Particulate Matter Pollution in Australia
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Transcript of Particulate Matter Pollution in Australia
Particulate Matter Pollution in Australia
CENTRE FOR AUSTRALIAN WEATHER AND CLIMATE RESEARCH/CSIRO MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH
Melita Keywood and Martin Cope 22 October 2013
Air Quality in Australia
Although air quality in Australia is generally good Australians consistently rank air pollution as a major environmental concern
In 1998, the Ambient Air Quality National Environment Protection Measure (AAQ NEPM) was established to set national ambient air quality standards. These standards cover six pollutants – particles (PM10), ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and lead.
State Regulatory Authorities (EPA) –responsible for monitoring and reporting
1998 –main problems are ozone and particles in urban centres, winter time PM10 exceedences due to domestic woodheater emissions
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A success story: Launceston PM10
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http://epa.tas.gov.au/documents/annual%20nepm%20report%20air%20quality%20tasmania%202011.pdf
Launceston Woodheater Replacement Program http://www.launceston.tas.gov.au/lcc/index.php?c=172
National Plan for Clean Air
In 2011 the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) agreed that the COAG Standing Council on Environment and Water would develop a National Plan for Clean Air to improve air quality, and community health and well being, to be delivered to COAG by the end of 2014.• Focus on particles- greatest health benefits to be gained• Exposure based• http://www.scew.gov.au/coag-strategic-priorities/nation
al-plan-clean-air
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2013 Senate Enquiry• 154 submissions• Recommendations
•Collection of additional data on ultrafine particles concentration
•Pollution monitoring should accurately capture population exposure for communities and homes proximate to pollution point sources.
•Buffer zones be used to protect populated areas from large point-source polluters.
•Coal mining•Woodheaters• http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Compl
eted_inquiries/2010-13/airquality/report/index
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Particulate Mass (PM) issues
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• Transport•Domestic heating• Industry• Episodic but extreme events
•Smoke from bushfires•Dust storms
Sydney Oct 17 2013 Picture: DAMIAN SHAW Source: News Limited
Melbourne 2003
PM2.5 over Australia December 2006
• Red = secondary aerosol from smoke• Brown =primary
aerosol from smoke• yellow= dust• White = sea salt• Purple= isoprene• CSIRO CCAM/CTM
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SourceType
Soil/Crustal Dust
Sea salt Smoke Vehicles, Industry, Residential
Vegetation
Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K NaCl VOCs, NOx,
Particles VOC NOx SO2 VOCs
Primary
Modified by chemical processes
Secondary
Control Options Low Nil Low High High High Medium
via NOx
Secondary Organic Aerosol
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Sydney Particle Study
Presentation title | Presenter name11 |
From Branka and Zoran at QUT
Biogenics
Presentation title | Presenter name12 |
Morning Afternoon Night
Isoprene + oxidation products 0.53 0.81 0.35
Monoterpenes 0.71 0.11 0.16
Acetonitrile 0.12 0.07 0.79
Formic acid 0.40 0.72 0.65
Temperature 0.28 0.90 0.48
NOx 0.44 -0.37 0.72
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology
Secondary organic aerosols
What proportion of the SOA is anthropogenic (VOC control) vs. biogenic (NOx control)?
SourceType
Soil/Crustal Dust
Sea salt Smoke Vehicles, Industry, Residential
Vegetation
Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K NaCl VOCs, NOx,
Particles VOC NOx SO2 VOCs
Primary
Modified by chemical processes
Secondary
Control Options Low Nil Low High High High Medium
via NOx
Conclusions
• Particles continue to be a significant air quality issue in Australia• The development of the National Plan for Clean Air will focus on
particles because of the size of the health benefits to be gained.• Process understanding can lead to successful policy
implementation and outcomes e.g. Launceston PM10 reduction• Sydney -particle formation and growth events occur on 50% of
days in Sydney• Sydney > 50% of secondary organic aerosol is formed from
oxidation of biogenic VOCs- requires different controls than anthropogenic VOCs
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Opportunities for China-Australia Collaboration
• Australia-China Council Grants Program- annual competitive grants program, the Australia-China Council supports projects across China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macau and Australia that deliver tangible outcomes for Australia-China relations in the priority areas of Economics and Trade, Society and Culture and Education and Science http://www.dfat.gov.au/acc/grants/index.html
• China Scholarship Council Funding – for PhD Students and Visiting Scholars--Chinese Ministry of Education (MoE) Memorandum of Understanding
• Australia-China Science and Research Fund (ACSRF) provides support for strategic science and research collaboration of mutual benefit to Australia and China http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/InternationalCollaboration/ACSRF/Pages/default.aspx• Australia China Science Academies Symposia Series
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CSIRO Reactive Gases and Aerosol Team
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Research –integrates observation and modelling
Urban Air QualityPM Source ApportionmentParticle formationPhotochemistryOzone formationSecondary Organic AerosolIndoor Air
Aerosol trendsTropospheric ozone trendsCCN in the MBLOrganic aerosol in the MBLVOCs in the MBLHg in the MBL
Biomass burning smoke- emissions, transformations, impactsPersistent Organic Pollutants
Capabilities
•Models• CTM• Regional• Global Aerosol
•Observation Campaigns• Intensive• Long term• Reactive gases• Aerosols
Platforms
•Cape Grim
•Tropical Station•RV Investigator
Background Air Quality