Particle Acceleration by Magnetic Reconnection · CR acceleration: exciting challenges Standard...
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Particle Acceleration by Magnetic Reconnection
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CR acceleration: exciting challenges
Standard processes – e.g. 1st Fermi in shocks: difficulties to explain particle acceleration and very high energy emission (TeV) in very compact regions (variability) in:
- pulsars - AGN cores - BHBs (microquasars) - GRB and AGN relativistic jets magnetically dominated -> shocks weak
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This talk
Particle acceleration by magnetic reconnection:
powerful acceleration mechanism can explain very high energy & neutrino emission
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COSMIC MAGNETIC RECONNECTION
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Directly observed:
Solar corona
magnetotail
Reconnection is FAST ! Vrec ~ VA
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Reconnection also beyond Solar System
Accretion disk coronae
Pulsars
Perseus
Star Formation and ISM
Stellar Xray Flares
AGN & GRB Jets
Accreting NS and SGRs
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Fast Magnetic Reconnection Models
• Petschek model (1964): X-point configuration
Vrec ~ vA p/(4 ln S)
S=L vA/h
Vrec
Unstable and collapse to (Sweet-Parker) slow reconnection (Biskamp’96): unless collisionless (L ~λe,mfp) pair plasma with localized h (e.g. Sturrock 1966; Birn+01, Yamada+10; Forbes+)
VA
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Fast Magnetic Reconnection Models
• Petschek model (1964): X-point configuration
(2D PIC simulations: magnetic islands, e.g. Drake+ 2006; Cerutti+13, Sironi’s talk)
Vrec
Unstable and collapse to (Sweet-Parker) slow reconnection (Biskamp’96): unless collisionless (L ~λe,mfp) pair plasma with localized h (e.g. Sturrock 1966; Birn+01, Yamada+10; Forbes+)
VA
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Fast Reconnection in collisional flows
Successfully tested in numerical
simulations (Kowal et al. 2009, 2012)
TURBULENT RECONNECTION (Lazarian & Vishniac 1999):
(Alternative~descriptions: Drake+; Shibata & Tanuma01; Loureiro+07; Bhattacharjee+09)
Magnetic lines wandering: many simultaneous reconnection events
Reconnection layer : THICKER THREE-DIMENSIONAL
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<E/E> ~ vrec/c
1st-order FERMI ACCELERATION @ RECONNECTION SITE
B +
- vrec
vrec
de Gouveia Dal Pino & Lazarian 2005
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1st-order Fermi (de Gouveia Dal Pino & Lazarian 2005):
1st-order FERMI ACCELERATION BY RECONNECTION
<E/E> ~ 8vrec/3c
x
y
thanks Khiali Kowal, de Gouveia Dal Pino & Lazarian, ApJ 2011
Kowal et al. 2015
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Probing Reconnection as powerful mechanism to accelerate particles
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To probe analytical results numerical simulations:
Most simulations of particle acceleration by magnetic reconnection:
2D collisionless plasmas (PIC) @ scales (e.g. Drake+; Zenitani & Hoshino; Cerutti, Uzdensky+; Sironi & Spitkovsky):
few plasma inertial length ~ 100 c/ωp
Larger-scale astrophysical systems (BHBs, AGNs, GRBs): MHD description collisional reconnection
(Kowal, de Gouveia Dal Pino & Lazarian 2011, 2012; de Gouveia Dal Pino+ 2014, 2015)
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Particle Acceleration in 2D MHD Reconnection
Kowal, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Lazarian 2011
2D Multiple current sheets to compare with PIC simulations (e.g. Drake+10)
particles confined 1st order Fermi: E/E ~ vrec/v
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Magnetic Reconnection Acceleration: successful numerical testing in 3D MHD
Kowal, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Lazarian, PRL 2012
current sheet with turbulence: fast reconnection (LV99)
1st order Fermi
N(E) ~ E-1-2
del Valle, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Kowal 2015
vrec
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Magnetic Reconnection Acceleration: successful numerical testing in 3D MHD
Kowal, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Lazarian, PRL 2012
current sheet with turbulence: fast reconnection (LV99)
1st order Fermi
del Valle, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Kowal 2015
tacc-1 ~ E-0.4-0.3
vrec
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Particle Acceleration in 3D MHD Pure Turbulence
Kowal, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Lazarian, PRL 2012
2nd order Fermi
Perseus cluster
scattering by approaching and receding magnetic irregularities
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- Zenitani & Hoshino (2001-2007) - de Gouveia Dal Pino & Lazarian (2003, 2005) - Dmitruk, Matthaeus+ (2003) - de Gouveia Dal Pino et al. (2010) - Giannios (2010, 2013) - del Valle, Romero et al. (2011) - Cerutti et al. (2013) - de Gouveia Dal Pino, Kowal & Lazarian (2014) - Cerutti, Werner, Uzdensky, Begelman (2014) - Lyutikov (2014) - Wu+ (2014) - Dexter+ (2014) - Werner+ (2014) - Sironi & Spitkovsky (2014) - Singh, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Kadowaki (2015) - Kadowaki, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Singh (2015) - Khiali, de Gouveia Dal Pino, del Valle (2015) - Khiali, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Sol (2015) - Khiali & de Gouveia Dal Pino (2015) - del Valle, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Kowal (2015) - de Gouveia Dal Pino & Kowal (2015) - Uzdensky (2015) - Guo et al (2015) - Sironi, Petropoulou, Giannios (2015)….
Reconnection acceleration beyond the SS
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APPLICATION TO
BHs and relativistic jets
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Black Holes: Ubiquitious in Astrophysics
Black Hole Binaries
(Microquasars)
AGNs (blazars, radio-galaxies, seyferts)
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Gamma-Ray emission common in Blazars
BLAZARS: luminous AGNs Jet ~ along the line of sight: • Emission dominated
by relativistic jet
• shock acceleration
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Where are particles accelerated? What are the acceleration mechanisms?
...But Non-Blazars
Also Gamma Ray emitters ! Rapid variability emission: 100 Rs
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Reconnection acceleration in the surrounds of BHs
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Accretion disk/jet systems (AGNs & galactic BHs)
de Gouveia Dal Pino & Lazarian 2005; de Gouveia Dal Pino+2010
AGNs and microquasars
M87 M87
M87 BH
M87
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Reconnection acceleration in the surrounds of BHs
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Revisited the model to evaluate reconnection power and acceleration -> apply to more than 200 sources: • Different accretion disk models (Shakura-Sunyaev; MDAF) • Coronal model by Liu et al. (2002, 2003). • Fast reconnection in the surrounds of the BH driven by turbulence
Kadowaki, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Singh, ApJ 2015 Singh, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Singh, ApJ Lett. 2015
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M87 BH
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Reconnection acceleration in the surrounds of BHs
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Kadowaki, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Singh, ApJ 2015 Singh, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Singh, ApJ Lett. 2015
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M87 BH
Magnetic Power
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Magnetic Reconnection Power around BHs
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Kadowaki, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Singh, ApJ 2015 Singh, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Singh, ApJ Lett. 2015
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M87 BH
GBHBs
Non-Blazars
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Magnetic Reconnection Power around BHs
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Kadowaki, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Singh, ApJ 2015 Singh, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Singh, ApJ Lett. 2015
M87 BH
GBHBs
Non-Blazars
CORE
JET
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Magnetic Reconnection around BHs
works for different Accretion Disk Models
Kadowaki, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Singh, ApJ 2015; Singh, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Kadowaki, ApJL 2015
M-ADAF accretion disk Hard -> Soft
LLAGNs
Standard accretion disk Soft -> Hard
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Applied the reconnection acceleration model to build the SEDs of Non-Blazars: CenA, M87, PerA, 3C110
BHBs: Cyg X1 and Cyg X3
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Reconnection Acceleration & Radiative Losses
Cooling of the accelerated particles -> emission: tacc ~ tloss(Synchrotron, SSC, pp, pg)
tSynch-1
tacc-1
tpp-1
tpg-1
Khiali, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Sol 2015 (arXiv:1504.07592)
Ex.: Radio-galaxy Cen A
Spectral Energy Distribution
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Reconnection Acceleration & Radiative Losses
Cooling of the accelerated particles -> emission: tacc ~ tloss(Synchrotron, SSC, pp, pg)
tSynch-1
tacc-1
tpp-1
tpg-1
Khiali, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Sol 2015 (arXiv:1504.07592)
Ex.: Radio-galaxy M87
Spectral Energy Distribution
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Reconnection Acceleration & Radiative Losses
Cooling of the particles -> emission: tacc ~ tloss(Synchrotron, SSC, pp, pg)
tSynch-1
tacc-1
tpp-1
tpg-1
Khiali, de Gouveia Dal Pino, del Valle, MNRAS 2015
Ex.: Galactic Black Hole Cyg X3
Spectral Energy Distribution
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M87 CORE ?
IceCube flux of Neutrinos
Neutrino emission from cores of low luminous AGNs due to reconnection acceleration
Khiali & de Gouveia Dal Pino, MNRAS 2015 (arxiv.1506.01063v1)
po gg
p± m±
n
p + photons p + p
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Reconnection driven by Kink in AGN & GRB
Magnetically Dominated Relativistic Jets
Singh, Mizuno, de Gouveia Dal Pino (in prep.)
kinetic
magnetic
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Reconnection driven by Kink in AGN & GRB
Magnetically Dominated Relativistic Jets
Singh, Mizuno, de Gouveia Dal Pino (in prep.)
Also sites for magnetic reconnection particle acceleration and gamma-rays!
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In situ 1st-order Fermi Relativistic MHD Reconnection x shock acceleration in Jets
Competing mechanisms
de Gouveia Dal Pino & Kowal, ASSL 2015
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Summary
Particles inserted in MHD current sheets with fast reconnection (e.g.
driven by turbulence): exponential increase of energy in a 1st order Fermi acceleration (collisional ~ collisionless: N(E) ~ E-1-2)
Particle acceleration in 3D MHD reconnection is more efficient than in 2D
Acceleration rate tacc
-1 ~ E-0.4-0.3
Acceleration by magnetic reconnection (numerically tested): can explain gamma-ray as coming from the core of BHBs and non-blazar AGNs The magnetic reconnection power matches well with the observed correlation of radio/gamma-ray luminosity versus BH mass for these sources over 1010 orders of magnitude Reconnection acceleration in the core -> SEDs of non-blazars and BHBs Magnetic reconnection acceleration may be important in magnetically
dominated relativistic jets (AGNs & GRBs) (see also Sironi’s talk)
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Extra Slides
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CTA & Mini-Array will locate the real region of acceleration and help to
unveil the physics in the core/jet launching
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Magnetic Reconnection Acceleration in the core?
(Khiali, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Sol 2015)
Is location of Gamma Emission in LLAGNs really in the core ?
Shock Acceleration in the jet? (e.g. Reynoso, Medina, Romero 2011)
JET?
CORE ?
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origin of variability at all scales?
CTA will solve this puzzle: -> Location of Gamma Emission
arXiv:0706.0797
H.E.S.S.
2 min. bin
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Reconnection Acceleration X Radiative Losses
γ-ray flux absorption by pair production as function of energy and height z above the plane of the accretion disk
tacc-1
Khiali, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Sol 2015
Ex.: Radio-galaxy Cen A
z>1 Rs -> NO absorption
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Particle Acceleration in 2D x 3D MHD Reconnection
Particle spectrum in 2D mulitple CS
(1 hr after injection)
Energy growth w/ time
2D
3D
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Particle Acceleration Time in Fast Reconnection
Particle acceleration time cannot be smaller than:
tacc,min ∼ tg(βrec) ~ E/e B c βrec
tacc ~E0.4
Del Valle, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Kowal 2014
AGNs: R~1014 cm B~104 G vA~c, vrec ~ 0.1vA
E~ 1015 eV tacc~10 s << tpp
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Probing Particle Acceleration by Reconnection with Numerical MHD Simulations
Kowal, de Gouveia Dal Pino, Lazarian 2011; 2012
• Isothermal MHD equations solved: second-order Godunov scheme and HLLD Riemann solver (Kowal et al. 2007, Kowal et al 2009) • Test particles injected in the MHD domain of reconnection and their trajectories followed: