Parts of a Laptop

8/11/2019 Parts of a Laptop

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P RTS OF L PTOP


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SYSTEM BOARD

The system board is the mainlogic board in any laptop.

All internal components areconnected to the systemboard. This is one of the mostexpensive parts in a laptop.


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SYSTEM BOARD


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SYSTEM BOARD


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A system board also known asmotherboard or mainboard is the

main circtuit board in any laptop.Unlike desktop PC system boards,laptop system boards come inthousands of different shapes andsizes.

SYSTEM BOARD


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Laptop motherboards are model-specific.

In other words, you cannot removemotherboard from a Toshiba laptop andstick it into a Dell laptop.

All parts inside a laptop are connectedto the system board, either directly viaa connector mounted on the systemboard or through a cable.

SYSTEM BOARD


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The system boardis mounted insidethe laptop baseassembly.In order to removeor replace themotherboard,

youll have todisassemble thewhole laptop.


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List of ports andcomponents that arepermanently attached tothe system board andcannot be easily removedand replaced withoutsoldering:


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1. Hard drive (HDD) connector.2. CD/DVD drive connector.3. Memory (RAM) slots.4. Battery connector.5. Keyboard connector.6. Audio (headphone and

microphone) jacks.

List of components..


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Continuation..

7. Volume control wheel.8. USB ports.9. Ethernet (RJ45 aka network)

port.

10. IEEE 1394 (Fire Wire) ports.11. Video chip and some other

components and ports.


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SYSTEM BOARD FAILURESYMPTOMS

When a system board fails, you mayexperience the following most

common problems with your laptop.The laptop is completely dead.There are no LED light activitywhen you press on the powerbutton or plug in a known good ACpower adapter.


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2. The laptop starts but the videooutput on the LCD screen or external

monitor is garbled.Most likely this is related to the VGAchip failure.


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The laptop turns on without video onthe screen and the power LED startsflashing.The laptop works fine with AC poweradapter but will not charge a knowngood battery.If thats the case, most likely there issomething wrong with the batterycharging circuit or DC power jack.


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Which is cheaper???

System board, processor (CPU) andLCD screen are the most expensive

parts in any laptop.In some cases, when one of thesethree parts fails, its cheaper to buya brand new laptop than replacethe failed part.


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AC/DC Power Adapter

known as power supply or power brickconverts the high voltage AC power

from a wall outlet into the low voltageDC power needed for your laptop.The AC/DC adapter provides power for

the laptop and charges the battery.Its very important to use the rightadapter for your laptop.


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You can findthe outputvoltage and

amperage onthe adapterslabel.

As you see onthe picturebelow, myadapteroutputs 19V-3.42A.

AC/DC Power Adapter


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If you are looking for a new adapter, youshould check the following:

1. Your new adapter must have exactlythe same plug (adapter tip) as theoriginal one.2. Your new adapter must output exactlythe same voltage as the original one.3. Polarity on the new adapters plugmust be the same as on the original one.

AC/DC Power Adapter


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When you buy a new adapter, youcan follow this rule:

The output voltage must be thesame, the amperage could be the

same or higher than on the originalpower adapter.For example, if my laptop requires19v-3.42A adapter, I can safely use19v-3.95A adapter.


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HOW TO TEST OR REPAIRPOWER ADAPTERS.


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MAIN BATTERY

Any laptop computer has a batterypack which provides power to the

laptop while its not connected to thewall-plug through AC/DC poweradapter.

Laptop batteries come in manydifferent shapes and they are model-specific.


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MAIN BATTERY


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The laptop battery life dependsupon many conditions and

circumstances:screen brightnessintensity of running programs

the temperature of the workingenvironment, etc

MAIN BATTERY


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OPTIMIZED BATTERYSETTING

You can lower screen brightness reduce CPU processing speed

chance cooling methodand other settings available on yourlaptop.Some of these settings could be changedonly through the manufacturers powermanagement software.


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In most laptops the main batteryconnects directly to the system board.

MAIN BATTERY


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TROUBLESHOOTING LAPTOPBATTERY PROBLEMS

If the laptop stopped running on the batterypower.It works fine from the AC adapter but shutsdown as soon as you unplug the adapter.If thats the case, try reconnecting the mainbattery.

Remove it from the laptop and install back.Its possible the battery is not making goodconnection with the motherboard.


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Unfortunately, the only reliable way totest the main battery is replacing it withanother known good battery.If the laptop cannot detect the battery,even though its installed, try replacingthe battery with a new one.

If you still have the same issue, mostlikely there is a problem wiht the systemboard.


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CMOS BATTERY

Any laptop computer has a CMOS battery alsoknown as RTC (REAL TIME CLOCK) battery.The CMOS battery connects directly to the laptop

system board and helps to retain important BIOSsettings such as system time, date, BIOSconfiguration while the laptop is turned off oreven when the main battery is removed.

The CMOS battery is rechargeable and itsgetting charged when the laptop is plugged intothe mains.CMOS batteries come in different shapes andsizes.


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On the picture below you see abasic coin cell CMOS battery.

This type ofbatteriesusually foundin olderlaptops.This battery isremovable andreplaceable.


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Another type of CMOSbattery.

Basically , its twocoin cell batteriesbut they arebundled togetherand have a cablewhich plugs intothe system board.This battery isremovable and

replaceable.


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A CMOS battery whichis soldered to thesystem board.In order to replacethis type of battery,

youll have tounsolder it from thesystem board.

CMOS BATTERY LOCATION


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CMOS BATTERY LOCATIONIN A LAPTOP.

In some laptopsthe CMOS batterycould be easilyaccessed from thebottom , as itshown on thepicture below. Asan example I tooka Dell Inspiron

1720.


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In some laptopsthe CMOS batteryis hidden underthe keyboard. Asan example Itook a HPCompaq nc6400laptop.



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Heres the worst case scenario!!!The CMOS battery is hidden under

the laptop cover.In order to access and replace thebattery youll have to disassemblethe whole laptop.

As an example I took a ToshibaSatellite A305 laptop.



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CMOS BATTERY RELATEDPROBLEMS

Each time you turn off the laptop it resetsdate and time back to factory defaults.When you turn the laptop back on it asks

you to set date and time.If thats the case, most likely your CMOSbattery is old and has to be replaced.

***By the way, removing the CMOSbattery on most newer laptops will notclear the BIOS password.***


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KEYBOARD

In laptops, a keyboard is the main inputdevice.

Its interface between a user and a laptop.In most laptops the keyboard isconnected directly to the motherboard via

a flat ribbon cable.

KEYBOARD REMOVAL STEPS:


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KEYBOARD REMOVAL STEPS:STEP #1

Remove keyboard bezel.



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Unscrew thekeyboard fromthe laptop base.Usually there isone or morescrews securingthe keyboard.




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Disconnect the keyboard cable from themotherboard and remove the keyboard.



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KEYBOARD RELATEDPROBLEMS.

When you press on keys U, I, O, J, K, L,M the keyboard types 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 0.It happens because the Number Lockfunction is enabled.

You can turn this function off via ashortcut on the keyboard.Hold down the Fn key and at the sametime press once on the NumLk key.


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One or more keyboard keys cameoff.

You can install these keys back onthe keyboard, youll find lots ofinstructions on the internet or

YouTube how to do that.


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When you press on one key it typestwo letters.

For example, you press on W but ittypes WE, you press on T and ittypes TY, etc

Most likely this problem is relatedto the keyboard and it has to bereplaced.


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4. Some keys in horizontal ordiagonal row stopped working at

all. Again,most likely there is a problem withthe keyboard and it has to be

replaced.


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ATTENTION!

If you still have the same issue afterreplacing the keyboard, there could bea problem with the keyboard controlleron the motherboard.It means the whole motherboard has tobe replaced.

A laptop keyboard is not repairable.If it stopped working, you have toreplace the whole unit.


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PROCESSOR


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The processorconnects directlyto the systemboard via aprocessor socketaka CPU socket

as it shown onthe picturebelow.

PROCESSOR

QUESTIONS AND


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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

Question: Can I overclock the CPU in my laptop? Answer: No, you cannot. In most laptops the BIOSdoesnt give you this option.

Question: Can I upgrade the CPU in my laptop? Answer : Unfortunately, laptop manufacturers do notprovide this information to general public. Yes, itspossible on some laptops. Youll have to find a newCPU which fits the same socket and try it.

Question: Are CPU failures very common? Answer: No, they are not. CPUs fail rarely. If yourlaptop stopped booting, the CPU will be the lastcomponent to blame. Check the memory andmotherboard first.


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COOLING FAN

A CPU cooling fan is a dedicated fan which coolsdown the heatsink and eventually the CPU(Processor).Usually the CPU cooling fan comes as a part of theheatsink assembly a metal part drawing heat fromthe CPU chip.In addition to the CPU cooling fan, some laptopshave a dedicated GPU (graphics processing unit) fanwhich cools down the GPU chip.The CPU and GPU cooling fans connect directly to themotherboard via a cable running from the fan. WhenCPU and GPU chips get hotter, the cooling fan spins

faster.


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COOLING FAN


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COOLING FAN LOCATIONIN A LAPTOP

On some laptopsthe cooling fancan be easilyaccessed througha door on thebottom, as on the

followingGateway laptop.

COOLING FAN LOCATION


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COOLING FAN LOCATIONIN A LAPTOP

COOLING FAN RELATED


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COOLING FAN RELATEDPROBLEMS

If your laptop feels very hot and shutsdown without any warning, its possiblethat you have a faulty fan.Listen for the fan. Is it working? Sometimes you can see the fanthrough the fan grill on the bottom ofthe laptop.If the fan never starts, probably it isbad and has to be replaced.

COOLING FAN RELATED


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COOLING FAN RELATEDPROBLEMS

When the fan bearing goes bad, the fanstarts making grinding noise.In this case youll have to replace thefan.If your CPU fan works hard all the time,most likely it happens because theheatsink is dirty and is clogged withdust and lint.

You can clean the heatsink usingcom ressed air.


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LAPTOP MEMORY

A laptop memory also know as RAM (Random-access memory) is a temporary data storage.Its a volatile type of memory. When you turn off

the laptop, all the information stored in a RAMmodule is lost.More memory installed into your laptop gives

you a better (faster) performance.

You can test laptop memory with a freediagnostic tool called Memtest86+ .

A type of memory used in laptop computerscalled SO-DIMM (Small Outline Dual In-lineMemory Module).
http://www.memtest.org/http://www.memtest.org/


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LAPTOP MEMORY

Faster DDR2 memory modules are backwardcompatible with slower DDR2 memorymodules.

For example, if your laptop requires a PC2-4200 memory module you can safely use aPC2-5300 module but it will run at PC2-4200speed.DDR2 memory modules are not backwardcompatible with DDR modules. The notch onDDR2 is located in a different position from

DDR.

WHERE MEMORY


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WHERE MEMORYMODULES ARE LOCATED.

In a laptop computer memory slotscould be found in a few different

locations, it depends on the brandand model of the laptop.

WHERE MEMORY


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WHERE MEMORYMODULES ARE LOCATED.

1. Both memory slots can be accessedfrom the door on the bottom.2. One slot is located on the bottom andanother one under the keyboard.3. Both memory slots are located underthe keyboard.

4. There is only one memory slotavailable for upgrades. The main memoryis integrated into the motherboard.

HOW TO REMOVE MEMORY


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HOW TO REMOVE MEMORYMODULE FROM THE SLOT.

Step1.Release latches on both sides from thememory module with your fingers.



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HOW TO REMOVE MEMORYMODULE FROM THE SLOT.

Step2.The memory module will pop up at a20-30 degree angle.



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HOW TO REMOVE MEMORYMODULE FROM THE SLOT

Step3.Carefully pull the memory module fromthe slot by the edges.


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WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW BEFOREBUYING LAPTOP MEMORY.

1. You are looking for SO-DIMMmemory used in laptop computers.

2. Type of the memory used in yourlaptop: SDRAM, DDR, or DDR2.3. How many memory slot are

available.4. How much memory your laptop

can handle.


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HARD DRIVE

Most modern laptops use 2.5 harddrives.Older laptops use IDE hard drives,newer laptops use SATA hard drives. SATA and IDE drives are notinterchangeable, they have absolutelydifferent connectors.


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HARD DRIVE

If your laptop came with an IDE hard drive youcannot replace it with a SATA drive.

As you see on the picture above, a SATA drive hastwo flat connectors and an IDE drive has tworows of pins.


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HARD DRIVE

SATA hard drives has faster datatransfer rate then IDE drivers.

SATA 150MB/s and IDE 100/133MB/s.Laptop hard drives spin at differentspeeds and most common are4200RPM, 5400RPM, 7200RPM.


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The RPM number indicates how fast the harddrive platters spin.Hard drives with high RPM number are

quicker than hard drives with low RPMnumber because they can access data faster.SATA connectors on a laptop hard drive aresimilar to SATA connectors on a desktop harddrive.

You can connect a SATA laptop hard drive toa desktop computer using same SATA cables.

WHERE HARD DRIVE IS


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WHERE HARD DRIVE ISLOCATED IN A LAPTOP

On mostlaptops thehard drive canbe accessedfrom thebottom.

WHERE HARD DRIVE IS


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WHERE HARD DRIVE ISLOCATED IN A LAPTOP

On some laptopsthe hard drive isburied inside the

case and itsnecessary todisassemble thelaptop in order to

access andreplace the harddrive.


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HARD DRIVE UPGRADE

A hard drive is the slowest part in any laptop.If you would like to speed up your laptop,replace your low RPM drive with a faster one.

Fast RPM drives are backward compatiblewith low RPM drives.If you would like to install a larger hard

drive, take a look at the users manual andlaptop specifications.Make sure your laptop supports larger drives.


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GRAPHICS CARD

A graphics card also known as a video cardor VGA board is a laptop componentresponsible for creating images on a laptop

screen.In most low-mid range laptops the graphicscard is integrated into the motherboard.

If thats the case, the graphics card is notremovable or upgradeable.If the graphics card fails, you have to

replace the whole motherboard.


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GRAPHICS CARD

A discrete graphicscard can be found inhigh range models

and high endgaming laptops.Discrete graphicscards can beremoved and insome cases they areupgradeable.

GRAPHICS CARD RELATED


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GRAPHICS CARD RELATEDPROBLEMS

Lets say your display stopped workingproperly.

The image is distorted or garbled.Is this problem related to the VGA board orLCD screen?

Connect your laptop to an externalmonitor and take a look at the externalvideo output.

GRAPHICS CARD RELATED


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GRAPHICS CARD RELATEDPROBLEMS

If you see the same problem as on theinternal LCD screen, most likely itsrelated to the VGA board.If video on the external monitor worksfine and the problem appears only onthe internal LCD screen, most likely

your problem is related to the LCDscreen or LCD cable.

TYPICAL VIDEO CARD


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TYPICAL VIDEO CARDFAILURE


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CD/DVD RW

Most modern laptops are equipped witha CD/DVD-RW drive also known as anoptical disc drive which allows it toread and write data from or to aCD/DVD disc.

All laptop CD/DVD drives are shapedthe same but they all have differentface plates also know as front bezels.


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CD/DVD RW


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CD/DVD RW

When you are replacing a failedCD/DVD drive, you have to make

sure that the face plate from theold drive will fit your new drive.On the picture below you can see

two different types of connectorsfound in modern CD/DVD opticaldisc drives


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CD/DVD RW


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CD/DVD RW

An optical disc drive with a SATAconnector is not interchangeable withan optical disc drive with a slim ATAPIconnector and vice versa.In other words, if your laptopmotherboard comes with a SATAconnector for the optical drive, you canonly use CD/DVD drives with SATAconnectors.


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REMEMBER

If you are replacing the CD/DVD disc drive in your laptop with a new one, make sure yournew drive is compatible with the laptop.

The best way to find a new optical disc driveis searching by the manufacturers partnumber found on the old drive.


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AUDIO BOARD

In most laptops the audioboard also know as sound

board is integrated into themotherboard.In other words, its a part ofthe motherboard and cannot beremoved or replaced

separately


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AUDIO BOARD


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AUDIO BOARD FAILURESYMPTOMS AND

TROUBLESHOOTING TIPS.

1 There is no sound from internal


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1. There is no sound from internalspeakers or headphones.

Make sure the volume level is not set tominimum.Make sure the volume is not muted.

If the volume is not mutes and volume levelis not set to minimum, but you still have nosound, try reinstalling the audio driver.If reinstalling the audio driver doesnt help,try reinstalling the operating system.If nothing helps, its possible you have aproblem with the audio board.

Headphones are working fine but


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there is no sound coming from thelaptop speakers.

Sometimes contacts inside theaudio jack get stuck and there isno external sound because of that.Try to plug and unplug theheadphone connector into the jack

very quickly a few times.

WIRELESS CARDS


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WIRELESS CARDS

Laptop internal wirelessnetwork cards alsoknow as WLAN card or

Wi-Fi card come indifferent shapes andsizes.On the picture above

you see two mostcommon internalwireless card typesfound in laptops.

WIRELESS CARDS


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WIRELESS CARDS

MINI-PCI (OLDER LAPTOPS)

MINI PCI-E (NEWER LAPTOPS)

MINI PCI WIRELESS CARD


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MINI PCI WIRELESS CARD

Antenna cables

MINI PCI E WIRELESS CARD


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MINI PCI-E WIRELESS CARD

Antennacables

DISPLAY


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DISPLAY

A laptop screen also known as screendisplays an image generated by thelaptop video card.Laptop screens come in many differentsizes and resolutions.In order to find the screen size (ininches), youll have to measure thescreen between the two diagonalcorners.


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The laptop screen mounts insidethe laptop display panel betweenthe screen bezel and display cover.The screen is attached to thescreen brackets (display brackets)

which are permanently attached tothe display hinges.

DISPLAY CONSTRUCTION


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DISPLAY CONSTRUCTION


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TYPICAL LCD SCREENRELATED FAILURES


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You can seeimage only on a

part of the LCDscreen.For example,only the top sideof the screenworks properly.


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There is one ormore thin multicolor linesrunning downthe screen.


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There is awide bandrunningdown theLCD screen.The

BUYING A NEW REPLACEMENT


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SCREEN

The LCD screen is one of the mostexpensive parts in a laptop computer.If your screen is damaged and youdecide to replace it yourself, youll haveto make sure to purchase a new screencompatible with your laptop.

Hear are a few things to considerbefore buying a new screen:

BUYING A NEW REPLACEMENT


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SCREEN

Hear are a few things to consider beforebuying a new screen:1. Screen size.2. Some laptops come with full size LCDs.Some laptops come with widescreenLCDs.

3. LCD screen could be matte or glossy.4. Same size LCD screens may havedifferent resolutions.

DISPLAY RELATED PARTS


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DISPLAY RELATED PARTS

SCREEN INVERTER BOARD

SCREEN BACKLIGHT LAMPDISPLAY RIBBON CABLEDISPLAY HINGES

SCREEN INVERTER


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BOARDThe inverter boardworks as a powersupply for thebacklight lampmounted insidethe LCD screen.

SCREEN INVERTER


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BOARDThe inverter boardconverts low voltageDC power (fewvolts) supplied bythe motherboard tohigh voltage AC

power (few hundredvolts) needed for thebacklight lamp.


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Video cable, Display cable


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or Screen cableThis cable transfersdata signal from themotherboard and

video card to theLCD screen.

Also, most video

cables supply highvoltage DC power tothe screen inverter.

DISPLAY HINGES


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DISPLAY HINGES

Displayhingesconnect twohalves of alaptop thedisplay paneland baseassembly.

WEB CAMERA


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WEB CAMERA

WEB CAMERA


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WEB CAMERA

Most newer laptops come with a built-in web camera also known as webcam.The web camera is located on the top ofthe display panel.Some people think the web camera is apart of the LCD screen but its not.The web camera is a separate modulewhich is mounted inside the displaypanel above the LCD screen.

WEB CAMERA


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WEB CAMERA

The webcamera boardand LCD

screen are twoseparatemodules and

can beremoved andreplacedseparately.

WEB CAMERA RELATED


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PROBLEMS. You can see the camera detected in thedevice manager, but it will not work.What can you do?Try reinstalling the webcam driver andmost likely the problem will be fixes.


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Parts of a Laptop

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