Participles

Verbal adjective•V

erb acting as adjective•*will not be main verb of sentence

•Adjective characteristics:•Modifies a noun•Case, gender, number

•Verb characterisctics:•Tense, voice•Can have DO or IO

4 types of participles

Present active participle•“

verb-ing”•I

dentify if the –ing word is a participle• I am walking.•She sees a man running.•The flying birds are pigeons.• I love sleeping.• I see dogs sleeping.

Perfect passive participle•“

having been verb-ed” or “verb-ed”•I

dentify if there is a participle•The wounded man is sleeping.•The man, having been seen, tries to run.• I pushed him.•The cart pushed by the lady is green.•Soldiers often fight, having been trained to do so.

Future active participle•(

no English equivalent)•“

about to verb”•I

dentify the participle• I see the man about to fall.•People are about to dance!• I told a story about fish.•The cow, about to moo, will be my dinner.

Future passive participle •(

no English equivalent)•“

must be verbed”•u

sually should add “who/which” in translation•She is the girl [who] must be loved.•We saw the books [which] must be read.

Sample sentences•W

e watch the rising sun.•S

he helped the wounded man.•I

saw a dog sleeping.•T

he book, having been read by us, was abandoned.•T

he cats, about to eat tuna, spotted mice.•I

see men chasing girls.•N

.B. participles sometimes form participial phrases

Adjective Review•2

kinds of adjectives•1st/2nd declension (bonus-a-um)•3rd declension •acer, acris, acre•fortis, forte• ingens, ingentis pres. act. part.•Agree with noun they modify in…•Case, gender, number, and MAYBE declension

Translation/FormationActive Passive

Present

xPerfect

xFuture

•“verb-ing”•1st + 2nd conjugations:•Present stem + -ns, -ntis

•3rd + 4th conjugations:•Present stem + -ens, -entis

•“having been verb-ed” or “verbed”•4th principal part us-a-um

•“about to verb”•4th p.p. –us

+urus-a-um

•“must be verb-ed”•1st + 2nd conjugations:•Present stem + -ndus –a -um

•3rd + 4th conjugations:•Present stem + -endus –a -um

Examples Active Passive

Present

xPerfect

xFuture

•Amans, amantis -- loving •Habens, habentis -- having•Dicens, dicentis -- saying•Audiens, audientis -- hearing

•Amatus –a –um – having been loved•Habitus –a –um – having been held•Dictus –a –um – having been said•Auditus –a –um – having been heard

•Amaturus –a –um – about to love•Habiturus –a –um – about to hold•Dicturus –a –um – about to say•Auditurus –a –um – about to hear

•Amandus, -a, -um – must be loved•Habendus –a –um – must be held•Dicendus –a –um – must be said•Audiendus –a –um – must be heard

1. Amo, amare, amavi, amatus2. Habeo, habēre, habui, habitus3. Dico, dicere, dixi, dictus4. Audio, audire, audivi, auditus

PracticeActive Passive

Present

xPerfect

xFuture

•Portans, portantis – •carrying

•Ponens, ponentis –• putting

•Portaturus-a-um•About to carry

•Positurus –a –um•About to put

•Portandus –a –um•Must be carried

•Ponendus –a –um•Must be put

1. Porto, portare, portavi, portatus – to carry2. Pono, ponere, posui, positus – to put, place

•Portatus –a –um – •having been carried

•Positus –a –um –•Having been put

Present Active Participle•D

eclines in 3rd declension•O

ften creates participial phrase with direct object or prep phrase

•Draw arrow to word participle is modifying + translate

•Video puellam dormientem.• I see the girl sleeping/I see the sleeping girl•Puella dormiens videt.•The sleeping girl sees•Dormiens puellam video.• I, sleeping, see the girl

Present Active Participle•D

raw arrow to word participle is modifying AND identify participial phrase + translate

•Video militem currentem ad hostem.• I see the soldier running to the enemy

•Vir, currens ad militem, est malus.• The man, running toward the soldier, is evil

•Vir et hostis, currentes a milite, sunt boni.• The man and the enemy, running from the soldier, are good

•Milites hostem pugnantes sunt fortes.• The soldiers fighting the enemy are brave

•Pugnantes militem hostes non currebant.• The enemies fighting the soldier were not running

Perfect Passive Participle•D

eclines like a 1st/2nd declension adjective•V

ery very very common; usually has a prep phrase •D

raw arrow to word participle is modifying + translate•Video donum portatum • I see the gift having been carried

•Donum mihi datum habeo• I have a gift having been given to me

•Amatus a matre sum laetus• I, having been loved by my mother, am happy

Perfect Passive Participle Continued

•Draw arrow to word participle is modifying + translate

•Amatum a me donum est in agro.•The gift, having been loved by me, is in the field

•Donum a amico datum videmus.•We see the gift having been given by a friend

•Dona ab omnibus amata in agro sunt.•The gifts having been loved by all are in the field

Future Participles•B

oth decline like 1st/2nd declension adjectives•N

ot very common•U

sually should be translated with a who/which•Puer amicum laudaturus ambulavit in viā.• The boy, about to praise his friend, walked in the road

•Puer ab amicum laudandus ambulabit in agro.• The boy [who] must be praised by his friend will walk in the field•Homines multum portaturi currebant.• The people, about to carry much, were running.

•Homines portandi currere non possunt.• The people [who] must be carried aren’t able to run

Practice Sentences

•Remus, videns sex aves, dixit, “Vinco!”• Remus, seeing 6 birds, said, “I win!”

•Sed Romulus, videns duodecim aves, vero vicit.• But Romulus, seeing 12 birds, really won.

•Romulus, incipiens murum facere, erat laetus.• Romulus, starting to make his wall, was happy.

•Sed Remus furens murum fratris deridebat.• But Remus, raging, mocked his brother’s wall.

•Romulus, cito movens, fratrem gladio necavit.• Romulus, moving quickly, killed his brother with a sword.

PPP Practice

•Romani a barbarīs petiti ducem volunt.• The Romans, having been attacked by barbarians, want a leader.

•Vir a senatoribus vocatus ad Curia venit.• The man, having been called by the senators, comes to the senate house

•Dux a legatīs inventus hostem superavit.• The leader, found by the messengers, overcame the enemy.

•Hic, ab omnibus amatus, ad eius agrum ivit. Quis est?• This man, loved by all, went back to his farm.• Who is this man?

ANY QUESTIONS?