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‘Green’ Architecture A rough guide for the confused…
Melanie Latham
RIBA CA DipConsHistEnv (RICS)
ST ANN’S GATE ARCHITECTS LLP
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Introduction
TECHNICAL STUDIES & EXPERIENCE• 1992 – Study on Regionalism
• 1993 – Standardisation and the
intangible ‘loss of place’
• 1996 - Master study on the
buildings of C.A.T (Centre forAlternative Technology, Wales)
• 2006 - Post Graduate Diploma in
Conservation of the Historic
Environment
• 2008 - Masters Dissertation
– “How historic building
conservation can contribute to
sustainable development…” CONSERVATION…of?
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‘Green’ Architecture • PART ONE
• Sustainable Development
• Legislation and Guidelines
– Code for Sustainable Homes (CfSH)
– ‘Passiv Haus’
• PART TWO
• Sustainable building
– RURAL Case Study
– URBAN Case Study• The Future of Building in 2030?
– Opportunities and challenges
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ENERGY CONSUMPTION
– Transport & Travel
– Lighting and Power
– Heating
– Waste
– Water use
– Food consumption
– Leisure activities – Industrial processes
– Manufacturing
– Construction
• 44% of energy use is within buildings
• The population is only increasing!...• SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?
PART ONE – Sustainable Development
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Sustainable Development
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Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment that …
“..meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs…”
Gro-Harlem Brundtland - The Brundtland Commission1987
“THE THREE
SPHERES”
Economic Sustainability
Social Sustainability
Environmental Sustainability
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The context of buildings & community
• Economic Sustainability
– Affordability to build, use, run and
maintain, local economy, enterprise
support, supported growth
• Social Sustainability
– cultural heritage, continuity, identity,
use and mindset, community, people
• Environmental Sustainability
– Choice of materials, design layout,
passive efficiency, specifications,
renewables, personal choices
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The housing need in the UK
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The minimum carbon footprint…?
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Our existing homes Over 80% of 2025 housing stock already exists
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‘ECO’ BUILDING
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IS IT ALL ABOUT..
“.. Teletubbies houses?..”
“..a hobbit hole?.....” “..a treehouse?...”
“..use of renewable energies?”
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Teletubbies
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Hobbit holes and treehouses
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Technology and Renewables
• Solar Thermal• Photovoltaics (PVs)
• Combined Heat andPower (CHP) units – Gas or Micro
• Biomass
• Ground Source HeatPumps (GSHP)
• Air Source Heat
Pumps (ASHP)
• Hydro electricity
• Wind turbines
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The Principles of an Eco-Home
• Affordable: to build, use, run
and maintain• Environmentally friendly
materials
• Minimum of energyconsumption
• Low carbon footprint• Low-no reliance on fossil fuels
• Off-grid?
• Self build?• Self-sufficiency?
• SIMPLE?......
Brenda and Robert Vale,
Thames and Hudson, 2000
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Building Regulations
•PART L Building Regs and SAP
•TER/DER – Targets and Design
•Step change needed
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Code For Sustainable Homes (CfSH)
• Introduced 2007
• Mandatory from May 2008
– For all new homes
• BRE Eco Homes SYSTEM
– New Single national standard
– Energy performance
certificates (EPCs)
• 9 Credit categories
• Simplifying system
• Flexibility
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CfSH - CODE LEVELS
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CfSH - Target aspirations
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What is Zero-Carbon or Code 6?
Energy:• TER, building fabric, white goods/fittings, lighting, use of
renewables, cycle storage provision, home office
Water:• potable consumption (less than 80 l/p/d), rainwater collection
Materials:
• Environmental impact, responsible sourcing
Surface water run-off:
• SUDS, flood risk reduction
Waste: • site and household, recycling and composting
Pollution: • GWP /NOx emissions from materials in build
Health & Well-being: • Daylight, sound insulation, private space, Lifetime homes
Management: • Guide, CCS for work, security
Ecology:
• Protection, enhancement, economic house footprint
• Net emissions of CO2 from ALL
energy use in the home• Relevant points in 9 categories
• 6 stars – exemplar developmentin sustainability terms
• Whole building and lifestyleconsiderations
• CfSH Level 5/6 requires maxenergy use of 46kw/m2/yr )
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Basics of a CfSH House
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‘Passivhaus’ • ORIGINATED IN GERMANY in 1990s
Passivhaus Institute founded in 1996• A standard for energy use in all building
types
• Higher quality of design & construction
• Over 6,000 buildings (mostly houses)
have been built to the standard, mainlyin Germany and Austria
• Design appraised using the PHPP(Passive House Development Package)i.e not SAP used by the CfSH
• UK established practice - Carbon Liteprogramme, Bronze Silver and Gold
• Likely to lead standards in future
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Principles of Passivhaus
• Compact plan form• High levels of insulation
• Air-tight construction
• Mechanical heat recovery and
ventilation system (MVHR)• No heating – solar gain
• Energy use max 15kw/m2/yr
for heating and cooling
• TOTAL energy demand lessthan 120kw/m2/yr
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The Effect of Passivhaus
MINIMISE HEAT LOSS
MAXIMISE EFFICIENCY
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The ‘Zero-Carbon’ Challenge
Building Research Establishment (BRE)
Watford
BRE Environmental Assessment Method(BREEAM)
– Established 1980
– Updated in 2008
– Single dwellings not included
• 2003 – Offsite development initiativestarted
• 2005 - Eco-house/Code 6 competitionat the BRE
• 2007 – OFFSITE
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What is Zero-Carbon or Code 6?
Kingspan/Arup
LIGHTHOUSE
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The Challenge Legacy
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Passiv Haus Variety
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Limitations of Current Standards
• CfSH – Flexibility and choice of
points allocation
leading to manipulation
risk and trade off – No minimum standards
to certain areas of
categories
– Still catering to thosewho want to achieve
‘least worst’
• PASSIV HAUS – Focus on energy use i.e.
consumption and
running costs only for the
CO2, not whole house
footprint
– Reliance on technology
– Habit changing ignored
– Prohibitive Costs
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• Denby Dale with the Green BuildingStore – Build cost of £140k basic cost
• BRE Watford site and Ravenscraig
• PASSIV HAUS COMPETITION 2012
– Design a semi-detached residentialPassivhaus, one dwelling allocated forsocial housing and one for mid-rangemarket housing – both sharing thesame construction typology.
• To achieve a min of Level 4 of the CfSH
• Threshold of construction costs:£1,100m2 Social /£1,500m2 openmarket
• Locally sourced, low embodied energymaterials
Future Developments
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CO2 – IS More…Less?..
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‘The Jevons Paradox’
• An economic truism
“Technological progress thatincreases the efficiency with
which a resource is used, tends to
increase (rather than decrease)
the rate of consumption of that
resource” • The “it doesn’t matter now ”
attitude
• Human nature and the age of
consumerism
• The challenge of habit-breaking
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‘ A change of mindset’
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What about?...
WILL YOU?...
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QUESTIONS…?