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CURRICULUM ASSOCIATES®, Inc.

PHOTO CREDITS: Page 4 Heritage Map Museum

Page 4 Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division,Taking the Long View: Panoramic Photographs, LC-USZ62-122849

Pages 6, 7, 16, 27, 36, 38–39, 45–46, 49–50, 55, 57, 60, 76,80, 88, 90, 95, 116–117, 119 ©2001 ArtToday.com

Pages 6, 7, 9, 48 NOAA Library

Page 18 Bettmann/CORBIS

Page 19 Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division,FSA-OWI Collection, LC-USW3-023967

Page 24 Bullen, Frank T. Cruise of the Cachalot, New York:D. Appleton and Company, 1899

Page 28 University of Washington Digital Collection,Freshwater and Marine Mammal Image Bank, Image 6:Bone on Deck and Blubber Coming on Board

Page 30 Bill Lawton, National Marine Mammal Laboratory,NOAA, Seattle, Washington

Page 37 (top) Courtesy of Moneymuseum.com

Page 37 U.S. State Quarter, Obverse, Vermont State Quarter,Reverse, New York State Quarter, Reverse (copyrightsymbol) 2001 The US Mint. All rights reserved.

Page 44 ©Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS

Page 47 OAR/National Undersea Research Program/NOAA

Page 56 Courtesy of The General Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin

Page 60 Scott Bauer/ARS Photo Library

Pages 64, 66 National Geophysical Data Center/NOAA

Page 68 T. J. Casadevall/USGS

Pages 69, 78 USGS National Hazards Photo Library

Page 74 Photodisc

Page 79 Courtesy of Printing Museum of China

Pages 84, 85, 89 The Mark Twain House, Hartford, CT

Page 86 Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division,Detroit Publishing Company Collection, LC-D4-34339

Page 94 Courtesy of Jamie Ruh

Page 96 USDA Photos

Page 97 Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division,Evolution of the Conservation Movement, LC-USZ62-52000 DLC

Page 97 Courtesy of The General Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin

Page 99 Jack Dyking/ARS Photo Library

Page 100 USDA Photo (left), USDA Photo (right)

Pages 104, 106, 108, 109, 110 NASA

Page 114 Corbis

Page 118 Courtesy of The General Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin

Page 120 National Archives and Administration, NWDNS-111-SC-101021, Electronic Record, NARA’s Still PicturesBranch, National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD

ILLUSTRATION CREDITS:Pages 14, 24, 26, 34, 46, 54, 58, 59, 98

Lisa Greenleaf Gollihue

This reading book has 12 interesting nonfiction selections.These are the kinds of selections that you might see in schoolbooks, in library books, in magazines, and in other kinds of books.

Each selection is followed by 18 multiple-choice questionsthat give you practice with key reading strategies. Eachselection also has 3 Explorations in Writing questions thatinvite you to write about what you have read.

ISBN 0-7609-1820-8©2002—Curriculum Associates, Inc.

North Billerica, MA 01862No part of this book may be reproduced by any means

without written permission from the publisher.All Rights Reserved. Printed in USA.15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

FOR THE STUDENT

Race to the Poles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Jazz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Whaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Exploring Shipwrecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Lewis and Clark Explore the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

China’s Amazing Firsts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Mark Twain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Caring for the Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Space: The Final Frontier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

The Abolitionists Fight Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Explorations in Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124–128

TABLE OF CONTENTS

64

What do you think when you hear the

word volcano? Do youimagine a disaster?

Volcanoes have causedsome great disasters.

Yet volcanoes also havesome benefits. Learn

more about volcanoes in this selection.

64

65

The center of the earth is very hot. It’s so hot

that rock melts. It turns into a thick liquid called

magma. Gases are created by the melting rock.

The gases mix with the magma. The gas-filled

magma is lighter than the rock around it. So the

magma rises up to the surface of the earth. The

surface of the earth is hard and heavy. The magma

pushes up against it. Sometimes the magma finds

a weak spot. Then magma, gases, and other

materials erupt through this spot in the surface of

the earth. The hole created by the blast is called a

vent. The vent and the erupted materials that build

up around it are called a volcano.

Not all kinds of magma are the same. Magma

that is thin and runny has some gas in it. This thin

kind of magma is called lava. It flows out of a

volcano. Lava can be hotter than 2000˚F. It can

burn trees and buildings. It can destroy anything

in its path.

Magma that is thick and sticky has a lot of

gas in it. This thick kind of magma blasts out of

a volcano. When it bursts into the air, the magma

can break into pieces, called tephra. Tephra can

be huge or as fine as dust. Fine tephra is often

called volcanic ash.

Clouds of volcanic ash look almost like

snow. But as the ash falls to the ground, it

can be dangerous. The tiny pieces of tephra

are quite sharp. They can sting and cut eyes

and lungs. Volcanic ash may look light and

powdery. But it is very heavy. A layer just

a few inches thick can cause a roof to cave

in. Volcanic ash can smother plants,

animals, and people.

Volcanic ash that mixes with water can

cause a mudflow. This is like a river of

mud. It can flow faster than people can run.

It can travel as fast as ninety miles per hour

down a steep slope. Some mudflows sweep

away trees and bridges and crush houses.

Volcanic ash can also contaminate,

or pollute, water supplies. It can plug up

engines and machines. It can stall cars and

cause power failures. It can clog airplane

engines.

Volcanic ash covers this area.

66

Volcanoes are destructive. But they can also be beneficial. Much of the earth was shaped by volcanic activity. For example, one common type of mountain is formed when volcanic materialspile up and harden.

A crater, or bowl-shaped pit, often forms at the top of an extinctvolcano. Sometimes these craters fill with water and become lakes.Crater Lake in Oregon was formed this way nearly 6,600 years ago.

One of the greatest benefits of a volcanic eruption is the effect it has on soil. After volcanic ash cools, it makes soil very rich forgrowing crops. Ash can travel hundreds of miles. It can benefit alarge area.

Also, people mine minerals such as gold, copper, tin, and silverfrom extinct volcanoes. Some use lava rocks for building roads.Some use pumice, a lightweight volcanic rock, to polish stones. Andsome even use hot water from volcanic springs to heat their homes!

Most volcanoes form at the border of two or more earth plates.Plates are large sections of the earth’s outer shell. Plates are alwaysmoving slowly. Sometimes one plate pushes against another andslides under its edge. And sometimes plates slide apart. Either ofthese situations can cause a volcano.

One area with many volcanoes is the Ring of Fire. This area lies along the rim of the Pacific Ocean. Here the edges of the Pacific Plate meet the edges of four other plates. More than half of the earth’s active land volcanoes form in the Ring of Fire.

Volcanoes can form on land, underwater, and even underglaciers. Volcanoes have been spotted on other planets, too! Marshas the largest known volcano in the solar system. Venus has themost volcanoes. Scientists think that volcanoes played a big part in forming many planets.

67

Volcanoes come in various

shapes and sizes. Here are three

kinds.

A shield volcano forms when

thin, runny lava spills out of a

vent and spreads over a wide

area. Layers of this lava slowly build up. The layers create a

broad mountain with a gentle slope. The largest volcano on

earth is Mauna Loa on Hawaii. It is a shield volcano.

A cinder cone volcano is formed when tephra erupts and falls

as cinders around a vent. The cinders build up and form a steep,

cone-shaped hill or mountain. Sunset Crater Volcano in Arizona

is a cinder cone volcano.

A stratovolcano is also called a composite cone. It is built up

by the eruption of thick lava, tephra, and other materials. It can

take thousands of years for a huge stratovolcano to form. Mount

Mageik in Alaska is a stratovolcano.

One of the worst volcanic eruptions in history took place

in 1883. It happened on the island of Krakatau in Indonesia.

It destroyed much of the island. The eruption was heard nearly

3,000 miles away. More than 36,000 people died. Most were

killed by tsunamis as high as 130 feet. These huge waves were

caused by the volcanic eruption.

For more than three years after the eruption, clouds

of volcanic ash caused red sunsets in the Northern Hemisphere.

And temperatures dropped around the world. Some scientists

think that the ash may have caused the drop.

Mauna Loa

68

The most violent

eruption in the United

States took place in 1980.

Mount Saint Helens

erupted in Washington

state. Hot rocks and ash

started fires and melted

snow. The melted snow

caused floods and

mudflows. Forests and buildings were destroyed. Winds carried

a cloud of ash 250 miles away. More than fifty people died.

In 1943, people in Mexico saw a volcano form in a cornfield!

The volcano, Paricutin, started as a crack in the earth. Soon,

gases and volcanic matter were erupting from the hole. After one

week, a cone about 450 feet high had formed. By the end of a

year, the volcano was 1,100 feet high. It was active until 1952.

Its many eruptions destroyed nearby villages, forests, and farms.

Another volcano in Mexico has been recently active. This

volcano, Popocatepetl, is about 40 miles south of Mexico City.

It has been erupting on and off since the 1300s. It is sometimes

called Popo. This means “Smoking Mountain.”

At times, Popo was very calm. People actually entered the

volcanic crater to mine sulfur. But on December 18, 2000, it

became more active than it had been for 1,200 years. Within

days, more than half of the people who lived near the volcano

had been evacuated. They were quickly moved to shelters away

from the volcano.

Mount Saint Helens

69

Scientists can’t always tell exactly when a

volcano will erupt. But they can sometimes tell

when one is getting ready to erupt. One signal

comes from earthquakes. An increase in nearby

earthquake activity can signal a volcanic eruption.

Also, scientists may notice changes in the earth’s

surface. Or they may see changes in ground or water

temperatures. Such changes can warn of a possible

eruption.

And some people remember unusual things that

have happened right before eruptions. Some

remember dogs barking, scratching, and sniffing the

ground. Others remember sea snakes slithering onto

land. These and other unusual animal behaviors can

be warnings of an upcoming eruption.

Here is what to do before and during a volcanic eruption.

• Protect yourself from ash. Cover your eyes, nose, mouth,

and skin.

• Have on hand supplies such as bottled water, flashlights

and batteries, first-aid kits, and portable radios.

• Be sure your family has an escape plan.

• Listen to emergency broadcasts. Follow orders.

70

71

Finding Main Idea and Details

The main idea is the most importantidea. The details are the pieces ofinformation that tell more about the main idea.

1. Which detail was not mentioned in the selection?� Pompeii is an ancient city that

was buried by a volcano.� Mount Saint Helens erupted

in 1980.� A volcano formed in a

cornfield in Mexico.� Tsunamis are huge waves.

2. Page 66 is mostly about� mudflows.� water pollution.� volcanic ash.� power failures.

3. The Ring of Fire lies along the rim of� the Atlantic Ocean.� the Indian Ocean.� the Arctic Ocean.� the Pacific Ocean.

Finding Word Meaning in Context

Use context clues to find the meaningof a new word. Context clues are wordsin a sentence that help you figure outthe meaning of the new word.

4. On page 65, another word forerupt is� melt.� sink.� explode.� stream.

5. Look at page 67. Another word for destructive is � harmful.� ancient.� beautiful.� ugly.

6. On page 69, what does the wordevacuated mean?� “ended”� “moved out”� “moved in”� “avoided”

72

Recognizing Cause and Effect

When one thing causes another thing to happen, it is called cause and effect.The cause is the reason why somethinghappens. The effect is what happens.

7. Gas-filled magma rises up to thesurface of the earth because themagma is� lighter than the rocks

around it.� heavier than the rocks

around it.� older than the rocks

around it.� colder than the rocks

around it.

8. One thing that volcanic ash doesnot do is� contaminate water supplies.� smother plants, animals, and

people.� make soil rich for planting

crops.� stop the earth’s plates from

moving.

9. Some scientists think that volcaniceruptions may� create blue sunsets.� cause temperatures to rise.� cause temperatures to fall.� create snowstorms.

Comparing and Contrasting

Comparing is finding how two or more things are alike. Contrasting is finding how two or more things are different.

10. Clouds of volcanic ash are said to look like� salt.� snow.� rain.� sugar.

11. Thin and runny magma flows from a volcano, but thick and sticky magma� trickles out.� bubbles out.� bursts out.� gets stuck.

12. Mars, Venus, and Earth� all have volcanoes.� have only one volcano each.� are in the Ring of Fire.� are part of the Pacific Plate.

73

Go to page 127.

Understanding Sequence

Sequence is the order in which thingsare done or events happen.

13. When a volcano is first being formed,hot rocks form a liquid called� tephra.� magma.� gas.� vent.

14. What is the next-to-last step in theformation of a shield volcano?� Lava spreads out over

a wide area.� Layers of lava form a broad

mountain with a gentle slope.� Lava spills out of a vent.� Layers of lava spread out and

begin to build up.

15. The boxes tell about whathappened in Mexico in 1943.

1 2 3

Which of these belongs in box 3?� A year later, a 500-foot

volcano had formed.� A year later, a 1,100-foot

volcano had formed.� A year later, the volcano

was called Popo.� A year later, the volcano

stopped erupting.

Drawing Conclusions

Drawing conclusions can help youfigure out things that are not writtenin a selection. To draw a conclusion,think about the facts. Then think aboutwhat you know in your own life.

16. Crater lakes were probably filledwith water from� oceans.� rivers and streams.� rain and snow.� wells.

17. Volcanic eruptions� affect the earth for years.� affect the earth only when

they are happening.� give plenty of warning.� happen only in warm areas.

18. It is most important for someoneliving near a volcano to� be terrified.� be aware.� move away.� ignore it.

A crackappearedin theearth.

A weeklater, a450-footcone hadformed.

127

Explorations in Writing Write your answers on a separate piece of paper.

(pages 64–70)

1. The author tells how volcanoes can benefit the earth. What did you learnabout this? Write a paragraph or so.

2. Look at the photograph of the volcano on pages 64–65. Use your own words to describe it.

3. Use your own words to describe the three different types of volcanoesdiscussed on page 68.

(pages 74–80)

1. The author writes about many things that the Chinese invented. Choose oneor two inventions and write about why they are important.

2. Look at the time line on page 77. What does it tell you about Chineseinventions? For example, did all the inventions happen at the same time? Write about your ideas.

3. Summarize in your own words the section “Silk” on page 76.

Mark Twain (pages 84–90)

1. Mark Twain wrote about life on the Mississippi River. What is the mostinteresting thing you’ve learned about life on the Mississippi? Write about it.

2. A fact can be proved. An opinion is what someone thinks or feels.• Here is a fact from the selection: Mark Twain wrote the book

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. • Here is an opinion from the selection: The Mississippi River is the

greatest river in the world.Write three more facts from the selection. Write two or more opinions basedon the selection. Give a reason for each of your opinions.

3. Summarize in your own words the section “Sam Grows Up” on page 86.