by Alberts, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, Walter.
Sixth edition, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, USA.
• Molecular Cell Biology (2016) by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Bretscher. Eighth Edition.
W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd
• Molecular Cell Biology (1986) by CJ Avers. Third edition, Addison Wesley, USA.
• Cell Biology (2005) by SC Rastogi. Third edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co,
New Delhi.
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Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester V
Core Course
CONCEPTS OF IMMUNOLOGY (BCB552)
Credits: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: BASIC ASPECTS OF IMMUNITY (12 Lectures)
(a) Innate and adaptive immunity; cellular and humoral immunity.
(b) Definition of antigen, antibody, hapten, antigenic and haptenic determents; structure of
antibody molecules, classes of antibodies; polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.
(c) Primary and secondary immune response; idea of vaccination, adjuvant.
UNIT II: HOST PARASITE INTERACTIONS AND ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
(12 Lectures)
(a) Host-parasite relationship: normal flora, pathogenicity, disease progress, transmission and
types of diseases, disease establishment.
(b) Primary and secondary lymphatic organs, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes.
UNIT III: CELLS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM (12 Lectures)
General properties of effector cells, B cells and T cells (Tc), natural killer cells; NKT cells. B
and T cell receptors; introduction to B and T cell receptor genes.
UNIT IV: IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES (12 Lectures)
Introduction to various immunological techniques: ELISA, RIA, immunodiffusion,
immunoelectrophoresis, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence.
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Suggested Reading:
• The Elements of Immunology. (2012) by Fahim H. Khan. -2nd Imp, Pearson Education
Inc.
• Kuby’s Immunology (2013) by –Richard A. Goldsby, Thomas J. Kindt and Barbera A.
Obsorne. 7th edition, Freeman Press, New York.
• Microbiology- B.D. Davis, R. Dalbacco H.S. Ginsberg, W.B. Wood & M. Mclanty
(Harper & Row Publishers) 3rd Edition.
• Immunology (2015) by I. Roit J. Bros Taft and Male. 13th edition Mosby Publishers.
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Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester V
Discipline Centric Elective Course
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (BCB553)
Credits: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: BLOOD AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (12 Lectures)
Blood components and their functions; genesis of erythrocytes and leukocytes; granular and
agranular systems and inflammation; phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages. Functions
of T and B lymphocytes. Mechanism of blood clotting by intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
Structure of heart, the origin and propagation of heart beat, cardiac cycle and electrocardiogram.
UNIT II: RENAL PHYSIOLOGY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (12 Lectures)
a) Anatomy of the nephron and its organization; functions of glomerular membrane, glomerular
filtration rate (GRF), structural and functional characteristics of tubules selective reabsorption
and secretion by active and passive transports of various substances (sugars, amino acids, urea &
creatinine), concentration of urine, role of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.
b) Organization of respiratory system. Exchange of gases, transport of oxygen: role of
haemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin; dissociation curve and its significance. Transport of CO2: Bohr’s
effect, isohydric transport of CO2 and chloride shift. Acid-base balance: acidosis and alkalosis,
role of lung and kidney in regulation of acid-base balance.
UNIT III: ENDOCRINE AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (12 Lectures)
a) Endocrine System: A brief outline of various endocrine glands, endocrine hormones and their
physiological functions; hormone receptors and their activation; general mechanism of
extracellular and intracellular hormone action.
b) Digestive System: Structure and functions of different components of digestive system;
digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins; role of various enzymes and
hormones involved in these processes. Mechanism of HCl formation in stomach; role of bile
salts in lipid digestion and absorption.
UNIT V: NERVOUS AND MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM (12 Lectures)
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a) Nervous System: Organization of nervous system, nerve cells, nerve fibers, nerve impulses,
neurotransmission, synapses: chemical & electrical synapses, functional properties of nerve
fibers, action potential.
b) Physiology and Biochemistry of vision. Sensory transduction. Physiology of muscle
contraction in striated and non striated muscle.
Suggested Reading:
• A Text Bok of Animal Physiology (2008) by AK Berry. Eleventh edition, Emkay
Publications, New Delhi
• Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (2015) by JE Hall. Thirteenth edition,
WB Saunders Co., USA
• Principles of Biochemistry: Mammalian Biochemistry (1985) by EL Smith, RL Hill, IR
Lehman, RJ Lefkowitz, P Handler, AWhite. Seventh edition, Tata McGraw Hill
International Book Co.
• Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology (2013) by Barrett, Barman, Boitano and
Brooks. Twenty fourth edition, McGraw Hill.
• The department may provide write-up for some units which shall be available in the
seminar library for reprography
24
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester V
Discipline Centric Elective Course
BIOSAFETY AND BIOETHICS (BCB554)
Credits: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION (12 Lectures)
Historical background, introduction to biological safety cabinets, primary containment for
biohazards, biosafety levels of specific microorganisms, recommended biosafety levels for
infectious agents and infected animals.
UNIT II: BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES (12 Lectures)
Definition of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and living modified organisms (LMOs) by
government of India. Roles of institutional biosafety committee, review committee on genetic
manipulation (RCGM), genetic engineering approval committee (GEAC) for GMO applications
in food and agriculture, environmental release of GMOs. Biosafety assessment of pharmaceutical
products such as drugs/vaccines etc.
UNIT III: FOUNDATION OF BIOETHICS (12 Lectures)
Definition, historic evolution, codes and guidelines, universal principles. Key to the
environmentally responsible use of biotechnology, ethical implications of biotechnological
products and techniques. Social and ethical implications of biological weapons. Ethical use of
animals in laboratory.
UNIT IV: CODES, COVENANTS, DECLARATIONS AND GUIDELINES (12 Lectures)
Bioethics in relation to profession, society, and biomedicine. Gradation of moral and ethical
norms from simpler to higher levels for initiating right actions Guidelines and codes having
relevance to bioethics.
25
Suggested Reading:
• Bioethics and Biosafety (2008) by M. K Sateesh. First edition, IK International Pvt Ltd.
ISBN-13: 978-8190675703.
• The Cambridge Textbook of Bioethics (2008), Peter A. Singer and A. M. Viens. First
edition, Cambridge University Press, ISBN-13: 978-0511545566.
• Foundation of Bioethics (1996) by EH Tristram. Second edition, Oxford University
Press, ISBN-13: 9780195057362.
• Social Science: An Introduction to the Study of Society (2010) by EF Hunt and DC
Colander. Fourteenth edition, Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, Boston, ISBN-13: 978-
020570271.
• Principles of Biomedical Ethics (2011) by T Beauchamp and JF Childress. Sixth edition,
Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN-13: 978-0195143317.
• A Companion to Bioethics (2012) Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer. Second edition, John
Wiley and Sons, ISBN-13: 978-1444350845.
• Bioethics: An Introduction to the History, Methods and Practice (1997) by NS Jecker,
AR Jonsen, RA Pearlman. First edition, Jones and Bartlett Learning, ISBN-13: 978-
0763702281.
• Genetically Modified Organisms and Biosafety (2004) by Tomme Young. First edition.
ISBN-13: 978-2831707983.
• Environmental Safety of Genetically Engineered Crops (2011) by R Grumet, JF
Hancock, KM Maredia, C Weebadde. First edition, Michigan State University Press
ISBN-13: 978-1611860085.
• Biosafety and Bioethics (2006) by Rajmohan Joshi. First edition, Isha Books ISBN-13:
978-8182053779.
• Bioethics and Biosafety in Biotechnology (2007) by V. Sreekrishna. First edition, New
Age International (P) Ltd., ISBN-13: 978-8122420852.
26
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester V
Discipline Centric Elective Course
MOLECULAR BASIS OF NON-INFECTIOUS HUMAN DISEASES (BCB555)
Credits: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS (12 Lectures)
Overview of major and minor nutrient components in the diet. Balanced diet and the concept of
RDA. Nutrient deficiencies; Kwashiorkor and Marasmus, scurvy, beri beri, pellagra and vitamin
B12 deficiency, Xerophthalmia and night blindness, vitamin D deficiency, vitamin K deficiency;
their symptoms.
UNIT II: METABOLIC AND LIFESTYLE DISORDERS (12 Lectures)
Obesity and eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bullemia. Diabetes mellitus as metabolic
syndrome and the relationship with hypertension, obesity, hypothyroidism and stress. Cardio
vascular disorders and atherosclerosis-defining the ailments that fall in this category,
understanding the factors that contribute to the syndrome. Irritable bowel syndrome- influence of
diet, stress and environment on the condition.
Unit III: MULTIFACTORIAL COMPLEX DISORDERS AND CANCER (12 Lectures)
Understanding the definition of multifactorial diseases. Polygenic diseases and the relationship
of environmental factors and genetic makeup in the onset of diseases.
Cancer: characteristics of a transformed cell, stages of cancer, proto-oncogenes and tumor
suppressor genes; Disorders of mood: Schizophrenia, dementia and anxiety disorders. Polycystic
ovarian syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, ALS.
27
UNIT IV: MONOGENIC DISEASES AND DISEASES DUE TO MISFOLDED
PROTEINS (12 Lectures)
In born errors of metabolism: PKU, alkaptonuria, maple syrup urine disease. Receptor and
transport defects: cystic fibrosis, long QT syndrome, familial hypercholesterolemia,
Achondroplasia. Hemoglobinopathies and clotting disorders. Etiology and molecular basis for
Alzheimer's and prion diseases, Huntington's chorea, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia.
Suggested Reading:
• Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations (2011) by TM Devlin. John Wiley
& Sons, Inc. (New York), ISBN: 978-0-4710-28173-4.
• Introduction to Human Physiology (2013) Lauralee Sherwood. Eighth edition,
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
• The World of the Cell (2009) by Becker, Klinesmith, Hardin, Bertoni. Seventh edition,
Pearson.
• Genetics (2012) by Snustad and Simmons. Sixth edition, John Wiley.
• The Cell: A Molecular Approach (2015) by Cooper and Hausman. Seventh edition,
Sinauer Associates, MA.
28
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester VI
Core Course VII
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (BCB651)
Credits: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: DNA REPLICATION AND TRANSCRIPTION (12 Lectures)
Replication: Possible modes of replication, Meselson-Stahl experiment, origin of replication in
E. coli, major proteins and enzymes involved in replication process; DNA replication in nut
shell, rolling circle model of replication.
Transcription: Mechanism of transcription, DNA dependent RNA polymerase(s), recognition,
binding and initiation sites, TATA/Pribnow box, transcription termination. Post-transcriptional
modifications; inhibitors of transcription.
UNIT II: GENETIC CODE AND TRANSLATION (12 Lectures)
Genetic Code: Basic features of genetic code, biological significance of degeneracy, Wobble
hypothesis, gene within genes, overlapping genes, split genes and pseudogenes, Universality of
genetic code and its exceptions, single coding system between nucleic acids and amino acids.
Mechanism of Translation: Ribosome structure, A and P sites; charged tRNA, f-met tRNA,
initiation codon and non-sense codons, Shine-Dalgarno consensus sequence, formation of 70S
initiation complex, role of EF-Tu, EFTs, EF-G, GTP and release factors (RFI and RF2). Post-
translational modifications and inhibitors of protein synthesis.
UNIT III: REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTES (12 Lectures)
Principles of gene regulation, negative and positive regulation, concept of operons, regulatory
proteins, activators, repressors, regulation of lac operon and trp operon, attenuation,
transcriptional regulation in -bacteriophage.
29
UNIT IV: REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN EUKARYOTES (12 Lectures)
Heterochromatin, euchromatin, chromatin remodeling, regulation of galactose metabolism in
yeast, regulation by phosphorylation of nuclear transcription factors, role of chromatin structure
in gene expression.
Suggested Reading:
• Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry (2017) by Nelson and Cox Seventh edition.
• Biochemistry (2015) by Berg, Tymoczko, Gatto, Stryer. Eighth Edition.
• Molecular Biology of the Gene (2017) by Watson, Hopkin, Roberts, Stertz, Weiner,
Freeman Pub., San Francisco.
• Principles of Genetics (2006) by Gardner, Simmons and Snustad. Eighth edition, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.
• Molecular Biology: Principles of Genome Function (2010) by Nancy Craig, Orna
Cohen-Fix, Rachel Green, Carol Greider, Gisela Storz and Cynthia Wolberger. Second
edition, Oxford.
• Molecular Cell Biology (2016) by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Bretscher. Eighth
Edition. W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd
30
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester VI
Core Course
CONCEPTS IN GENETICS (BCB652)
Credits: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO MODEL ORGANISMS AND MENDELISM
(12 Lectures)
Model organisms: Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, T-
even bacteriophages and Arabidopsis thaliana. Basic principles of heredity. Chromosomal basis
of Mendelism - Sutton and Boveri hypothesis.
UNIT II: EXTENSIONS OF MENDELISM (12 Lectures)
Allelic variation and gene function - dominance relationships, multiple alleles, lethal alleles,
pseudoalleles and null alleles. Pleiotropy gene interaction - epistatic and non epistatic.
Penetrance and expressivity. Basic aspects of Hardy-Weinberg principle.
UNIT III: BACTERIAL AND BACTERIOPHAGE GENETICS (14 Lectures)
Complementation test, limitations of cis-trans test, intragenic complementation, rII locus of T4
phage and concept of cistron. Mechanism of genetic exchange in bacteria- conjugation,
transformation and transduction. Types of recombinations and their mechanism.
UNIT IV: DNA REPAIR AND MUTATIONS (10 Lectures)
Types of mutations, molecular bases of mutations. DNA repair and its mechanisms.
31
Suggested Reading:
• Genetics (2012) by Gardner, Simons and Snustad. Sixth edition, John Wiley.
• Genetics - A Conceptual Approach (2016) by BA Pierce. Sixth edition, WH Freeman &
Co. (New York).
• An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (2011) Griffiths, Wessler, Carroll and Doebley.
Tenth edition, WH Freeman & Company (New York), ISBN:10: 1-4292-2943-8.
32
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester VI
Elective Discipline Centric Course
NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY (BCB653)
Credits: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO NUTRITION AND ENERGY METABOLISM
(12 Lectures)
Definition, historical perspective; types and functions of nutrients. Definition and unit of energy.
Positive and negative energy balance. Measurement of energy content of food and physiological
energy value of foods. Direct and indirect calorimetry and Respiratory Quotient. Estimation of
energy requirement and energy expenditure with reference to man. Basal and resting
metabolism- determination of BMR and factors affecting BMR. Specific dynamic action of food.
Balanced diet and factors considered in planning it. Recommended nutrient intakes (RNI) and
recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for different age groups.
UNIT II: DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS (12 Lectures)
a) Review of the functions of carbohydrates. Digestion, absorption, utilization and storage.
Hormonal regulation of blood glucose. Dietary requirements and source of carbohydrates.
Dietary fiber- sources and their role in health.
b) Review of classification, sources, functions, digestion, absorption, utilization and storage of
lipids. Role of dietary fiber in lipid metabolism. Essential fatty acids. Functions of EFA,
RDA – excess and deficiency of EFA. Lipotropic factors, role of saturated fats, cholesterol,
lipoproteins and triglycerides. Importance of the following in the body: Omega – fatty acids;
ratio of Omega3 and Omega6 fatty acids; Phospholipids; Cholesterol; mono and poly-
unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids.
33
UNIT III: DIETARY PROTEINS (12 Lectures)
Review of functions of proteins in the body. Digestion and absorption. Essential and non-
essential amino acids. Amino acid availability, antagonism, toxicity and imbalance. Amino acid
supplementation; effects of deficiency. Food source and RDA for different age groups. Amino
acid pool. NPU, biological value, nitrogen balance. PEM and Kwashiorkor. Integration of
metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
UNIT IV: VITAMINS AND MINERALS (12 Lectures)
Vitamins A, C, E, K, B complex and D-their dietary sources, RDA, Absorption, distribution,
metabolism, excretion (ADME) and deficiency. Calcium, phosphorus and iron - distribution in
the body, digestion, absorption, utilization, transport, excretion, balance, deficiency, toxicity,
sources and RDA. Role of iron in prevention of anemia, Calcium: Phosphorus ratio. Iodine,
fluoride, Mg, Cu, Zn, Se, Mn, Cr, Mo- distribution in the human body, physiology, functions,
deficiency, toxicity and sources. Iodine cycle.
Suggested Reading:
• Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations (2011) by TM Devlin. John Wiley
& Sons, Inc. (New York), ISBN: 978-0-4710-28173-4.
• Essentials of Clinical Nutrition (1988) by EB Feldman. Davis Company ISBN-0-8036-
3431-
• Nutrition for Health, Fitness and Sport (2013); Williams.M.H, Anderson, D.E, Rawson,
E.S. McGraw Hill international edition. ISBN-978-0-07-131816-7.
• Krause’s Food and Nutrition Care process.(2012); Mahan, L.K Strings,S.E, Raymond,J.
Elsevier’s Publications. ISBN- 978-1-4377-2233-8.
• The vitamins, Fundamental aspects in Nutrition and Health (2008); G.F. Coombs Jr.
Elsevier’s Publications. ISBN-13- 978-0-12- 183493-7.
• Principles of Nutritional Assessment (2005) Rosalind Gibson. Oxford University Press
34
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester VI
Elective Discipline Centric Course
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY (BCB654)
Credits: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one hour duration for 30
marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: (12 Lectures)
Tools of recombinant DNA technology: Enzymes used in genetic engineering e.g. Restriction
endonucleases, SI nucleases, DNA ligases, Alkaline phosphatase, Reverse transcriptase, DNA
polymerase, poly nucleotide kinase, terminal transferase. Cloning vectors: General properties of
ideal cloning vectors.
UNIT II: (12 Lectures)
Construction of chimeric DNA molecules. Isolation of plasmid DNA, genomic DNA.
Sequencing methods; Sanger’s dideoxy chain termination method, Maxam Gilbert chemical
degradation method.
UNIT III: (12 Lectures)
Amplification of genomic DNA and cDNA by PCR. Cloning of PCR products. Applications of
PCR. Expression vectors, Expression construct. Different types of expression system.
UNIT IV: (12 Lectures)
Transgenic organisms. regulation of GM organisms, Molecular diagnostics; high throughput
methods of DNA analysis, DNA microarrays, DNA fingerprinting and its applications, Gene
therapy, DNA vaccines.
35
Suggested Reading:
• Molecular cloning: A Laboratory Manual: volumes 1-3 (2012) by Green and Sambrook.
Fouth edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Pub.
• Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics (2016) by Primrose and Twyman. Eighth
edition, Wiley.
36
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus
(Effective from 2018-19)
Passed in BOS held on 07.04.2018
B.Sc. (Hons) Biochemistry
Semester VI
Elective Discipline Centric Course
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (BCB655)
Credits: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The Course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following components
of evaluation: sessionals for 30 marks and end semester examination of 2.5 hours for 70 marks.
UNIT I: CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS (12 Lectures)
Past and present, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases and pathogens. Concept of
infection and evasion. Source, reservoir and transmission of pathogens. Antigenic shift and
antigenic drift. Overview of viral and bacterial pathogenesis. Infection and evasion.
UNIT II: OVERVIEW OF DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA (12 Lectures)
Study of important bacterial diseases- Tuberculosis, typhoid, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and
pneumonia. Causative agent, molecular basis of infection and pathogenicity. Therapeutics, and
vaccines. Drug resistance and implications for public health.
UNIT III: OVERVIEW OF DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES (12 Lectures)
Study of AIDS, history, causative agent, pathogenesis, diagnostics, drugs. Brief idea of hepatitis,
influenza, rabies, chikungunya and polio.
UNIT IV: OVERVIEW OF DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTOZOA AND OTHER
PARASITES (12 Lectures)
Study of malaria- vectors, life cycle, diagnostics, drugs. Brief study of trypanosomiasis,
leishmaniasis, amoebiasis
Suggested Reading:
37
• Prescott, Harley, Klein's Microbiology (2008) by JM Willey, L Sherwood, CJ
Woolverton. Seventh edition, Graw Hill International Edition (New York).
• Mandell, Douglas and Bennett.S, Principles and Practices of Infectious diseases,7th
edition, Volume, 2. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
• Sherris Medical Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Diseases by Kenneth J.
Ryan, C. George Ray, Publisher: McGraw-Hill
• Medical Microbiology by Patrick R. Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal, Michael A. Pfaller,
Elsevier Health Sciences.
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Syllabus of Biochemistry under CBCS system w.e.f. 2015-2016 Paper Title of the Course Credits
B.Sc. 1st year (Semester-I)
Core Course
Biomolecules 100 4
Lab Course I 100 2
B.Sc. 1st year (Semester-II)
Core Course
Microbiology & Virology 100 4
Lab Course II 100 2
B.Sc. 2nd year (Semester-III)
Core Course
Enzymology 100 4
Lab Course III 100 2
Ability Enhancement Discipline Centric *
(Any one of the following)
1.Tools and Techniques in Biochemistry
2.Biostatistics and Data analysis
100 2
B.Sc. 2nd year (Semester-IV)
Core Course
Metabolism 100 4
Lab Course IV 100 2
Ability Enhancement Discipline Centric *
(Any one of the following)
100 2
3.Clinical Biochemistry
4.Protein Purification Techniques
OPEN ELECTIVE
Outlines of Biochemistry
100 4
B.Sc. 3rd year (Semester-V)
Core Course
Concepts of Cell Biology 100 4
Concepts of Immunology 100 4
Lab Course V 100 2
Lab Course VI 100 2
Elective discipline centric ** (Any two of
the following)
1.Human Physiology
2. Biosafety and Bioethics
3.Molecular Basis of Non-Infectious Human
Diseases
(4 credits each)
200 8
Write up Viva 100 2
B.Sc. 3rd year (Semester-VI)
Core Course
Molecular Biology 100 4
Concepts in Genetics 100 4
Lab Course VII 100 2
Lab Course VIII 100 2
Discipline centric elective** (Any two of
the following)
4.Nutritional Biochemistry
5. Recombinant DNA Technology
6. Molecular Basis of Infectious Diseases
(4 credits each)
200 8
Comprehensive Viva-Voce 100 2
Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY
B.Sc. (Hons) I Year Semester I
Core Course
BIOMOLECULES Credit: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: WATER AND PROTEINS (12 Lectures)
Water: Physical properties and hydrogen bonding of water; structure of liquid water
and its solvent properties; hydrophobic interactions; ionization of H2O and ion product of water; the pH scale; relationship between pH and pKa (Henderson-Hasselbalch equation); buffers Proteins: Definition, biological functions of proteins; structure of twenty alpha-amino acids commonly found in proteins; abbreviations and classification of 20 amino acids; zwitterion nature of amino acid in aqueous solutions; essential amino acids; peptide bond formation; backbone structure of proteins/polypeptides; N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids; properties of amino acids/proteins arising from their dipolar nature; basic understanding of primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary and domain structure of proteins/peptides; fibrous and globular proteins; elementary ideas on protein denaturation and renaturation. UNIT II: CARBOHYDRATES (12 Lectures) Definition, biological functions; classification into monosaccharides (aldoses and ketoses), oligosaccharides and polysaccharides; optical isomerism, open chain and ring structures of carbohydrates; mutarotation; structure of biologically important carbohydrates (D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-ribose, D-2-deoxyribose, D-maltose, D-lactose, D-sucrose); polysaccharides- starch, cellulose, glycogen and mucopolysaccharides; suitability of polysaccharides as storage material.
UNIT III: LIPIDS (12 Lectures) Definition; biological functions; general formulae, nomenclature and properties of fatty acids; essential and non-essential fatty acids; classification of lipids; general structure and function of major lipid subclasses: acylglycerols, phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, waxes, terpenes, steroids and prostaglandins; saponifiable and non-saponifiable lipids; suitability of triglycerides as storage lipids; saponification number and iodine number; biomembranes UNIT IV: NUCLEIC ACIDS (12 Lectures)
Nucleosides and nucleotides; generalized structural plan of nucleic acids; Watson-Crick model of DNA; size of DNA in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; central dogma of molecular biology; gene, genome and chromosome; basic ideas of DNA replication, transcription and protein biosynthesis; genetic code and codons; mutations- definition and types. RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry by Nelson and Cox (2008) Worth Publishers,
Inc. New York.
2. Biochemistry by Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer (5th Edition, 2007) W.H. Freeman
Press, San Francisco, USA.
3. Introducing Biochemistry by Wood and Pickering (1982) ELBS/John Muray.
4. Outlines of Biochemistry by Conn and Stumpf (5th Edition, 1987) Wiley, New Delhi.
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY B.Sc. (Hons) I Year
Semester II Core Course
MICROBIOLOGY & VIROLOGY
Credit: 4 Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFICATION, MORPHOLOGY, NUTRITION &
PHYSIOLOGY OF BACTERIA (12 Lectures) Brief introduction to microorganisms, criteria used in the classification of bacteria - morphology, cytology, genetics, host specialization, serology, physiology etc. General organization of bacterial cells - gram positive and gram negative organisms; structure and function of peptidoglycan in gram positive and gram negative organisms; function of polymeric components in outer membrane and acidic polymers in gram negative organisms. Bacterial growth; phases of growth, physical factors affecting bacterial growth ( pH, temperature and oxygen requirements). UNIT II: BACTERIAL GENETICS (12 Lectures)
Adaptation and mutation: types of mutations and their effects; Significance of Gene transfer in bacteria; Methods of Lateral gene transfer: transformation, transduction and conjugation; their discovery and mechanism, Generalised and specialised transduction; Temperate and virulent phages, lysogenic and lytic cycles, Characteristics of plasmids, Transposable elements: Insertion sequence and transposons. UNIT III: MORPHOLOGY & REPLICATION OF VIRUSES (12 Lectures)
Definitions of virus, viroids, virusoids and prion; General properties of viruses; Virus structure; variations in size and shape/symmetry, Cultivation and detection of viruses; Plaque formation and Haemagglutination inhibition test, Replication of bacteriophages, animal viruses and retroviruses.
UNIT IV: VIRAL INFECTIONS (12 Lectures)
Acute viral infections - Influenza, dengue and yellow fever viruses, persistent viral infections- Herpes/Hepatitis and AIDS; transformation and Cancer ; Role of vaccines in prevention of viral infections, types of Polio vaccines. RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Jacquelyn G. Black, MICROBIOLOGY Principles and Explorations (2004) John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. E. Alcamo, FUNDAMENTALS MICROBIOLOGY (1994). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Inc. California, USA.
3. M. Pelczar, E.C.S. Chan and M.R. Krieg, MICROBIOLOGY, McGraw Hill Inc., Singapore (1997).
4. Tortora, Funke and Case Microbiology and Introduction by Pearson Education, Inc.
Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY
B.Sc. (Hons) 2nd Year Semester III Core Course
ENZYMOLOGY
Credits: 4 Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION (12 Lectures)
Definition, historical perspective, IUB enzyme classification (rationale, overview and specific examples), Nature of non-enzymatic and enzymatic catalysis. Measurement and expression of enzyme activity, enzyme assays. Definition of IU, enzyme turn over number and specific activity. Role of non-protein organic molecules and inorganic ions co-factors, coenzymes, prosthetic groups. Role of vitamins as coenzyme precursors (general treatment), details of coenzyme function of NAD and pyridoxal phosphate. UNIT II: MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION (14 Lectures)
Concept of enzyme-substrate complex, evidences for the formation of enzyme-substrate complex. Nature of substrate binding sites, active sites of enzymes. Collision and transition state theory. Michaelis-Menten equation, determination and significance of Vmax and Km. Lock and key and induced fit model of enzyme-substrate interactions. Stereo specificity of the enzyme for substrates. Enzyme catalytic efficiency, proximity, orientation, distortion or strain, acid-base and nucleophilic catalysis. UNIT III: ENZYME KINETICS (14 Lectures) Kinetics of zero and first order reactions, effect of enzyme concentration, substrate concentration temperature and pH on enzyme activity; enzyme inhibition (reversible and irreversible inhibition). Evaluation of Km, Ki and Vmax in the presence of inhibitors. Significance and evaluation of energy of activation and free energy.
UNIT IV: BI-SUBSTRATE KINETICS, ALLOSTERIC AND ISOENZYMES
(08 Lectures) Bi-substrate enzymes (rapid equilibrium, random bi-bi, ordered bi-bi and ping-pong bi-bi reactions). Allosteric enzymes – definition, behavior and physiological significance. Isoenzymes – physiological and diagnostic significance. RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. R.K.Murray, D.K. Garner, P.A. Mayes and V.W. Rodwell, HARPER’S BIOCHEMISTRY, 22nd edn. (1990), Prentice-Hall, International, USA.
2. P.K. Stumpf, OUTLINES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, 4th edn. (1994), Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, (Chapters 7 & 8).
3. Nelson and Cox, LEHNINGER’s PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, (2000), Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana/Worth Publishers, Inc., New York.
4. L. Stryer BIOCHEMISTRY 4th Ed. (1995) W.H. Freeman Co., San Francisco, USA
5. G.L. Zubay BIOCHEMISTRY 4th Ed. (1998) W.C. Brown Publishers, USA.
Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY
B.Sc. (Hons) 2nd Year Semester III
Ability Enhancement Discipline Centric Course
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOCHEMISTRY
Credits: 2
Total Lectures: 24
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I BIOCHEMICAL REAGENTS AND SOLUTIONS (06 Lectures)
Safety practices in the laboratory. Preparation and storage of solutions. Concepts of solution concentration and storing solutions. UNIT II CONCEPT OF A BUFFER (06 Lectures) Concept of a buffer, Henderson-Hasselbach equation, working of a pH meter. Quantitative transfer of liquids.
UNIT III SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC TECHNIQUES (06 Lectures)
Principle and instrumentation of UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. Determination of the absorption maxima and molar extinction coefficient (of a relevant organic molecule). Determination of concentration of a protein solution by Lowry/BCA method. UNIT IV CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES (06 Lectures) Chromatography: general principles, types and techniques; partition, size exclusion, ion exchange, and affinity chromatography. RECOMMENDED BOOKS 1. Physical Biochemistry: Principles and Applications (2010) 2nd ed., Sheehan, D.,
Wiley Blackwell (West Sussex), ISBN:978-0-470-85602-4 / ISBN:978-0-470-85603-1
2. Physical Biochemistry: Applications to Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (1982) 2nd ed., Freifelder, D., W.H. Freeman and Company (New York), ISBN:0-7167-1315-2 /ISBN:0-7167-1444-2.
3. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry (1998) 3rd ed., Plummer D. T., Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd. (New Delhi), ISBN:13: 978-0-07-099487-4 / ISBN:10: 0-07-099487-0.
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY
B.Sc. (Hons) 2nd Year Semester III
Ability Enhancement Discipline Centric Course BIOSTATISTICS AND DATA ANALYSIS
Credits: 2 Total Lectures: 24
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: DATA IN BIOLOGY (04 lectures)
Data in Biology: Development in biostatistics, samples and populations, techniques of sampling (random and stratified), sampling and non-sampling errors, variables in biology, accuracy, precision, univariate and bivariate frequency distributions and their graphical representations. UNIT II: MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND DISPERSION (08 letures)
Measures of Central Tendency: Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, mode, median and partition values. Measures of Dispersion: Range, standard deviation, coefficient of variance and covariance. Moments: Raw and central moments and their relationships. Measures of Skewness; Measures of Kurtosis. UNIT III: PROBABILITY (06 letures)
Probability: Basic concepts, addition and multiplication rules of probability, conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem and its applications in biostatistics. Random variables: discrete and continuous.
UNIT III: CORRELATION AND LINEAR REGRESSION (06 letures)
Correlation Analysis: Scatter diagrams, Pearson’s and Spearman’s coefficients of correlation. Regression Analysis: Method of least squares, equations of lines of regression and their applications in biostatistics.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Primer of Biostatistics, 7th edition (2011), Stanton Glantz, McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN-13: 978-0071781503.
2. Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences,10th edition (2013),Wayne W Daniel and Chad L. Cross, Wiley. ISBN-13: 978-1118302798. 3. Principles of Biostatistics, 2nd edition (2000), Marcello Pagano and KimberleeGauvrean, Thompson learning. ISBN-13: 978-0534229023. 4. Biostatistical Analysis, 5th edition (2009), Jerrold H. Zar, Pearson. ISBN-13: 978-0131008465.
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY
B.Sc. (Hons) 2nd Year Semester IV
Core Course IV
METABOLISM
Credits: 4 Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: ANAEROBIC CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM (12 Lectures) Definition, reactions of glycolysis, entry of galactose, fructose and mannose in glycolysis, utilization of sucrose and lactose, production of ATP and its utilization during muscle contraction; oxygen debt; alcoholic fermentation; glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis; hexose monophosphate shunt pathway and its significance; regulation of glycolysis; what happen in diabetes? galactosemia, glucose intolerance. UNIT II: AEROBIC CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM (12 Lectures)
History and background of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA; individual reactions of the TCA cycle; energetic of the cycle, anabolic nature of TCA cycle; regulation of TCA cycle, electron transport oxidative phosphorylation; Energy coupling hypothesis. UNIT III: LIPID METABOLSIM (12 Lectures) Historical development and individual reactions of beta oxidation pathway; oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and odd chain fatty acids; metabolism of triacytylglycerols; formation and break down of ketone bodies; biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol; role of serum lipoproteins (LDL, HDL) in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). UNIT IV: NITROGEN METABOLISM (12 Lectures) Nitrogen balance studies in man (normal, negative and positive nitrogen balance); Urea cycle (preliminary account), transamination and deamination reactions,
comparative biochemistry of nitrogen excretion; metabolism of purines and pyrimidines including regulation (preliminary account); Synthesis of biologically active amines (e.g. epinephrone, non-epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, α-amino-butyric acid & histamine), glutathione as cofactor. RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Nelson and Cox, Lehninger’s, PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, (2000), Kalyani Publish, Ludhiana/Worth Publish., Inc. New York (Chapters 13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 & 21).
2. E.E. Conn and P.K. Stumpf, OUTLINES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, 4th edn., (1994), Wiley Eastern, New Delhi (Chapters 10 to 14,16, & 17).
3. L. Stryer, BIOCHEMISTRY , 4th edn., (1995), W.H. Freeman Press, San Francisco, USA (Chapter 26 for UNIT V).
Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY
B.Sc. (Hons) 2nd Year Semester IV
Ability Enhancement Discipline Centric Course
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Credits: 2
Total Lectures: 24
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION (6 Lectures) Organization of clinical laboratory, Introduction to instrumentation and automation in clinical biochemistry laboratories safety regulations and first aid. General comments on specimen collection, types of specimen for biochemical analysis. Precision, accuracy, quality control, precautions and limitations. UNIT 2: EVALUATION OF BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN DISEASES (6 Lectures)
Basic hepatic, renal and cardiovascular physiology. Biochemical symptoms associated with disease and their evaluation. Diagnostic biochemical profile. UNIT 3: ASSESSMENT OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN BLOOD (6 Lectures) Clinical significance of variations in blood glucose. Diabetes mellitus. Estimation of blood glucose by glucose oxidase peroxidase method. UNIT 4: LIPID PROFILE LIVER FUNCTION TESTS AND RENAL FUNCTION TESTS (6 Lectures)
Composition and functions of lipoproteins. Clinical significance of elevated lipoprotein. Estimation of triglycerides. Liver and renal function tests RECOMMENDED BOOKS 1. Medical Laboratory Technology - a Procedure Manual for Routine Diagnostic Tests Vol. I (2010), Mukherjee, K.L., Tata Mc Graw–Hill Publishing Company Limited (New Delhi). ISBN:9780070076594 / ISBN:9780070076631 2. Medical Laboratory Technology - a Procedure Manual for Routine Diagnostic Tests VoI. II (2010), Mukherjee, K.L., Tata Mc Graw – Hill Publishing Company Ltd. (New Delhi), ISBN: 9780070076648.
3. Medical Biochemistry (2005) 2nd ed., Baynes, J.W. and Dominiczak, M.H., Elsevier Mosby Ltd. (Philadelphia), ISBN:0-7234-3341-0. 4. Experimental Biochemistry: A Student Companion (2005) Rao, B.S. and Deshpande, V., IK International Pvt. Ltd. (New Delhi), ISBN:81-88237-41-8
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY
B.Sc. (Hons) 2nd Year Semester IV
Ability Enhancement Discipline Centric Course
PROTEIN PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES
Credits: 2 Total Lectures: 24
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: PROTEIN PURIFICATION (6 Lectures) Basic concept about purification of proteins, different techniques of protein purification: ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, affinity chromatography. Unit II: SEQUENCING, FOLDING AND DENATURATION OF PROTEINS
(6 Lectures)
Protein sequencing; sequenators; quaternary structure of proteins; characteristics of molten globule state; in vivo folding; models of protein folding. UNIT III: PROTEIN GEL ELECTROPHORESIS AND MS (6 Lectures) Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; mass spectrometry: matrix assisted laser desorption ionization MS. UNIT IV: PROTEIN FOLDING (6 Lectures)
Folding and denaturation of proteins. Functional proteomics; applications of proteome analysis. RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Physical Biochemistry: Principles and Applications (2010) 2nd ed., Sheehan, D., Wiley Blackwell (West Sussex), ISBN:978-0-470-85602-4 / ISBN:978-0-470-85603-1
2. Physical Biochemistry: Applications to Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (1982) 2nd ed., Freifelder, D., W.H. Freeman and Company (New York), ISBN:0-7167-1315-2 /ISBN:0-7167-1444-2.
3. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry (1998) 3rd ed., Plummer D. T., Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd. (New Delhi), ISBN:13: 978-0-07-099487-4 / ISBN:10: 0-07-099487-0.
Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY
B.Sc. (Hons) 2nd Year Semester IV
Open Elective Course
OUTLINES OF BIOCHEMISTRY Credits: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION (12 Lectures) An overview of biomolecules; carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Biochemical reactions in living organisms, metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Water and its H-bonding property; buffers; pH, pKa and Henderson Hasselbalch equation.
UNIT II: ENZYMES (12 Lectures)
Basics of Enzymology: nomenclature, characteristics of enzymes, concept of holoenzyme, apoenzyme, coenzyme and cofactors, regulation of enzyme activity, mechanism of action. Enzyme kinetics; Michaelis-Menten equation, determination and significance of Vmax and Km. Enzyme inhibition. UNIT III: PROTEIN CHEMISTRY (12 Lectures)
Definition, biological functions of proteins; peptide bond formation; backbone structure of proteins/polypeptides; N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids; properties of amino acids/proteins arising from their dipolar nature; basic understanding of primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary and domain structure of proteins/peptides; fibrous and globular proteins; elementary ideas on protein denaturation and renaturation. Basic concepts of proteomics.
UNIT III: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (12 Lectures)
Genome, Organization, Genome Analysis: Chromatin structure, Primary, secondary and three-dimensional structure of DNA. Supercoiling. Types of DNA. Properties of DNA in solution. Denaturation and renaturation of DNA.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. BIOCHEMISTRY by Berg and L. Stryer 4th Ed. (1995) W.H. Freeman Co., San Francisco, USA.
2. G.L. Zubay BIOCHEMISTRY 4th Ed. (1998) W.C. Brown Publishers, USA.
3. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry by Nelson and Cox (2008) Freeman Press.
Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences
AMU, Aligarh B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY B.Sc. (Hons) Final year
Semester V Core Course V
CONCEPTS OF CELL BIOLOGY
Credits: 4 Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES (12 Lectures) (a) Ultrastructure, organization and functions of mitochondria, nucleus,
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes and microbodies, peroxisome. Vacoules – special functions in plants.
(b) Structure of a typical plant cell. Cell wall – composition, structure and
functions. Ultrastructure of chloroplast. Preliminary idea of light and dark reactions of photosynthesis; Photophosphorylations.
UNIT II: MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (12 Lectures)
Functions of biological membranes. Composition - nature of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and other molecules. Model membranes - monolayer, bilayer, liposomes. Singer and Nicholson model (fluid-mosaic model). Cytoskeleton, Transport function of membranes., active and passive transport of various substrates; synapse: chemical and electrical synapse. Membrane potential and nerve impulses.
UNIT III: CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS (12 Lectures)
Structure and organization of actin filaments. Treadmilling and role of ATP in microfilament polymerization, organization of actin filaments. Non-muscle myosin. Intermediate filament proteins, assembly and intracellular organization. Assembly, organization and movement of cilia and flagella.
Unit IV CELL CYCLE, CELL DEATH AND CELL RENEWAL (12 Lectures)
Eukaryotic cell cycle, restriction point, and checkpoints. Cell division. Apoptosis and necrosis - brief outline. Salient features of a transformed cell.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. G.Karp, CELL BIOLOGY, (1999), McGraw Hill, New York, USA.
2. B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M. Reff, K. Roberts & J.D. Watson MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL, 3rd edn: (1989) Garland publishjing Inc. New York, USA.
3. J. Darnell, H. Lodish and D. Baltimore. MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY, (1986), Scientific American Books (a subsidiary of W.H. Freeman Press, USA).
4. C.J. Avers, A MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY, (1986), Addison Wesley Pub. Co. Inc. USA.
5. S.C. Rastogi, CELL BIOLOGY, (1988), Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., Ltd. New Delhi.
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY B.Sc. (Hons) Final year
Semester V Core Course VI
CONCEPTS OF IMMUNOLOGY
Credits: 4 Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: BASIC ASPECTS OF IMMUNITY (12 Lectures) (a) Innate and adaptive immunity: Cellular and humoral immunity, clonal selection
hypotheses. (b) Definition of antigen, antibody, hapten, antigenic and haptenic determent,
structure of antibody molecules, classes of antibodies, polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.
(c) Primary and secondary immune response, idea of vaccination, adjuvant. UNIT II: HOST PARASITE INTERACTIONS AND HYPERSENSITIVITY (12 Lectures) (a) Host-parasite relationship: normal flora, pathogenecity, disease progress,
transmission and types of diseases, disease establishment. (b) Hypersensitivity reactions, Gel and Coombs classification, Type I, II, III IV
types of hypersensitivity. Cytokines.
UNIT III: ORGANS AND CELLS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM (12 Lectures)
General properties of effector cells, B cells T cells (Tc), natural killer cells; NKT cells. Primary and secondry lymphatic organs, spleen, thymus, lymphnodes.
Unit IV: IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND AUTOIMMUNITY (12 Lectures)
Brief introduction of autoimmunity and its causes. Organ specific and systemic autoimmunity. Brief introduction of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS 1. Kuby Immunology (2007) 6th ed., Kindt, T.L., Goldsby, R.A. and Osborne,
B.A., W.H Freeman and Company (New York), ISBN:13: 978-0-7167-8590-3 / ISBN: 10:0-7617-8590-0.
2. Immunology: A Short Course (2009) 6th ed., Coico, R and Sunshine, G., John Wiley& sons, Inc (New Jersey), ISBN: 978-0-470-08158-7.
3. Janeway’s Immunobiology (2012) 8th ed., Murphy, K., Mowat, A., and Weaver, C.T., Garland Science (London & New York), ISBN: 978-0-8153-4243-4. 4. The Elements of Immunology (2009). By F. H. Khan. Pearson education.
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY B.Sc. (Hons) Final year
Semester V Discipline Centric Elective Course
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Credits: 4 Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: BLOOD AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (12 Lectures)
Blood components and their functions genesis of erythrocytes and leukocytes,
granular and agranular system and inflammation, phagocytosis by neutrophils and
macrophages: Functions of T & B lymphocytes: Mechanism of blood clotting by
Intrinsic and Extrinsic pathways, structure of heart, the origin and propagation of
heart beat, cardic cycle and electrocardiogram.
UNIT II RENAL PHYSIOLOGY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (12 Lectures)
a. Anatomy of the; nephron and its organization, functions of glomerular membrane,
glomerular filtration rate (GRF), structural and functional characteristics of tubules
selective reabsorption and secretion by active and passive transports of various
substances (sugars, amino acids, urea & creatinine), concentrating phenomenon of
urine, role of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone
b. Organization of respiratory system. Exchange of gases, Transport of oxygen: role of
haemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve and its significance, Transport of
CO2: Bohr’s effect, isohydric transport of CO2 and chloride shift, Acid-base balance:
acidosis and alkalosis, role of lung and kidney in regulation of acid-base balance.
UNIT III ENDOCRINE AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (12 Lectures)
a. Endocrine System: A brief outline of various endocrine glands, endocrine
hormones and their physiological functions, hormone receptors and their
activation, general mechanism of extracellular and intracellular hormone action.
b. Digestive System: Structure and functions of different components, digestion and
absorption of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, role of various enzymes and
hormones involved in these processes, mechanism of HCl formation in stomach,
role of bile salts in lipid digestion and absorption.
UNIT V NERVOUS AND MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM (12 Lectures)
a. Bone structure and formation. Physiology of muscle contraction in striated and
non striated muscle.
b. Nervous System: Organization of nervous system, nerve cells, nerve fibres,
nerve impulses, neurotransmission, synapses: chemical & electrical synapses,
functional properties of nerve fibre, action potential.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. A. K. Berry, A TEXT BOOK OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, 3rd edn. (1987), Emkay
Publications, Delhi
2. A.C. Guyton, TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 7th edn. (1986), W.B.
Saunders Co., USA
3. E.L. Smith, R.L. Hill, I.R. Lehman, R.J. Lefkowitz, P. Handler, and PRINCIPLES OF
BIOCHEMISTRY: Mammalian, 7th edn (1987), Tata McGraw Hill International Book
Co., Tokyo, Japan
4. F Ganony, REVIES OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 13th edn (1987), Prentuce-Hall
International (UK), London, and Appletion and Lange (USA) Medical Publications
5. The department may provide write-up for some units which shall be available in the
seminar library for reprography
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY B.Sc. (Hons) Final year
Semester V Discipline Centric Elective Course
BIOSAFETY AND BIOETHICS
Credits: 4 Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION (12 Lectures)
Historical background, introduction to biological safety cabinets, primary containment for biohazards, biosafety levels of specific microorganisms, recommended biosafety levels for infectious agents and infected animals.
UNIT II: BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES (12 Lectures)
Definition of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and living modified organisms (LMOs) by government of India. Roles of institutional biosafety committee, review committee on genetic manipulation (RCGM), genetic engineering approval committee (GEAC) for GMO applications in food and agriculture, environmental release of GMOs. Biosafety assessment of pharmaceutical products such as drugs/vaccines etc.
UNIT III: FOUNDATION OF BIOETHICS (12 Lectures)
Definition, historic evolution, codes and guidelines, universal principles. Key to the environmentally responsible use of biotechnology, ethical implications of biotechnological products and techniques. Social and ethical implications of biological weapons. Ethical use of animals in laboratory.
UNIT IV: CODES, COVENANTS, DECLARATIONS AND GUIDELINES
(12 Lectures) Bioethics in relation to profession, society, and biomedicine. Gradation of moral and ethical norms from simpler to higher levels for initiating right actions Guidelines and codes having relevance to bioethics.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Bioethics and Biosafety, 1st edition (2008), M. K Sateesh, I K International Pvt Ltd, ISBN-13: 978-8190675703. 2. The Cambridge Textbook of Bioethics, 1st edition (2008), Peter A. Singer and A. M. Viens;Cambridge University Press, ISBN-13: 978-0511545566. 3. Foundation of Bioethics, 2nd edition (1996), E. H Tristram; Oxford University Press, ISBN-13: 9780195057362. 4. Social science: An introduction to the study of society, 14th edition (2010), Hunt, E. F.,andColander, D. C. ; Peason/Allyn and Bacon, Boston, ISBN-13: 978-020570271. 5. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 6th edition (2011), Beauchamp Tl, Childress JF; Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN-13: 978-0195143317. 6. A Companion to Bioethics, 2nd edition (2012), Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer; John Wiley and Sons, ISBN-13: 978-1444350845. 7. Bioethics: An Introduction to the History, Methods, and Practice, 1st edition (1997), Nancy Ann Silbergeld Jecker, Albert R. Jonsen, Robert A. Pearlman; Jones and Bartlett Learning, ISBN-13: 978-0763702281. 8. Genetically Modified Organisms and biosafety, 1st edition (2004), Tomme Young. ISBN-13: 978-2831707983. 9. Environmental Safety of Genetically Engineered Crops, 1st edition (2011), Rebecca Grumet, James F. Hancock, Karim M. Maredia, CholaniWeebadde, Michigan State University Press ISBN-13: 978-1611860085. 10. Biosafety and Bioethics, 1st edition (2006), Rajmohan Joshi; Isha Books ISBN-13: 978-8182053779. 11. Bioethics and biosafety in biotechnology, 1st edition (2007), V. Sreekrishna; New Age International (P) Ltd., ISBN-13: 978-8122420852.
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY B.Sc. (Hons) Final year
Semester V Discipline Centric Elective Course
MOLECULAR BASIS OF NON-INFECTIOUS HUMAN DISEASES
Credits: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS (12 Lectures)
Overview of major and minor nutrient components in the diet. Balanced diet and the concept of RDA. Nutrient deficiencies; Kwashiorkor and Marasmus, Scurvy, beri beri, pellagra and B12 deficiency, Xerophthalmia and night blindness, vitamin D deficiency, vitamin K deficiency; their symptoms. UNIT II: METABOLIC AND LIFESTYLE DISORDERS (12 Lectures) Obesity and eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bullemia. Diabetes mellitus as metabolic syndrome and the relationship with hypertension, obesity, hypothyroidism and stress. Cardio vascular disorders and atherosclerosis-defining the ailments that fall in this category, understanding the factors that contribute to the syndrome. Irritable bowel syndrome- influence of diet, stress and environment on the condition. Unit III: MULTIFACTORIAL COMPLEX DISORDERS AND CANCER (12 Lectures) Understanding the definition of multifactorial diseases. Polygenic diseases and the relationship of environmental factors and genetic makeup in the onset of diseases. Cancer: characteristics of a transformed cell, stages of cancer, proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes; Disorders of mood: Schizophrenia, dementia and anxiety disorders. Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, ALS. UNIT IV: MONOGENIC DISEASES AND DISEASES DUE TO MISFOLDED PROTEINS (12 Lectures)
In born errors of metabolism: PKU, Alkaptonuria, Maple syrup urine disease; Receptor and transport defects: Cystic fibrosis, Long QT syndrome, familial
hypercholesterolemia, Achondroplasia. Hemoglobinopathies and clotting disorders. etiology and molecular basis for Alzheimer's, prion diseases, Huntington's chorea, sickle cell anemia, Thalassemia.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations (2011) Devlin, T.M. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (New York), ISBN: 978-0-4710-28173-4. 2. Introduction to Human Physiology (2013) 8th edition; Lauralee Sherwood. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. 3. The World of the cell, 7th edition (2009) 4. Genetics (2012) Snustad and Simmons, 5. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. 2009 The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th edition. ASM Press & Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY
B.Sc. (Hons) Final year Semester VI
Core Course VII
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Credits: 4 Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: DNA REPLICATION AND TRANSCRIPTION (12 Lectures)
Replication: Possible modes of replication, Meselson Stahl experiment, origin of replication in E. coli, major proteins and enzymes involved in replication process: DNA replication in nut shell, rolling circle model of replication.
Transcription: Mechanism of transcription, DNA dependent RNA polymerase(s), recognition, binding and initiation sites, TATA/Pribnow box, chain termination. Post transcriptional modifications, inhibitors of transcription.
UNIT II: GENETIC CODE AND TRANSLATION (12 Lectures)
Genetic Code: Basic features of genetic code, biological significance of degeneracy, Wobble hypothesis, gene within genes, overlapping genes, split genes and pseudogenes, universality of genetic code and its exception, single coding system between the nucleic acids and amino acids.
Mechanism of Translation: Ribosome structures, A and P sites, Charged
tRNA, f-met tRNA, initiation codon and non-sense codons, Shine-Dalgarno consensus sequence, formation of 70S initiation complex, role of EF-Tu, EF-Ts, EF-G, GTP and release factors, RFI and RF2. Post-translational modifications and inhibitors of protein synthesis.
UNIT III: REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTES
(12 Lectures)
Principles of gene regulation, negative and positive regulation, concept of operons, regulatory proteins, activators, repressors, DNA binding domains,
regulation of lac operon and trp operon, transcriptional regulation in λ bacteriophage.
UNIT IV: REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN EUKARYOTES (12 Lectures) Heterochromatin, euchromatin, chromatin remodeling, regulation of galactose metabolism in yeast, regulation by phosphorylation of nuclear transcription factors, regulatory RNAs, riboswitches, RNA interference.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Nelson and Cox, Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry (2000), Worth Publish., Inc. New York, USA.
2. L. Stryer. BIOCHEMISTRY, 4th Edn., (1995), W.H. Freeman Press, San Fransisco, USA.
3. E. J. Gardner and D.P. Snustad. PRINCIPAL OF GENETICS (1984), John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.
4. Molecular Biology: Principles of Genome Function [2010] .Nancy Craig, Orna Cohen-Fix, Rachel Green, Carol Greider, Gisela Storz and Cynthia Wolberger. Oxford.
5. Molecular Cell Biology [2012]. Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, Chris A. Kaiser, Monty Krieger, Anthony Bretscher, Hidde Ploegh, Angelika Amon and Matthew P. Scott.
6. Molecular Biology of the Gene (6th Edition) [2007] . James D. Watson, Tania A. Baker Stephen P. Bell , Alexander Gann , Michael Levine, Richard Losick , Inglis CSHLP . Pearson Int. Ed.
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY B.Sc. (Hons) Final year
Semester VI Core Course VIII
CONCEPTS IN GENETICS
Credits: 4 Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO MODEL ORGANISMS AND MENDELISM
(12 Lectures) Model organisms: Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, T-even bacteriophage, Basic principles of heredity. Laws of probability & binomial expansion. Chromosomal basis of Mendelism -Sutton and Boveri hypothesis.
UNIT II: EXTENSIONS OF MENDELISM (12 Lectures) Allelic variation and gene function - dominance relationships, multiple alleles, lethal alleles and null alleles. Pleiotropy gene interaction - epistatic and non epistatic. Penetrance and expressivity. Hardy-Weinberg principle and its applications. UNIT III: BACTERIAL AND BACTERIOPHAGE GENETICS (14 Lectures) Complementation test, limitations of cis-trans test, intragenic complementation, rII locus of phage T4 and concept of cistron. Mechanism of genetic exchange - conjugation, transformation and transduction. Gene mapping in bacteria. UNIT IV: DNA REPAIR AND MUTATIONS (10 Lectures) Types of Mutations, Molecular bases of mutations. DNA repair and mechanisms.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS 1. Genetics (2012) 6th ed., Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J., John Wiley & Sons. (Singapore), ISBN: 978-1-118-09242-2. 2. Genetics - A Conceptual Approach (2012), 4th ed., Pierce, B.A., W.H. Freeman & Co. (New York), ISBN:13:978-1-4292-7606-1 / ISBN:10:1-4292-7606-1. 3. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (2010), 10th ed., Griffiths, A.J.F, Wessler, S. R, Carroll, S. B. and Doebley, J., W.H. Freeman & Company (New York), ISBN:10: 1-4292-2943-8.
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY B.Sc. (Hons) Final year
Semester VI Elective Discipline Centric Course
NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Credits: 4 Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO NUTRITION AND ENERGY METABOLISM
(12 Lectures)
Defining nutrition, role of nutrients. Unit of energy, Biological oxidation of foodstuff. measurement of energy content of food, Physiological energy value of foods, SDA. Measurement of energy expenditure. Direct and indirect calorimetry, factors affecting thermogenesis, energy utilization by cells, energy output – Basal and resting metabolism, physical activity, factors affecting energy input - hunger, appetite, energy balance Energy expenditure in man. Estimating energy requirements, BMR factors Recommended nutrient intakes (RNI) and recommended dietary allowances for different age groups. UNIT II: DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES (12 Lectures) Review functions of carbohydrates. Digestion, absorption ,utilization and storage, hormonal regulation of blood glucose. Dietary requirements and source of carbohydrates, Dietary fiber, role of fibre in lipid metabolism, colon function, blood glucose level and GI tract functions. UNIT III: DIETARY LIPID AND PROTEIN (12 Lectures)
Review of classification, sources, functions, digestion, absorption, utilization and storage. Essential fatty acids; Functions of EFA, RDA, – excess and deficiency of EFA. Lipotropic factors, role of saturated fat, cholesterol, lipoprotein and triglycerides. Importance of the following: a) Omega – fatty acids. Omega 3/ omega 6 ratio b) Phospholipids c) Cholesterol in the body d) Mono, polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Review of functions of proteins in the body, Digestion and absorption. Essential and nonessential amino acids. Amino acid availability antagonism, Toxicity and imbalance, Amino acid supplementation. Effects of deficiency. Food source and RDA
for different age group. Amino acid pool. NPU, Biological value , Nitrogen balance. PEM and Kwashiorkor. UNIT VI: VITAMINS AND MINERALS (12 Lectures) Vitamin A, C, E,K, B complex and D Dietary sources, RDA, Adsorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME), Deficiency. Calcium, phosphorus and iron - distribution in the body digestion, Absorption, Utilization ,transport, excretion, balance, deficiency, toxicity, sources, RDA. Calcium: Phosphorus ratio, Role of iron in prevention of anemia. Iodine and iodine cycle. Iodine, Fluoride, Mg, Cu, Zn, Se, Manganese, chromium, molybdenum distribution in the human body, Physiology, function, deficiency, toxicity and sources. RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations (2011) Devlin, T.M. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (New York), ISBN: 978-0-4710-28173-4. 2. Nutrition for health, fitness and sport (2013) ; Williams.M.H,Anderson,D.E, Rawson,E.S. McGraw Hill international edition. ISBN-978-0-07-131816-7. 3. Krause’s Food and Nutrition Care process.(2012); Mahan, L.K Strings,S.E, Raymond,J. Elsevier’s Publications. ISBN- 978-1-4377-2233-8. 4. The vitamins, Fundamental aspects in Nutrition and Health (2008); G.F. Coombs Jr. Elsevier’s Publications. ISBN-13- 978-0-12- 183493-7. 5. Principles of Nutritional Assessment (2005) Rosalind Gibson. Oxford University Press.
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY B.Sc. (Hons) Final year
Semester VI Elective Discipline Centric Course
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Credits: 4 Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: (12 Lectures)
Tools of recombinant DNA technology: Enzymes used in genetic engineering e.g. Restriction endonucleases, SI nucleases, DNA ligases, Alkaline phosphatase, Reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, poly nucleotide kinase, terminal transferase. Cloning vectors: General properties of ideal
cloning vectors. UNIT II: (12 Lectures)
Construction of chimeric DNA molecules. Isolation of plasmid DNA, genomic DNA. Sequencing methods; Sanger’s dideoxy chain termination method, Maxam Gilbert chemical degradation method
UNIT III: (12 Lectures)
Amplification of genomic DNA and cDNA by PCR. Cloning of PCR products. Applications of PCR. Expression vectors, Expression construct. Different types of expression system.
UNIT IV: (12 Lectures)
Transgenic organisms. regulation of GM organisms, Molecular diagnostics; high throughput methods of DNA analysis, DNA microarrays, DNA fingerprinting and its applications, Gene therapy, DNA vaccines.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Molecular cloning: A laboratory Manual (2000), I, II & III volumes, by Maniatis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Pub.
2. Gene Cloning by Primrose
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Life Sciences AMU, Aligarh
B.Sc. (Hons) Syllabus (Effective from 2015-16) Passed in BOS held on 26.10.2015
BIOCHEMISTRY B.Sc. (Hons) Final year
Semester VI Elective Discipline Centric Course
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Credits: 4
Total Lectures: 48
NOTE: The course will be evaluated out of 100 marks and will have the following
components of evaluation: Sessional for 10 marks, mid-semester examination of one
hour duration for 30 marks, end-semester examination of two hours for 60 marks.
UNIT I: CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS (12 Lectures) Bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi. Past and present emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases and pathogens. Source, reservoir and transmission of pathogens, Antigenic shift and antigenic drift. Overview of viral and bacterial pathogenesis. Infection and evasion. UNIT II: OVERVIEW OF DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA (12 Lectures) Detailed study of tuberculosis: History, causative agent, molecular basis of host specificity, infection and pathogenicity, diagnostics, therapeutics, inhibitors and vaccines. Drug resistance and implications on public health. Other bacterial diseases including Typhoid, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Typhoid and Pneumonia. Unit III: OVERVIEW OF DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES (12 Lectures) Detailed study of AIDS, history, causative agent, pathogenesis, Diagnostics, Drugs and inhibitors. Other viral diseases including hepatitis, influenza, rabies, chikungunya and polio. Unit IV OVERVIEW OF DISEASES CAUSED BY PARASITES AND OTHER
ORGANISMS (12 Lectures)
Detailed study of malaria, history, causative agents, vectors, life cycle, Host parasite interactions, Diagnostics, drugs and Inhibitors, resistance, vaccine development. Other diseases including leishmaniasis, amoebiasis.
Fungal diseases, general characteristics. Medical importance of major groups, pathogenesis,treatment. RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Prescott, Harley, Klein's Microbiology (2008) 7th Ed., Willey, J.M., Sherwood, L.M., Woolverton, C.J. Mc Graw Hill International Edition (New York) ISBN: 978-007- 126727. 44 2. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett.S, Principles and practices of Infectious diseases, 7th edition, Volume, 2. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. 3. Sherris Medical Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Diseases by Kenneth J. Ryan, C. George Ray, Publisher: McGraw-Hill 4. Medical Microbiology by Patrick R. Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal, Michael A. Pfaller, Elsevier Health Sciences.