PartV Science

8/3/2019 PartV Science

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Science

Class Sixth:

S.No Topics Description

1 Earth Spherical in Shape.

2 Evaporation The Process of Conversion of Water into Watervapour .

3 Water Cycle Process of circulation of water to water vapour thenclouds

and again rain is called water cycle

4 Plants Plants use carbon-di-oxide present in the air and

sunlight in preparing their food.

5 Principle of pendulum Galileo Galeli

6 Solid The particles in a solid are packed very closely toeach other and are held together by strong attractiv

forces.

7 Liquid The particles in a liquid are not very closeto each other.

8 Gas The fundamental particles in a gas are held togetheby weak forces of attraction.

9 Solubility Sugar-Solute

Water SolventSugar +Water = Sugar Solution

10 Alcohol Alcohol is Completely soluble in Water.

11 Oil Oil is insoluble in Water.

12 Soda Water Consists of dissolved Carbon-di-oxide.

13 Hydrogen and Nitrogen Insoluble in Water.

14 Paints Insoluble in Water and Soluble in Kerosene.

15 Melting The transformation of a solid matter into liquid

when heated is called melting.

16 Sublimation Certain solids when heated, are converted to vapou

state without passing through the liquid state. This

is called sublimation.Naphthalene, Benzoic Acid, Iodine and AmmoniumChloride.

17 Condensation The change of state from vapour into liquid bycooling is called condensation.

18 Freezing The transformation of a liquid into solid due tocooling is called freezing.


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19 Mercury[Thermometers] Good Conductor of heat.

20 Metals Good conductors of electricity.

21 Opaque Materials Paper, Metal Sheet, Wall and Wood. Light cannot

pass through them.

22 Opaque and Transparent The materials which allow the light to pass through

them are called as transparent and those which donot allow the light are called as opaque.

23 Water Boiling Point 100 deg Cel. Freezing Point 0 deCel. Density 1g/cc.

24 Sedimentation The process of settling down of insoluble particlesin a suspension is called sedimentation.

25 Decantation The process of transferring the clear liquid standing

above the sediment carefully intoanother container using a glass rod is

called decantation.

26 Crystal Copper Sulphate.

27 Boiling point Boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temp. atwhich the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to

the atmospheric pressure.

28 Melting point or Freezing Point Melting point and freezing point of a substance are

one and the same.

29 Rusting (Chemical Change) When an iron lock is exposed to moist air for

several days, the iron on its surface is convertedinto Iron oxide (rust).

30 Carbon di OxideCombustion of Fuels.

[Plant more trees].

Carbon-di-oxide reflects the radiation from theEarth and increases the temperature of the Earth.

31 Fermentation Process[Chemical Change]

32 Exothermic Changes Energy is released in the form of heat.Burning of fuels like Diesel, petrol , wood etc,.

Lighting of Match Stick.

33 Endothermic Changes Energy is absorbed in the form of heat.

Melting of ice.Evaporation of Sea water.

34 Speed(m/s)

35 Velocity(m/s)

36 Force (N) Unit = Newton

37 Pressure (N/m2 or Pascal)

38 Solar Cells Solar cells convert light energy into electricity.


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Solar cells are used in satellites and space station to

produce electricity.

39 Power Coal Thermal, Water Hydro, Uranium Atom

Nuclear Power.Hydro Electric Power - Mettur and Papanasam.

Thermal Power Station Neyveli and Tuticorin.Windmill Aralvaimozhi.

Atomic Power Station Kalpakkam .Koodangulam Under Construction.

Class Seven:

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1 Fresh Water Only 3% of the water in the earth is fresh.

2 Steam 537 cal/g Has highest latent heat of vapourisation.

3 Ice 79.7 cal/g Has highest latent heat of fusion.

Water is a Universal Solvent.


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4 Biogas Plants Cow dung is converted into biogas.

Cooking and Illumination purposes.

Slurry Rich Manure.5 Seawater Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium.

6 Elements Building Blocks of materials.

7 Radio active elements 30 Emits harmful radiations.

8 Atom [ Protons, Electrons, Neutrons -

PEN]

Smallest unit of an element.


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9 Diatomic Molecule Hydrogen(H2), Oxygen(O2), Chlorine(Cl2)

10 Triatomic Molecule Ozone Molecule(O3) contains three molecules ofoxygen.

11 Polyatomic Molecule Sulphur molecule(S8) Contains 8 molecules ofsulphur atom.

12 Compounds Carbon di oxide Carbon and OxygenWater Hydrogen and Oxygen.

Haemoglobin Compound of Iron.

13 Chlorophyll Compound of Magnesium.

14 Calcium Phosphate Present in Bones and Teeth. Compound of Calcium

15 Sodium Chloride Used for the preparation of Hydrochloric Acid.Useful as chemical in Chemical industries.

16 Dyes Colouring the threads, fabric, Wood etc.,

17 NPK[Fertilizer] Contains Ammonium Nitrate, Ammonium

Sulphate, Ammonium Phosphate and PotassiumChloride.

18 Cooking gas Butane and Pentane.

19 Acid Acid is a substance which gives hydrogen ions

when dissolved in Water (or) Acid is a substancewhich contains replaceable hydrogen ions.(H+)


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20 Soda Water Contains Carbonic Acid.21 Litmus Paper Acid turns litmus paper into Red Colour.

22 Alkalies [Skin Irritation and Burns] Bases which are soluble in water are called alkalies

23 Chalk Piece Calcium Carbonate.

24 Potash Alum Purification of Water.

25 Sodium Benzoate Food Preservative.


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26 Siver Nitrate Hair Dyes.

27 Bordeaux Mixture Copper Sulphate + Lime.

28 Plaster of Paris[ Hydrated Calcium

Sulphate]

Surgical Bandage.

29 Epsom Salt Laxative by Patients suffering from constipation.

30 Smelling Salt Relieve from cold.31 Photography Silver Nitrate, Silver Bromide, Sodium

Thiosulphate(Hypo) are used in photography.

32 Fire Works Potassium Nitrate.

33 Gun Powder Sodium Nitrate.

34 Potash Alum Tanning of leather, Sizing Paper and used as amordant.

35 Match Industry Potassium Chlorate.

36 Dying and Printing Industry

Electro Plating

Copper Sulphate.

37 Heat It is measured in terms of Calories or Joules.

38 Fuels Materials which produce heat when burnt are callefuels.

39 Thermometer [Contains Mercury

Thermal Expansion]

It is a device used to measure the warmth of the

body.

40 Temparature Temparature is measured in degree Celsius and S.I

unit is Kelvin.

41 Heat It is the internal energy of the substance. By adding


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or removing the temperature of the substance is

increased are reduced.

42 Thermal Expansion

[Solid, Liquid, and Gas Expands]

Expansion of an object due to heat is called therma

expansion.

43 Bi-metal Strips Used to control temperature in

Iron Box,Electric Stove,

Refrigerator and Geyser.

44 Anamalous expansion of water Aquatic animals in the frozen ponds survive in

severe winter.

45 Human body Normal temperature 98.6 deg farenheit / 37 deg Celsius.

46 Milk Boil To kill harmful bacteria.

47 Refrigerator Food Storage Due to cold conditions germs cannot multiply.

48 Polar regions Plant Lichens.

Animals- Plar beer, Rein deer, Polar pig.

49 Volatile liquids Spirit, Ether, Alcohol, Diesel, Petrol and kerosene.

50 Calorie and Joule 1 Calorie 4.2 Joule1000 4200 Joule.

51 Water Coolant used in Carradiators,Industries, factories and thermal

power stations,Steel mills.

It absorbs the heat produced by automobile enginesbut by itself will not rise to high temperature.

52 Transfer of hear Conduction, Convection, and Radiation.

53 Radiation It does not require any medium. Earth receives heafrom the sun by radiation.

White or light coloured cloth Absorb less heat Used in summer.

Black or Dark coloured cloth Absorb more heat

Used in winter.Cooking Utensils Base Black Coating Absorbmore heat.

Tankers- Painted white To reflect the sunsradiation.

54 Conductors

Iron, Copper, Aluminium, Mercury andSilver.

Solids which allow the heat to pass through.

55 Insulators [Wood, Glass, Rubber, Leather,Plastic, Mica, Stone, Marble and

Thermocole.]

Materilas which do not allow the heat to passthrough.

56 Thermos Flask It prevents Conduction, Convection and Radiation.57 Light Travels in a straight line.

58 Velocity of Light [ Air or Vaccum] 3*10Power8 / 3,00,000 Km/S.

59 Reflection of Light When a beam of light falls on a Plane mirror, it issent back into the medium from where it came and

it is called reflection of light.

60 Plane mirrors Periscopes Kaleidoscope. Homes and Shops.

61 Convex Mirror Only forms a virtual image. Drivers mirror in


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vehicles.

62 Sound Sound is produced by vibrations Caused by anobject.

63 Producing the sound Plucking Guitar, Tambura etc.,Blowing Flute, Nadaswaram etc.,

Striking Drums, Tabala, Thavil etc.,Bowing Violin

63 Frequency [No.of vibrations produced inOne sec. by vibrating body]

Unit of frequency Hertz.

64 Amplitude(metre m) Maximum displacement of the vibrating body.

65 Audible frequency Range- Human ear 20 HZ to 20000 HZ.

Babys Cry 3000HZ 4000HZ

66 Sounds Below 20HZ Infrasonics EarthquakeAbove 20000 HZ Ultrasonics Bats and Dogs

Bats Above 70000HZ.

67 Speak Humans Voice box or Larnyx helps to speak. It consists of

two elastic membranes called vocal cords.(VC)Boys VC are large and produce low-pitched

sound.Girls VC are small and high-pitched sound.

68 Sound To travel[You cannot hear sound on the moon. No

medium is present]

Sound needs a medium to travel.Sound Cannottravel in Vaccum.

69 Sound Waves Sound Waves are longitudinal in nature.

70 Velocity of Sound(m/s)

[Vel of Sound is larger in solids and liquidsthan in gases]

Distance travelled by the sound waves in one

second.Air = 340m/s.

71 Sound is also reflected. Plane Surface Angle of Incidence(i) is equal toangle of reflection.(r)

72 SONARPrinciple Reflection of sound Waves.

Sound Navigation and Ranging.Measure the depth of the sea.


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73 Bats and Whales.

Able to detect not only the direction butalso the exact location of the obstacles in

their path.Ships Siren - Icebergs

74 Lightening and Thunder See Lightening first and Hear Thunder later.

75 Lightening

[75%- Electrical energy is used for heatingup the atmospheric gases in and around the

flash].

Thunder

Atmospheric air is continuously ionized by the

ultraviolet rays from the sun and the cosmic rays.When the water droplets of the cloud falls in this

electric field region, they get charged.Heavier droplets neg. Charge Base of the cloud

Lighter droplets Pos. charge Top of the cloud.A discharge takes place between the charged

surfaces of the same cloud or between the cloudswhen they pass one over the other. The flash

produced by the discharge is called theLightening.

76 Music The waves are periodic and Spaced out in anorderly manner.

77 Noise Non periodic and unpleasant to hear.

78 Electrostatics Study of electric charges at rest is calledelectrostatics.

79 Conductors Allows charges to pass through.Metals, Human body, Graphite, Charcoal etc,

80 Insulators Does not allow charges to pass through.Mica, Plastic, Ebonite, glass etc.,

81 Atom[No of Protons = No. of Electrons / Atom

as whole neutral in nature].

Protons Positive ChargeElectrons Negative Charge

Neutron Neutral Charges.

82 Force Two like charges Repulsive.

Two unlike charges Attractive.

83 Polythene rubbed on wool Charging by friction

84 Lightening Rods Protect high rise buildings from the lightening

strokes.

85 Electroscope Detect the presence , nature and quantity of electri

charge.

86 Charges Charges escapes readily from sharp edges.

---- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------Class Eight:

1 Earth The axis of rotation of earth with respect orbitalplane inclined about 23.5 degree.

2 ISRO - Bangalore Indian space research organization was setup at1969.

INSAT Indian national satellite.IRS Indian Remote Sensing Satellite.


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PSLV Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle.

GSLV Geosynchronous Launch Vehicle.

3 SHAR Sathish Dawan Space Center Sriharikota.

Andhrapradesh.

4 METSAT Weather Monitoring.

5 Hydrostatics Equilibrium of fluids.6 Thrust and Pressure

[The pressure of liquid increases with thedepth].

[Liquid having more density exerts morepressure.]

The force that is acting perpendicular to the entire

area.Unit of thrust Newton.

Thrust acting normally on unit area.Unit of Pressure Nm-2

7 Barometer [ Aneroid / Fortins][Torcelli 1

stmeasured the at.p]

Used to measure the atmospheric Pressure.

8 Manometer Used to measure the pressure of liquid or gas

Contained in a vessel.

9 Archimedis Principle Principle used in Submarines.


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10 Flotation 1.The weight of the floating body is equal to theweight of the water displaced.

2.The centre of gravity of the floating body and thecentre of gravity of the displaced liquid[Centre of

buyoyancy] lie in the same vertical line.11 Plimsoll Lines Historical sailor

Captain Plimsoll.

Lines that are marked on the sides of the ship to

ensure the stability and safety of the ship.

12 Hydrometer To determine the specific gravity of the liquid and

hence its density.

13 Layers of Atmosphere:

14 Temparature 1 Km increase in height 6 deg Celsius fall in

temp.15 Presence of Co2 in air. Carbondi oxide turns lime water milky.

16 Fractional distillation It is the technique used for the separation of the

different gases of air.

17 Carbon-di- oxide.

[Green House Effect Avg. temp. of earthincreases Global Warming.]

Co2 in the atmosphere absorbs infrared radiations

reflected from the surface of the earth and heats upthe atmosphere.

18 Carbon mono oxide Poisonous gas.

19 Burning of camphor Produces carbon di oxide and water vapour

20 Fermentation Milk turns into curd by the action of enzymes.

21


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22 Acidity Problem Stomach[Neutralization.]

Tablets consisting Magnesium Hydroxide are usedfor this purpose.

23 Oxidation reactionsOxidation: Removal of hydrogen

Reduction: Removal of oxygen

Rusting of Irons.Burning of Sulphur.

24 Atoms Protons +

Electrons (negligible)Neutrons.

Nucleus [Protons + Neutrons ]. total mass ofproton.

25 1 atomic mass unit 1/12th

of mass of one carbon atom.

26 John Dalton Theory of atoms. Based on scientific principles.

27 J.J.Thompson Discovered electron.

28 Atomic Number The number of electrons or protons are calledatomic number.

29 Mass Number Sum of the number of neutrons and protons presentin the nucleus of an atom.

30 Isotopes Have same atomic number but different massnumber.

31 Isotopes of Hydrogen Protium no neutron.Deuterium 1 neutron.

Tritium 2 neutron.

32 Molecules Atoms combine to form molecules.

33 Metals Form of CompoundsHard, Lustrous, good con heat and el.

Gold, Silver, copper, iron etc.,Gold Available in free state.

Mercury It is a metal. It is in liquid state.

34 Non metals Available in 3 forms.Brittle, Non lus, Poor con heat and el.

Solid state Carbon, Sulphur, and Phosphorous.Bromine liquid.

Hydrogen, Oxygen and Helium are gases.

35 Diamond(Non metal Carbon) Hardest known substance.

36 Malleability Thin Sheets. Metals aremalleable.

37 Ductility Property due to which a metal can be drawn in to

wire is called the ductility.

38 Graphite(Non Metal) Good conductor of electricity.

39 Copper Making electrical appliances. Used to producealloys like bronze and brass.

40 Aluminium Aluminium foils,paint, utensils and electric cables.

Duralumin and magnalumin.41 Rusting Zinc is used to protect iron from rusting.

42 Lead Storage batteries.

43 Phosphorous Important for bones and teeths of animals.Plant

nutrients.

44 Sulphur Valcanisation of rubber.

45 Silicon Transistors. Silicobronze Telephone wires.


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46 Noble metals Gold and platinum are unaffected by air,water,

acids and alkalies.

47

48 Gold [ 91.6% = 916] 24 carat gold is pure gold.22 carat gold is called ornamental gold.

(22 Parts of gold + 2 parts wt. of copper)

49 Galvanisation Zinc coating on iron objects.

50 Electroplating Giving thin coating of one metal on the other metalobject using electricity is called electroplating.

51


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52 Sodium and Potassium Soft metals Easily cut by knife.

53 Carbon Charcoal Coal, petroleum, Marble and lime stone contains

carbon.Crystalline form - Graphite and Diamond.

Amorphous form Coal , charcoal and lampblack.

54 Allotrophs Crystalline form and

amorphous form

Have different physical properties and different

chemical properties.

55 Graphite Pencil lead

Lubricant in fast moving machinery.Electrode in batteries.

Neutron absorber in nuclear reactor.Pigment in paints.

56 Diamond Used for cutting glass, sawing marbles and drillingrocks.

Jewellery.High precision thermometers.

57 Dry Ice Solid Carbon Does not melt. Directly changes into gas co2.

58 Carbondi oxide Fire extinguisher.

Aerated soft drinks.Manufacture of washing soda(Sodium carbonate)

and baking soda(sodium bicarbonate)

Dry ice RefrigerantLiquid co2 Sugar Industry.

59 Methane

Natural gas 80 % Methane.Coal gas 30 % Methane

Marsh gas.

Used as fuel.(Blue flame).Making carbon black.

Preparation of organic compounds likeformaldehyde, chloroform, and methyl alcohol.

60 Mechanics Dynamics Study of motion of bodies.


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Statics Study of bodies at rest.

61 Thanjavur doll The centre of gravity is low and the vertical linedrawn from the centre of gravity always falls withi

the base even when it is tilted.Pisa tower in Italy.

Racing car.62 Boat Persons in the boat are not allowed to stand.

Stability becomes less.

63 Inclined Plane Staircases, Over bridges and ghat roads are based

on the principle of inclined plane.

64 Friction Able to walk and run on the floor.

Tyres of motorcycles grooves increase frictionbetween tyres and roads.

65 Streamlining When a train, car or an aeroplane moves fastthrough the atmospheric air, friction is

produced.The front portion of ships and submarine

are suitably designed to reduce friction offered bythe fluid.

66 Light Part of electromagnetic spectrum that the human

eye can detect is called the visible light.

67 Refraction of light Velocity of light isdiff. in diff media.

Refraction is the bending of a light ray as it passesfrom one medium to another medium.

68 Refraction: The objects in water appear to be at lower depth due to refraction.

69 Velocity of light Vel. of light is great in rarer medium like air andwill be less in a denser medium like glass.

70 Twinkling stars Refraction of starlight through the earthsatmosphere causes twinkling stars.

71 Spectrum Dispersion of light The coloured patch of light produced by passing a

beam of white light through a prism is called aspectrum.

VIBGYOR Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow,Orange and Red.


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72 Convex lens Converging lens.

73 Concave lens Diverging lens.

74 Sun - Convex It is unwise to look at the sun. The large intensityand heat of sun rays produced on the retina will

cause severe damage to the retina and hence to thevision.

75 Glass bottles Convex Not wise to leave glass bottle in the forest.Causes forest fires.

76 Convex lens Used in simple microscopes. Also used for reading

77 Compound Microscope 2 Convex lenses Used to magnify very tiny objects like bacteria and

cells.78 Telescope 2 Convex lenses.

The 200 inch Hale telescope on Mt. Palomar hasphotographed very distant faint celestial objects.

79 Camera Convex lens.

80 Eye ballsFocal length 2.5cm.

Eye balls are filled with fluid Vitreous humourbetween the eye lens and the retina.

Aqueous humour is present between eyelens andcornea.

81 Defects of Eye Myopia Short sight.(Can see only nearer objects)Hypermetropia Long Sight.(Can see only the

distant objects.)82 Eyes of animal sparkle in the night. In case of animals like cats, cattle etc. there is a

reflecting layer containing crystals of quinine,behind theretina of their eyes called tapetum. This

layer reflects the light back on to the retina. Thisimproves the vision and causes the eyes of these

animals to sparkle in the night.

83 Optic centre Geometric centre of the lens is called the optic

centre.

84 Magnetite Composes of oxides of iron.

It attracts pieces of iron.

Magnet Like pole attract each other and unlikepole repel each other.

85 Lodestone When suspended freely from its centre, it always

comes to rest in the north-south direction. For thisproperty, it was given the name lodestone.

86 Magnetic materials Materials that are attracted by magnet is calledmagnetic materials.

Iron, Nickel and cobalt.


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87 Compass Needle It is a device used to trace the magnetic lines of

force due to a bar magnet.

88 Magnetic induction Magnetic induction or induced magnetism is the

phenomenon in which a magnet can inducemagnetic properties on materials like iron.

89 Curie point The temperature at which a magnet loses itsmagnetic power is known as curie point. For iron

the curie point is 770 deg Celsius.

90 Earth Behaves like a big bar magnet. The earths magnetic

axis does not coincide with its geographical axis

and is inclined at an angle of about 17 degree.91 Angle of dip Earth

Dip Circle Measure the angle of dip.It is zero at the magnetic equator and 90 deg. At themagnetic poles.

92 Magnetic effect When electric current is passed through a

conductor, magnetic effect is produced.

93 Electromagnets Part of electric genarators, motors, telegraph

instruments, loudspeakers, earphones and telephonreceivers.

Used in electric bells and tape recorders.Attached to cranes to lift heavy loads.

Making new magnets or remagnetising the old one

94 Michael Faraday Discovered electromagnetic induction methodused for commercial generation of electric power.Dynamos and generators work on the principle of

electromagnetic induction.

95 Sun Nuclear Fusion

Total Energy 3.8*12P26 J/s.

Earth receives energy from the sun in the form of

heat and light.

96 Conversion of solar energy into hydro and

wind energy.

The energy of wind and flowing water are due to

solar energy.

97 Photo voltaic cell

Calculators, traffic lights, and for thetransmission of radio and television

programmes.

Solar energy is directly converted into electrical

energy.

98 Wind Electricity can be generated using

the windmills.

Convection current in the air. Wind energy is the

kinetic energy associated with the movement ofatmospheric air.

Tamilnadu and Gujarat Lead in the productin ofwind energy.

Kayathar of Thirunelveli district.Aralvaimozhi of Kanyakumari district.


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99 Hydro electric energy Hydel Power The energy of falling water is used for generating

electricity in hydro electric power plants.Turbines are used to convert the energy of falling

water into mechanical energy, which is furtherutilized for driving the electrical genarators.

Mini Hydro projects at irrigation dams at lowerBhavani, Amaravathy, Thirumurty, Sathanur,

Pechiparai, Perunchani, and Aliyar.Mettur dam. Hydro power stations have been

commissioned on Lower Bhavani Dam, Pykaradam, and Vaigai dam.

100 Pumped storage Power plant Kadamparai.101 Bicycle Dynamo Mechanical energy is converted into electrical

energy. Principle of electromagnetic induction.

102 Thermal Power Plants Major share ofelectric energy in India.

Combustion of fossil fuels: Coal, oil or gas.Thermal Power Plants:

Neyveli, Ennore, North Chennai, Mettur andTuticorin.

Jeyakondam Perambalur dist.(Prelim work).

103 Nuclear Fission The process of breaking up of the nucleus of a

heavy atom into two or more smaller neuclei withthe release of a large amount of energy is known as

nuclear fission.104 Atom bomb Nuclear Fission.

Hiroshima LittleboyNagasaki Fatman

When the bomb explodes a large amount of heat,

light and radiation is released. These are used inworld war 2 and were exploded over Hiroshima

and Nagasaki in japan.

105 Nuclear Reactors Babha atomic research centre for research

Apsara, cirus, Zerlina and Purnima.Electricity Production:

Tarapore MaharashtraRana pratap sagar Rajasthan

Kalakpakkam - Tamilnadu

Kudankulam Tamilnadu

106 Nuclear Fusion Energy produced in sun

and stars.Hydrogen bomb.

It is process in which two or more light nuclei

combine to form a heavy nucleus.

Hydrogen bomb is more powerful than the atom

bomb.

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Class Nineth:

1 MeasurementsSI System Internatinal

1. Length Metre (m)2. Mass Kilogram (Kg)3. Time Second (S)4. Electric Current Ampere (A)5. Temparature Kelvin (K)6. Amount of Substance Mole (mol)7. Luminous Intensity Candela (cd)8. Plane angle Radian (rad)9. Solid angle Stredian (sr)

2 Pierre vernier French Scientist

3 Screw Gauge Measure lengths, One hundredth of a millimeter.

4 Physical Balance Used to find mass of an object correct to a

milligram.

5 Types of Motion 1. Random Motion [Football,Mosquito]2. Translational Motion[Arrow, Bullet]3. Rotational Motion[Fan,Earth,Sun]4. Oscillatory Motion[Pendulum]

6 Quantity Scalar and Vector

Sclar Quantities that require onlymagnitudes to specify them are called

scalar quantity.Vector Quantities that require both

magnitude and direction are called vectorquantity.

Scalar Vector

Mass Displacement

Lenth Velocity

Time Accelaration

Temparature Force

Angle Momentum

Area Weight

7 Speed Distance Travelled / Time TakenUnit metre/Second (m/s )

8 Displacement The Straight line distance between the initial andfinal position of a body in a specific direction is

called displacement.Unit metre(m)

9 Velocity Displacement/Time.Unit metre/Second (m/s)

10 Accelaration Change in velocity of an object per unit time.

11 Negative acceleration An object thrown upwards, against the force of

gravity, have negative acceleration.

12 G=9.81m/s Acceleration due to gravity at or near earths surface

is 9.81m/s.

13 Objects of different masses released simultaneously from same height fall on the ground at thesame time with the same velocity.

14 Force Magnitude and Direction Force is that cause which produces acceleration inthe body on which it acts.

15 Newtons first law of motion[Law of inertia]

Every body continues in its state of rest or ofuniform motion in a straight line unless it is

compelled by an external force to change that state

16 Inertia The inability of the body to change, by itself, its


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state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line i

called inertia.

17 Momentum.

P = mass * velocity = m * v Kg * m/s

The product of mass and velocity of a body is calle

momentum.

18 Moving body The force required to stop a moving body is directl

proportional to a) mass m and its b) linear velocity.19 Impulse Cricket ball catch When we move our hands

backward while catching the ball, the time ofcontanct is increased and the force is reduced.So,

we feel lesser force and pain and also catch the ballwithout jumping out of our hand.

20 Newtons second lawF = ma

The rate of change of momentum of a body isdirectly proportional to the force and takes place in

the direction of force.

21 Mass Kg

[Mass remains the same everywhere in the

universe].

Mass of body is a measure of its inertia. A larger

mass possess a greater inertia and therefore a larger

force will be needed to overcome inertia.Mass is also the measure of the quantity of thematter in a body.

22 Weight kgwt or Newton[Maximum on the polar regions and

minimum in equatorial regions / Wt. willalso be less on the top of the hill]

The weight of a body is the force acting on the boddue to the earths gravitational force of attraction.

23 Spring balance Used to find the weight of the body.

24 Beam balance Used to find the mass of the body.

25 Newtons third law For every action, there is always and equal and

opposite reaction.

26 Periodic motion[Motion of earth around the sun, hands ofthe watch]

A motion of an object which repeats itself regularlyafter a fixed intervals of time is called periodicmotion.

27 Eamples of couple in action 1. Opening a tap.2. Opening a pen or bottle cap.3. Steering wheel of a car.4. Turning a pencil in a sharpener.5. Turning a screw driver.6. Unscrewing an ear-ring.7. Winding up the spring of a clock.

28 Work Done W= Force * displacement

W= Fs = newton * metreAlso called Joule. [Scalar quantity]

When a force F acts on a body and the body

undergoes a displacement s in the direction of theforce, then the work done, W=Fs.

29 Aeroplane The force(force of gravity in the downwarddirection) and displacement(horizontal direction)

are perpendicular to each other. There is no disp. Inthe direction of the force of gravity, and therefore,

the work done by it on the aeroplane is zero.

30 Power The rate at which the work is done by a force is


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P = W/t = Joule/Second

1 Watt= 1 Joule/Second

called the power. Work done per unit time is called

power.

31 Horse Power 1 Horsepower = 746 W.

32 100W bulb A 100W bulb consumes 100J of electric energy persecond.

33 Energy Unit: Joule 1. Mechanical Energy Potential and kin.2. Heat energy3. Sound energy4. Light energy5. Electrical energy6. Chemical energy7. Atomic energy.

34 Potential energy PE of a body is the energy it possess by virtue of it

position or state of strain.Simple Pendulum Maximum PE at its ex.end

Water stored up in a reservoir.

Compressed air posses PE.35 Kinetic energy KE of a body is the energy possessed by the body

by virtue of its motion.

36 Law of conservation of energy

Total energy of the body remains a

constant.

Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. Buenergy can be converted from one form into anothe

form.

37 Transformation of energy Steam engine heat energy to mech.energyElectric heater Electrical energy to heat en.

Microphone Sound energy into electrical en.Loudspeaker Electrical energy to sound en.

Electric bulb Electrical energy to Light en.

Match Chemical energy to light and heat en.38 Source of energy

1. Renewable source of energy.2. Non Renewable source of en.

Primary Sun.[Plants use this energy to preparefoods by the process of photosynthesis.]

39 Renewable energy Renewable sources of energy are those which are

produced continuously in nature and areinexhaustible.

1. Hydro energy.2. Solar energy.3. Geothermal energy.4. Wind energy5. Tidal energy.6. Bio energy and7. Nuclear energy.

40 Hydro energy. Cheaper cost.Electricity production, transporting timber.

Stored water(reservoir) has lot of potential energy.

This electricity produced from flowing water iscalled Hydro electricity.

41 Geothermal energyAvailable in volcanic regions of the earth.

Geothermal means heat of earth and thereforeenergy generated from the heat of the earth is called


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geothermal energy.

42 Wind energyTamilnadu (forefront) is one of the windy

states in the country.Can generate 1700 Mw.

1. Maharashtra2. Tamilnadu

Wind mills are operated using the kinetic energy ofthe wind.

Wind resource assessment Tn gov 18km/h

Shengkottah pass, Aralvaimozhi pass, and

Palghat pass.

43 Tidal energy The rise and fall of sea waves can be harnessed togenerate power.

44 Bio energyBiogas Methane

Used for cooking and lighting.

The energy obtained by the decomposition oforganic matter such as animal dung, rotton fruits

vegetables, and human excreta, is called Bioenergy.

45 Nuclear energy 1. Nucleus of heavier elements like uranium,thorium or plutonium is spilit, two nuclei

of lighter elements are formed.Nuclear

fission.2. By fusing two nuclei of lighter elements lik

hydrogen a heavier nucleus is formed and

this process is called nuclear fusion.

46 Nuclear fission [Heat energy produced can

be used for generating electricity.] Chainreaction.

4% -World power.350 nuclear stations.

The nucleus of uranium, a radioactive element on

colliding with a neutron splits into two smallernuclei and a few additional neutrons are released

Nuclear Reactor - Heat Water Steam driveturbine Electricity.

47 Atomic power stations(APS) 1. Tarapore APS Maharashtra.2. Rajasthan APS Rajasthan.3. Kalpakkam APS Tamilnadu.4. Narora APS Uttar Pradesh.5. Kakrapar APS Gujarat.6. Kaiga APS Karnataka.

48 Hydrogen bomb Work on the principle of Nuclear fusion

49 Fossil fuels [ Hydrocarbos and traces ofoxygen and other subs.]

Coal and Petroleum are obtained from fossilizedmaterials they are also called fossil fuels.

50 Sold fuels Wood, Coal, Lignite

51 Liquid fuels Kerosene, Petrol and diesel.

52 Heat transfer When 2 objects at same temperature are broughtinto contact there will be no overall transfer of

thermal energy between them. If the objects are atdifferent temparatures, there will be a transfer of

heat energy from hotter to the cooler object untilboth objects reach the same temperature.

53 Heat Unit: Joule Heat is energy.

54 Temparature Kelvin or Celsius. Temparature is not energy.

55 Mercury thermometer (Liquid metal)

High boiling Point = 357 deg Celsius.

Common temperature measuring device.


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Low melting Point -39 deg Celsius.

56 Kelvin and Celsius Kelvin Scale(K) = Celsius+ 273Celsius = Kelvin 273.

57 Human Body Normal temperature of human body is 36.9 deg

Celsius.

58 Temparature of gas Temparature of gas increases the kinetic energy ofits molecules also increases. As the temperature of

gas decreases the kinetic energy of its moleculesdecreases.

59 Boyle law At constant temperature the Pressure of a givenmass of a gas is inversely proportional to its

volume.

60 Charles law 1 At constant pressure, the volume of given mass of

gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temp.

61 Charles law 2 At constant volume, the pressure of given mass of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin

temperature.62 Diesel engine Four stroke Petrol

Have more efficiency 40% more.

No carburetor and spark plug.

63 Absolute zero Temparature to which a substance can be cooled.

All atomic and molecular motions of an ideal gasstop.

64 Ideal gas A gas which obeys Boyles law and Charles law iscalled as ideal gas.

65 Waves 1. Mechanical Waves Sound waves, Waveson the surface of water, and seismic waves.

(obey newtons law of motion). Travels

through solids, liquids and gases.2. Electromagnetic waves: Light waves, Radio

waves, Microwaves, Infra red, Ultraviolet,

X-rays,visible rays,Gamma rays do notrequire any medium to propagate. They

travel through vaccum. 3*10P8 m/s.

66 Mechanical waves 1. Transverse wave2. Longitudinal Wave.

67 Transverse wave (S,L)(Electromagnetic waves are transversewaves).

A transverse wave is one in which the particles of

the medium vibrate in a direction perpendicular tothe direction of propagation of the wave.

Crest: Maximum disp. in the upward direction.Trough: Maximum disp.in the downward direction

Wavelength(metre): Distance bt. any 2consecutive crests and troughs is called wave

length.

68 Longitudinal Waves(S,L,G)Sound waves in air or gas travel in the form

A longitudinal wave is one in which the particles othe medium vibrate along with the direction of the


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of longitudinal waves. propagation of the wave.

Wavelength: Distance bt. any 2 consecutivecompressions and rarefactions is called wa.len.

69 Amplitude (Unit metre) Maximum displacement of the vib. Particle to themean position.

70 Frequency (Unit Hertz) The number of complete vibrations of the particleof the medium in one second is called as frequency

71

72 SoundVelocity of sound in air at 0 deg cel is331

m/s.

Sound travels through solids and liquids very fasterthan in gases.

Velocity of sound is more in solids and liquids.

73 Humidity Sound travels faster in humid air than in dry air.

74 Temparature1 deg cel. = 0.61m/s

For every degree rise in temperature the velocity ofsound increases by 0.61m/s.

75 Pressure Pressure has no effect.

76

77 Resonance When the frequency of forced vibrations of a body

equals its natural frequency, the vibrations of thebody build upto a very large amplitude. This


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phenomenon is called resonance.

78 Soldiers Soldiers are not allowed to march on the bridge.

79 Stationary wave Two waves of same amplitude and frequency

travelling in opposite directions superimpose witheach other producing stationary waves.

Node Point with minimum amplitude.Antinode Point with maximum amplitude.

80 Stationary transverse waves Sound from veena, sitar, violin and guitar.

81 Stationary longitudinal waves Sound from flute, Nadaswaram and clarinet.

82 SONAR Sound navigation and ranging.

83 Ultrasonics in industries To detect crack inside the metal casting.

Drill hole in steel and glass.

84 Ultrasonics in medical app.

[Ultrasonics are harmless.]

Ultrasonic echoes view soft tissue and organs

which are invisible to X-rays.By using Doppler effect and ultrasonics doctors

monitor the flow of the blood and diseases ofbrain,heart and kidneys.

Pulverise and remove kidney stones, cure cancer,joint and muscular pains.

85 Doppler effectRADAR (Radio detection and ranging).

The apparent change in the pitch or frequency ofsound when there is a relative motion between the

source and the observer is called the Doppler effect

86 Radar Velocities and movement of submarine and

aeroplanes.

87 Doppler application Speed of the vehicle are detected.

Airports To find the height, speed and distance ofapproaching planes.

Bats detect the location, distance and movement ofthe prey.

88 Audio tape Strip of plastic coated with a magnetic materialsuch as iron oxide or chromium oxide.

Sound is recorded in the form of varying magneticfields.

89 Fundamental frequency FF in open pipe is twice that of the closed pipe ofthe same length.

90 Audible sound 20Hz to 20000Hz.

91 Ultrasonics Sound with frequency above 20000Hz.

92 Mach 1 Mach is the velocity of an object travelling withthe velocity of sound.

93 Spherical mirror The spherical mirror with a reflecting surface

curved like interior of circle called a concave mir.The spherical mirror with a reflecting surface

curved like exterior of circle called a convex mirro

94 Concave mirror The light beams reflected by the concave mirror ar

brought to focus at a point.


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95 Convex mirror The light beams reflected by the convex mirrorappear to diverge from a point.

96

The distance between the Principal focus

and the pole is called the Focal length.

APB- Portion of it reflecting the light is called

aperture.Centre of hollow sphere Centre of curvature.(C

Geometrical centre of sp.mir. Pole.(P)The line joining the pole and centre of mirror is

called Principal axis.

The radius of sphere that forms the Part of thesp.mir is called radius of curvature( R) .[CP=R]The line that is parallel to the principal axis after

reflection by a concave mirror converges at a pointon principal axis. This point is called Principal

Focus (F) of the concave mirror.The rays of light parallel to the principal axis, after

reflection by a convex mirror appear to divergefrom a point on the principal axis behind the mirror

This point is called the principal focus of theconvex mirror.

97 Real Images Concave mirror produces real images.98 Virtual Images All images produced by the convex mirrors are

erect, diminished and virtual images.

99 Spherical mirror The focal length of a spherical mirror is half of itsradius of curvature.

100 Concave mirrors 1. Shaving mirror.2. Torch lights, Projectors and head lamps of

automobiles are reflected as a parallel

beam by the concave mirrors.3. Investigate ear,nose , and throat.4. Dentist Magnify and investigate the teeth5. Opthalmaloscope Doctors use to view theretina of the eye.6. Concave mirrors are used to converges the

solar energy and convert it into heat andelectrical energy. This heat radiation is used

to cook food in a solar cooker.7. Hemispherical dish antennas receive radio

waves and microwaves from artificial sat.


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and help in radio, television and telephone

communication.8. Used in telescopes.9. Parabolic reflectors are used in search light

101 Convex Mirror 1. Used as rear view mirror in automobiles.2. Convex mirrors are fixed in supermarkets tomonitor the commodities and the customers

in the shop.3. Convex mirrors are fixed in blind corners in

road and buildings to view the personscoming in the opposite direction.

102

103 Substance Substance exists in 3 states. Solid, Liquid and gas.

104 TemparatureIn gases the effect is more.

All the three S,L,G increase with increase in temp,and decrease with decrease in temp.

105 Surfaces Solids and liquid have surfaces. Gas does not have surface.

106 3 diff. states of matterSolids are held together by cohesion, which

results from the attraction from theattractive forces between their atoms and

molecules.


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107 Solids 1. Crystalline solids2. Amorphous solids

108 Crystalline Solids Melt at sp.temp. Metals, Salt and Diamond.

109 Comparison

110 Amorphous solidsGlass, Carbon, Black and many resins.

Amorphous solids have neither crystallinestructures nor specific melting points.

111 Fluids Liquid and gases are also called fluids.

Ex: Hydrogen and water.112 Hydrogen Diatomic molecule H2 Hydrogen Lowest density.

Sun Hydrogen is converted into helium.

113 Hydrogen It is a gaseous matter. It is the fuel of the future.

114 Classification of matter 1. Compounds2. Mixtures

(They are made up of tiny particles such as atomsand molecules.)

115 Pure substances Elements and compoundsare pure substances.

Consists of one substance only. No contaminatingimpurities. A pure substance melts and boils at

specific temperatures.

116 ElementsMade up of only one kind of atoms.(Are building blocks of matter).

Substances that cannot be chemically broken downinto simpler substances.Ex: Silver is an element.

It is made up of only silver atoms.

117 Human body 1. Oxygen 65%.2. Carbon 18%3. Hydrogen 10%4. Nitrogen 2%


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5. Calcium and other elements 2%118 Elements 112 elements identified.

21 artificially made.

119 Atomicity The number of atoms present in a molecule of anelement is called atomicity.

One : silver, potassium,carbon etc are monoatomicTwo: hydrogen, bromine, oxygen, nitrogen rep as

h2, br2,o2,n2.

Poly: phosphorous P4, sulphur S8.

120 CompoundsEx:water ( 2 hydrogen atom and one

oxygen atom, 1:8 by weight.)Commons salt: Compound of Sodium and

Chlorine.Sugar:Compound containing 12 Carbon

atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms, and 11 oxygen

atoms.

A compound is a substance made up of two or morelements chemically combined in fixed ratio by

weight.They are homogenous and exhibits definite

physical and chemical properties.

121 Compounds:

122 Mixtures A mixture is made up of two or more elements orcompounds when mixed in any ratio physically.

All mixtures are heterogeneous except solutionswhich are homogeneous.

(Air, sugar, syrup, salt, solution, smoke, toothpaste

are a few examples of mixtures).123 A solute is the thing that is dissolved, whereas a solvent is what it is dissolved in.

For example a sugar cube is a solute and water will be a solvent.

124 Solution

[Homogeneous mixture of solute andsolvent].

In a solution a substance which dissolves is called a

solute and the liquid that dissolves the solute iscalled as the solute.

125 Insoluble Calcium carbonate insoluble in water.


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126 Emulsion Oil and water do not mix. If you add cooking oil

into water, the oil floats on water. If you shake themixture vigorously a turbid liquid emulsion is

formed.

127 Colloids 1. The dispersed phase. (fat in milk, water droin mist).2. The dispersion medium. (Water in milk,water in mist.).

128 Jhon Dalton Defined an atom scientifically.

129 John Dalton 1. Matter consist of extremely small particlescalled atoms.

2. Atoms are indivisible.3. Atoms can neither be created or destroyed


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during chemical reactions.

4. All atoms of one element are identical in allaspects such as size, shape , mass and

structure.5. Compounds are formed by the chemical

combination of atoms of elements in wholenumber ratio.

Ex: 2 atoms of hydrogen + 2 atoms ofchlorine (to form) = 2 molecules of

hydrogen chloride.6. Absolute wt. of an atom cannot be

determined. Dalton, sugges. The use ofrelative wts. These relative wts. Are called

atomic weights of elements.

130 Atomic weight Atomic weight is defined as the ratio of the weight

of an atom of an element to that of hydrogen.

131 Limitations of Daltons Theory 1.

After discovery of radioactivity it wasproved that atoms are divisible.2. Atoms are created and destroyed in nuclear

reactions ie., new elements are formed.3. All atoms of one element need not to be

identical in all aspects.Ex. Isotopes of hydrogen.

132 Isotopes Isotopes are atoms of same element with differentmass numbers. They have the same number of

protons and electrons in each atom, but different noof neutrons in the nucleus.

133

134 Avagadro Number 6.023* 10P23

135 J.J.Thompson Found electrons.(Study of cathode rays).

136 Goldstein Found protons.

137 Chadwick Found Neutrons.

138 Discharge tube A long glass tube containing a gas at a low pressur

139 Cathode rays 1. Travel in straight lines.2. Consist of material particle.3. Cathode rays are negatively charged.4. CR ionize the gas through which they pass.5. CR produce X-rays when they are made to

fall on metals like tungsten, copper etc.,

140 Henry Becqueral Uranium emits peculiar radiations which affect the


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photographic plates and which can ionize gases. He

called uranium as radioactive element and itsproperty as radioactivity.

141 Madame Curie Found two more elements. Radium and Palonium.Thorium is also a radioactive element.

142 Artificial radioactive element. Artificially radioactive elements are made by themethod of transmutation.

143 Types of rays Alpha rays Positively charged particles and bendtowards negative electrical field.

Beta rays Negatively charged particles and bendtowards positive electrical field.

Gamma rays Electromagnetic radiations whichare neutral, that are unaffected by magnetic field.

144 Alpha rays Ionizing power is 100 times more than beta rays an10,000 times more than gamma rays.

Alpha particles can affect photographic plates.

145 Beta rays Have very high velocity; sometime it matches thevelocity of light.Beta Particles affect the photographic plates.

Penetrate aluminium foil.7000 times lighter than alpha particles.

146 Gamma rays Gamma rays are more penetrating than the x-raysbecause of their shorter wavelength.

147 Radio carbon dating Age of rocks, wooden and organic objects may be

measured by this method.

148

149 Alkali metals Soft solids with relatively low melting points and

low densities. When cut all these have silverysurface which quickly tarnishes.

150 Noble gases All noble are inert and do not react with other atom


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easily.

151 Sodium, Potassium and Lithium atom toSodium, Potassium and Lithium Ions.

These three atoms lose an electron to becomes ions(Cations)

152 Flourine, Chlorine and Oxygen atom toFlourine, Chlorine and Oxygen ions.

These three atoms gain an electron to become ions.(anions).

153 Coal[Peat was transformed into coal under high

pressure and temp under earths surface.]

Black rock like material and an essential input inthermal power plants, steel industry and

metallurgical processes.

154 Petroleum.

[Products Petroleum gas, Petrol, Diesel,and kerosene].

Is dark coloured viscous liquid and is a complex

mixture of compounds containing mainly carbonand hydrogen.

155

156 Refining The process of separating petroleum into fraction

with different boiling ranges and removingimpurities is known as refining.

157 Paraffins ( CnH2n+2) - Alkanes The first member methane has the formula CH4 anthe second member Ethane has the formula C2H6.

158 Olefins (CnH2n) - Alkenes The simplest olefin has the formula C2H4


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(Ethylene).

159 Alkynes (CnH2n-2) The first member of alkyne has the formula C2H2and it is known as acetylene.

160

161 Alkanes

162 Alkynes


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163 Alkynes

164 Isomerism Isomerism is the existence of two or more

compounds with the same molecular formula butdifferent structural formula.

165 Methane Marsh gas. Main cons. Of natural gas. Firedamp incoal mines.

166 Ethylene or Ethene 1. Rippening of fruits.2. Used in the preparation of polythene,

Polypropylene, PVC(Poly Vinyl Chloride)

3. Preparation of glycol.4. Ethylene dichloride which is prepared fromethylene is used in the preparation of asynthetic rubber called Thiokol.

167 Thiokol Synthetic rubber.

168 Acetylene Welding metals. Manufacture of acetaldehyde,

acetic acid, acetone, benzene and ethanol.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Class Ten:

1 Refraction of light The Phenomenon of bending of light as it passes

from one medium to another medium is known as

refraction of light.The refractive index of the medium does not depenupon the angle of incidence. It depends upon the

nature of the medium.

2 Refraction of light through a prism 3 Planes. 1 is grounded(Base). 2 planes

polished.(refracting surfaces). The angle bt. the tworefracting surfaces is called angle of the prism.

3 Refractive index Diamond: 2.42

4 Optical fibre An optical fibre is a device based on total internalreflection by which a light signal can be

transmitted from one place to another with

negligible loss of energy.Uses: Endoscope. / Carry information in the form odigital code of light pulses with minimum loss. The

y carry telephone messages and computer data. /Destroy tumours in solid organ like liver.

5 Convex lenses They are thicker in the middle and thinner at theedges.


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6 Concave lenses They are thicker in the edges and thinner at the

middle.

7

8 Lens 1. Width or diameter of a lens Aperture ofthe lens.

2. Geometric center of the lens Optic centre9 Power of the lens Unit: Dioptre.

10 Convex lens application 1. Magnifying glass. Watch repair. Palmist.2. Optical projector.3. Inverted image formed by the terrestrial

telescope can be erected by convex lens.4. Long sightedness can be corrected.

11 Concave lens application 1. Vision short sightedness can be corrected.2. Eyelenses in Galilean telescope.

12 Twinkling of stars Refraction of light rays.

13 Mirage Optical illusion. Refraction of light.

14 Looming Refraction of light.

15 Retina Two photosensitive rods sensitive to light, but noto clour.

cones. sensitive to light and color.

16 Human eye The near point is 25 cm from the eye.17 Myopia shortsighted ness

(wearing concave lenses)The inability not to see the distant objects arecalled short sightedness.

18 Hyper Metropia Long sighted ness Wearing convex lenses.

19 Telescope See things at vastly large distances.

20 Microscope

Simple(one convex lens)

Magnifying and observing very small objects.

21 Compound microscopes

(Two convex lenses)

Greater magnification.

22 Astronomical telescope 1. Refracitng telescope(Large convex lens isused)

2. Reflecting telescope.(Large concave mirroris used).

23 Dispersion of light Splitting of white light to its constituent color is

called the dispersion of light.

24 Red light Have longer wavelengths than the blue colour.

25 Color of an object The color of an object is the colour of light reflecteby it.


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26 Primary colours Red, Blue and Green.

27 Colour filter Which allows only the light of certain colour to pasthrough and absorbs the other colours.

28 Coloured pigments They are opaque substances which absorbs allcomponents of white light except some component

which are reflected.Ex: Chlorophyll in plants, dyes and paints.

29 Rainbow Happens when the sun shines onto the droplets ofmoisture in the earths atmosphere.

30 Camera Uses convex lenses. The exposure time is calledthe shutter speed.

Stationary object 1/60seconds.Fast moving object 1/500 seconds.

Dim light Size of the aperture should be large.

31 Persistence of objects The visual sensation of particular object or scene

persists of about 1/16s after it disappears.32 Cine Projector Principle: Persistance of vision.

33 3D Pictures Two pictures are initially photographed with astereoscopic camera and projected on the screen

simultaneously. As the picture in this case has 3dimensions, it appears natural.

34 Electric fieldUnit: Newton/Columb

The region in which a charged body can experiencea force is called the electric field.

35 Electic Potential Unit: Volt(Alessandro volta).

36 Electric Current Unit: Ampere.

37 Resistance The resistance of the metal wire is directly

proportional to the length and inverselyproportional to the cross sectional area.

38 Heating effect of electric current Electric kettle, Electric iron and the electric oven

are some of the household appliances which utilizethe heating effect of electric current. (Nichrome)

39 Refractory materials Asbestos, Fireclay, Porcelain or mica to prevent

heat flowing out of the devices.

40 Electrical lamp filament Filament: Platinum or carbon.

Osmium, tantalum and tungsten.

41 Electric Power The practical unit of power is 1 KW which is equa

to 1000 W.

42 Electrical energy Unit: Joule43 Electrolytes Aqueous solutions of inorganic acids, bases and

salts.

44 Electrolysis Phenomenon of the conduction of electricitythrough electrolytes is called electrolysis.

45 Electrodes The conductors by which the current enters andleaves the electrolyte are called electrodes.

46 Anode(Electro ve) That electrode by which the current enters the


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electrolyte is called the anode.

47 Cathode(Electro +ve) That electrode by which the current leaves arecalled as the cathodes.

48 Faradays law About electrolysis.

49 Electroplating Electroplating is the process by which a thin coatin

of any desired metal can be deposited on anothermetallic object.

50 Eversilver Elctroplating the iron articles with nickel first andthen with silver.

51 Dry cell Used in torches, telephones, transistor sets etc.,

52 Primary cell Dry cell, Lechlanche cell and Daniel cell.

53 Solenoid A Cylindrical coil wire. Behaves like a bar magnet

54 Electromagnets 1. Used in motors.2. Electric bells makes use of it.3. Telegraphs and telephones make use of

them.

4. Separate iron and steel from other materials5. Lifting and carrying heavy steel and castiron articles, electromagnets are used.

55 Microphones Converts sound energy into electrical energy.

56 Loudspeaker Electrical energy is converted into sound energy.

57 Galvanometer A galvanometer is a device used to detect the flow

of current in a circuit.Uses:

1. Convert to voltmeter By connecting a higresistance in series with it.

2. Convert to ammeter By connecting asuitable low resistance in parallel to it.

3. In meter bridge and potentiometer circuitsbalancing conditions are achieved by means

of the galvanometer only.4. A multi meter is also a modified form of a

moving coil galvanometer.

58 AC generator Application of

electromagnetic induction.

A dynamo or electric generator which converts

mechanical energy into electrical energy.

59 DC Generators Produces a continuous and unidirectional current o

constant magnitude direct current generators havebeen devised.

60 Transformer A transformer is a device by which a low voltage ina circuit can be converted into a high voltage in aneighbouring circuit or vice versa.

61 Step up transformer The Primary contains a few turns of thick insulatedcopper wire, while the secondary consists of a larg

number of turns of thin insulated copper wires.

62 Step down transformer The secondary has few turns of thick wire while th

primary has many turns of thin wire.


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63 Ideal transformer The input power and the output power is equal

Practical transformers: output is always lessbecause of losses.

64 Overe load Fuses(low melting point), Circuit breakers andsafety switches are used.

65 Domestic Purposes Lead wire of 230 deg cel is used.(Fuses when thecurrent exceeds 5 amps).

66 Three pin plug Called the polarized plug.

67 It is the current that kills and not the high voltage itself.

68 Nuclear physics It is the study of structure of nucleus and nuclearprocesses such as radioactivity and nuclear

reactions.

69 Mechanical waves Ocean waves, Waves created by the wind in a flag,sound waves needs a material medium to propagate

70 Electromagnetic waves Consists of a magnetic field and an electric fieldvibrating at right angles to each other. Energy

changes in atoms or electrons produceelectromagnetic waves.

71 Behaviour of Electromagnetic wave It is determined its wavelength.

72 Properties 1. Travel at same speed 3*10P8 m/s. invaccum or through space. C= freq*Wa.len

2. No medium is required.3. All are transverse waves.4. Exhibit reflection, refraction, interference

and diffraction etc.,5. No electric charge they will carry.6. Transfer energy from one place to another.7. Emitted and absorbed by matter.73


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74

75 X- Rays Discovered by Roentgen. X rays are also called as Roentgen rays.When fast moving electrons fall on a target of high atomic weight x

rays are formed.

76 Properties of X-rays 1. Affect photographic plate strongly.2. Produce fluorescence in certain materials like zinc sulphide

and Barium platino cyanide.3. They ionize the gases through which they pass.4. They cannot pass through bones(Calcium good absorbers

of X-rays) and gold,lead.

77 Medicine 1. Detect fracture and dislocation of bones.2. Destroy malignant tumours and cure some skin diseases.3. Detect given gem is genuine or artificial.4. Detect defects in tennis ball, rubber tyres etc.,5. Study structure of crystals, organic and biological molecules6. Study the effect of heat treatment and the formation of alloys

78 Forensic 1. Detect counterfeit currency, forgery in documents, Hiddengold, explosive and opium in a luggage

79 Infra red rays Sun is the source of infra red rays. Human body gives off IRradiation with a wavelength of 1/10mm to 1/100 mm. The human

eye cannot see IR wave but we can feel the warmth.

80 Uses of IR 1. IR waves are not absorbed by air of fog. IR rays are used totake photographs where visible light cannot penetrate.

2. IR waves enlarge blood vessels which increase the bloodcirculation.


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3. IR is used to relieve pain from muscle and joints.4. IR lamps were fitted to military vehicles for night driving.5. Water absorbs IR radiation. Hence IR radiation to find water

sources on earth.(Black color water bodies).

6. IR satellite pictures of the earth is used for weatherforecasting.81 Microwaves

Wavelength 1mm to 10cm.

Generated by special electronic devices Magnetron, Klystron and

travelling wave tube.

82 Uses of microwaves 1. Telephone links bt. cities are achieved by microwaves.2. Used in satellite communication and radar.3. Microwaves are used for cooking.(wavelength 12cm)4. Kill insects in grains stores and also used to kill bacteria

without heating the food so much.5. Used in the field of radio astronomy.6. Study of atomic and molecular structure.

83 Radio wavesWavelength: .3 m to fewkm.

Are produced by stars and galaxies. Produced by vibrating electronsusing electronic circuits. Used in radio and television

communication systems.

84 Radioactivity Henry Becqueral. He found uranium and some of its salts emitscontinuous radiation which affected the photographic plates.

85 Radioactive elements The elements which emit radio active radiations are calledradioactive elements. These rays are called Becqueral rays are

radioactive rays.Uranium, radium, thorium, polonium etc., At.Wt greater than 206.

86


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87

88 Comparison of gammarays and X-rays

89 Artificial radioactivity A transmutation of non radioactive element into radio active elemen

by artificial means is called artificial radio activity. The inducedradio active elements are called radio active radioisotopes.

90 Application:Radioisotopes

1. Radio phosphorous p32 Used to monitor the intake of themanure and its utilization.

2. Help to raises crop yields.3. Find whether particular plant requires roor feeding or foliage


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feeding, for which radio phosphorous is used.

4. Used to measure the thickness of thin sheets of paper or stee5. Sodium 24 and Bromine 82is used to find the rate flow o

the liquid through a pipe.6. Radio isotopes are used to detect welding defects in pipeline

91 Archaeology Age of fossils, rocks and earth can be determined using radioactiveisotope of C14. This method is called radio carbon dating.

92 Medicine 1. Radio cobalt CO60 Used in the treatment of cancer.2. Radio Iodine I131 Used in the treatment of thyroid gland,

locate brain tumours.3. Radioactive sodium (Na24) check the effective functionin

of heart.4. Radioactive iron (F59) Used to treat anemia.5. Phosphorous 32 or strontium 90 is used to cure skin cancer.6. Nuclear battery Used in Heart pacemakers.

93 Radioactive decay When a radioactive nucleus disintegrates by emitting alpha and beta

particles a new element is formed.Alpha decay: Its atomic no. decreases by 2 and mass number by 4.Beta decay: Atomic no. increases by 1 and mass no. remains the

same.Gamma emission: No change in either the atomic number or the

mass number.

94 Nuclear fission

(Atom Bomb)

Otto han and strassman. Large amount of energy is released and it

can be used as the electricity.

95 Chain reaction The neutrons goes on multiplying rapidly during fission process till

the whole of the fissionable material is disintegrated.

Uncontrolled Chain reaction: Principle of atom bomb.

96 Nuclear reactor It is device in which nuclear fission is produced under a selfsustaining controlled nuclear chain reaction.

Fuel: U235(enriched uranium), U233 and P239.Moderators: Graphite, Heavy water(D20), Berillium and its oxides

are used as moderators.Control rods: Cadmium, Boron or Hafnium rods.(Absorbs

neutrons).

Coolant: Water, heavy water, air, carbon di oxide etc.,

97 Nuclear fusion Thermonuclear energy. Sun Heat energy is produced by thisprinciple.

(Stars get their energy from Carbon-Nitrogen cycle.)

Fusion powers the sun and the stars where the temp. is veryhigh.Required fuels like hydrogen, deuterium and lithium nuclei are

plentiful supply in the sea. No waste materials.

98 Breeder reactors Produce nuclear fuels during the reaction.

99 Uses: Nuclear energy Generate power to propel the ships and submarines. Produce radio

isotopes and neutron beam for medical and nuclear researchapplications.


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100 Nuclear Accidents Chernobyl, Russia./ Workers in the nuclear power stations, x-ray

labs, mines wear photographic film badges.

101 Safety Radioactive materials kept Thick lead containers.

Lead aprons and gloves are used when working in hazardous places

102 Differences

103 Nuclear research centre Trombay Bhabha atomic research centre.(Apsara, Cirus, Zerlina,

Purnima and Duruva) are research reactors located at BARC.

104 NPCIL Nuclear Power corporation of india limited.(20,000Mw at 2020).

105 Operational reactors


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106 Reactors under

construction

107 Chemical reactions 1. Sodium metal reacts very fast with water to an extent that itexplodes with a huge sound.

2. Yellow phosphorous is thrown on a heap of waste papers, itcatches fire immediately.

3. Camphor burns quickly and coal burns slowly.Reactants combined together to form new products. Chemical bondsare broken in reactants and new bonds are formed in products.

108 Chemical reactions Energy

1. Washing soda is dissolved in water to wash clothes, heat isgiven out.

2. Baking soda is touched with wet hand, the chillness is felt.Heat is either absorbed or given out. In chemical reactions, energy

either taken up or given out.

109 Rate of chemical reaction Given in terms of concentration either of a product or of a reactant.

110 Factors affecting rate of

reaction

1. The rate of reaction generally increases with the increase inconcentration of the reactants.

2. Cooked food is gets spoilt quickly during summer thanwinter. Souring of milk is faster in summer. Generallyincrease in temperature increases the rate of reaction.

3. The reaction which takes place on a photographic film alsodepends on the varying intensity of light falling on different

parts of the film.

111 Catalyst A catalyst is a substance which is added to a reaction mixture to alte

the rate of chemical reaction where the mass and chemicalcomposition of the catalyst remain unchanged at the end of the


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reaction.

Iron is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of ammonia by HaberProcess.

112 Slow reactions In general, the reaction between covalent compounds are slow.

113 Rusting Rusting is a very slow oxidation reaction.

114 Equilibrium Constant At equilibrium, the ratio between concentration of reactants andproducts become constant.

115 Exothermic reactions The chemical reaction which proceed with the evolution of heatenergy are called exothermic reactions. All combustion reaction are

exothermic.Respiration.(Glucose in food burns in oxygen, heat energy is

released). Exthermic reaction

116 Endothermic reactions The chemical reactions which proceed with the absorbtion of heat

energy are called endothermic reations.

117 pH The functioning of enzymes is sharply pH dependent.

118 Acids 1. Sour in taste.2. Turn blue litmus red.3. React with certain metals and liberate hydrogen gas.4. React with oxides and hydroxides of metals forming salt and

water.

5. Aqueous solution conduct electricity.

119 Bases 1. Have a bitter taste.2. Their aqueous solution have a soapy touch.3. They turn red litmus blue.4. They react with acids to form salt and water.5. Their acqueous solutions conduct electricity.

120 Arrhenius Acids: It is substance which gives hydrogen ions in its aqueoussolution.

Strong acids: Hcl, H2so4, and HNO3(Nitric acid). Weak:Aceticacid (CH3COOH).

Bases: A base is a substance which give hydroxyl ions in its aqueousolution. Strong bases: KOH, NaOH. Weak: Ammonium

Hydroxide.


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121 Bronsted and Lowry

theory

Acid: It is substance that has the tendency to lose a proton and a

base is a substance that has the tendency to accept a proton.

122 pH Strength of acid and bases is measured on the pH scale.

pH scale 0 to 14.pH scale 7(It is neutral Neither acidic or basic). Water

pH < 7 Acid; pH > 7 Base. Measure pH pH meter (expensive)Universal Indicator.

123 Chemical Compounds Washing Soda:Sodium Carbonate decahydrate (Na2Co3.10H2O)First anhydrous sodium carbonate is manufactured by the sovay

process (ammonia-soda process) and then it is converted intosodium carbonate decahydrate.

1. It is transparent, soluble in water, and the solution is found tobe alkaline as it turns red litmus blue.

2. Efflorescence: Sodium carbonate monohydrate(It is aprocess of losing water of crystallization from a hydrated salwhen kept exposed to air for a long time).

3. On heating it gives soda ash(anhydrous sodiumcarbonate).

4. Sodium carbonate reacts with acids to give Co2.Uses: Manufacture of soap, paper, textile,Paints etc.,Laundry as washing soda. Important lab reagent in both quantitative

and qualitative analysis. Softening of hard water.

124 Hardness of water Due to the presence of calcium and magnesium.

125 Baking Soda Sodium bicarbonate(Sodium hydrogencarbonate) is known as bakinsoda. White solid it is sparingly soluble in water. It is slightly

alkaline which turns red litmus blue. When heated it decomposeswith evolution of carbondioxide gas. It is used as a constituent of

baking powder to soften the dough and to aerate the drinks.It gives brisk effervescence with acids due to liberation of Co2.

Uses:1. It is used in the preparation of baking powder. Bak.Pow is a

mixture of sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid. It is used inaerated drinks and as an additive in food stuff to make it soft


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2. Baking soda is used in fire extinguishers.3. Important ingredient of antacids to reduce the acidity of

stomach, as its solution is alkaline in nature.

4. Used as reagent in lab.5. Important chemical in the textile, tanning, paper and ceramic

industries.126 Carbondioxide Enemy of fire.

127 Bleaching Powder Bleaching powder is chemically, calcium oxychloride.Manufactured using Backmanns plant.

Properties: Bleaching powder is a yellowish white powder with astrong smell of chlorine. Exposed to atm. It gives smell of chlorine.

Bleaching powder reacts with co2 from the atm. To produce calciumcarbonate and chlorine. Commercially prepared bleaching powder is

seldom pure and it contains a small amount of slaked lime.

Uses:

1. Used to bleach cotton and linen in textile industry and woodpulp in paper industry. Used to bleach washed clothes inlaundry.

2. Used as a disinfectant and germicide. Since it liberateschlorine when exposed to atm. Which destroys the germs. Itis also used for disinfecting water for the same reason.

3. Used as an oxidizing agent in many chemical industry.128 Plaster of Paris Chemically known as Calcium Sulphate hemihydrate A powder is

obtained by heating gypsum. This powder is called plaster of paris.Gypsum which was mainly used to get the powder was mainly

found in Paris.Uses: 1. To make black board chalks, toys, decorative materials.

Making smooth surfaces and ornate designs on walls and falseceilings. To make cast for statues. In setting broken or fractured

bones and in dentistry. In labs it is used for ceiling air gaps inapparatus to make it air tight.

129 Cement Joseph aspdin. Portland cement(resembles limestone found inPortland). Rawmaterials: Limestone and clay(Lime, silica, alumin

and ferric oxide).

Uses:

Cement is used in various forms such as mortar, concrete andreinforced concrete.

Mortar : Cement and sand (3:1) ratio.

Concrete: A mixture of cement, sand, gravel (Crushed stones) andwater is called concrete.RCC: Embedding iron rod or steel mesh in the body of the concrete

130 Glass Raw Materials: Sodium carbonate, Calcium carbonate and silica.(batch). + Small pieces of glasses (Cullet). The glass articles are

made by pouring molten glass into moulds and then cooling.(Annealing process Cooling neither fast or slow).

Properties: 1. Super cooled liquid.


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Hard and bittle. No fixed melting point. Practically insoluble in

water. Not attacked by air and any other oxidising agents.

131 Etching of glass Done with the help of paraffin wax. / Hydrofluoric acid.

132 Type of glass Soda glass Ordinary glass. Window panes, electric bulbs, testtubes, glass tumblers etc.,

Hard glass heat resistance apparatus.Optical glass: Fusing Potassium carbonate, Lead and silica.

Lenses.

Pyrex: Borax is additionally added. Used to make things that are

used in laboratories.Flint glass: Decorative articles.

Safety Glass: In making wind screen of automobiles, trains andareoplanes. Also used in making bullet proof glass.

Glass Fibres: Used for fire proof clothing.Optical fibres.

133 Steel Most important commercial form of iron.Chandraraja iron pillar at delhi. (During gupta age.)

Steel Plants: Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bilai, Durgapur, Bokaro, Salemand Vishakapatinam.

134 Mild Steel Iron containing 0.1% to 0.4% carbon is called mild steel.

135 Hard Steel Containing 0.5% to 1.5% of carbon.

136 Alloy steel Stainless steel - 8 % Nickel , 18% Chromium. Utensils, automobileparts, cutlery, surgical instruments.

Tungsten steel 20% Nickel,5% Chromium and little of vanadiumDrilling and cutting tools.

Nickel Steel, Cobalt steel, Manganese steelSilicon steel: 35% silicon, Transformers and Electromagnets.

137 Iron Deficiency of Iron: Anemia.

Excess of Iron: Siderosis.138 Ores It is believed that the ores in the earths crust have come from the

underground magma.During the valconic eruptions the lava broughtout the metals to the earths crust . The lava that came to the surface

got cooled rapidly and seldom provided ores. The magma remainedunder earths crust cooled slowly and is found to be a rich source ofminerals.


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Metals and Non-Metals:

139 Minerals Limestone and Marble: Important building materials.Gypsum and clay: useful to make cementPrecious gems.

Rubies Aluminium oxides with impurities of chromiumcompounds

Saphhires Aluminium oxides with imp. Of cobalt and titaniumcompounds.

Diamond.


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140 Ores Oxide Ores:1. Bauxite Aluminium Ore,2. Cuprite Copper Ore,3. Zincite Mineral form of zinc oxide.4. Haematite Iron oxide5.

Pyrolusite Manganese ore.Sulphide ores:

1. Copper Pyrirates, Argentite(Silver), Zinc blende,Cinnabar(Mercury), Galena(Lead) and copper glance.

Carbonate ores: Limestone and calamine.Halide ores: Fluorspar.

141 Metallurgy The process of extracting minerals from their ores is calledmetallurgy.

142 IronKing of metals

Earths crust consists of about 5% of iron.Present in rbc.

Wrought iron Purest form of iron. 0.1 0.25 carbon.

Pig iron 2 5% carbon. Steel 0.25 2% Carbon.Ores of Iron:1. Haematite.2. Magnetite3. Iron pyrates.

143 Steel Manufactured by Bessemer process.

144 Iron Pure iron is grey in colour and becomes reddish brown on rusting.

145 Aluminium Silvery white metal known for its strength and light weight.

Ores:

1. Bauxite2. Cryolite3.

Corrundum

Uses:

1. Good conductor of heat and it does not get corroded.2. Good conductor of electricity electrical wires.3. Used for packing and wrapping food stuffs and drugs.4. Anti corrosion paints and explosives.5. Used in reflecting telescopes.

146 Alloys of Aluminium


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147 Alloys of Iron

148 Alloys:

149 Corrosion Some metals react with Oxygen, Moisture and pollutants present inthe atmosphere and form compounds like oxides, carbonates etc.,

and the surface of the metals lose their shine.

150 Noble metals Ex: Gold, Silver and Platinum Not easily corroded.

151 Hydrogen

Lighter than air.

Manufacture of fertilizers, nitric acid and explosives. Manufacture o

methanol.

Liquid hydrogen is used as a fuel in the rockets of the Americanspace programmes. Hydrogen have high calorific value. It is used inwelding.

Hydrogen is used in hydrogenation of vegetable oils.

152 Ammonia

Alkaline in nat. bringtears in eyes.

Joseph priestly prepared ammonia from slaked lime with sal

ammoniac Ammonium chloride.Ammonia is extremely soluble in water.

Uses:


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Refrigerent in ice making plant. Ammonium carbonate Smelling

salt.

153 Sulphur

Exhibits allotrophy

Frasch process.

Yellow crystalline solid at room temp. Insoluble in water and solublin organic solvents like carbon di sulphide and toluene.

Sulphur is poisonous to bacteria and fungi, so it is used as anantiseptic and fungicide. Sulphur is also used in valcanisation of

rubber.

154 Valcanisation of rubber Heating the rubber with sulphur to a definite temperature for a

known period of time is known as valcanisation of rubber.

155 Sulphur di oxide Manufacture of sulphuric acid. Sugar industry for refining sugar.

Can be used as refrigerant in place of freons.

156 Sulphuric acid - Vitriol King of Chemicals.

157 Synthetic polymers PET( Polyethylene terephthalate), Polyethylene,Nylon,

Terelyne,Bakelite.

158 Compounds of carbon Proteins, Fossil fuels, Antibiotic drugs, Synthetic Polymers, Soapsand detergents.

159 Hydrocarbons Carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.

160 Alcohol OH group. Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol.

Can be derived from alkane. If a hydrogen is replaced by hydroxylgroup. CH4 --- (-h) ---- CH3OH

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary alcohols.

161 Aldehyde CHO group. Methanal, Ethanal.

162 Carboxylic acid COOH group. Methanoic acid, Ethanoic acid.

163 Ethanol Commonly known as alcohol. Alcohol is produced by fermentatio

of sugar present in molasses.

164 Molasses By product of the sugar industry in india.165 Ethanol Uses:

1. Manufacture of Paints, varnishes and medicines.2. Preparation of Chloroform and iodoform.3. Antiseptic to sterilize wounds and syringes in hosp. and disp4. Beer 3to6, wine 8to10, Whisky 30 %5. In spirit lamps as methylated spirit.6. Generate power in internal combustion engines.

Alcohol adulterated with methanol causes severe poisioning.

166 Aldehyde


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167 Formaldehyde Methanol Formaldehyde is also known as Farmalin. Powerful disinfectant and

antiseptic. It is condensed with ammonia to form urotropine,important medicine in urinary ailments.

168 Acetone Propanone. Nail polish remover.

169 Carboxylic acid

170 Detergent Cleansing Agent.Soapy Soap

Non Soapy Detergents.


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171 Laughing gas Nitrous Oxide.

PartV Science

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