Partial Key for - Latin: A New...
Transcript of Partial Key for - Latin: A New...
Partial Key for
Latin: A New Grammar
Book of Exercises
2
This is a partial key that supplements the book Latin: A New Grammar. Book of Exercises.
What does it feature?
It features the answers in full for most of the exercises, especially for the exercises of English sentences to be translated into Latin, as this is usually the most challenging kind of exercise.
What doesn’t it feature?
This is a partial key, not a total key. It is not supposed to be a book on translation. For the exercises of reading Latin sentences (I prefer the concept of “reading” rather than “translating”) only a small hint in English is suggested (usually, related to the grammatical item being dealt with, but not always). As a general rule, in these cases the note in brackets “(partial suggestions)” is shown. Also for exercises that ask student to fill a gap with one of the given options, or to change some verbal form, etc. the solution to that requirement is offered, but not the translation of the sentence.
Is the offered answer the only right possibility?
As happens in the case of keys offered for books of exercises of modern languages, they key is straightforward for exercises in the style of multiple choice and similar, but in the case of translation of sentences from Latin into English or vice-versa the offered solution should be considered only as a suggestion; students should not consider that a translation that they have devised is wrong if it does not coincide with the one offered in this key, as the possibilities are many: different word order, usage of synonyms, etc.
Format and English language used
Although I have used the same square-shaped format of 8.5 x 8.5 as for my grammars and for their two corresponding books of exercises, this is not a book to be published, but just a PDF to be downloaded so that students can check the accuracy of their answers. It has not been formatted for publication.
The numeration of the paragraphs has been kept as in the book of exercises.
Neither the parts inside each exercise are numbered in the Book of Exercises nor the answers are numbered here, and moreover, for the sake of saving space, in many exercises the answers have been written horizontally. In spite of this, it will not be difficult to see what answer corresponds to what part of the exercise, to what sentence, etc., as the order has not been changed and no exercise features a block of more than seven sentences/parts.
The English of the sentences to be translated into Latin will sound unnatural in many cases, as the purpose is to address the student’s mind to what must be said in Latin; for instance, you may find the expression “the book of the teacher” instead of the more natural “the teacher’s book” because the first one resembles more what would be said in Latin by means of the genitive case. And the same applies for the English translation of Latin sentences or of part of them.
Alphabet and writing
a) The alphabet [1]
1/ w x y z
2/ x y z
3/ uir, uocare, uenio, uia, uideo
4/ VRBS, VTERQVE, VNDA, VBI, VVLTVS, VVLGVS, VVA, VVIDVS
5/ uiuere, undique, ubicumque, uulgus, uallum
4
a) Definition of basic grammatical concepts: case, declension and gender
1.Conceptsofsyntactical function, endingsandcase [3]
a) Concepts of syntactical function and endings
• TRUE • FALSE • FALSE • TRUE • FALSE
b) Concept of case
1/ • TRUE • FALSE • TRUE • FALSE
2/ Nominative, Vocative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Ablative.
2.Mainsyntacticalfunctionsandcorrespondencetocases [4]
a) Main syntactical functions
1/
w Subject: — It means the performer of the action. — The teacher teaches.
w Predicative object: — It means how or what somebdy is. — Peter is a teacher.
w Addressed object: — It means the person addressed. — Teacher, tell me this, please.
w Direct object: — It means the person, object etc. acted upon. — I see the teacher.
w Possessive object: — It means the person to whom something belongs. — I have the book of the teacher.
w Indirect object: — It means the person for/to whom something is done. — I have brought a book for the teacher.
w Circumstantial object: — It means the object that affects the action in some way. — I travel with my teacher.
2/ Ø the builder: subject Ø father: indirect object Ø the general: possessive object Ø a house: direct object Ø a politician: predicative object
3/ Ø Peter: addressed object Ø me [give me]: indirect object Ø you: subject Ø me [hear me]: direct object Ø this table: direct object Ø the owner: indirect object Ø the house: possessive object
4/
w them is a/ direct object
w them is b/ indirect object
w The first her is b/ indirect object
w The second her is a/ direct object
b) Correspondences between functions and cases
1/ genitive > possessive object / nominative > subject / dative > indirect object / vocative > addressed object
/ ablative > circumstancial object / accusative > direct object
2/
For calling someone: vocative For indirect objects: dative
For predicative objects: nominative For possessive objects: genitive
For direct objects: accusative For subjects: nominative
For circumst. objects: ablative
3/
•
— the book: subject, nominative
— of the teacher: possessive object, genitive
— nice: predicative object, nominative
•
— boy: addressed object, vocative
— he: subject, nominative
— your book: direct object, accusative
•
— I: subject, nominative
— this: direct object, accusative
— to you: indirect object, dative
•
— she: subject, nominative
•
— children: addressed object, vocative
— you: subject, nominative
— ready: predicative object, nominative
•
— the president: subject, nominative
— of the country: possessive object, genitive
— two children: direct object, accusative
•
— he: subject, nominative
— books: direct object, accusative
— for his friends: indirect object, dative
•
— Peter: subject, nominative
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— you: indirect object, dative
— this: direct object, accusative
•
— they: subject, nominative
— the door: direct object, accusative
— of the house: possessive object, genitive
— the brother: predicative object, nominative
— of my teacher: possessive object, genitive
•
— we: subject, nominative
— with our friends: circumstancial, ablative
3.Conceptofdeclension [5]
a/ Each one of the patters through which Greek nouns modify their endings.
b/ To go through all its possible endings in a pre-established order
c/ Five, and the most complex one is the third declension.
4.Conceptofgender [6]
a/ Three: masculine, feminine and neuter.
b/ Although there are some patterns, a lot of times it is impredictable.
5.Lackofdefinitearticle [7]
a door the door
b) Declensions
1.1stdeclension [8]
a/ Sing.: -a, -a, -am, -ae, -ae, -a Pl: -ae, -ae, -as, -arum, -is, -is
b/
Sing: pecunia, pecunia, pecuniam, pecuniae, pecuniae, pecunia
Pl.: pecuniae, pecuniae, pecunias, pecuniarum, pecuniis, pecuniis
Sing.: scientia, scientia, scientiam, scientiae, scientiae, scientia
Pl.: scientiae, scientiae, scientias, scientiarum, scientiis, scientiis
c/
Acc. pl.: tabulas insulas
Nom. pl.: tabulae insulae
Dat. sing.: tabulae insulae
Abl. pl.: tabulis insulis
Abl. sing.: tabula insula
Gen. pl.: tabularum insularum
Acc. sing.: tabulam insulam
Gen. sing.: tabulae insulae
d/
deabus - To avoid concidence with “deis” from “deus.”
e/
w littera, -ae
Singular: letter (a, b, c…)
Plural: letter (post)
w copia, -ae
Singular: aboundancy
Plural: troops
w vigilia, -ae
Singular: watch
Plural: sentinels
f/ They do not have singular.
g/
ianua door
mensa table
aqua water
magistra teacher
pecunia money
terra land
filia daughter
cena dinner
causa cause
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amicitia friendship
puella girl
agricola farmer
ira anger
via road
regina queen
poena penalty
insula island
patria homeland
dea goddess
ancilla slave girl
agricola farmer
hasta spear
mora delay
nauta sailor
2.2nddeclension [9]
a) First sub-variant: -us, -i
1/ Sing.: -us, -e, -um, -i, -o, -o Pl.: -i, -i, -os, -orum, -is, -is
2/
Sing.: modus, (mode,) modum, modi, modo, modo
Pl.: midi, modi, modos, modorum, modis, modis
Sing.: nuntius, nunti, nuntium, nuntii, nuntio, nuntio
Pl.: nuntii, nuntii, nuntios, nuntiorum, nuntiis, nuntiis
3/
Acc. pl.: equos terras
Nom. pl.: equi terrae
Dat. sing.: equo terrae
Abl. pl.: equis terris
Abl. sing.: equo terra
Gen. pl.: equorum terrarum
Acc. sing.: equum terram
Gen. sing.: equi terrae
4/ dii c di deorum c deum diis c dis
5/ loci = book passages loca = geographical places
6/
gladius sword
filius son
populus people
vulgus mob
dominus master
cibus food
annus year
amicus friend
murus wall
discipulus student
deus god
servus slave
ludus game
equus horse
morbus illness
7/
Sing.: bonus nauta, bone nauta, bonum nautam, boni nautae, bono nautae, bono nauta
Pl.: boni nautae, boni nautae, bonos nautas, bonorum nautarum, bonis nautis, bonis nautis
b) Second sub-variant: -ø, -i
1/ Sing.: -ø, -ø, -um, -i, -o, -o Pl.: -i, -i, -os, -orum, -is, -is
2/
Sing.: ager, ager, agrum, agri, agro, agro Pl.: agri, agri, agros, agrorum, agris, agris
Sing.: liber, liber, librum, libri, libro, libro Pl.: libri, libri, libros, librorum, libris, libris
3/
Acc. pl.: magistros viros
Nom. pl.: magistri viri
Dat. sing.: magistro viro
Abl. pl.: magistris viris
Abl. sing.: magistro viro
Gen. pl.: magistrorum virorum
Acc. sing.: magistrum virum
Gen. sing.: magistri viri
4/
Sing.: altus puer, alte puer, altum puerum, alti pueri, alto puero, alto puero
Pl.: alti pueri, alti pueri, altos pueros, altorum puerorum, altis pueris, altis pueris
c) Third sub-variant: -um, -i
1/
Sing.: -um, -um, -um, -i, -o, -o Pl.: -a, -a, -a, -orum, -is, -is
Sing.: oppidum, oppidum ,oppidum, oppidi, oppido, oppido Pl.: oppida, oppida, oppida, oppidorum, oppidis, oppidis
2/
Acc. pl.: dona nautas
Nom. pl.: dona nautae
Dat. sing.: dono nautae
Abl. pl.: donis nautis
Abl. sing.: dono nauta
Gen. pl.: donorum nautarum
Acc. sing.: donum nautam
Gen. sing.: doni nautae
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3/
w auxilium, -i
Singular: help
Plural: auxiliary troops
w castrum, -i
Singular: castle
Plural: military camp
w impedimentum, -i
Singular: obstacle
Plural: baggage
4/
exitium destruction
praemium reward
officium duty
caelum sky
auxilium help
proelium battle
oppidum town
factum deed
bellum war
odium hatred
periculum danger
praemium reward
5/
Sing.: magnum praemium, magnum praemium, magnum praemium, magni praemii, magno praemio, magno praemio
Pl.: magna praemia, magna praemia, magna praemia, magnorum praemiorum, magnis praemiis, magnis praemiis
General exercises for the 1st and 2nd declensions [10]
1/
invidiam acc. sing.
vulgum acc. sing.
poetas acc. pl.
annis (dat. pl.)
dona (nom. pl.)
templum (nom. sing.)
gladii (gen. sing.)
scientia (abl. sing.)
somnus nom. sing.
vir (nom. sing.)
filium acc. sing.
cenarum gen. pl.
officia (nom. pl.)
magistrae (gen. sing.)
iudicio (dat. sing.)
muros acc. pl.
verba (acc. pl.)
morae (nom. pl.)
servi (nom. pl.)
hastas acc. pl.
dominis (abl. pl.)
oculos acc. pl.
puer (nom. sing.)
ianuis (dat. pl.)
2/
proelium: acc. sing. proelium
equus: gen. pl. equorum
amica: dat. pl. amicis
magister: abl. sing. magistro
verbum: acc. pl. verba
insula: nom. pl. insulae
scientia: dat. sing. scientiae
filius: acc. pl. filios
nuntius: gen. sing. nuntii
3/
• The teacher of the girl
• The mob of the town
• with a sword
• The son of the farmer
4/
• Magistri scribunt libros pueris.
• Semper praemia relinquo in templo deae.
• Nautae vident exitium oppidi.
• Incolae insulae ferunt gladios in templum.
3.3rddeclension [11]
a) Consonant stems
1/
Masc. / Fem.
Sing.: -ø, -ø, -em, -is, -i, -e Pl.: -es, -es, -es, -um, -ibus, -ibus
Neuter
Sing.: -ø, -ø, -ø, -is, -i, -e Pl.: -a, -a, -a, -um, -ibus, -ibus
2/
Sing.: ratio, ratio, rationem, rationis, rationi, ratione
Pl.: rationes, rationes, rationes, rationum, rationibus, rationibus
Sing.: litus, litus, litus, litoris, litori, litore
Pl.: litora, litora, litora, litorum litoribus, litoribus
3/
Acc. pl.: laudes flumina
Nom. pl.: laudes flumina
Dat. sing.: laudi flumini
Abl. pl.: laudibus fluminibus
12
Abl. sing.: laude flumine
Gen. pl.: laudum fluminum
Acc. sing.: laudem flumen
Gen. sing.: laudis fluminis
4/
Acc. pl.: comites servos
Nom. pl.: comites servi
Dat. sing.: comiti servo
Abl. pl.: comitibus servis
Abl. sing.: comite servo
Gen. pl.: comitum servorum
Acc. sing.: comitem servum
Gen. sing.: comitis servi
5/
salus, -utis safety
caput, -itis head
mos, moris custom
vulnus, -eris wound
plebs, plebis common people
homo, -minis human being
corpus, -oris body
civitas, -atis state
soror, -oris sister
opus, operis deed
rex, regis king
comes, -itis companion
flumen, -minis river
miles, -itis soldier
iter, itineris way
pax, pacis peace
custos, -odis guard
uxor, -oris wife
veritas, -atis truth
arbor, -oris tree
dux, ducis general
mulier, -eris woman
tempus, -oris time
labor, -oris work
scelus, -eleris crime
aetas, -atis age
litus, -oris shore
w
caput, vulnus, corpus, tempus, opus, flumen, scelus, iter, litus
6/
Sing.: doctus rex, docte, rex, doctum regem, docti regis, docto regi, docto rege
Pl.: docti reges, docti reges, doctos reges, doctorum regum, doctis regibus, doctis regibus
b) -i stems
1/
Masc. / Fem.
Sing.: -ø, -ø, -em, -is, -i, -e Pl.: -es, -es, -es, -ium, -ibus, -ibus
Neuter
Sing.: -ø, -ø, -ø, -is, -i, -i Pl.: -ia, -ia, -ia, -ium, -ibus, -ibus
2/
Sing.: navis, navis, navem, navis, navi, nave Pl.: naves, naves, naves, navium, navibus, navibus
Sing.: rete, rete, rete, retis, reti, reti Pl.: retia, retia, retia, retium, retibus, retibus
3/
Acc. pl.: maria dona
Nom. pl.: maria dona
Dat. sing.: mari dono
Abl. pl.: maribus donis
Abl. sing.: mari dono
Gen. pl.: marium donorum
Acc. sing.: mare donum
Gen. sing.: maris doni
4/
caedes, -is slaughter
ignis, -is fire
civis, -is citizen
classis, -is fleet
navis, -is ship
vallis, -is valley
5/
Sing.: magna classis, magna classis, magnam classem, magnae classis, magnae classi, magna classe
Pl.: magnae classes, magnae classes, magnas classes, magnarum classium, magnis classibus, magnis classibus
c) Consonant stem or -i stem?
1/
animal, -alis animal -i stem
senex, -is old man, cons.
pater, -tris fater, cons.
pars, partis part, -i stem
mater, -tris mother, cons.
urbs, urbis city, -i stem
nox, noctis night, -i stem
frater, -tris brother, cons.
mors, mortis death, -i stem
2/
Sing.: saevum animal, saevum animal, saevum animal, saevi animalis, saevum animali, saevum animale
Pl.: saeva animalia, saeva animalia, saeva animalia, saevorum animalium, saevis animalibus, saevis animalibus
14
d) Further observations
1/ turrim, Tiberim
2/
vires vis viri vir virorum vir
viribus vis virum vir viris vir
virium vis vim vis viro vir
3/ vi (<vis), by force
4/
w aedis, -is
Singular: temple
Plural: house
w finis, -is
Singular: boundary
Plural: territory
w ops, opis
Singular: help
Plural: wealth
w sors, sortis
Singular: luck
Plural: oracle
General exercises for the 3rd declension [12]
1/
itineris iter, itineris, gen. sing.
pectora pectus, -oris, nom. pl.
homini homo,-inis, dat. sing.
dignitas dignitas, -atis, nom. sing.
navium navis, -is, gen. pl.
flumina flumen, -inis, nom. pl.
urbium urbs, urbis, gen. pl.
mentes mens, mentis, nom. pl.
vim vis, acc. sing.
aedes aedis, -is, nom. pl.
matri mater, -tri, dat. sing.
nocte nox, noctis, abl. sing.
animalia animal, -alis, nom. pl.
caedem caedes, -is, acc. sing.
dolori dolor, -oris, dat. sing.
aestate aestas, -atis, abl. sing.
pacem pax, pacis, acc. sing.
montibus mons, montis, dat. pl.
capita caput, -it is, nom. pl.
moenium moenia, -ium, gen. pl.
2/
tempus: acc. sing. tempus
genus: nom. pl. genera
civis: dat. pl. civibus
salus: gen. pl. salutum
uxor: acc. pl. uxores
miles: abl. pl. militibus
dux: dat. sing. duci
custos: nom. pl. custodes
canis: acc. pl. canes
pars: gen. sing. paris
mons: abl. sing. monte
mare: dat. sing. mari
3/
• Custodes pacem civibus
• orationem consulis
• itinere milites civitatis
• Scelera consules
4/
• Custodes reginae tibi dicent nomen arcis.
• Iudices iecerunt corpora militum in flumen
• Auctor scribit carmina de amore filiae domini.
• Princeps ducit copias ad mare.
4.4thdeclension [13]
a) First sub-variant: -us, -us
1/
Sing.: -us, -us, -um, -us, -ui, -u Pl.: -us, -us, -us, -uum, -ibus, -ibus
Sing.: exercitus, exercitus, exercitum, exercitus, exercitui, exercitu
Pl.: exercitus, exercitus, exercitus, exercituum, exercitibus, exercitibus
2/
Acc. pl.: metus ludos
Nom. pl.: metus ludi
Dat. sing.: metui ludo
Abl. pl.: metibus ludis
Abl. sing.: metu ludo
Gen. pl.: metuum ludorum
Acc. sing.: metum ludum
Gen. sing.: metus ludi
3/
Sing.: domus, domus, domum, domus/domi, domui/domo, domu/domo
Pl.: domus, domus, domus/domos, domuum/domorum, domibus, domibus
16
4/
gladius sword, 2nd
metus fear, 4th
sensus feeling, 4th
manus hand, 4th
ludus game, 2nd
vultus face, 4th
somnus sleep, 2nd
cursus race, 4th
fructus fruit, 4th
modus manner, 2nd
murus wall, 2nd
5/
Sing.: bonus sensus, bone, sensus, bonum sensum, boni sensus, bono sensui, bono sensu
Pl.: boni sensus, boni sensus, bonos sensus, bonorum sensuum, bonis sensibus, bonis sensibus
b) Second sub-variant: -u, -us
1/
Sing.: -u, -u, -u, -us, -ui/-u, -u Pl.: -ua, -ua, -ua, -uum, -ibus, -ibus
Sing.: cornu, cornu, cornu, cornus, cornui/cornu, cornu Pl.: cornua, cornua, cornua, cornuum, cornibus, cornibus
2/
Acc. pl.: genua templa
Nom. pl.: genua templa
Dat. sing.: genui/-u templo
Abl. pl.: genibus templis
Abl. sing.: genu templo
Gen. pl.: genuum templorum
Acc. sing.: genu templum
Gen. sing.: genus templi
3/
Sing.: dextrum cornu, dextrum cornu, dextrum cornu, dextri cornus, dextro cornui/-u, dextro cornu
Pl.: dextra cornua, dextra cornua, dextra cornua, dextrorum cornuum, dextris cornibus, dextris cornibus
5.5thdeclension [14]
a/
Sing.: -es, -es, -em, -ei, -ei, -e Pl.: -es, -es, -es, -erum, -ebus, -ebus
Sing.: fides, fides, fidem, fidei, fidei, fide Pl.: fides, fides, fides, fiderum, fidebus, fidebus
b/
Acc. pl.: res labores
Nom. pl.: res labores
Dat. sing.: rei labori
Abl. pl.: rebus laboribus
Abl. sing.: re labore
Gen. pl.: rerum laborum
Acc. sing.: rem laborem
Gen. sing.: rei laboris
c/ dies
d/
Sing.: res publica, res publica, rem publicam, rei publicae, rei publicae, re publica
Pl.: res publicae, res publicae, res publicas, rerum publicarum, rebus publicis, rebus publicis
Exercises for all declensions [15]
1/
exercitus, -us 4 exercitibus exercitus exercitus exercituum exercitu exercitus exercitum exercitui
dies, -ei 5 diebus dies dies dierum die diei diem diei
animal, -alis 3 animalibus animalia animalia animalium animali animalis animal animali
navis, -is 3 navibus naves naves navium nave navis navem navi
puer, -i 2 pueris pueros pueri puerorum puero pueri puerum puero
sagitta, -ae 1 sagittis sagittas sagittae sagittarum sagitta sagittae sagittam sagittae
18
2/ a/ duci c/ cornua a/ matrum b/ magistrum b/ mari
3/
genua 4 genu
fide 5 fidebus
dominos 2 dominum
senatuum 4 senatus
nautae 1 (nauta)
dona 2 donum
legibus 3 (lege)
oratores 3 (oratorem)
laudem 3 laudes
4/
Magistri a/ Gen. sing.
Stellarum c/ Gen. plural
Templo a/ Dat. sing.
Navibus c/ Abl. plural
Gentis c/ Gen. sing.
Agricolas b/ Acc. plural
Pueris c/ Dat. plural
5/ temporium hastorum puerus paxes capitium pectores maries diis
6/ domines laudium regae magistrium aedum gentum auxilius caelus
7/
• metus • colle • exercitus • diei • vitam
¯
• civitatum • itineris • dies • urbe • fossae
8/
• diebus • rem - castris • finibus • militum • tempestate
¯
• pedibus • turrim • aedibus • classem • viribus • viris
9/
w The 4th declension for neuters, and the two possible endings are -ui and -u.
w The 3rd declension.
c) Adjectives
1.1stclassofadjectives [16]
a/
multus much
laetus happy
doctus wise
adversus opposite
clarus famous
aequus equal
bonus good
cupidus desirous
liber free
plenus full
pulcher nice
salvus safe
superbus arrogant
tutus safe
miser wretched
verus true
gratus pleasing
infirmus weak
iratus angry
beatus happy
carus dear
magnus big
parvus small
novus new
b/
Sing.: miser poeta, miser poeta, miserum poetam, miseri poetae, misero poetae, misero poeta
Pl.: miseri poetae, miseri poetae, miseros poetas, miserorum poetarum, miseris poetis, miseris poetis
Sing.: mala ratio, mala ratio, malam rationem, malae rationis, malae rationi, mala ratione
Pl.: malae rationes, malae rationes, malas rationes, malarum rationum, malis rationibus, malis rationibus
c/ (partial suggestions)
• a new reason
• Those who think that he was happy, they themselves are wretched.
• were uncertain
• dear to the African
¯
• long and not safe
• of Octavius, a famous and great man
• I did nothing in state of anger
• had bad health
20
d/
• magnam/multam • vera • magno - multos • bonum - parvae • malos • claro
¯
• gratos - beatorum • longum • plenum • antiquum • iratis
2.2ndclassofadjectives [17]
a) Adjectives of two nominatives
1/
Sing.: fidelis nauta, fidelis nauta, fidelem nautam, fidelis nautae, fideli nautae, fideli nauta
Pl.: fideles nautae, fideles nautae, fideles nautas, fidelium nautarum, fidelibus nautis, fidelibus nautis
Sing.: utile donum, utile donum, utile donum, utilis doni, utili dono, utili dono
Pl.: utilia dona, utilia dona, utilia dona, utilium donorum, utilibus donis, utilibus donis
2/
gravis serious
nobilis noble
omnis all
levis light
dissimilis different
turpis shameful
dulcis sweet
facilis easy
similis similar
mirabilis amazing
brevis short
talis such
3/ • brevis • fideli • mirabile • omnia ¯ • dulce • difficilia • nobili • crudelium
4/ (partial suggestions)
• all these things
• similar to these people
• Requirements are easy
• one of them short
• Where you not cruel?
• An honorable death… a shameful life
5/
• Tres tristes pueri ad ianuam stabant.
• Iam omnia feci.
• Illud nuntium vero triste fuit.
• Brevem epistulam ad te mittam.
• Arma militum levia non erant.
b) Adjectives of three nominatives
1/
Sing.: acer vir, acer vir, acrem virum, acris viri, acri viro, acri viro
Pl.: acres viri, acres viri, acres viros, acrium virorum, acribus viris, acribus viris
Sing.: acris dea, acris dea, acrem deam, acris deae, acri deae, acri dea
Pl.: acres deae, acres deae, acres deas, acrium dearum, acribus deis/deabus, acribus deis/deabus
2/ (partial suggestions)
• a quick and easy result
• fast and easy remedies
• After a hard winter
• with harsh spirit
• and harsh enemy
• are harsh
• at a fast pace
3/
• Victi sumus in acri proelio.
• Illi pueri vero celeres erant.
• Omnia arma nostro acri duci dedimus.
• Pervenerunt celeribus curribus.
c) Adjectives of one nominative
1/
audax bold
ferox fierce
ingens huge
mendax lier
potens powerful
sapiens wise
dives rich
inops poor
pauper poor
sospes safe and sound
supplex suppliant
vetus old
22
2/
audax i supplex c dives c vetus c sospes c ferox i
imprudens i sapiens i pauper c princeps c potens i mendax i
memor c
3/
Sing.: diligens magister, diligens magister, diligentem magistrum, diligentis magistri, diligenti magistro, diligenti magistro
Pl.: diligentes magistri, diligentes magistri, diligentes magistros, diligentium magistrorum, diligentibus magistris, diligentibus magistris
4/ (partial suggestions)
• is proper of a wise teacher
• Both poor and rich people
• to the survivors
• a friend who lies
• fast and fierce animals
• With the help of a powerful king
¯
• If we want to be wise
• that this boy is diligent
• rich people out of beggars
• was mindful and grateful and
• he had gathered a huge amount of
• He sent back all safe and sound to their relatives
5/
• Potenti exercitu poteris urbem capere.
• Audaces viri adsunt in hac ingenti urbe?
• Volo te sospes revertere.
• Debes pecuniam pauperibus dare.
• Da hanc epistulam principibus.
3.Positionoftheadjective [18]
a/ (partial suggestions)
• In the middle of this route
• out of the middle of the road
• This is almost in the middle of the territory
• On the top of the hill
• they stood on the top of an elevated place
b/
• Milites sunt nunc in medio monte.
• Et nunc sunt in summo monte.
• Submergebantur in mediis undis.
4.Useoftheadjectiveasanoun [19]
a/ (partial suggestions)
• answered just a few things
• While I say true, few and important things
• All good people of all kinds
• about his incredible love towards good people
• Not only sons and daughters do
• and he has children from her
b/
• Odi malos.
• In illa urbe vidi multa pulchra.
• Boni numquam facient mala.
• iam omnia feci.
• Consul habebat quinque liberos.
24
d) Numeral adjectives
1.Cardinals [20]
a/
masc.: duo, duos, duorum, duobus, duobus
fem.: duae, duas, duarum, duabus, duabus
neu.: duo, duo, duorum, duobus, duobus
masc./fem.: tres, tres, trium, tribus, tribus
neu.: tria, tria, trium, tribus, tribus
b/
1 unus/a/um
2 duo/ae
3 tres/tria
4 quattuor
5 quinque
6 sex
7 septem
8 octo
9 novem
10 decem
20 viginti
30 triginta
40 quadraginta
50 quinquaginta
60 sexaginta
70 septuaginta
80 octoginta
90 nonaginta
100 centum
200 ducenti
500 quingenti
1000 mille
2000 duo milia
10000 decem milia
c/
85 quinque et octoginta
37 septem et triginta
24 quattuor et viginti
56 sex et quinquaginta
93 tres et nonaginta
48 duodequinquaginta
d/ mille is for only 1,000 and does not decline. milia is for 2,000 3,000 4,000 etc. and declines.
e/
mille libri, mille libros, mille librorum, mille libris, mille libris
tria milia civium, tria milia civium, trium milium civium, tribus milibus civium, tribus milibus civium
f/ (partial suggestions)
• He left 1,000 soldiers
• He was 19 years old
• in two places
• He killed 1,000 or 2,000
• and he recruited two legions and took three… and with these five legions
• six thousands
g/
• mille • centum et septem • quinque et sexaginta • tria milia • tribus • milia
¯ • duodetriginta - quinque - septem - sex - duas • duobus milibus • trium • milibus duobus
• tria milia • quinque milium
h/
• Vidi duos pueros et tres puellas.
• Dedi quattuordecim libros tribus discipulis.
• In duabus urbibus vidi tria templa.
• Dabis mihi mille libros?
• Facile est urbem capere tribus milibus militum.
• Templum abest mille passus.
• Quinque milia civium ad forum concurrerunt.
2.Ordinals [21]
a/
1st prima
2nd secunda
3rd tertia
4th quarta
5th quinta
6th sexta
7th septima
8th octava
9th nona
10th decima
26
b/
• quintum decimum - secundo die • nona • quartum • tertio • septima - octava
3.Multiplicatives [22]
a/ (partial suggestions)
• multiplied by three
• are double
• That triple kind of state
• that nature has a quadruple form
b/ • duplicem • triplici • ter • semel • semel - bis
4.Distributives [23]
• binos • binos • bina • trina • quinis
e) Comparative and superlative
2.Accidence [24]
a/
facilem faciliorem facillimum / sapiens sapientior sapientissimus / altorum altiorum altissimorum / fortibus fortioribus
fortissimis / felices feliciores / felicissimi
b/
good: bonus, melior, optimus
bad: malus, peior, pessimus
small: parvus, minor, minimus
big: magnus, maior, maximus
old: vetus, vetustior, veterrimus
rich: dives, ditior, ditissimus
similar: similis, similior, simillimus
easy: facilis, facilior, facillimus
c/
plus, plus, pluris, (dat. non-existent), plure
plures/plura, plures/plura, plurium, pluribus, pluribus
3.Syntax [25]
a) Comparative
1/
• Hic liber melior est illo
• Mea soror altior est te
• In hoc exercitu milites sunt audaciores ducibus
• Domum meliorem habeo tua
28
2/ (partial suggestions)
• Nothing is more pleasant than
• he reached a higher position
• have worsened
• (to be) weaker?
• All the decisions of the night before
3/ • robustioris • occultiores • superioribus • graviori • faciliorem
4/ • plura • pluribus • plurium • plures • plura • pluribus • plures
5/
• Nihil melius est quam sapientia.
• Ille scriptor scribit meliores libros quam tu.
• Habeo plus pecuniae quam tu
• Habito in minore urbe quam tu.
• Homines in hac urbe sunt ditiores me.
¯
• Puto neminem esse velociorem quam Quintum.
• Habeo plures equos quam tu.
• Legere melius est quam dormire.
• Hic exercitus peior est quam ille Caesaris.
• Habeo magistrum sapientiorem quam tuum.
b) Superlative
1/ (partial suggestions)
• A very difficult time
• A very harsh hatred
• Very renowned men … in our best times considered this something very important and decorous.
• Meanwhile several very indignant and very large slaughters
• There from the most sacred temple … he took very nice and very antique statues.
2/ • pessima - infidelissima • minimi • maximae - difficillimae • nobilissimus - ditissimus
3/
• Tuus frater altissimus omnium nostrum est.
• Habeo optima arma.
• Hic miles audacissimus omnium est.
• Dedi praemium sapientissimo discipulo.
• Victoriae huius exercitus clarissimae sunt.
• Habito in ditissima urbe.
• caesar exercitum duxit in pessimum locum.
c) Further observations
1/ Comparative of inferiority and of equality
a/ (partial suggestions)
• Vibullius considered not less necessary to warn
• if Alienus had been less vehement
• were not less cruel against me
• What is as common as
• He does not seem to be as prone to misericord as
b/
• Haec urbs non est tam magna quam illa.
• Mea domus non est tam parva quam tua.
• Habito in urbe tam clara quam Roma.
• Cecidit in pugna tam crudeli quam proelio.
2/ Comparative and superlative by means of adverbs (partial suggestions)
• Each one is more useful
• After I was liberated, in my mind, much more relaxed and free, I began
• does not seem to be more popular
• It is extremely necessary
• the largest and most ill part of the state
• a place very safe
30
3/ A very common use of quam + superlative
a/ (partial suggestions)
• at a pace as fast as possible
• as many plantations as possible
• as many cities as possible
• at the most adequate time
• as quickly as posisble
• The soldiers of the 10th legion, in which he had the utmost confidence
b/
• Veni quam celerrime.
• Homo quam fortissimus est.
• Cicero legit quam plurimos libros.
• Volo habitare in urbe quam felicissima.
4/ Singular superlative with quique EACH meaning ALL
a/ (partial suggestions)
• to the best fighters
• The generals and all the strongest ones
• The wisest men…, the most foolish ones
• to all the best and most noble ones
• in all the lazy ones
b/
• Cuique optimo discipulo praemium dedi.
• Caesar templum in quaque maxima urbe aedificavit.
• Deligam celerrimum quemque cursorem.
• Quique sapientissimus philosophus venit Romam heri.
f) Pronouns
1.Demonstrativepronouns [26]
a/
hic, haec, hoc
hunc, hanc, hoc
huius, huius, huius
huic, huic, huic
hoc, hac, hoc
b/ The neuter plural “haec”.
c/
• huius • illorum • hunc • istum • hunc
¯
• hos • illam • huius - illorum • illas • istis
2.Personalpronouns [27]
a/
ego, me, mei, mihi, me
tu, te, tui, tibi, te
nos, nos, nostrum/-i, nobis, nobis
b/
• Statim viderunt nos.
• Nobis statim dederunt librum.
• Senatores eum non amant.
• Senatores ei nuntios dixerunt.
c/ • me • me • te • te - tibi • te - vobis • nobis • mei - vestri
32
3.Possessivepronouns [28]
a/
• Pompeius heri pervenit, et Caesar monstravit exercitum filio eius.
• Caesar monstravit exercitum suo filio.
• Heri Marcus vidit (suam) matrem in foro.
• Octavia habitat Romae. Heri Marcus vidit eius matrem in foro.
b/ • mei • suos • nostrum • naves ¯ • tuis • tuis • suas • vestram
4.Anaphoricpronoun [29]
a/
is, ea, id
eum, eam, id
eius, eius, eius
ei, ei, ei
eo, ea, eo
b/
• Heri eum et eam vidi.
• Utrique quinque libros dedi.
• Eos Romae necaverunt.
• Eis arma dederunt.
• Puer cum eis ludebat.
• Ei feminae multa sapientia inest.
c/
• eum • eas • eius • ei • eorum ¯ • eam • eis • eos • eam • eam • ei
5.Identitypronouns [30]
a/
idem, eadem
eundem, eandem
eiusdem, eiusdem
eidem eidem
eodem, eadem
b/
• Caesar ipse gladios dedit eisdem militibus.
• Ego ipse hoc vidi, sed tu ipse non vidisti.
• Debes legere eundem librum bis.
• In eadem domo habitant.
• Hoc dicam ei ipsi, non fratri eius.
c/ • ipse • idem • ipsos • eadem ¯ • eodem • ipsum • ipsis • eandem
6.Reflexivepronouns [31]
a/
• Vulneravit se suo gladio.
• Vulneravisti te tuo gladio.
• Emit tres libros tibi et duos sibi.
• Illam pecuniam hic sibi reliquit.
• Aliquando sibi loquitur.
b/ • se • sibi • se • sibi • se • sibi • se
The indirect reflexive
c/
• Caesar is meant.
• Caesar (unnamed here) is meant.
• The subject (unnamed here) is meant
d/
• Puella dixit matrem emisse librum sibi.
• Puella dixit matrem emisse librum ei.
• Puella dixit matrem emisse librum sibi ipsi.
34
7.Interrogativepronounandadjective [32]
a/
quae adj. quibus both quis pron. quem both
cuius both quid pron. quo both qui both
b/ (partial suggestions)
• In what way
• Who is there for whom
• Whom or when? … Whom or to whom?
• I ask, which ones?
• Whose are you?
• What trial is this in which
• In what can you
c/ • quid - quid - quos • cuius • quas • qua • quorum • qui • quid
d/
• Quis venit heri et cuius magistrum vidisti heri?
• Quos libros legisti?
• In qua urbe habitas et ad quem locum is?
• Quid est nomen tibi et cuius es discipulus?
• Cui dedisti equos?
8.Otherinterrogativepronouns [33]
a/ • c/ size • b/ quality • d/ which of two • a/ quantity
b/ (partial suggestions)
• What big tragedies
• How much
• What (kind of stuff) is this
• From what kind of
¯ • What (kind of thing) is this
• Which of both
• In how many ways
• How large a family he has
c/
• utram • quantus • quantum - quantae - quanta - quanti • quot • quantus • qualem
• quantum • utri
d/ • quantam • qualis • quantum • qualem • qualis • utra • quanta
e/
• Quanta est tua familia?
• Quot fratres habes?
• Quantam multitudinem vidi in foro!
• Quantam putas hanc urbem esse?
• Quales libros scripsit?
¯
• Vide qualem domum construxi!
• Utrum librum legere vis?
• Utra mulier prima pervenit?
• Utri domino dederunt servi cibum?
9.Relativepronoun [34]
a/
Sing.
qui, quae, quod
quem, quam, quod
cuius, cuius, cuius
36
cui, cui, cui
quo, qua, quo
Pl.
qui, quae, quae
quos, quas, quae
quorum, quarum, quorum
quibus, quibus, quibus
quibus, quibus, quibus
b/ • quos • quas • quo • qua • quibus • cuius
c/
• Vidi milites de quibus heri mihi dixisti.
• Amo cives qui haec templa aedificaverunt.
• Puellae cum quibus ludis sapientes sunt.
• Poeta cuius libros semper legis est in urbe hodie.
• Templum in quo heri fuisti pulcherrimum est.
10.Indefiniterelativepronoun [35]
a/ quisquis / quidquid
b/ (partial suggestions)
• Whatever you ordered
• those who are said to be good
• Those whom I heard… in whatever way I could.
• Whatever ship had come
• Whatever he could
c/ • quisquis - quidquid • quidquid • quaecumque • quibuscumque • quidquid
d/
• Quemcumque videas, dic mihi statim.
• Da mihi illum librum, quicumque sit.
• Quisquis in hac urbe habitat dives est.
• Cuicumque des pecuniam, laetus erit.
11.Otherindefinitepronouns [36]
a) Indefinites that derive from the relative
aliquis some, any
quis any
quidam a certain
quisque each
quilibet any
quisquam any
ww Aliquis, aliquid
1/ (partial suggestions)
• Will there be anyone
• some child
• to some assassin
• Now you say something
2/ • aliquid • aliquo • aliquo • aliquorum
3/
• Heri aliquis venit et tibi aliquid tulit.
• Hoc alicui dedi, nunc non memini cui.
• Habitat in aliqua urbe in Italia.
• Heri meus filius cum aliquibus amicis ludebat.
ww Quis, quid
1/ (partial suggestions)
• that Caesar should bring no foot soldier to the meeting
• Is there anyone who
• I feared that someone
2/ • quid • quid • cui - quid • quis
3/
• Num quem vidisti?
• Si quem vidis, dic duci.
38
• Timeo ne quid malum contra te faciat.
• Illic adero ne cui de hoc dicere possis.
ww Quidam, quiddam
1/ (partial suggestions)
• A certain man came
• There near is a certain cave
• to a certain relative for dinner
• a certain Dion from Sicily had received a large inheritance
2/ • quarundam • quibusdam • quoddam • quasdam
ww Quisque, quidque
1/ (partial suggestions)
• Each one of us
• As each one was the last
• to the best and most noble ones
2/ • cuique • quemque • quemque • quidque
3/
• Idem dixi cuique discipulo.
• In quaque urbe in hac terra habitavi.
• Quique discipulus epistulam accepit.
• Senatus praemium dedit cuique optimo oratori.
ww Quilibet, quidlibet
1/ (partial suggestions)
• any rumor is valid
• what anybody would do, he does it
• If any other had spoken against this
2/ • quemlibet • quemlibet • cuilibet
ww Quisquam, quidquam
1/ (partial suggestions)
• I did this alone, and there was nobody else present
• Who can
• what never anyone will do to me once dead
• No good man wants
2/ • quemquam • cuiquam • cuiquam • quidquam
3/
• Num quisquam adest qui possit Caesaris exercitum superare? Nemo, scis.
• Paene quemquam vidi heri in foro.
• Omnia nobis dixit et negavit se quidquam domo cepisse.
• Multi cives ad urbem venerunt neque quisquam in templum iniit.
b) Indefinites that do not derive from the relative
1/
unus one
solus alone
totus whole
alius other
ullus any
alter the other
uter either
uterque each of both
2/
❑ Alius means “another”, alter means “the other one” (out of two).
❑ Ullus means “any”, uter means “either of both”.
❑ which one of both
❑ to quisque
ww Unus, solus and totus
1/ (partial suggestions)
• There was a unique story
• Only you have been found
40
• in the power and moderation of only one
• Also all of the inhabitants of Puteoli
• Not even the Persians, when they declared war to all Greece
2/ • uno • uno • uno - solo • soli • totius
3/
• Soli Romani Gallos superaverunt.
• Romani superaverunt Gallos solos.
• Iter feci per totam regionem.
• Hoc dixi uni civi.
ww alius and ullus
1/
❑ In genitive, replaced by alterius.
❑ b/ quisquam
2/ (partial suggestions)
• Speaking badly is one thing, accusiing is something else.
• Each one is more useful in a different thing.
• Will there be any better place
• in another moment
• in any banquet
3/ • alios • alius - alio • ullas • alius - alium • ullos
4/
• Alius legatus aliud donum tulit.
• Alius miles alium hortatus est ante proelium.
• Alios captivos liberavi, alios ad Caesarem misi.
• Bibliotecham petivi neque ullus liber inerat quem non legissem.
• Num ulli pauperi pecuniam dedisti? Non ita, scio te non dedisse.
ww alter, uter and uterque
1/ (partial suggestions)
• As there are two parts of it, of which one is simple and the other one is composed
• if both of us want to have it?
• in the other one
• Because these T. Roscii are two, of which this one has Capito as surname
2/ • utroque • alterum - alterum • utri • utroque • utri
3/
• Si uter revenit, laetus ero, sed si uterque venit laetior ero.
• Dedi alium librum alteri discipulo.
• Alter puer alterum librum legit.
12.Negativepronouns [37]
ww nullus and neuter
a/ Nullus means “no one”, and neuter means “neither” (of both).
b/ (partial suggestions)
• through no well-known way
• When neither makes an attempt of crossing
• He, delayed nowhere
• Neither of them
• have no blame
• With hope (of victory) inclined towards neither side
c/ • nullius • neuter • nullum • neutri • non nulli • neutrum
d/
• In neutra urbe fui.
• In nulla urbe huius terrae fui.
42
• Neuter puer veritatem dixit.
• Nullus puer ludi veritatem dixit.
ww nihil-nihilum and nemo
a/ (partial suggestions)
• There is nothing
• Roscius accuses nobody
• There was no need
• There is noone of you who
• see nothing?
• no coin to anyone
• and he considered of no value
b/ • nemo • nihilo • neminem • nihilo • nihilo - nihilum • nemini
c/
• Nihil feci.
• Nemini de hoc dixi.
• Ex nulla re multum obtinuerunt.
• Hoc nihili habent.
• Hoc locutus nemini persuadebis.
• Vult neminem (Non vult quemquam) suum librum legere.
g) Adverbs and prepositional adverbs
2.Modaladverbs [38]
a/
bonus c bene
doctus c docte
prudens c prudenter
subitus c subito
fortis c fortiter
acer c acriter
b/
fortiter strongly
bene well
alte deeply
casu by chance
docte wisely
prudenter prudently
acriter harshly
forte by chance
festinatim hurriedly
vi by force
subito suddenly
silentio in silence
raro strangely
iure rightfully
c/ (partial suggestions)
• Then suddenly
• I will resist strongly and harshly
• From honest “honestly”, from wise “wisely”, but from rarus “rare” is not said, but some say “raro” and others say “rarenter”.
• because they hardly ever happen
• He said, who by chance
• he tried to retain by force
• unless by chance they are worthy of the disgrace
d/
• Acriter pugnaverunt.
• Repente, Caesar pervenit.
• Ceperunt urbem vi.
• Silentio et prudenter exiimus.
44
3.Comparativeandsuperlativeofmodaladverbs [39]
a/
ê prudently: prudenter
more prudently: prudentius
very prudently: prudentissime
ê well: bene
better: melius
best: optime
ê deeply: alte
more deeply: altius
very deeply: altissime
b/ (partial suggestions)
• I will deal more leniently
• do I wait for longer?
• more freely and more bravely
• He goes on very strongly
• to you as quickly as possible
• more clearly
c/
• Ego hoc feci male, tu fecisti peius, ille fecit pessime, et illi fecerunt quam pessime.
• Ego celeriter cucurri, tu celerius cucurristi, ille celerrime cucurrerunt, et illi quam celerrime cucurrerunt.
4.Quantitativeadverbs [40]
a/
aliquantum a little
magnopere much
nimis too much
satis enough
valde very
parum a little
b/
multum / plus / plurimum
magnopere / magis / maxime
parum / minus / minime
c/ (partial suggestions)
• have been investigated just a little
• was considered too cruel
• and with very good words
• When he had advanced a little
• Caesar relied extremely on it
• I carried more weight
d/ • valde • plus • satis • satis • minime • magis
e/
• Satis aquae habes?
• Multum pecuniae habes, illa plus pecuniae habet, illi plurimum pecuniae habent.
• Fessus sum, nimis cucurri.
• Post pugnam milites valde fessi erant.
5.Adverbsoftime [41]
a/
statim immediately
hodie today
cras tomorrow
pridie the day before
postridie the day after
semper always
interea meanwhile
identidem sometimes
umquam ever
quotannis every year
interdum from time to time
cotidie every day
mane in the morning
antea before
vix hardly
heri yesterday
noctu at night
nunc now
denique finally
quondam formerly
b/
for a long time: diu
for longer: diutius
for very long: diutissime
often: saepe
more often: saepius
very often: saepissime
w nuperrime
c/ (partial suggestions)
• Finally they fled
• my eyes to the ground sometimes
46
• Alfenus meanwhile in Rome
• A story sometimes, even if
• As we had done the day before
d/ • paulisper • Deinde • statim • Tum - diutius • saepissime
e/
• Heri hic adfuit, sed hodie eum non vidi.
• Fortasse cras videbis eum.
• Semper mane curro, nonnumquam meridie, et vix noctu.
• Cicero orationes habebat saepius quam Octavius.
• Nuper in illa urbe fui.
• Romae diutius quam tu vixi.
6.Adverbsofplace [42]
a/
alicubi somewhere
citra on this side
ultra further there
illic there
ubi where
supra above
procul far away
hic here
infra below
iuxta side by side
circa around
extra outside
b/
here: hic
towards here: huc
from here: hinc
there: illic
towards there: illuc
from there: illinc
place where ends in -ic
place towards ends in -uc
place from ends in -inc
c/
there: ibi
towards there: eo
from there: inde
where: ubi
towards where: quo
from where: unde
somewhere else: alibi
towards somewhere else: alio
from somewhere else: aliunde
place where ends in -i
place towards ends in -o
place from ends in -e
d/ longe / longius / longissime prope / propius / proxime
e/ (partial suggestions)
• from everywhere by the nature of the place
• had been left on this side of the river Arar
• on hills away from the camp
• look for a refuge somewhere else
• The enemy were at a distance not further away than
• inside those forests
• If only he were here nearby somewhere
f/
• Ubicumque est, turbatio accidit.
• Mane hic, noli illuc ire.
• Tum ego non aderam hic, aderam alibi.
• Procul habitat.
7.Interrogativeadverbs [43]
a/ • Quomodo • Quando • Unde • quanto • Cur • Quo • Ubi
b/
• Quomodo fecisti hoc difficile pensum?
• Quo duxit Caesar copias?
• Quantum pecuniae obtinuisti?
• Cur nolunt hic remanere?
• Quamdiu vis abesse?
48
8.Indefiniteadverbs [44]
a/
alicubi somewhere
aliquo towards somewhere
aliquando at some point
aliquo modo somehow
alicunde from somewhere
b/ • alicubi • aliquo • alicunde • aliquando • aliquo modo
c/
• Ubi proelium fiet? Alicubi fiet.
• Quo modo meum fratrem invenies? Inveniam eum aliquo modo.
• Quo isti post concilium? Aliquo ii.
• Quando pervenies? pervenio aliquando.
• Unde miserunt hos libros? Eos miserunt alicunde.
9.Affirmativeandnegativeadverbs [45]
a/ Affirmative: sane, profecto, quidem, certe Negative: nequaquam, minime, haud, nequidem
b/ (partial suggestions)
• It was this indeed.
• Bidis is a town really small
• To him not even to die
• Certainly, go with him, Phrugia.
• That seemed to me in no way worthy of
c/ • Certe • Minime • forsitan • ne - quidem • Nimirum
d/
• Bonus civis es? Sane, nimirum!
• Fuit Catilina probus senator? Minime, nequaquam!
• Fortasse cras ibo Romam.
• Numquam librum legit, ne brevissimum quidem.
• Neque odi neque amo eos.
10.Prepositionaladverbs [46]
a/ A prepositional adverb cannot be used to form compound verbs.
b/
citra on this side
contra in front
propter because of
palam publicly
sine without
coram face to face
supra above
clam secretly
ultra beyond
circa around
infra below
w palam, clam, coram, sine
c/ • coram • propter • extra • Clam • sine - sine • circa • palam
d/
• Loquar palam senatoribus.
• Semper omnia facit clam me.
• Cives sunt intra urbem, hostes sunt extra urbem.
• Alia pars classis navigavit supra Ephesum, alia infra Ephesum.
Exercises on all adverbs [47]
1/
• celeriter modal clam prepositional
• Forte (affirmative) extra prepositional
• Fortiter modal
• Noctu temporal semper temporal heri temporal
• Denique temporal meridie temporal
• Vi modal
¯
• Nimis quantitative minus quantitative
50
• Minime negative Magis quantitative
• Identidem temporal vix temporal
• Quotannis temporal ibi of place alicubi of place
• postridie temporal
• supra of place
¯
• Ubi of place Fortasse (affirmative) procul of place
• Minime negative proxime of place
• undecumque of place
• Quomodo modal
• aliquo modo modal
• Quo of place lente modal silentio modal
2/
• Minime hoc faciam.
• Quo modo te habes?
• Bene me habeo.
• Celerius curro quam tu.
• Hostes undique venerunt.
¯
• Veni quam celerrime.
• Neque discipulos neque magistrum video.
• Parum temporis legam.
• Hodie multum laboravi.
¯
• Tunc cras debes dormire.
• Non solum cras, sed in aeternum.
• Alicubi eum vidi, tunc alio abiit.
• Hinc illuc abiit.
h) The correlatives
1.Correlativeadverbs [48]
a) Definitions and examples
1/
Ø Demonstrative
Ø Relative
Ø Indefinite
Ø Indefinite relative
Ø Interrogative
2/
w Interrogative and relative
w The prefix -ali
w We add -cumque
b) The local correlative adverbs
1/
Ø Demonstrative: ibi, eo
Ø Relative: ubi, quo
Ø Indefinite: alicubi, aliquo
Ø Indefinite relative: ubicumque, quocumque
Ø Interrogative: ubi? quo?
2/
Ø Demonstrative: inde, ea
Ø Relative: unde, qua
Ø Indefinite: alicunde, aliqua
52
Ø Indefinite relative: undecumque, quacumque
Ø Interrogative: unde? qua?
3/ (partial suggestions)
— From where - to where
— From somewhere - to somewhere
— Towards there - where
— To wherever
— There - from where - There - from wherever
— There - here
— where
— somewhere - Wherever
— through where
— through wherever
— through somewhere - where
4/
— Unde pervenit Pompeius heri?
— Nescio, alicunde.
— Et quo aget exercitum?
— Aliquo, fortasse ad montes.
— Qua? Per mediam urbem?
— Minime. Ubicumque milites eius sunt, populus semper metum sentiunt.
— Quoque ibi, quocumque eos agit. Et ubi est nunc?
— Alicubi, prope urbem. Inde vult eos ducere quo(cumque) senatus iubet.
c) The temporal correlative adverbs
1/
Ø Demonstrative: tum
Ø Relative: cum
Ø Indefinite: aliquando
Ø Indefinite relative: quandocumque
Ø Interrogative: quando?
2/ (partial suggestions)
• Can we at some point
• Whenever death
• When did he refuse
• If it ever happens, then
3/
• Quando ibis Romam?
• Quandocumque me ire iubeas, ibo.
• Ibo Romam aliquando.
• Fortasse tum proelium fiet.
d) The frequentative correlative adverbs
1/
Ø Demonstrative: totiens
Ø Relative: quotiens
Ø Indefinite: aliquotiens
Ø Indefinite relative: quotienscumque
Ø Interrogative: quotiens?
2/ (partial suggestions)
• He, as many times as Naevius
• If I said so many times
• However often I speak
• How often have you tried
• You were several times
54
3/
• Ego in Italia totiens fui quotiens tu.
• Aliquotiens Caesar ei imperavit ne castra moveret.
• Quotiens edis cotidie?
• Cur Catilina totiens conatus est Ciceronem necare?
• Quotienscumque Caesar te iubet hoc facere, noli ei parere.
2.Correlativeadjectives [49]
a) The correlatives SUCH ... AS and AS LARGE ... AS
1/
• The first one makes reference to quality (such…as), and the second one to quantity (so large…as).
• The same as above.
2/ (partial suggestions)
• neither nothing nor as much as we asked for
• obtained as much as he asked for?
• does not affect me as much as the nefastuous plot of this man
• And if someone is such as everybody
• we may seem to be such as we are
• The consuls can act the same way they acted when
• that nobody produces and produced as much hatred to the Syracusans as this one
3/
• Mea domus non talis est qualis tua, pulcherrima non est.
• Numquam talem oratorem audivi qualem hodie.
• Brutus non habebat tantum exercitum quantum Octavius.
• Non habito in tanta urbe quanta est urbs in qua tu habitas.
b) The whole series of correlative adjectives
1/
Ø Demonstrative: talis, tantus
Ø Relative: qualis, quantus
Ø Indefinite: non-existent, aliquantus
Ø Indefinite relative: qualiscumque, quantuscumque
Ø Interrogative: qualis? quantus?
2/ (partial suggestions)
• I can answer that I, of whatever kind I am
• such thing as you to me
• You do not know what large strength
• As long as you do such (things) as up to now
• what and how great men
¯
• We ask of what kind it is. It is such as
• what great laugh it provokes
• He, of whatever kind he may be
• What big problems I produce, what large mechanisms I move!
3/
• Quantumcumque exercitum habeas, urbem non capies.
• Quales libros legis?
• Lego tales libros quales tu nunquam legis.
• Quantus erat exercitus?
• Exercitus tantus erat quantus exercitus Caesaris.
c) The series of WHO / WHAT
1/
Ø Demonstrative: is
Ø Relative: qui
Ø Indefinite: aliquis
Ø Indefinite relative: quicumque
Ø Interrogative: quis?
56
2/ (partial suggestions)
• Whoever did this
• whomever they could
• He sent a letter to some assassin who
• What place … allotted to somebody?
• what you can say
3/
• Quis venit heri?
• Aliquis venit, sed nescio quis.
• Quiscumque hoc dicat, errat.
• Quidcumque me doces, disco.
d) The series of HOW MANY
1/
Ø Relative: quot
Ø Indefinite: aliquot
Ø Indefinite relative: quotcumque
Ø Interrogative: quot?
2/ (partial suggestions)
• Some centuries later
• Look how many glasses we drink. As many as
• There are as many opinions as men.
• when he had already been for some years in politics
• How many farmers
3/
• Quot milites Brutus Romam duxit?
• Duxit modo aliquot milites.
• Quotcumque milites ducas, Octavius te vincet.
• Tot cives sunt in hac urbe quot Romae.
a) General observations
2.Thetenses [50]
a/
present what is happening perfect what (has) happened
imperfect what was happening pluperfect what had happened
future what will happen future perfect what will have happened
b/
Present-stem tenses Perfect-stem tenses
present perfect
imperfect pluperfect
future future perfect
3.Themoods [51]
indicative real facts
subjunctive special meanings and subordinates
imperative orders
infinitive verbal noun
participle verbal adjective
gerund declension of the infinitive
4.Thevoices [52]
w two
w Verbs that have passive form but active meaning.
58
5.Formationoftenses [53]
a/
For present: stem + endings
For imperfect: stem + ba + endings
For future: stem + b + union vowel + endings
For perfect: perfect stem + special endings
For pluperfect: perfect stem + era + endings
For future perfect: perfect stem + er + union vowel + endings
b/ perfect tense
c/ — Perfect: perfect participle + present of sum
— Pluperfect: perfect participle + imperfect of sum
— Future perfect: perfect participle + future of sum
6.Formationofmoods [54]
w Future and future perfect
w Infinitive: noun Participle: adjective
w participle + esse
w present stem + nd + 2nd declension endings
w two
7.Typesofverbs [55]
w Verbs of the 3rd conjugation that, because of an additional -i-, resemble the 4th.
w The perfect tenses: perfect, pluperfect and future perfect.
8.Principalparts [56]
w 1st person present infinitive 1st person perfect supine
w on the infinitive
w on the 1st person perfect
w for participles
b) The four regular conjugations
1.The1stconjugation [57]
a) Principal parts
w ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum
w ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum
b) Indicative and Subjunctive
w -i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt/ere
w -o/m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
1/
Indicative Subjunctive
Present
laboro
laborat
laborant
Perfect
laboravi
laboravit
laboraverunt
Present
laborem
laboret
laborent
Perfect
laboraverim
laboraverit
laboraverint
Imperfect
laborabam
laborabat
laborabant
Pluperfect
laboraveram
laboraverat
laboraverant
Imperfect
laborarem
laboraret
laborarent
Pluperfect
laboravissem
laboravisset
laboravissent
Future
laborabo
laborabit
laborabunt
Future perfect
laboravero
laboraverit
laboraverint
2/ to the future perfect
60
c) Other moods
1/
Present Past Future
Active laborans, -antis non-existent laboraturus, -a, -um
Passive non-existent laboratus, -a, -um laborandus, -a, -um
2/
Present Past Future
Active laborare laboravisse laboraturum/am/um esse
Passive laborari laboratum/am/um esse laboratum iri
3/
Gerund Supines
laborandum
laborandi
laborando
laborando
laboratum
laboratu
d) More questions
1/
laudo to praise
rogo to pray
servo to save
adiuvo, adiuvi to help
erro to wander
festino to hurry
neco to kill
dubito to hesitate
impero to order
laboro to work
paro to prepare
sto, steti to stand
pugno to fight
voco to call
habito to dwell
appropinquo to approach
cogito to think
do, dedi to give
supero to overcome
2/
dubitavisti perfect indic. 2nd sing.
dubitantem acc. sing. present participle
duvitavisse perfect infinitive
dubitatis present indic. 2nd pl.
dubitavero future perfect 1st sing.
dubitabamus imperfect indic. 1st pl.
dubites present subj. 2nd sing.
dubitabimus future 1st pl.
dubitandi gerund genitive
dubitaturos future participle acc. pl.
dubitaturos esse future active infinitive
dubitarent imperfect subj. 3rd pl.
dubitanda future passive partic. neuter pl.
dubitavissemus plup. subjunc. 1st pl.
dubitari passive infinitive
2.The2ndconjugation [58]
a/
Present indicative
Present subjunctive
What is the difference in the indicative?
It keeps the vowel in the 1st sing.
And in the subjunctive?
It keeps the vowel (in all persons).
habeo
habes
habet
habemus
habetis
habent
habeam
habeas
habeat
habeamus
habeatis
habeant
b/
moneo, monui, monitum to warn
doceo, docui, doctum to teach
timeo, timui, ---- to fear
video, vidi, visum to see
praebeo, praebui, praebitum to offer
teneo, tenui, ---- to hold
deleo, delevi, deletum to destroy
habeo, habui, habitum to have
terreo, terrui, territum to terrify
debeo, debui, debitum to have to
iubeo, iussi, iussum to order
62
3.The3rdconjugation [59]
a/
Indicative Subjunctive
Present
dico
dicit
dicunt
Perfect
dixi
dixit
dixerunt
Present
dicam
dicat
dicant
Perfect
dixerim
dixerit
dixerint
Imperfect
dicebam
dicebat
dicebant
Pluperfect
dixeram
dixerat
dixerant
Imperfect
dicerem
diceret
dicerent
Pluperfect
dixissem
dixisset
dixissent
Future
dicam
dices
dicet
Future perfect
dixero
dixerit
dixerint
b/ To the future perfect
c/ Singular: dic Plural: dicite
d/
Present Past Future
Active dicens, -entis non-existent dicturus, -a, -um
Passive non-existent dictus, -a, -um dicendus, -a, -um
e/
Present Past Future
Active dicere dixisse dicturum/am/um esse
Passive dici dictum/am/um esse dictum iri
f/
occido, occidi occisum to kill
pello, pepuli, pulsum to push
peto, petivi, petitum to strive to
ago, egi, actum to lead
cado, cecidi, ---- to fall
mitto, misi, missum to send
duco, duxi, ductum to lead
gero, gessi, gestum to do
reliquo, reliqui, relictum to leave behind
curro, cucurri, cursum to run
discedo, discessi, discessum to depart
vinco, vici, victum to conquer
credo, credidi, creditum to believe
disco, didici, ---- to learn
pono, posui, positum to put
lego, legi, lectum to read
g/
duci passive infinitive
duxeram plup. indicat. 1st sing.
duxistis perfect indic. 2nd pl.
ducendo gerund, ablative
ducebatis imperf. indic. 2nd sing.
duxerim perfect subj. 1st sing.
duxero future perfect 1st sing.
ductum esse past passive infin.
duces future 2nd sing.
ducas pres. subj. 2nd sing.
ductu supine
duxisse perfect active infin.
duxissem plusq. subj. 1st sing.
duceremus imperf. subj. 1st pl.
ducite imperative pl.
4.The4thconjugation [60]
a/ - o, - ire - ivi - itum
b/
Indicative Subjunctive
Present
punio
punit
puniunt
Perfect
punivi
punivit
puniverunt
Present
puniam
punias
puniat
Perfect
puniverim
puniverit
puniverint
64
Imperfect
puniebam
puniebat
puniebant
Pluperfect
puniveram
puniverat
puniverant
Imperfect
punirem
puniret
punirent
Pluperfect
punivissem
punivisset
punivissent
Future
puniam
puniet
punient
Future perfect
punivero
puniverit
puniverint
c/
Present Past Future
Active puniens, -entis non-existent puniturus, -a, -um
Passive non-existent punitus, -a, -um puniendus, -a, -um
d/
venio, veni, ventum to come
punio to punish
scio to know
nescio not to know
pervenio, perveni, perventum to arrive
sentio, sensi, sensum to perceive
dormio to sleep
invenio, inveni, inventum to find
5.Themixedconjugation [61]
a/ It is a sub-group of the 3rd conjugation.
b/
The defining characteristic is the inclussion of an -i- in the present stem.
It makes these verbs look like verbs of the 4th.
c/
Present Past Future
Active faciens, -entis non-existent facturus, -a, -um
Passive non-existent factus, -a, -um faciendus, -a, -um
d/ Present pass. inf.: non-existent (use fieri) Gerund: Acc. faciendum
Gen. faciendi
Dat. faciendo
Abl. faciendo
e/
Indicative Subjunctive
Present
facio
facit
faciunt
Present
faciam
faciat
faciant
Imperfect
faciebam
faciebat
faciebant
Imperfect
facerem
faceret
facerent
w It lacks the -i-
Future
faciam
facies
faciet
f/
incipio, incepi, inceptum to begin
cupio, cupivi, cupitum to desire
facio, feci, factum to do
accipio, accepi, acceptum to receive
interficio, interfeci, interfectum to kill
suscipio, suscepi, susceptum to undertake
conspicio, conspeci, conspectum to look at
fugio, fugi, ---- to flee
iacio, ieci, iactum to throw
66
c) The passive voice
1.Present-stemtenses [62]
a/
Active: -o -s -t -mus -tis -nt
Passive: -or -ris/re -tur -mur -mini -ntur
b/
Indicative Subjunctive
Present
imperor
imperatur
imperantur
Present
imperer
imperetur
imperentur
Imperfect
imperabar
imperabatur
imperabantur
Imperfect
imperarer
imperaretur
imperarentur
The 2nd singular vould be imperaberis instead of imperabiris
Future
imperabor
imperabitur
imperabuntur
c/
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
Present
mittor
mittitur
mittuntur
Present
mittar
mittatur
mittantur
Present
cupior
cupitur
cupiuntur
Present
cupiar
cupiatur
cupiantur
Imperfect
mittebar
mittebatur
mittebantur
Imperfect
mitterer
mitteretur
mitterentur
Imperfect
cupiebar
cupiebatur
cupiebantur
Imperfect
cuperer
cuperetur
cuperentur
Future
mittar
mittetur
mittentur
Future
cupiar
cupietur
cupientur
w in the 2nd sing. present indicative.
d/ Singular: cupere Plural: cupimini
w Like an active infinitive.
e/
duceris 2nd sing. present or future indic.
ducerer 1s sing. imperft. subj.
ducere imperative sing.
ducar 1st sing. future indic. or present subj.
ducebamur 1st pl. imperfect indic.
ducuntur 3rd pl. present indic.
ducimur 1st pl. present indic.
ducamur 1st pl. present subj.
ducimini 2nd pl. pres. subj.
ducentur 3rd pl. future
f/
• Pons deletur a militibus.
• Discipuli monebantur a magistro.
• Cras liber scribetur a me.
• Dux laudatur ab exercitu suo.
• Urbs aedificabitur a militibus.
g/ (partial suggestions)
• Lentulus is arrested by the king and is killed
• was heard
• is captured and killed
68
• is despised, and a disgusting soldier is appreciated
• They will be freed from
2.Perfect-stemtenses [63]
a/
Indicative Subjunctive
Perfect
missus, -a, -um + sum, es, est
missi, -ae, -a + sumus, estis, sunt
Perfect
missus, -a, -um + sim, sis, sit
missi, -ae, -a + simus, sitis, sint
Pluperfect
missus, -a, -um + eram, eras, erat
missi, -ae, -a + eramus, eratis, erant
Pluperfect
missus, -a, -um + essem, esses, esset
missi, -ae, -a + essemus, essetis, essent
Future Perfect
missus, -a, -um + ero, eris, erit
missi, -ae, -a + erimus, eritis, erunt
b/ 1/ The consul has been heard.
c/ • Epistula recepta erat • Milites interfecti erunt • Fur punitus est
d/
• Caesar necatus est a senatoribus.
• Hostes victi sunt ab Octavio in proelio.
• Rex es urbe a civibus expulsus est.
• Omnia haec a Cicerone gesta sunt.
e/ (partial suggestions)
• The senate has been praised
• She was praised
• were captured
• one was killed, the other one was captured
• A location was chosen
d) Deponent and semi-deponent verbs
1.Deponentverbs [64]
a/ A verb with passive form but active meaning.
b/ With passive forms.
c/
persequor, persequi, persecutus sum to persecute
aggredior, aggredi, aggressus sum to approach
morior, mori, mortuus sum to die
proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum to set out
fateor, fateri, fassus sum to confess
potior, potiri, potitus sum to acquire
nascor, nasci, natus sum to be born
consequor, consequi, consecutus sum to follow
prosequor, prosequi, prosecutus sum to continue
conor, -ari, -atus sum to try
irascor, irasci, iratus sum to be angry
¯
progredior, progredi, progressus sum to advance
reor, reri, ratus sum to think
patior, pati, passus sum to suffer
loquor, loqui, locutus sum to speak
polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum to promise
utor, uti, usus sum to use
hortor, hortari, hortatus sum to urge
regredior, regredi, regressus sum to return
miror, mirari, miratus sum to admire
egredior, egredi, egressus sum to go out
70
ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum to enter
vereor, vereri, veritus sum to fear
obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum to forget
d/ (partial suggestions)
• Nobody spoke
• He made use of
• He stood up and spoke
• that he had gone back to common sense
• allowed that her stubbornness be broken
• The soldier made use of
• They complained that
e/ • pati • auxiliantur • ingressus est • utuntur • proficiscitur • ultus est • prosecuta est
2.Nominalformsindeponentverbs [65]
a/
Present Past Future
Active non-existent non-existent minaturum esse (to be about to admire)
Passive mirari (to admire) miratum/am/um esse (to have admired)
non-existent
b/
Present Past Future
Active mirans, -antis (admiring)
non-existent miraturus, -a, -um (that is about to admire)
Passive non-existent miratus, -a, -um (having admired)
mirandus, -a, -um (that must be admired)
w Future infinitive, present participle and future participle.
w Future passive participle.
c/ • Fretus • ratus • adgressus • sequi • complexus • secuti • ingredi • cohortatus • conantes
3.Semi-deponentverbs [66]
a/ A verb that has passive form (but active meaning) for the perfect-stem tenses.
b/ That the infinitive is itself passive.
c/
soleo, -ere, solitus sum to be accustomed to
gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum to rejoice
confido, -ere, confisus sum to trust
d/ • Solitus est • solebat • gavisus sum • solebat • confisus sum • soliti sunt
4.Passivedeponentverbs [67]
a/ Verbs with active form but passive meaning
b/ vapulo to be flogged exulo to be banished veneo to be sold
c/ • vapula • exulat • vapulem • exulare • vapulare • veniisse • exulatum • exulat
72
e) Verb sum and its compounds
1.Verbsum [68]
a/
present: sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt
imperfect: eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant
future: ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt
b/
present: sim, sis, sit, simus, sitis, sint
imperfect: essem, esses, esset, essemus, essetis, essent
c/ Future participle
d/ fore
e/ (partial suggestions)
• I said that I would be
• As I suspected that there would be
• be good to me!
• Be well
• if I had not existed, and that there would be none if I had not come back
2.Compoundsofsum [69]
a/
obsum to oppose
intersum to be in the middle
adsum to support
desum to be lacking
supersum to survive
absum to be absent
praesum to be at the front
insum to be inside
b/ (partial suggestions)
• was far away from the forum
• This place was distant
• were at the front of the army committed crimes
• There was so much strength
• at the front of which was Figulus
• only soul and body are left for me
c/ • interesse • supererat • intererat • deerat • obest
d/
• Caesari aderamus consulatui.
• Inest Octavius? Amabo te, dic ei me adesse. Spero eum non abesse.
• Tres soli milites superfuerunt.
• Quinque libri desunt bibliothecae.
3.Verbpossum [70]
a/ possum, potes, potest, possumus, potestis, possunt
b/
Indicative Subjunctive
Present
possum
Perfect
potui
Present
possim
Perfect
potuerim
Imperfect
poteram
Pluperfect
potueram
Imperfect
possem
Pluperfect
potuissem
Future
potero
Fut. perfect
potuero
c/ • potest • potest • poterunt • potes - posse • potuisse • potero
74
d/
• Potes eum videre?
• Cras non potero Romam ire.
• Non potui eum vincere.
• Pueri volunt mythologicas fabulas legere posse.
4.Verbprosum [71]
a/ prosum, prodes, prodest, prosumus, prodestis, prosunt
b/
Indicative Subjunctive
Present
prosum
Perfect
profui
Present
prosim
Perfect
profuerim
Imperfect
proderam
Pluperfect
profueram
Imperfect
prodessem
Pluperfect
profuissem
Future
prodero
Fut. perfect
profuero
c/ (partial suggestions)
• What is the benefit of
• What will the benefit be
• It is not useful for an orator
• He accused Anthony, my colleague, who took no benefit from
¯
• What you know helps
• That was useful once, this will always be useful
• helps a lot
• that this letter was very useful
d/
• Hoc mihi nihil prodest.
• Haec victoria multum proderit Romae.
• Puto hos libros multum discipulis profuturos esse.
• Senatorem necare nihil profuit provinciae.
f) Irregular verbs
1.Verbvolo [72]
a/ volo, vis, vult, volumus, vultis, volunt
b/
Indicative Subjunctive
Present
volo
Perfect
volui
Present
velim
Perfect
voluerim
Imperfect
volebam
Pluperfect
volueram
Imperfect
vellem
Pluperfect
voluissem
Future
volam
Fut. perfect
voluero
c/ • Vis • vult • velle • volui • vult • velle • vis • voluisse
d/
• Vis nobiscum venire?
• Volebam eum videre, sed non potui.
• Quisque vult felix esse.
• Volet Romam delere?
• Si voluisses hoc facere, fecisses.
2.Verbnolo [73]
a/ nolo, non vis, non vult, nolumus, non vultis, nolunt
76
b/
Indicative Subjunctive
Present
nolo
Perfect
nolui
Present
nolim
Perfect
noluerim
Imperfect
nolebam
Pluperfect
nolueram
Imperfect
nollem
Pluperfect
noluissem
Future
nolam
Fut. perfect
noluero
c/ • noluisse • nolle • noluit • nolunt • Noli • noluit • nolunt • Nolle
d/
• Nolite hunc librum legere!
• Non vult pugnare.
• Si noluisset hunc librum scribere, non scripsisset.
• Currere nolebat, sed ego ei persuasi.
3.Verbmalo [74]
a/ malo, mavis, mavult, malumus, mavultis, malunt
b/
Indicative Subjunctive
Present
malo
Perfect
malui
Present
malim
Perfect
maluerim
Imperfect
malebam
Pluperfect
malueram
Imperfect
mallem
Pluperfect
maluissem
Future
malam
Fut. perfect
maluero
c/ • mavis • maluissem • malle • mavis • Malebat • mavis • Malet
d/
• Malo hic manere quam ad urbem ire.
• Quid maluerunt?
• Si hunc librum maluisset, cepisset.
• Malimus hoc facere.
4.Verbeoanditscompounds [75]
a/ eo, is, it, imus, itis, eunt
b/
Indicative Subjunctive
Present
eo
Perfect
ii
Present
eam
Perfect
ierim
Imperfect
ibam
Pluperfect
ieram
Imperfect
irem
Pluperfect
issem
Future
ibo
Fut. perfect
iero
c/
Present Past Future
Active iens, euntis non-existent iturus, -a, -um
Passive non-existent non-existent eundus, -a, -um
d/ eundum
e/
obeo to go to meet
pereo to die
ineo to enter
praeeo to go in the 1st position
78
abeo to go away
redeo to go back
transeo to cross
adeo to approach
circumeo to go around
exeo to go out
f/ (partial suggestions)
• Today he will not go back
• Ah, he has left
• he departed and died miserably
• They cross the Rhine
• entered the position of magistrate
• He was going first
¯
• he died
• From where does this one go out?
• died in the sea
• I saw a woman going out
• At night he crosses the river and goes back
• go into battle
g/ • ineunte • redeuntes • adire • Adit • adit • periit • exeunte
5.Verbferoanditscompounds [76]
a/ fero, fers, fert, ferimus, fertis, ferunt
b/
Indicative Subjunctive
Present
fero
Perfect
tuli
Present
feram
Perfect
tulerim
Imperfect
ferebam
Pluperfect
tuleram
Imperfect
ferrem
Pluperfect
tulissem
Future
feram
Fut. perfect
tulero
c/
profero to put forward
refero to bring back
infero to take into
aufero to remove
offero to offer
praefero to present
suffero to bear
confero to put together
effero to take out
d/ (partial suggestions)
• As I think
• We removed those
• They try to bring danger to
• were presented
• raised his hands to heaven
• that made me happy
• praises his exploits
e/
• praeferebat • conferunt • auferre • sustulerit • extuli / retuli / tulerunt
6.Verbedo [77]
a/
� edo, esse, edi, esum
� Regular: edo, edis, edit, edimus, editis, edunt Optional: edo, es, est, edimus, estis, edunt
b/ edere / esse
c/ • edunt • edentem • edimus • edim • edemus
7.Verbfio [78]
a/ fio, fis, fit, fimus, fitis, fiunt
80
b/
Indicative Subjunctive
Present
fio
Perfect
factus sum
Present
fiam
Perfect
factus sim
Imperfect
fiebam
Pluperfect
factus eram
Imperfect
fierem
Pluperfect
factus essem
Future
fiam
Fut. perfect
factus ero
c/ (partial suggestions)
• Labienus, in order to make an attack happen
• What happens
• All these things happen
• A sudden outburst was taking place
d/ • fieri • fit • fieri • fit • fient
e/
• Caesar consul factus est.
• Quid hic fit?
• Proelium prope Romam fiet.
• Fieri non potest ut hostes semper vincant!
• Legendo sapientiores fimus.
8.Defectiveverbs [79]
a/ coepi to begin odi to hate novi to know memini to remember
b/ coepi
c/ nosco
d/
inquam to say
queo to be able
aio to say
nequeo not to be able
quaeso to pray
e/ (partial suggestions)
• as I suppose that you remember
• Please, remember
• I can say this
• He says that
• Who does not hate
• Then this god says
• I can’t sleep.
f/ • novi • coepit • inquam • queo • quaeso • Nequeo • novit
g/
• Novisti illum virum?
• Heri coeperunt pontem construere.
• Illum consulem non novi.
• Nequeo currere, fessus sum.
82
g) Overview of peculiar constructions
2.Peculiarconstructions [81]
a) Single examples (partial suggestions)
• when he had renounced to
• he is not free from suspicion
• He set them free from any punishment
• Also this is expecting you
• Titurius sends to him
• She immediately married
• He committed
• When he died
• He was sure in his mind that
• Doesn’t the homeland excel
• Who prevented
• Giton was laughing at
• He did not keep
• He supported Catilina
• I feel fear for
b) Multiple examples (partial suggestions)
• I agree with • When I had approached
¯
• the weapons had fallen off their hands • If anything went out of • that everything happened because of me
¯
• Those who committed such a crime • Then he denies that he will entrust
¯
• I do not concede • I admit that I • Did I try to avoid your eyes (presence)?
¯
• To whom did he entrust • He who did not believe
¯
• I regret that • I feel sorry for • I feel sorrow for • I feel sorrow for
¯
• he rewarded the whole veteran army • He rewarded me with • The Roman people gave me
¯
• I realise • They were escaping from
¯
• I am glad that our laws • I am glad because
¯
• I do not think it necessary • I have • I think that you are
¯
• I do not feel envy of • Those who deprived me of • if I had not envied Crassus
¯
• You threaten your father • He threatened everybody
¯
• He said that there was noone • He said that he had never been
¯
• It seemed well that Pompeius • I decided to • They decided that
¯
• He puts his life before • Afranius puts this man in command of
¯
• Consequently, I teach • By force it must be deduced that I
84
h) Compound verbs
1. Compound verbs with a/ab [82]
a/
abstineo to refrain from
abripio to take away
abscindo to tear off
averto to turn away
aufero to kill
abdo to conceal
absum to be absent
absumo to diminish
abduco to lead away
aberro to go astray
b/
• abdo, abdere, abdidi, abditum
• abduco, abducere, abduxi, abductum
• abeo, abire, abii, abitum
• abscindo, abscindere, abscidi, abscissum
¯
• abstineo, abstinere, abstinui, abstentum
• amitto, amittere, amisi, amissum
• aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum
• averto, avertere, averti, aversum
c/
• abstinuit • abdicant • averti • aberravimus
d/
• Quis pecuniam abstulit?
• Eum amisi.
• Heri abiit.
• Ubi cibum abdidisti?
85
2. Compound verbs with ad [83]
a/
adolesco to come to maturity
accido to happen
addo to attach
attingo to reach
adimo to take away
appello to bring in
accedo to approach
adipiscor to achieve
appeto to strive for
advenio to arrive
agnosco to recognise
b/
• accedo, accedere, accessi, accessum
• accido, accidere, accidi, accisum
• adimo, adimere, ademi, ademptum
• adolesco, adolescere, adolevi, adultum
¯
• agnosco, agnoscere, agnovi, agnitum
• appello, appellere, appuli, appulsum
• attineo, attinere, attinui (no supine)
• attingo, attingere, attigi, attactum
c/
• accidit • ademit • appulerunt • attinet
d/
• Quando advenisti?
• Adeptus sum viginti plures libros ludo.
• Attribuam hoc munus ei.
• Noluit me adiuvare.
3. Compound verbs with ante and circum [84]
a/
circumspecto to look around
circumsto to stand around
anticipo to take before
circumdo to place around
circumflecto to bend
antecedo to go before
circumfundo to pour around
circumscribo to encompass
86
b/
• antecedo, antecedere, antecessi (no supine)
• antefero, anteferre, antetuli, antelatum
• circumdo, circumdare, circumdedi, circumdatum
• circumspecto, -are, -avi, -atum
• circumvenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum
c/
• circumveni • antepono • circumspexi • circumfudit
d/
• Discipulos circum moenia circumegi.
• In triumpho, Caesar semper anteibat.
• Hanc domum circumvenimus.
• Specta, volo circumspicere.
4. Compound verbs with cum [85]
a/
commoror to tarry
consumo to use up
commoveo to stir
compello to assemble
coeo to go together
cognosco to become acquainted with
cohibeo to confine
comperio to find out
concido to perish
confiteor to confess
confligo to fight
consisto to endure
conspicio to observe
consuesco to accustom oneself
consulo to deliberate
coalesco to unite
comminor to threaten
concurro to assemble
condo to found
conficio to complete
committo to perpetrate
b/
• coerceo, coercere, coercui, coercitum
• colligo, colligere, collegi, collectum
• commuto, -are, -avi, -atum
87
• comperio, comperire, comperi, compertum
• concido, concidere, concidi (no supine)
• conficio, conficere, confeci, confectum
¯
• confligo, confligere, conflixi, conflictum
• confundo, confundere, confudi, confusus
• conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectum
• consisto, consistere, constiti, constitum
• consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetum
• conveho, convehere, convexi, convectum
c/
• coeo • collegi • confecit • consensi
d/
• Milites consumpserunt omnem cibum.
• Nostri socii cito concesserunt.
• Confessus est se senatorem necavisse.
• Legiones hostium confuderunt.
5. Compound verbs with de [86]
a/
delabor to fall down
demoveo to remove
deficio to revolt
devinco to defeat completely
deprehendo to snatch
deripio to tear off
desilio to leap down
decedo to depart
depello to drive out
despicio to be inattentive
decerno to decide
dedo to give up
deicio to throw down
desino to allow
b/
• decedo, decedere, decessi, decessum
• dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditum
88
• deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum
• demo demere, dempsi, demptum
• desilio, desilere, desilui, desultum
• devinco, devincere, devinxi, devinctum
c/
• demovit • desiluit • deterrere • devinxit
d/
• Mane decedere volebamus.
• Se dederunt Romanis.
• Numquam nostros socios destituimus.
• Cum hoc vidissem, desperavi.
6. Compound verbs with e/ex [87]
a/
ementior to lie
eveho to carry out
excipio to take out
educo to lead out
efficio to complete
effundo to pour out
eicio to cast out
elabor to fall out
eripio to snatch away
evado to escape
exorior to arise
expedio to extricate
exeo to go out
exerceo to work
exigo to demand
exsisto to step out
b/
• effundo, effundere, effudi, effusum
• eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptum
• everto, evertere, everti, eversum
• exsisto, exsistere, exstiti (no supine)
• exerceo, exercere, exercui, exercitum
• exerceo, exercere, exercui, exercitum
c/ • exire • ementitur • eduxi • exsolvit • eripuerunt
89
d/
• Summa cum cura locum exploravimus.
• Existimo eum bonum senatorem esse.
• Eum e templo extraximus.
• Proditorem ex urbe expulerunt.
7. Compound verbs with in [88]
a/
insurgo to rise up
intendo to aim to
invideo to envy
impendo to expend
induco to persuade
infero to introduce
inhibeo to restrain
incido to fall in
impello to drive forward
impendeo to be imminent
incolo to dwell
inruo to rush in
impedio to hinder
inspicio to examine
insto to urge
b/
• impello, impellere, impuli, impulsum
• infero, inferre, intuli, illatum
• inhibeo, inhibere, inhibui, inhibitum
• intendo, intendere, intendi, intentum
c/ • imposuit • incoluit • invenisti • intulerunt
d/
• Nolo me tuis rebus immiscere.
• Proelium impendebat.
• Post proelium, incepimus corpora suscipere.
• Hostes urbem inflamaverunt.
8. Compound verbs with inter [89]
a/
interficio to kill
interpono to interpose
intellego to understand
intercedo to intercede
intercido to fall
intereo to die
intercludo to shut off
interdico to forbid
intersum to be between
90
b/
• intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum
• intersum, interesse, interfui (no supine)
• intereo, interire, interii, interitum
• interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum
• interdico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum / interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum
• interdico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum
• intereo, interire, interii, interitum
c/ • intellexi • interfecerunt • interrogaverunt • interposuit
d/
• Intellego te bonum ducem esse.
• Semper in senatu interest
• Meas litteras intercepit
• In proelio interibunt
9. Compound verbs with ob [90]
a/
obsecro to entreat
obsideo to besiege
occurro to run to meet
obeo to go to meet
obsisto to oppose
offundo to pour out
obverto to turn against
occido to kill
oblecto to delight
obruo to overwhelm
offero to present
b/
• obeo, obire, obii, obitum
• obicio, obicere, obieci, obiectum
• obsecro, -are, -avi, -atum
• obvenio, obvenire, obveni, obventum
• occurro, occurrere, occurri, occursum
91
c/
• occurri • oppresserunt • obsidebant • oblectaverunt
d/
• Mortem obiit in proelio.
• Armati officiebant nos.
• Eos obligavimus Romam ire.
• Captivi Caesarem obsecraverunt ne urbem deleret.
10. Compound verbs with per [91]
a/
pervenio to arrive
perspicio to look through
permoveo to move deeply
persolvo to pay
pervolo to desire completely
percipio to understand
perverto to destroy
permaneo to resist
pereo to die
persto to persevere
pertracto to handle
pervado to cross
perficio to complete
b/
• perficio, perficere, perfeci perfectum
• perficio, perficere, perfeci perfectum
• permuto, -are, -avi, -atum
• perverto, pervertere, perverti, perversum
c/
• Perspexi • permansit • perdidi • pertinet
d/
• Laborem perfeci.
• Milites senatores persequuntur.
• Hi nuntii me magnopere permoverunt.
• Vigil totam noctem pervigilavit.
92
11. Compound verbs with prae and praeter [92]
a/
praeripio to snatch away
praesto to stand out
praecludo to shut off
praeeo to precede
praeficio to put in command of
praemitto to send forward
praetereo to go by
praecipio to instruct
praetendo to reach out
praevideo to foresee
praebeo to offer
praemunio to fortify
b/
• praemitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum
• praecludo, -cludere, -clusi, clusum
• praepono, -ponere, -posui, -positum
• praesto, -stare, -stiti, -stitum
• praesto, -stare, -stiti, -stitum
• praetereo, -ire, -ii, -itum
• praecludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusum
c/ • praeponam • praebuit • praestat • praeripuit
d/
• Consul praecludet urbem coniuratis.
• Dux praeibat exercitui.
• Senatus praeposuit Marcum exercitui.
• Heri praeterii tuam domum.
12. Compound verbs with pro [93]
a/
proicio to throw forth
prodo to put forth
profiteor to confess
prospicio to look forward
provideo to foresee
provoco to stir up
produco to lead forward
prosum to benefit
profero to bring forth
procedo to proceed
93
b/
• prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditum
• proveho, provehere, provexi, provectum
• profiteor, profiteri, professus sum
• prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitum
• prospicio, prospicere, prospexi, prospectum
• proicio, proicere, proieci, proiectum
c/ • prosunt • procedere • proscripti sunt • protulit
d/
• Pronuntiavit suum filium vicisse.
• Cladem providere non potui.
• Professi sunt se litteras misisse.
• Prosecutus sum eum usque ad ianuam.
13. Compound verbs with sub [94]
a/
subvenio to come to help
suffodio to undermine
suggero to assign
sublevo to raise up
subsisto to resist
subverto to overturn
succurro to run to help
subduco to remove secretly
subeo to approach
suscipio to take up
suspicio to admire
b/
• subdo, subdere, subdidi, subditum
• subeo, subire, subii, subitum
• subigo, subigere, subegi, subactum
• suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptum
• sustineo, sustinere, sustinui, sustentum
94
c/ • subiit • subegit • suscepit • substitit
d/
• Succurri eis.
• Omnia haec munera suscipiam.
• Thesaurum subduxit.
• Iam subsistere non poterunt.
14. Compound verbs with super and trans [95]
a/
transeo to pervade
transfigo to pierce through
supersto to stand over
transveho to carry over
supersum to survive
traduco to translate
transcurro to run across
superiacio to throw over
transmitto to send over
b/
• supersto, superstare, supersteti (no supine)
• traduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum
• transfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum
• transfigo, -figere, -fixi, -fictum
• transeo, -ire, -ii, -itum
• traicio, traicere, traieci, traiectum
c/ • traicere • superstantem • superfuerunt • transgressi sumus
d/
• Achilles scutum militis transfixit.
• Mille milites transportaverunt.
• Aestate montes transiimus.
• Per forum transcurrimus quam celeriter.
95
a) Use of cases
2.Nominative [96]
a/
• Dux - imperator - animus
• Masinissa - rex - receptus
• Castra - capta - proelium - dux - C. Herennius - deleti - clara
b/
• Caesar dux factus fuit.
• Hic vir sapientissimus putatur.
• Quid accidit?
• Pompeius, optimus dux legionum, inimicus Caesari erat.
3.Vocative [97]
a/ • mi frater • Brute • mi fili • bone serve
b/ Puer
c/
• Mi care amice, veni huc.
• Da mihi hoc, mea parva filia.
• Quinte, mi fili, lege hunc librum, quaeso.
4.Accusative [98]
a/
• castra direct object
• Te direct object of rogavit suas amicas direct object of ageres
• me direct object saucium predicative of the direct object me direct object
• quid direct object quod direct object te prepositional object id direct object
• horas duas accusative of extension
96
b/
• me direct object parentem predicative object
• hostes direct object milia tria accusative of extension castra direct object
• copias subject of infinitive milia quattuor et viginti accusative of extension
• aggerem direct object latum/pedes predicative objects pedes accusative of extension
• Hispaniam prepositional accusative legatos/litteras direct objects eos duces accusatives of extension
bellum direct object
¯
• rem incredibilem accusative exclamative
• nos prepositional accusative ambulationem postmeridianam direct object id accusative of respect
• furta / rapinas/ cupiditatem / crudelitatem / superbiam / scelus / audaciam direct objects
• vestros animos direct object studium prepositional accusative
• omne reliquum tempus direct object oblivionem/comparationem prepositional accusatives
c/
— accusative of extension: milia tria
— accusative direct object: aggerem
— accusative exclamative: rem incredibilem
— accusative subject of an infinitive: copias
— double accusative: me parentem
d/
• Murus erat octo pedes altus.
• Primum, de hoc loquar.
• Me miserum!
• Milites duas horas pugnaverunt et postea decem milia passuum ambulaverunt.
• Duco eum bonum amicum.
• Cibum Caesarem rogaverunt.
97
5.Genitive [99]
a/
• Quanti genitive of value
• deorum / omnis Italiae / illorum possessive genitives
• hostium possessive genitive
• boni partitive genitive
• militum possessive genitive consilii magni / virtutis genitive of characteristic salutis possessive genitive
b/
• capitis judicial genitive
• de(or)um hominum possessive genitive
• quanti genitive of value
• mali genitive partitive
• parvi genitive of value
• consilii partitive genitive
¯
• nostrorum oratorum genitive partitive
• aetatis / roboris genitive with quantitative adverb
• mei temporis verb with genitive
• vini genitive depending on adjective
• totius Asiae possessive genitive
• vitae superioris possessive genitive
c/
— genitive of value: quanti
— possessive genitive: de(or)um hominum
— genitive partitive: nostrorum oratorum
— adjective with genitive: vini
— judicial genitive: capitis
— verb with genitive: mei temporis
98
d/
• Habeo arcam plenam auri.
• Vidisti fratrem senatoris?
• Satis cibi habes?
• Galli necaverunt plurimos Romanorum militum.
• Mei discipuli aestimant meos libros parvi.
• Hic scriptor est homo magnae sapientiae.
6.Dative [100]
a/
• mihi dative of interest
• bello / usui double dative
• quibus / terrori double dative
• mihi dative of reference
• quaestui dative of purpose
• magno usui dative of purpose
b/
• praesidio dative of purpose
• tibi possessive dative
• tibi indirect object mihi indirect object
• Ei indirect object
• eis possessive dative
¯
• mihi agent dative
• militibus verb with dative
• tibi dative of interest
• tibi / gaudio double dative
• Patribus conscriptis / bonis omnibus verb with dative
99
¯
• senatui agent dative
• meo fratri dative of interest
• mihi possessive dative
• sibi / (ornamento / praesidio / detrimento) double dative
c/
— possessive dative: eis — dative of purpose: praesidio — dative of interest: tibi — verb with dative: bonis
omnibus — dative indirect object: mihi — dative subject of passive periphrastic: senatui
d/
• Sunt viginti equi meo fratri.
• Tres legiones praesidio castris relinquam.
• Mihi magnus orator est.
• Cicero exemplo fuit omnibus oratoribus.
• Dic ei nuntios.
• Haec urbs tibi capienda est.
7.Ablative [101]
a/
• metu agent ablative periculis prepositional ablative
• sententia prepositional ablative sua sponte ablative of manner omni supplicio ablative of separation
• culpa prepositional ablative suspicione ablative of separation
• illo gladio instrumental ablative
• nobili genere ablative of separation magna vi / ingenio malo pravoque ablatives of characteristic
• dignitate honesta / viribus firmis / magno corpore / figura venusta ablatives of characteristic
b/
• vita ablative of separation
• magno pretio, nummis aureis quadringentis ablative of price
• genere ablative of respect eodem genere prepositional ablative
• vi adverbial ablative necessitate ablative of cause
100
¯
• vi adverbial ablative dolo malo ablative of manner
• multo ablative of intensity
• his testibus verb and ablative
• hac voce verb and ablative
¯
• copiis verb and ablative Asia prepositional ablative
• salute prepositional ablative communi consilio / una mente / virtute ablative of manner
• tempestate agent ablative
• moribus suis ablative of cause vinclis prepositional ablative
c/
— adverbial ablative: vi — verb with ablative: hac voce — ablative of price: magno pretio — ablative of
separation: vita — ablative of respect: genere — instrumental ablative: illo gladio
d/
• Urbem capient aut vi aut dolo.
• Sicilia frumento abundat.
• Semper pilo utor in proelio.
• Multo melius erit si mihi veritatem dices.
• Nolo hunc vinum decem sestertiis emere.
¯
• Timore noluimus domum intrare.
• Catilina erat vir magno corpore.
• Caesar omnia adeptus est gladio.
• Quaeso, noli me cibo privare.
• Hic vir caret pecunia.
• Aeneas dea natus est.
101
b) Prepositions
2.Prepositionsofonecase [102]
a) Prepositions followed by the accusative
1/
ad Italiam to ante pugnam before apud Gallos among circum urbem around erga cives towards
¯
inter milites among ob bellum because of penes Graecos in the hands of per oppidum through post victoriam after praeter moenia along trans rivum beyond
2/
Around the camp circum castra
Beyond those mountains trans montes
Through the fields per campos
At Caesar’s house apud Caesarem
With respect to his friends erga amicos eius
Among the students inter discipulos
¯
Because of the defeat ob caedem
In the hands (power) of Octavius penes Octavium
Along the river praeter rivum
102
After Pompeius’ death post mortem Pompeii
Towards the city ad urbem
Before the war ante bellum
3/
ww ad
• ad imperatorem to the emperor
• ad te iudicem to you as judge
• ad rem to this purpose
• ad diem on the agreed day
ww ante
• ante hoc tempus before this time
• ante ludos before the games
• ante horam tertiam before the third hour
ww apud
• apud ceteros among others
• apud Pisonem at the house of Piso
• apud vos among you
ww circum
• circum civitates around the cities (states)
• circum forum around the forum
• circum iudicium around the jury
ww erga
• erga me towards me
• erga se towards him
• erga me towards me
103
ww inter
• inter periurum et mendacem between perjurous and liar
• inter omnia before everything
• inter moras meanwhile
ww ob
• quam ob rem why
• quam ob rem why
• ob eam rem because of this
ww penes
• penes principes in the power of the chieftains
• penes Athenienses in the hands of the Athenians
• penes nos in our hands
ww per
• per litteras through a letter
• per deos immortalis! by the immortal gods!
• per cinerem by the ashes - per coniugem by his wife
ww post
• post dies xxx after 30 days
• post Romam conditam after the foundation of Rome
• post mortem after the death
• post eum after him
ww praeter
• praeter libertatem except freedom
• praeter oculos in front of his eyes
• praeter te except you
104
ww trans
• trans mare beyond the sea
• trans Taurum at the other side of the Taurus
• trans Rhenum at the other side of the Rhine
4/
• ad quaesturam petendam to ask for the questorship
• per singula one by one
• inter honestos homines among honest people
• ad matrem to his mother
• ob eam ipsam causam because of this very reason
• trans Rhenum at the other side of the Rhein
5/ • per • praeter • ad • post • ante • inter
6/ • praeter • inter • post • per • apud • ad
b) Prepositions followed by the ablative
1/
a castris from
cum senatoribus with
de arce from
e senatu out of
prae timoris because of
pro pecunia in exchange for
sine amicis without
urbe tenus until
2/
Out of the building ex aedificio
With them cum eis
In front of the house pro domum
Up to that tree illa arbore tenus
105
¯
From the top of the tree de arbore
Without hope sine spe
In comparison to Caesar prae Caesarem
From the school a ludo
3/
ww a/ab
• a principio from the beginning
• a praetore (he requests) from the pretor
• a Syracusis from Syracusa
• a muliere quadam from a certain woman
• ab initio from the beginning
ww cum
• cum eo with him
• cum audacia with audacity
• bona cum venia with good will
• cum accusatore with the prosecutor
• cum praesidio with protection
ww de
• de adversis about the adverse events
• his de rebus about these things
• de rebus about (these) things
• de improviso suddenly
• de superiore coniuratione about the former conspiracy
ww e/ex
• e patrimonio out of your household
• e marmore made of marble - ex altera parte from (on) the other side
106
• e gemmis (made) of pearls
• ex Gallia out of Gaul
• ex consule from consul
ww prae
• prae maerore because of sadness
• prae lacrimis because of the tears
• prae me tuli I confessed
• prae vobis fertis you show
• prae multitudine because of the crowd
ww pro
• pro te instead of you
• pro honestate on behalf of their honesty
• pro homine miserrimo on behalf of a very miserable man
• pro patria mori to die for the fatherland
• pro viribus according to your strength
ww sine
• sine summo scelere without a capital crime
• sine ulla offensione without any offence
• sine pecunia without money
• sine cura without any worry
• sine dubio without any doubt
ww tenus
• Tauro tenus up to the mount Taurus
• pectoribus tenus up to the level of the chest
• caelo tenus up to the sky
• solo tenus to ground level
107
4/ • pro me • cum ferro • e marmore • ex ea • a me • prae metu
5/
• ex edicto • ab armis • e provincia • prae se • ex ratione • pro re • de coniuratione
• cum civibus • qua de re
6/
• a litteris • prae nobis • a metu • e gemmis
¯
• de re • ab his • de quo • a cupiditate
3.Prepositionsoftwocases [103]
a/
super mensam on (movement)
in Italia in
sub arbore under (no movement)
in castra into
super petra on (no movement)
sub pontem under (movement)
b/
sub arborem
sub tecto
super mensa
super aram
in agro
in aedificium
c/
ww in
• in civitate • In Galliam • in armis • In spem maximam • in multam noctem
108
ww sub
• sub iugum • sub septentrionibus • sub monte • sub potestatem • sub praecone
ww subter
• subter mare • subter fastigia • subter alam • subter moenia
ww super
• super legatione votiva • hac super re • super his rebus nostris • super omnia dona
d/
• in iis rebus - super eandem rationem • sub eo genere • in quo • sub oculis • sub vesperum
• in universum • in perpetuum
e/ • in Quinctium • in memoriam • in partes tres • super caput • super caput • in hanc rem • in spe
109
c) Expressions of time and place
1.Expressionsoftime [104]
a/
per tres horas during three hours
hieme in winter
aestate in summer
abhinc tribus annis three years ago
ineunte anno at the beginning of the year
totam noctem for the whole night
sub noctem at nightfall
uno tempore at the same time
omnibus annis every year
paucis post diebus after a few days
proximis diebus within the next days
die et nocte day and night
prima luce at daybreak
b/ (partial suggestions)
• Fearing death threatening at all hours
• As they fought from daybreak until the eighth hour
• So, already for four months
• twenty-two years ago
• At the beginning of the year
¯
• already for many years • for four days • at that time • for four days • At that time
c/
within the next hours proximis horis
in old age in senectute
within five hours quinque horis
on the first day primo die
during four years per quattuor annos
110
two years ago abhinc duobus annis
in summer aestate
d/
• postero die • totis noctibus diebusque • uno tempore • amplius horis quattuor • Diebus decem
• aestate
e/ • Eo anno • prima luce • Sub noctem • die et nocte • hieme • paucis post diebus
f/ • per hos annos • hoc noctis • prima vigilia • his omnibus diebus • paucis diebus
2.Expressionsofplace [105]
a/
eo loco in that place
Romae at Rome
Romam towards Rome
Athenis in Athens
Athenas towards Athens
domi at home
domum (towards) home
ruri in the country
domi militiaeque in peace and it war
apud eos among them
ad urbem towards the city
in urbem into the city
ad Caesarem towards Caesar
in Caesarem against Caesar
Tarentum towards Tarentum
Tarenti in Tarentum
ex urbe from the city
Roma from Rome
domo from home
per urbem through the city
per pontem across the bridge
ponte across the bridge
b/ (partial suggestions)
• out of the kingdom of my father
• from that town to the H.
• from their camp
• in the country
• at the other side of the Rhein and had crossed into the Noricus field
¯ • into the further Gaul and arrived at Genava
111
• in the further Gaul
• into Italy
• to him
• having fled from the battle arrive at the winter camp to the legate T. Labienus through forests
• through the middle of the enemy
c/
in Italy in Italia
in Rome Romae
to Greece ad Graeciam
to Tarentum Tarentum
into the temple in templum
from Italy ab Italia
from Rome Roma
out of the temple ex templo
at home domi
homewards domum
on the floor humi
d/ • e castris • Athenis • in aliis urbibus • in caede • domi • in mediis aedibus
e/ • ruri • domi militiaeque • domum • a proelio • Romam • domo
f/ • ruri • a Belgis • domum suam • a Garunna flumine • domo / per provinciam nostram
112
d) Regime of verbs and adjectives
2.Verbsthatruleagivencase [106]
a/
ww Verbs that rule the genitive (partial suggestions)
• I pity • I have forgotten • Who can remember • remembers himself
ww Verbs that rule the dative (partial suggestions)
• Freedom approaches us • I yielded to • I mistrusted • Strength hinders • that did not help
• he always helped
ww Verbs that rule the ablative (partial suggestions)
• That man lacks • My deed lacks • There will be no need of using • I do not use • I eat
b/
memini to remember
credo to trust
displiceo to displease
invideo to envy
misereor to pity
obliviscor to forget
faveo to favour
ignosco to forgive
impero to command
appropinquo to approach
cedo to yield
¯
noceo to harm
studeo to devote oneself to
obsto to hinder
prosum to benefit
resisto to resist
potior to obtain
utor to use
parco to spare
succurro to help
careo to lack
fruor to enjoy
persuadeo to persuade
c/
— With genitive: memini, misereor, obliviscor
— With dative: credo, displiceo, invideo, faveo, appropinquo, ignosco, cedo, impero, noceo, resisto, succurro, studeo,
obsto, prosum, parco, persuadeo
— With ablative: potior, careo, utor, fruor
113
d/ (partial suggestions)
• married another husband
• he came across two
• He hindered me with
• The state must enjoy the life
• It pleased him that
• He remembers the former times
¯
• He remembers the former events
• enjoys many types
• to marry a poor man.
• The other one performs the role of
• could not persuade these people
• I obey
¯ • He persuaded the state
• to marry no one (no other)
• This pleases
• He put T. L. as legate in command of
• resisted against
e/ • cui • gloria • victoriae • munitionibus • nostri • legi
f/ • Bonis consiliis • omnibus bonis • Legato • Carthagine • Huic homini • tibi
g/
• misereor • studere • nocuit • paruit • ignovit
¯
• imperavit • Ignoscite • invidit • nocuit • Ignosce
h/
• studuit • meminit • parcet • functus est • servire • subvenit
114
¯
• confidere • eguit • intererat • servire • studere • gratulor
3.Adjectivesfollowedbyagivencase [107]
a/
carus ei dear to it
inimicus ei hostile to it
proximus ei near to it
dignus eo worthy of it
fretus eo relying upon it
immemor eius forgetful of it
particeps eius sharing in it
avidus eius greedy for it
cupidus eius desirous of it
expers eius deprived of it
patiens eius tolerant of it
plenus eius full of it
similis ei similar to it
studiosus eius fond of it
praeditus eo endowed with it
b/ (partial suggestions)
• sharing in a very ugly
• His body was tolerant of
• friend of the
• was dear to
• was always mindful of
• Relying on your
¯ • in a place full of
• part of public decisions
• Relying on the troops
• fond of literature
• Were you not content with
• worthy of that place
115
² In all of the following exercises, remember that some adjectives may rule more than one case.
c/
• humanitatis • litterarum • pecuniae • rerum • beneficii • homini
¯
• huic dignitati • sapientiae • vini • patris • Praedae • praeda
d/
• coronae laureae • beneficio • rei militaris • divitiarum • Platonis audiendi • tui
¯
• Magno animo • tuo patre • antiquitatis • militibus • ei • eius honoris
e/
• Immemor rerum a me gestarum esse videor
• Domum similem tuae emi
• sanctissimo sacerdotio praedita
• belli gerendi
• supplicio dignus est
• Cicero non omnibus carus fuit
¯
• patientes difficilium laborum sunt
• peritissimus iuris erat
• ne se orbum liberis facerent
• adsedit proximus Laelio
• est expers periculi
• homo omnibus ornamentis praeditus
116
a) Simple clauses
1.Describingrealactions [108]
a/ (partial suggestions)
• they were fighting - they were passing - they fought - they passed
• yesterday I saw - today I have seen
• he kidnapped the girl I loved
• were (being) brought to Caesar and ambassadors were coming - were brought and ambassadors came
• When Caesar came, the Haedui were the chieftains
• when he saw his cavalry pushed back and he noticed that that the part in which me most relied was terrified, went
• turned their backs - was killed - that he had brought back from Britain - sent against - who had done
b/
• Ne spirare - real action
• Si superior - no real action (subjunctive, possible fact)
• Semper vincebat - real action
• Utinam hic esses! - no real action (subjunctive, desire)
• Huc consul praesidium imposuit - real action
• Animadverti Numidas quietos esse - real action
¯
• Quam celerrime venias - no real action (subjunctive, desire)
• Eamus hinc intro - real action (subjunctive, exhortation)
• Hortemur ut properent - no real action (subjunctive, exhortation)
• Cubitum imus - real action
• Vera dicas velim - no real action (subjunctive, desire)
¯
• Ita [est] ut dicis - real action
117
• Utinam audire non queas - no real action (subjunctive, desire)
• Ne istius quidem laudis ita sum cupidus - real action
• Di prohibeant, iudices - no real action (subjunctive, desire)
• Ne hoc in mentem veniat ! - no real action (subjunctive, desire)
2.Expressingpotentialactions [109]
a/
w Imperfect subjunctive.
w Pluperfect subjunctive.
w Present subjunctive
b/
•
Future: Divites simus omnes.
Present: Divites essemus omnes.
Past: Divites fuissemus omnes.
•
Future: Pecuniam mihi des.
Present: Pecuniam mihi dares.
Past: Pecuniam mihi dedisses.
•
Future: Domi militiaeque boni mores colantur.
Present: Domi militiaeque boni mores colerentur.
Past: Domi militiaeque boni mores culti essent.
•
Future: Magistri haec mihi dicant.
Present: Magistri haec mihi dicerent.
Past: Magistri haec mihi dixissent.
•
Future: Pompeium necare nolint.
118
Present: Pompeium necare nollent.
Past: Pompeium necare noluissent.
•
Future: Exercitum ei tradat.
Present: Exercitum ei traderet.
Past: Exercitum ei tradidisset.
•
Future: Duobus locis haud longe inter se castra faciant.
Present: Duobus locis haud longe inter se castra facerent.
Past: Duobus locis haud longe inter se castra fecissent.
c/
•
Future: Milites deleant urbem.
Present: Milites delerent urbem.
Past: Milites delevissent urbem.
•
Future: Octavia Athenas naviget.
Present: Octavia Athenas navigaret.
Past: Octavia Athenas navigavisset.
•
Future: Dicant mihi veritatem.
Present: Dicerent mihi veritatem.
Past: Dixissent mihi veritatem.
•
Future: Roma proficiscaris.
Present: Roma proficiscereris.
Past: Roma profectus esses.
•
Future: Cives templum servent.
Present: Cives templum servarent.
Past: Cives templum servavissent.
119
•
Future: Ab oppido reveniat.
Present: Ab oppido reveniret.
Past: Ab oppido revenisset.
d/
• Vellemus aliquis ex eis hoc ei dixisset.
• Erant quinque pueri quibus omnia dicere posses.
• Forsitan de hoc audias.
• Quo modo possint?
• Loquar de rebus meis?
¯
• Saltem mihi diceres ubi esset.
• Ecquis ei hoc dixisset?
• Aliquid cibi velimus.
• Nunc multam pecuniam domi haberem.
¯
• Habuissent non hostem sed amicum.
• Quid de tuo libro possim dicere?
• Putent suos cognatos tutos futuros esse?
• Velit ei cito perveniant.
3.Expressingcommandsandprohibitions [110]
a) Commands
1/ w Age w subjunctive
2/ (partial suggestions)
• Let him come • Come! • Write to us! • Let’s see • Let it be
¯
• So be it!
120
• Come on, take with you L. and S.!
• Say, dare!
• Read the statements!
• Point your eyes!
¯
• Do what you want!
• Say you are innocent!
• Give and allow!
• Come on, say!
• Give a signal!
3/ (partial suggestions)
• amittunto - sunto they must lose everything - the ship and the cargo must be
• sunto - habento They must be two - they must have
• Et loquatur et taceat et rideat He must read and keep silent and laugh.
• respuatur must be rejected
• scribito write! / he must write
• extrue build up!
4/
• Da mihi tua arma! Ut des mihi tua arma!
• Veni huc! Ut venias huc!
• Scribe plures libros! Ut scribas plures libros!
• Confice tuam operam! Ut conficias tuam operam!
¯
• Dele pontem! Ut deleas pontem!
• Curre domum! Ut curras domum!
• Pugna audaciter! Ut pugnes audaciter!
• Fuge statim! Ut fugias statim!
5/
• Fac quod mihi dixisti.
121
• Dic ei omnia.
• Duc hos milites ad castra.
• Fer hos libros ad tuas aedes, quaeso.
6/
• Perveniant utcumque velint.
• Pugnent.
• Eat Romam.
• Accipiatur haec lex, iudices.
b) Prohibitions
1/
• Noli mentiri!
• Noli dormire!
• Crede ei, maximus exercitus est, Noli eum contemnere.
• Noli tam piger esse!
• Noli putare malitiam virtutem esse.
¯
• Nolite pati eum diutius in nostra urbe manere!
• Nolite putare id quod audivistis accidere posse!
• Nolite igitur id velle quod habere non potestis.
• Ne quid, quod eis doleat, feceris.
• Cave librum aperueris.
• Cave in aedes intraveris.
2/
• Noli huc venire / Ne huc veneris / Cave venias!
• Noli loqui / Ne locutus sis / cave loquaris!
• Noli contra Gallos pugnare / Ne contra Gallos pugnaveris / Cave contra Gallos pugnes!
• Noli dormire / Ne dormiveris / Cave dormias!
122
• Noli arma in navem ponere / Ne arma in navem posueris / Cave arma in navem ponas!
• Noli captivos necare / Ne captivos necaveris / Cave captivos neces!
• Noli pecuniam amittere / Ne pecuniam amiseris / Cave pecuniam amittas!
4.Expressingwishes [111]
a/
... for the present? imperfect subjunctive
... for the future? present subjunctive
... for the past? pluperfect subjunctive
b/
• sinant - for the future
• eduxisset - for the past
• sit - for the future
• sit - for the future
• incidisset - for the past
• esset - for the present
• dicas - for the future
c/ • nolit • fecisset • sim • adsideret • potuissem • daret • meminisses (!)
d/
• Utinam hic esset!
• Utinam sit hic cras!
• Utinam hic heri fuisset!
• Utinam citius cucurrisses!
¯
• Utinam plus pecuniae haberem!
• Utinam dux fiam!
• Utinam hoc mihi diceres!
• Utinam antea perveniamus!
123
5.Askingquestions [112]
a) Yes / no questions
1/
For “no”: We start the question with Num
For “yes”: We start the question with Nonne
2/
• Nonne pensum fecistis? Ita. - Num pensum fecistis? Nullo modo.
• Nonne necaverunt Caesarem senatores? Ita. - Num necaverunt Caesarem senatores? Nullo modo.
• Nonne omnia huic dixisti? Ita. - Num omnia huic dixisti? Nullo modo.
• Nonne ludis cotidie cum amicis? Ita. - Num ludis cotidie cum amicis? Nullo modo.
• Nonne mihi favebis ut senator fiam? Ita. - Num mihi favebis ut senator fiam? Nullo modo.
• Nonne urbem delere vis? Ita. - Num urbem delere vis? Nullo modo.
3/ (partial suggestions)
• Can we
• Did this woman
• Is this one
• Didn’t my master
• Are you leading
¯
• Do you trust
• Do you want anything? without num: What do you want?
• Will you not struggle
• Did you sleep
• Don’t you understand?
• Don’t you think that
124
4/
• Num omnem vinum bibisti?
• Nonne hoc fecisti quod tibi dixi?
• Nonne tuus frater in urbe est?
• Nonne intellexisti quod magister exposuit?
• Num citius currere quam ego potestis?
b) Double questions
1/ utrum and -ne
2/ (partial suggestions)
• Don’t you see what happens or
• Will you deny the deed or
• Didn’t he want or couldn’t he
• consciously or unconsciously?
• publicly or privately?
¯
• Do you prefer to consider yourself
• Do you have a registry
• Will you ommit such a crime or
• Didn’t he want or couldn’t he
• Do we declare war
3/
• Utrum Acropolin vidisti annon?
• Utrum in Italiam ire vis an in Germaniam?
• Utrum noluisti Romam ire an non potuisti?
• Utrum tres epistulas legisti heri an solum duas?
• Bellum Carthagini indicaverunt Romanis an non?
• Utrum vis senator fieri an dux?
125
c) Partial questions
1/
• Quo nomine adjectival
• Ubi adverbial
• quot pronominal
• Quae - qualis both adjectival
• Quid pronominal Cur adverbial
¯
• Cur adverbial
• Quis pronominal Quotiens adverbial
• Quid pronominal cur adverbial
• Cur adverbial
• Cuius pronominal
2/
• Ubi eras tu?
• Quis furatus est pecuniam? Cur non dicis?
• Cuius filia hunc librum scripsit?
• Ubi eum invenisti?
• Cur? Quis hoc sivit? Cui de hoc dixisti?
¯
• Ubi necabitur Caesar?
• Quo modo ad illam urbem iter fecisti?
• Ubi cognovisti eam?
• Quot cives ierunt ad Ciceronem audiendum?
• Unde hoc intellegere potes?
• Ubi hoc audivisti? Quo modo tam cito hoc scivisti?
126
d) Deliberative questions
1/ A question in which we express some degree of uncertainlty about what to do.
2/ Subjunctive.
3/ (partial suggestions)
• What is Hortensius to do? Is he to pray for clemency
• What am I to say
• Why should I ask
• What should I say
• What am I to do?
• Where should I have heard it?
4/
• Quid facias nunc?
• Bibliotheca deleta est. Quos libros legamus?
• Quo eam?
• Quis iuvet me?
• Qua pecunia hoc emam?
6.Impersonalverbs [113]
a) Verbs of propriety
1/
necesse est it is necessary
libet it pleases
decet it is convenient
licet it is permitted
dedecet it is not convenient
praestat it is better
mos est ut it is customary that
oportet it is necessary
restat ut it just remains that
2/ (partial suggestions)
• It is not allowed for anybody (person indicated)
• It is necessary for me (person indicated)
127
• It is necessary to buy (person not indicated)
• It pleases to read (person not indicated)
• It just remains that we go (person indicated)
¯
• you can laugh (person indicated)
• we must understand (person indicated)
• you should not be (person indicated)
• is not pleasant (person not indicated)
• It is not convenient that the house (person indicated)
¯
• It is necessary that he (person indicated)
• is much better (person not indicated)
• It just remains that all (person indicated)
• It is possible to become famous (person not indicated)
3/
• Non licet ut dicam?
• Ut diceres atque enumerares causas omnis oportebat.
• Minime decet ut orator vero irascatur, non dedecet ut simulet.
4/
• Oportet te domum ire.
• Licet te domum ire.
• Dedecet te domum ire.
• Post proelium, restat ut domum eas.
• Aequum est ut domum eas.
• Necesse est ut domum eas.
128
b) Verbs of negative feeling (verba affectuum)
1/
pudet it shames taedet it bores paenitet it repents
miseret it pities piget it disgusts
2/ (partial suggestions)
• Your speech bores.
• I don’t repent of (having)
• The customs of the state disgust and
• I feel shame of
• I feel pity for
¯
• the deed disgust?
• It is shameful
• If you are tired of such
• I do not repent
• You feel sorry for
3/
• Miseret me mortis eius.
• Huius coniurationis me paenitet.
• Me taedet ludorum in Circo.
• Postea eum puduit verborum eius.
• Cassium non paenituit Caesarem necavisse.
c) Verbs of interest
1/
— If it is not a personal pronoun, it must be in genitive .
— If it is a personal pronoun, it must be in ablative .
2/ (partial suggestions)
• The farmer is interested in
• What does this concern me?
129
• It does not concern me
• It does not concern me
• This is interesting
• it is of interest
¯
• In what does it concern you?
• We are interested in
• What interest does it have
• If it does not interest you
• It is important that they are well.
• This concerns you a lot.
3/
• Tua interest me hos libros scribere.
• Mea refert ut tu hos libros emas.
• Caesaris interest scire quis exercitui praeponendus sit.
• Quid refert, si Gallos vincere non possumus?
• Hoc tua et ducis multum interest.
d) Verbs describing meteorological phenomena
1/
it rains pluit it thunders tonat it snows nivit it hails grandinat
2/ (partial suggestions)
• It does not rain
• The heaven thunders
• there are no lightnings and it thunders
• In that part in which
• Arrows were falling like snow and stones like hail.
130
3/
• Non possumus foras ire quia pluit.
• Audire potes? Tonat.
• Semper nivit in summis montibus.
e) The impersonal passive
1/ (partial suggestions)
• They fought
• They fought
• as it was heard
• People go
• because people went
2/
• Dicitur Marcellum Roma fugisse.
• Auditur Caesarem Rubiconem transisse.
• Pugnatum est sub imbre.
f) Impersonal passive and personal construction
1/ (partial suggestions)
• How many years old is she said to be?
• It is said that she acted very wisely.
• He is considered
• Aristeus is considered
• It is said that Cluentius
• It was heard that Caesar
2/
•
Impers.: Ubi dicitur Caesarem habitare?
Pers.: Ubi Caesar dicitur habitare?
131
•
Impers.: Videtur Ciceronem meliorem oratorem fuisse quam Catilinam.
Pers.: Cicero videtur melior orator fuisse quam Catilina.
•
Impers.: Dicebatur Hannibalem Romanos vicisse.
Pers.: Hannibal dicebatur Romanos vicisse.
•
Impers.: Videtur Marcum misisse epistulam.
Pers.: Marcus videtur epistulam misisse.
132
b) Subordinate clauses
1.Theconceptofconsecutio temporum [114]
a/ w 2/ subjunctive mood
b/
Primary: If the verb in the main clause is primary, the subjunctive verb in the subordinate clause must also be primary.
Secondary: If the verb in the main clause is secondary, the subjunctive verb in the subordinate clause must also be secondary.
c/
Indicative Subjunctive
Present
primary
Perfect
pri. and sec.
Present
primary
Perfect
primary
Imperfect
secondary
Pluperfect
secondary
Imperfect
secondary
Pluperfect
secondary
Future
primary
Fut. perfect
primary
d/
• Primary: has said / Secondary: said
• Primary: has defeated / Secondary: defeated
2.Causalclauses [115]
a/ (partial suggestions)
• because he had married
• As the mountain was near
• Since you know
• As because of the poverty he could
133
¯ • as he has more power
• because you are always able
• both because it is a fair purpose and because
• As he came from Roscio’s side
¯ • but because you do not see
• As you were questor
• because they fight
• Because it is not a set right - Because it is set.
¯ • not because I enjoy bad rumours about me, but because
• since these recent examples please you
• because they perform their duty - because they avoid w ita
• because (they say that) beauty and justice w idcirco
b/
w non quo libenter male audiam - quod eum sua sponte ac per se bonitas et iustitia delectet
w Because the reason is considered unreal, alleged.
w non quo libenter male audiam, sed quia causam non libenter relinquo
c/
• Praemium tibi dabimus quod in proelio vicistis.
• Quoniam plus pecuniae accipere vis, debes plus laborare.
• Veni non quod te videre velim sed quia Caesarem audire volo.
• Damnati sunt ad mortem quod ducem necare conati sunt.
¯
• Catullus tristis erat quia Lesbia eum reliquerat.
• Admiror te non quod sis sapiens sed quia audax es.
• Cives eum laudaverunt propterea quod ponten defenderat.
• Laetus sum quod dux exercitus factus sum.
134
3.Purposeclauses [116]
w Present and imperfect subjunctive.
a) Normal construction
1/ (partial suggestions)
• so that I might announce
• In oder to leave some space (of time)
• to be able to follow
• to avoid giving a lapse to throw
• in order to join
• either to kill or to condemn
2/
• Mittam tibi pecuniam ut cibum emas.
• Laboro ut pecuniam accipiam.
• Revenerunt ut fugitivos caperent.
• Catilina Roma fugit ut Manlio se coniungeret.
• Senatores insidias paraverunt ut Caesarem necarent.
• Emo gladium ut pugnem.
• Senatores ad Pompeium ierunt ut cum eo loquerentur.
b) Construction with a comparative
1/ (partial suggestions)
• so that we might live
• in order to dine better
• in order to be able to prevent them more easily
• to keep safe more easily
• so that they may use their swords more easily
• so that you may do this more easily
135
2/
• Multum laboro quo melius vivam.
• Milites misit quo facilius pontem servaret.
• Mane eo cubitum quo postero die me melius habeam.
• Romam ibimus quo melius latine loquemur.
• Iuvenes debent multum edere quo fortiores fiant.
• Duces montem ascenderunt quo melius exercitum viderent.
c) Negative purpose clause
1/ (partial suggestions)
• so that there would be no hope
• so that they might not
• so that there might be no sign
• To prevent leaving any enemy behind
• To prevent anyone from
¯ • so that he might not be compelled
• so that our plans might not
• so that you may not see
• to prevent anybody from
2/
• Celeriter fugit ne quis eum videret.
• Illos libros delevit ne senatores umquam eos legerent.
• Te ex urbe mitto ne quid acerbum facias.
3/
• Cucurri ne hostes me caperent.
• Cucurri ne quis me caperet.
• Ianuam clauserunt ne quis eos audiret.
136
• Caesar urbem obsedit ne cives cibum reciperent.
• Eis pecuniam dedi ne quid dicerent.
• Custodias posuit dux ne obsessores urbem intrarent.
d) Other possibilities
• to go to both • in order to say • in order to resist
4.Temporalclauses [117]
a) Main temporal clauses (Temporal clauses in the indicative)
1/
cum when
dum while
simul ac as soon as
antequam before
ubi when
ut when
cum primum as soon as
priusquam before
postquam after
2/
• Postquam haec cognita sunt in senatu, …
• Ubi arbitratus sum me ad pugnam paratum esse, …
• Simul atque ex urbe fugit, …
• Ubi de Pompeii adventu Romani certiores facti sunt, …
• Hoc cum primum mihi dictum est, …
¯
• Ubi per nos certior factus est eos urbem delevisse, …
• Antequam Romam profecti sunt, …
• Ubi intelleximus frustra vicisse, …
• Simul atque hoc audiverunt, …
• Quod ubi animadverterunt, …
3/
• Donec intra moenia erant, non potuimus eos superare.
• Donec rediit, nemo de proelio locutus est.
137
• Tu, mane dum hanc epistulam conficio.
• Cum primum Romam venit, ad amicitiam Ciceronis me contuli.
• Pompeius, ubi vesperavit, milites abire iussit.
4/ He killed the children of his brother before they could receive this light from nature.
5/
• Post in navem conscendimus quam aurum abstulimus. / Post urbem reliquimus quam libros cepimus.
• Post perveni in Cariam quam tuo iussu profectus sum. / Post in Italiam venit quam Carthagine profecta est.
b) A curious use of the present indicative in past time
• Dum cum amicis nostris ludimus, magister ianuam pulsavit.
• Dum cum aliquibus loquor, repente senatorem necare conatus est.
c) Temporal clauses in subjunctive
1/
• w Before they departed from the city, …
Antequam loqui inciperet, …
• w Before many states conspired, …
Priusquam plures milites fugerent, …
• w Before he tried anything, …
Itaque priusquam hostes eum circumvenirent, currere coepit.
• Debes exercere donec hanc linguam discas.
2/ Because it is an indirect question.
5.Concessiveclauses [118]
a/ With the indicative, it is a real objection (“although”): with the subjunctive, a possible objection (“even if”).
b/ Quamquam with indicative (real), quamvis with subjunctive (possible).
a) Real objection: indicative
• Quamquam Romam venies me invito, …
• Etsi puto eum sapientissimum non esse, senatorem creabo.
138
• Tametsi magna clades nuntiata erat, …
• Quamquam haec iam facta sunt, …
• Tametsi in meis militibus multum audaciae erat, …
• Etiamsi mihi odium populi tristissimum est, …
b) Possible objection: subjunctive
• Quamvis hostes superent, eos non laudabo.
• Quamvis sapientes sint, hoc mendum facient.
• Etiamsi queraris, te ipsum accusas.
• Etiamsi hunc exercitum non haberemus, vinceremus tamen.
6.Resultclauses [119]
a/ — Currit ut hostem capiat purpose / Tantum currit ut hostem capiat result
— Multum legit ut omnia sciat purpose / Tantum legit ut omnia sciat result
b/ A harbinger (a signal word).
c/
• tantum - Non tantum pecuniae habebis ut possis hanc domum emere.
• tantum - Flumen sic latum erat ut ne fieri posset quidem ut transiremus.
• Tantum - Tantum in latitudinem patebat planities ut duae instructae legiones eam explerent.
• Tantos - Ita cito currebat miles ut volare videretur.
• tantas - Menda tanta sunt ut malo hunc librum non legere.
d/ They lack the harbinger.
• Accidit ut cives ex urbe fugerent.
• Casu accidit ut primus perveniret?
• Fit ut absint quod te videre nolunt.
• Fit ut mea soror possit hunc librum uno die legere.
• Fieri non potest ut senatus hoc decreverit, ut Octavius ex urbe expelli debeat.
e/ A certain mistress in Ephesus was so well known for her chastity that also the women from the neighbouring people
came to see her.
139
7.Conditionalclauses [120]
a/
— Indicative.
— Present subjunctive.
— Imperfect subjunctive.
— Pluperfect subjunctive.
b/
• Si ducem vidimus, fugimus.
• Si ducem videbimus, fugiemus.
• Si ducem videamus, fugiamus.
• Si ducem videremus, fugeremus.
• Si ducem vidissemus, fugeremus.
• Si ducem vidissemus, fugissemus.
c/
• open
• unfulfilled in the past
• eventual
• unfulfilled in the present
• mixed (unfulfilled in the past - unfulfilled in the present)
d/
• unfulfilled in the present Si Socrates mentiretur, ei iam non confiderm.
• open Si vis urbem capere, debes plures milites habere.
• eventual Si huc venias, tibi monstrem meam urbem.
• unfulfilled in the past Si hoc mihi dixisses, statim ivissem ad senatum.
• open Si vis vivere, aufuge nunc!
¯
• open Si tuus frater Caesarem superaverit, cives ei praemium dabunt.
140
• unfulfilled in the present Si plus exerceres, semper vinceres.
• open Si hodie pervenerit, una cenabimus.
• eventual Si senatus hoc consilium capiat, Catilina statim fugiat.
• unfulfilled in the past Si exercitus Romam pervenisset, Caesar dux factus esset.
e/
• Moriere, si open
• Rem facilius totam open
• Si debuisset unfulfilled in the past
• Si neglegentiam open
• Profecto, si quid unfulfilled in the present
¯ • Etenim si vult open
• Si, quod tu semper open
• Si enim illud unfulfilled in the present
• Quod tametsi open
• Quid faciam nunc, open
¯ • Perii, si me open
• Non edepol mixed (open - eventual)
• Dic si quid vis, open
• Quis ego sum open
• Quid si e portu open
¯
• Quid si eamus eventual
• Si primo proelio unfulfilled in the past
• Si paulum modo open
• Si ita esset, unfulfilled in the present
• Si vincimus, open
141
8.Relativeclauses [121]
a) Introduction
1/
• Where are the boys [that you have chosen as players]?
• You have forgotten all [I told you]! (relative not expressed)
• The pencil [with which you wrote the letter]? I took it, here it is.
• One needs to be an idiot, to lose the grammar [you bought yesterday]! (relative not expressed)
• I was introduced to the person [who had devised everything].
¯
• Is this the purpose, o senators, [for which we have been elected]?
• Senators [whose plan is to damage the nation] should be expelled.
• I could never live in the city [in which he lives].
• The method [I use to teach French] is really good. (relative not expressed)
• Please, take these books back to the shelf [from which you took them].
2/ b/ in gender and number
b) Simple relative sentences
1/
• Heri vidi tuum fratrem, cui consul pecuniam dedit.
• Nuper novum calamum emi, quo librum scribere cupio.
• Omnibus civibus qui fortiter pugnaverunt donum dedit senatus.
• Mihi placet in hac urbe quam Hamilcar condidit vitam agere.
• Senatores novum ducem Caesarem creaverunt, qui Gallos vicit.
• Nunc Marcum video, cuius filio grammaticam doceo.
2/
• Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae.
• Certe ego libertatem experiar, quae mihi a parente meo tradita est.
142
• Qui sim, ex eo cognosces quem ad te misi.
• Ceteras insulas sub Atheniensium redegit potestatem, quae Cyclades nominantur.
• Domitium proconsulem ex citeriore Hispania cum omnibus copiis quas paraverat arcessivit.
• Quinquaginta talenta civibus suis donat, quae a Pharnabazo acceperat.
• Eo tempore aeger erat vulneribus quae in oppugnando oppido acceperat.
3/
•
1- me (acc., direct object)
2- quem (acc., direct object)
3- He keeps me besieged, me, whom you put as general of the Numidae.
•
1- equitibus Hispanis (ablative, agent)
2- quos (acc., direct object)
3- Piso was killed in his province, while travelling, by the Hispanic horsemen that he had in his army.
•
1- iis finibus (ablative, circumstantial object)
2- quos (acc., direct object)
3- I have been expelled out of these boundaries that the Roman people gave to my ancestors.
¯
•
1- eas regiones (acc., direct object)
2- quibus (abl., prepositional object)
3- Then the Thraeci had those lands, with whom it was necessary to fight with weapons.
•
1- multitudinem (acc., direct object)
2- quam (acc., direct object)
3- He placed in the fields the crowd that he had brought with him.
•
1- iis artibus (ablative, instrumental)
143
2- quibus (ablative, instrumental)
3- The empire is easily kept with these methods with which it was produced in the beginning.
¯
•
1- litteras (acc., direct object)
2- quas (acc., subject of infinitive clause) - quibus (ablative, prepositional object)
3- After a few days, the senator L. S. recited in the senate the letter that he said that had been brought to him, in which
it was written that C. M. had taken the weapons with a large crowd.
•
1- Fulvius (nom., subject)
2- quem (acc., subject of infinitive clause)
3- Among them there was Fulvius, whom his father ordered to be called back from the journey and killed.
•
1- homines (nom., subject)
2- quibus (dative, indirect object as possessive dative)
3- After those men, who had all defects aboundantly but neither any possession nor any hope, accepted this, …
¯
•
1- custodes (acc., direct object)
2- quos (acc., direct object) - quibus (dative, indirect object)
3- While he was away, he left as guardians of that bridge the chieftains that he had brought with him from Ionia and
Aeolia, to whom he had given permanent command of a city to each one.
•
1- proeliis (ablative, circumstancial object) - naves (acc., direct object)
2- quibus (prepositional object) - quae (nom., subject)
3- They had been defeated in fice battles on land and three in the sea, in which they had lost 200 triremes, which,
captured, had fallen into the enemy’s power.
144
c) Special uses of the relative
1/ Connective relative
a/ (partial suggestions)
• After this was known
• Among them there was M. S.
• After they were approaching
• It seems to me that, for them
• If I achieve it
b/
• A patre exheredatus est. Quae contumelia non fregit eum, sed erexit.
• Multa delicate iocoseque fecit: Quae referremus, nisi maiora potiora haberemus.
• Is uxorem Acarnanam civem duxit, ex qua natus est Themistocles. Qui a patre exheredatus est.
• Postquam eum cum magna pecunia venisse senserunt, insidias fecerunt: Qui ea quae apportarat abstulerunt.
• Quae gens iacet supra Ciliciam, confinis Cappadociae.
• Qui cum ad flumen Ligerim venissent, ...
• Quibus rebus Caesar vehementer commotus maturandum sibi existimavit.
2/ Relative of characteristic
a/ (partial suggestions)
• There were some who thought
• Nothing that you may not desire
• There were those who believed
• and all those who might take weapons
w That there were really some people who could take weapons, a concrete number of people.
• those who might be useless
w That there are really some people who are useless, a concrete number of people.
• To those who would be the first
w That the action of climbing the wall had already taken place.
145
b/ • studeret • putent • possent • pateat • traderent
c/
• Ille homo non est gladiator qui delectationis causa necet.
• Sunt qui hunc librum oderint.
• Quis est qui periculum non sentiat?
3/ Relative of purpose
a/ (partial suggestions)
• in order to consult
• in order to decide it
• In order to perform these duties
• so that they might go up and down
• in orer to slow down our attack
• in order to instruct him
b/
• qui loci naturam perspiciat
in order to check the nature of the place.
• qui primum impetum sustineant
so that they might resist the first attack.
• qui societatem conubiumque novo populo peterent
in order to ask for alliances and right of marriage with the new people.
• qui omnes eos proficisci ante noctem iuberent
to order all of them to depart before night.
• qui locum idoneum castris deligant
to choose ad adequate place for the camp.
c/
• Mittam ad te aliquem meorum amicorum qui pecuniam tibi det.
• Senatus clarum virum ducem fecit qui exercitum contra Gallos duceret.
146
4/ Lack of antecedent
a/ (partial suggestions)
• those who have no possessions
• Those who were in the fleet
• he sent those whom he had called
• they organised those things that seemed suitable
• He received into safety those who had gone forward
b/ • ei qui • ea quae • ei quos • ei qui • ei qui
5/ Inclusion of the antecedent in the relative clause
a/
• quibus itineribus
• quibus rebus possent
• quae manus
• Quae omnis pecunia
• Qua victoria
b/
• Multis locis Germaniae triennium vagati ad Rhenum pervenerunt, regionibus quas Menapii incolebant.
• Iter in ea loca facere coepit, in quibus esse Germanos audiebat.
• Non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, civitate quae est in provincia.
• Muros quos avus Conon ex hostium praeda patriae restituerat, eosdem nepos cum summa ignominia familiae ex sua
re familiari reficere coactus est.
• Sive casu sive consilio deorum immortalium, pars civitatis Helvetiae quae insignem calamitatem populo Romano
intulerat, ea princeps poenas persolvit.
9.Comparativeclauses [122]
a) First type: Comparing through correlatives
1/ (partial suggestions)
• as he dedicated so much effort to the administration of his household as was expected in a
• he protected as much as he could
147
• as much as we can
• as many times as each cohort made a rush
¯
• Our people killed as large an amount of them as the length of the day allowed.
• After following for as much space as they could
• Hannibal was as much ahead of the other commanders as the Roman people is ahead
• the Syracusans hated nobody as much as this one
2/
• quotiens enim dicimus, totiens de nobis
• qui sunt tales qualis pater tuus
• Tales oratores videri facit, quales ipsi
• Tot quot digiti
• me totiens accipere tuas litteras quotiens a Quinto
• debentur talenta tot , quot ego
b) Second type: “The more…, the more…”
1/
• Quanto ditior erat, tanto plures libros emebat.
• Quo fortior hic gladiator est, eo plures hostes superat.
2/ (partial suggestions)
• the more hidden it is, the more evident it becomes
• the more effort they put in hidding it, the more it goes out
• the more power they have, so much less must they show it off
c) Third type: Comparing two events through other ways
1/
• Ut videre potes, …
• Ut constitutum erat, ad urbem ierunt.
148
• Ut praeceptum erat, Galliam invaserunt.
• Omnes captivi, ut in eo bello accidere solebat, missi sunt Romam.
2/
• In senatum ibo, tamquam si Caesarem videre velim.
• Occulta hoc tuo fratri, tamquam si quid grave sit.
• Plus pecuniae accepi quam si Caesar mihi suas divitias dedisset.
d) Fourth type: Comparing through idem
• Prudens idem ac acer ille senator est.
• In senatu idem ac tu dicam.
• Imperator Nero idem ac Caligula fecit.
• Cui hoc dedisti? Eidem qui hic aderat heri.
• Si senatui adfuissem, audivissem eandem orationem quam tu audivisti.
10.Fearclauses [123]
a/
• Vereor ut prudens sit veritatem ei dicere.
• Verentur ne veniat nemo salvus e proelio.
• Timebam ut hoc impetrarent.
• Timeo ne incipiat facinora committere.
• Metuimus ne fugerent.
b/
• Metuebam ne mixtum vinum biberem.
• Non metuebam ne quisquam inveniret.
• Metuebam ne vexeretur Epirus.
c/
• An timent ne tot unum superare non possint?
• Id ne accidat timeo.
• Veritus ex anni tempore et inopia aquae, ne siti conficiatur exercitus, Rutilium legatum cum parte equitum
praemittit ad flumen.
149
11.Indefiniteclauses [124]
a) Indefinite clauses of repeated action
1/
• Hic cum venerat extra ordinem vocabatur.
• Cum venerat calamitas, tum detrimentum accipiebatur.
2/
• Cato ille noster, cum venit ad se in Sabinos, ut ex ipso audimus, visere solet …
• Quaecumque navis ex Asia, quae ex Syria, quae Tyro, quae Alexandria venit, statim custodibus tenetur.
b) Indefinite clauses of single action (“ever” clauses)
1/ (partial suggestions)
• those whomever he considered adequate
• wherever it may please us to go
• whichever cities and fields had captured
• wherever he had gone to
• wherever grace, fear and passion had corrupted
• for whomever in his state there is a place
2/
• quocumque modo ages
• quotienscumque in causa
• quemcumque equitem Romanum
• ubicumque hoc factum est
• quotienscumque dico
• quemcumque rogaveris
12.Provisoclauses [125]
a/ (partial suggestions)
• As long as you tell me
• As long as they may achieve
150
• as loong as you give me
• As long as you obey
b/
• Dummodo superem pugnando
• dummodo non sit amor
• Dummodo hac moriar manu
• dummodo sequaris
• dummodo nil recites
• dum modo eat in exsilium
• dum metuant
c/ The lack of verb.
13.Quominusandquinclauses [126]
a) Expressions of doubt
1/ w b/ is negative
2/ (partial suggestions)
• there was no doubt that the Helvetians
• there is a suspicion that he himself
• he thought he did not have to hesitate to fight
• Is there any doubt that they offered
• nobody doubted that she
• nobody doubts that that same emperor
• is there any doubt that this recusation
w Because there is a negative sense implicit (the expected answer is “no”).
3/
• Non dubio quin cras victura sit.
• Non dubitabant quin pervenisses.
• Quis dubitare potest quin Vergilius magnus poeta sit?
151
4/
• Tametsi nullus in te sensus humanitatis, nulla ratio umquam fuit religionis, nunc tamen in metu periculoque tuo
tuorum tibi scelerum venit in mentem.
• Istum fortuna non tam ex illo periculo eripere voluit quam ad vestrum iudicium reservare.
• Multo maius est novam [columnam] facere.
• Ita est.
• Illa damnatio cum causa Cluenti vestroque iudicio coniuncta esse potest.
b) Expressions of prevention
1/ w quominus - ne w quominus - quin
2/
• Hoc impediet quominus eam hodie in senatum.
• Nihil impedit quin adsis senatui.
• Mors Caesaris impedivit ne dux fierem.
• Nemo impediebat quominus loquerer populo.
3/ (partial suggestions)
• Is there any reason that you do not go out (the sense of “nothing prevents that” is implicit)
• S. N. deters the man from
4/
• Non ea res me deterruit quo minus / quin
• Ne a C. Rusio quidem accusatore deterreri potuit quominus / quin
• Si etiam bonus erit vir, ne impediant divitiae quominus / quin
• Confessus est neque recusavit quominus / quin
¯ • Neque exercitus neque moenia obstant, quominus / quin
• Deterrere eum voluit quominus / ne
• Non veto quominus / quin
• Haec, Lucili virorum optime, quominus / quin
152
14.Summaryoftheusesofcum [127]
a) With indicative
1/ (partial suggestions)
• if I had not been consul when I was
• neither when she was dressed with a purple tunic
• whenever he comes
• When disgrace comes
• when you come
• when fear comes
¯ • when it comes to the middle space between
• except when they have won
• when the war with the Sabini fell upon
• When Arete heard this
• when I heard that you
• when they were fighting with the utmost intensity
2/ Muro quoque lapideo circumdare urbem parabat cum Sabinum bellum coeptis intervenit.
b) With subjunctive
1/
Present Concessive
Causal
Perfect Concessive
Causal
Imperfect Concessive
Historic cum
Pluperfect Concessive
Historic cum
153
2/ (partial suggestions)
• After they had left our ships
• After she had buried
• When it was announced to Caesar
• As they could not persuade them
• As they could not defend
• when Naevius was present
3/
• Ad hoc consilium cum plerique accederent
• Huius cum sententiam plurimi essent secuti
• cum ex Europa in Asiam [had returned] redisset
• Cum ipse pro se dicere non posset
• cum fama in Graeciam esset perlata
• cum ille esset in Phrygia
4/
• Cum praedam ex agris agerent
• cum fluitantem alveum, quo expositi erant pueri, tenuis in sicco aqua destituisset
• Cum populum in curias triginta divideret
• Cum in magna gloria tota res Romana esset
• cum hostem effugissent
5/
• Cum omnes homines necavissent, omnem pecuniam rapuerunt.
• Cum e castris efugissem, aliis militibus occurri.
• Cum magister nulla iussa dedisset, discipuli nihil fecerunt.
• Cum sapientissime locutus sit, tamen nemini persuasit.
• Cum sapientissime locutus sit, omnibus persuasit.
• Cum Orbilius Romae magister esset, Horatius didicit poemata Homeri.
154
15.Summaryoftheusesofut [128]
a) With the indicative (partial suggestions)
• as it is said
• as he says
• when he heard that A.
• as I said
• as i said
• when he came to Rome
¯
• as his dignity requires
• as you say
• as you say
• as you yourself say
• when he came back to Rome
• as S. N. was
b) With the subjunctive
1/ like/as (comparative), that (result), so that (purpose), altough (concessive), that (completive)
2/ (partial suggestions)
• it happens that the Athenians
• the Pythia ordered that
• he requires that
• in order to announce that
¯
• It happened that
• in order to attack the islands
• he persuaded the people that with that money
• the Pythia answered that they should defend - advice from Apollo, that they should embark
155
3/ (partial suggestions)
• I will make you understand that
• so that I may ommit other things
• so that you may win
• It can’t be that
• H. encourages you to go
• so that you may always be able - so that I may be able today
4/
• Fieri non potest ut semper auxilium ab eo poscamus.
• Misi filium ad urbem ut cibum emeret.
• Ei pareo ut duci parerem.
• Senatores faciant ut salvi urbem relinquamus.
• Tam celeriter curro ut nemo me vincat.
16.Completivequod clauses [129]
1/ (partial suggestions)
• to accuse him, that he had made - explanation of the accusation
• It happened, that suddenly - explanation of the subject “hoc”
• to accuse him, that he had tried - explanation of the accusation
• because of this reason, that you fought - explanation of the circumstantial object “hac causa”
• it helped a lot that they - subject of “adiuvabat”
• the fact that you are here - explanation of the subject “hoc”
• that noobody saw you - explanation of “hoc” (which is the subject of the infinitive)
2/
• Hoc, quod Caesar hic adest, senatoribus placebit.
• Hoc odi, quod semper sero pervenis.
• Aliquid maximi momenti accidit, quod Cicero eum accusavit.
• Hac de causa veni, quod aegrotas.
156
c) Infinitive clauses
1.Generalprinciples [130]
a) The use of the infinitive
1/ a/ a noun
2/
• Running is good for your health.
• Please, stop shouting!
• I prefer reading than going to the Colosseum.
3/ dicere, conqueri, vociferari, posse, ferre, posse, perferre, opprimi, abicere, deponere
b) Infinitive clauses
•
Infinitive: vincere - vinci Role: direct objects (of possumus)
Words that depend on it: sine tuo periculo
Translation: We can neither conquer not be conquered without you being in danger.
•
Infinitive: facere - dicere - laudari - narrare Role: all direct objects (of malebat)
Words that depend on it: (on laudari) sua bene facta, (on narrare) aliorum
Translation: The best ones preferred to act than to speak, preferred that their exploits be praised by others than they themselves narrate those of others.
•
Infinitive: servire - imperare Role: complementary object (of parati estis)
Words that depend on it: none
Translation: You are more prepared to serve than to command.
157
¯
•
Infinitive: polliceri Role: complementary object (of coepit)
Words that depend on it: maria montisque
Translation: Suddenly, boasting, he began to promise seas and mountains (the earth).
•
Infinitive: vexare Role: complementary object (of soliti erant)
Words that depend on it: rem publicam
Translation: The used to offend the state.
•
Infinitive: dicere Role: subject (of licebit)
Words that depend on it: ne illud quidem
Translation: Not only you will not say it, but you will not even be allowed to say it.
¯
•
Infinitive: iugulari Role: subject (of est)
Words that depend on it: a forti atque honesto viro
Translation: It is fatal to be slaughtered by a strong and honest man.
•
Infinitive: postulare Role: complementary object (of coepit)
Words that depend on it: voce supplici
Translation: He started to beg with a suppliant voice, lest they might believe anything about him rashly.
•
Infinitive: facere - dicere - fieri Role: facere: subject of the first est; dicere: subject of the second est; fieri: subject of licet
Words that depend on it: (on facere) bene - rei publicae; (on dicere) bene; (on fieri) clarum
Translation: To benefit the state is right, also to speak well about it is not pointless; both in peace and in war it is right to become illustrious.
¯
158
•
Infinitive: vivere - frui Role: complementary objects (of videtur)
Words that depend on it: (on frui) anima
Translation: Finally, he who tries to obtain fame of an illustrious fact or of good practices seems to me to live and to enjoy his soul.
•
Infinitive: perire Role: subject (of conceditur)
Words that depend on it: tacite obscureque
Translation: Not even to die in silence and discreetly is concede to him.
•
Infinitive: defendere Role: subject (of est)
Words that depend on it: none
Translation: They defend S. N., if this is defending.
¯ •
Infinitive: agere Role: subject (of licuit)
Words that depend on it: cum summa turpitudine in exilio aetatem
Translation: You were allowed to spend your life in exile in total shame.
•
Infinitive: possidere Role: subject (of liceat)
Words that depend on it: bona
Translation: He requests from the pretor B. that according to the edict it be allowed to have possessions.
•
Infinitive: absolvi - condemnari Role: subjects (of both verbs potest)
Words that depend on it: none
Translation: An innocent man, if he is accused, can be acquitted; a guilty man, if he has not been accused, can’t be condemned.
159
c) Indirect statement
1/
• Cicero putat Pompeium Romam ire.
• Marcus dicit patrem domi cenare.
• Claudia dicit Cassium et Brutum Roma fugere.
• Magister putat discipulos litteras legere.
• Caesar dicit Ariovistum Galliam regere.
2/ (partial suggestions)
• I think that there is
• You see that the trial is
• proved that the fear was false
• I say that it is proper of
• They proved that it was necessary
• is also unfair against Naevius?
3/
• Infinitive clause: In te satis esse animi perseverantiaeque
Direct statement: In te satis est animi perseverantiaeque.
• Infinitive clause: Iudicium esse non de re pecuniaria, sed de fama fortunisque P. Quincti
Direct statement: Iudicium est non de re pecuniaria, sed de fama fortunisque P. Quincti.
• Infinitive clause: falsum pavorem esse
Direct statement: Falsus pavor est.
• Infinitive clause: senatoris esse boni semper in senatum venire
Direct statement: Senatoris est boni semper in senatum venire.
• Infinitive clause: de re iudicium fieri oportere
Direct statement: De re iudicium fieri oportet.
• Infinitive clause: quod aequum sit in Quinctium, id iniquum esse in Naevium
Direct statement: Quod aequum sit in Quinctium, id iniquum esse in Naevium.
160
d) An unexpected agreement
• Necesse erat Caesarem in proelio audacem esse / Necesse erat Caesari in proelio audaci esse.
• Licebat me in senatu iratum esse et Catilinam accusare / Licebat mihi in senatu irato esse et Catilinam accusare.
2.Whattenseoftheinfinitive? [131]
a/
•
New: Cicero putabat Pompeium Romam ire.
Transl.: that Pompeius was going to Rome
•
New: Marcus dicebat patrem domi cenare.
Transl.: that the father was having dinner
•
New: Claudia dicebat Cassium et Brutum Roma fugere.
Transl.: that C. and B. were fleeing from Rome.
•
New: Magister putabat discipuli litteras legere.
Transl.: that the students were reading the letter.
•
New: Caesar dicebat Ariovistum Galliam regere.
Transl.: that A. ruled the Gaul.
b/
•
New: Cicero putabat Pompeium Romam iturum esse.
Transl.: that P. would go to Rome.
•
New: Marcus dicebat patrem domi cenaturum esse.
Transl.: that the father would have dinner at home.
•
161
New: Claudia dicebat Cassium et Brutum Roma fugituros esse.
Transl.: that C. and B. would flee from Rome.
•
New: Magister putabat discipulos litteras lecturos esse.
Transl.: that the students would read the letter.
•
New: Caesar dicebat Ariovistum Galliam recturum esse.
Transl.: that A. would rule the Gaul.
c/
•
New: Cicero putabat Pompeium Romam ivisse.
Transl.: that P. had gone to Rome
•
New: Marcus dicebat patrem domi cenavisse.
Transl.: that the father had had dinner at home.
•
New: Claudia dicebat Cassium et Brutum Roma fugisse.
Transl.: that C. and B. had fled from Rome.
•
New: Magister putabat discipulos litteras legisse.
Transl.: that the students had read the letter.
•
New: Caesar dicebat Ariovistum Galliam rexisse.
Transl.: that A. had ruled the Gaul.
d/
• Puto magistrum librum scribere.
• Puto magistrum librum scripsisse.
• Puto magistrum librum scripturum esse.
• Putabam magistrum librum scribere.
162
• Putabam magistrum librum scripsisse.
• Putabam magistrum librum scripturum esse.
e/ (partial suggestions)
• that the mount was held by his men and that the H. had moved
• that most wrote so, that T. crossed
• that he had come and had sent
• that you have been moved
• that I had to say thank you
¯
• that he was his secretary.
• that there was no reason, that you could not, that you did not possess
• that you had conceded
• that I had sent to him
• that our ancestors made the state
• that Sopater was going to be absolved
f/
•
Infinitive clause: inimicum mihi fuisse
Direct statement: Inimicus mihi fuit.
•
Infinitive clause: multos mihi alios esse vincendos
Direct statement: Multi mihi alii vincendi sunt.
•
Infinitive clause: mihi cum illis una esse redeundum
Direct statement: Mihi cum illis una redeundum est.
¯ •
Infinitive clause: nullis hominibus quemquam tanto odio quanto istum Syracusanis et esse et fuisse
Direct statement: Nullis hominibus quisquam tanto odio quanto iste Syracusanis et est et fuit.
163
•
Infinitive clause: se beneficos in suos amicos visum iri
Direct statement: Nos beneficii in nostros amicos videbimur.
•
Infinitive clause: hunc infestum aut inimicum fuisse
Direct statement: Hic infestus aut inimicus fuit.
g/
• consumptum iri • divisam esse • petivisse • fuisse • misisse • pervenisse
h/
• te - absolutum esse
• rem Romanam - crevisse
• cives Romanos - necatos esse
• Brutum - visum iri
• Exercitus maximos - fugatos esse
• te - possedisse
i/
• Interfectum esse M. Aurium nuntiant.
• Hoc concedas necesse est, ita te caecum cupiditate et avaritia fuisse.
• Praetorem commovisse ex eo loco castra senserunt.
• Quem locum Graeciae non direptum iri putas?
• Dic nunc, si potes, Cluvium mentitum esse!
3.Wherethereisnochangeofsubject [132]
a/
• Puto bonus civis esse.
• Putas bonus civis esse.
• Putat bonus civis esse.
164
b/
• Puto me bonum civem esse.
• Putas te bonum civem esse.
• Putat se bonum civem esse.
c/
• Iudicavi mihi pecuniam non deberi.
• Me similem esse Catilinae gloriari soleo.
• Angustos nos fines habere arbitrabamur.
• Totius Galliae nos potiri posse speramus.
• Ubi iam nos ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sumus, …
• Spero absolutum iri.
d/
• Sperabat propediem se magnas copias habiturum esse.
• Catilina credebat se posse servitia urbana sollicitare.
• Se aedilitatem petere et invidiam timere dicebat.
• Non nulli propter timorem, quod se in senatu tuto non esse arbitrabantur, discesserunt.
• Pericles Ephesius, homo nobilissimus, Romam evocatus est, quod auctor illius iniuriae fuisse arguebatur.
• A quibus ille se lapidibus percussum esse dixit?
4.Historicalinfinitive [133]
a/
• vastare - agere - augere
• appellare - hortari - temptare - docere
• agitare - parare - portare
• sollicitare
• facere - movere - dare
b/ Dum Cicero Romae erat, Catilina commeatus colligere, milites hortari, arma parare, nuntios mittere, inimicos necare,
dona amicis dare, omnia inspicere.
165
5.Exclamatoryinfinitive [134]
a/
• Aediliciam praetextam togam, quam frustra confeceras, vendidisti!
• Ludibrio est urbis gloria, populi Romani nomen!
• In portu Syracusano triumphum agit pirata!
• Cedit e patria servator eius, manent in patria perditores!
b/
• Me hoc audire!
• Te tuum fratrem necavisse!
• Caesarem ipsum in proelio pugnare!
166
d) Participle clauses
1.Generalprinciples [135]
a/ w 2 / as an adjective
b/
• I saw her swimming (not the only option)
• reading a book.
• writing her dissertation.
c/ Cogitanti - repetenti - gestarum - repetenda - explicata - praeditos - intuenti - quaerendum - visum - excellentis
d/
• pugnantem • deletae • conficienda • videnti
¯
• scripturorum • docentes • invasurum • electis • expulso
2.Theparticipleisimpersonal [136]
a/
• Sub arbore sedens, me vidit Romam euntem.
• Sub arbore sedens, te vidi Romam euntem.
• Sub arbore sedens, eam vidisti Romam euntem.
b/ Because the participle is impersonal, and in these three cases it always agrees with an accusative singular.
3.Thetemporalcorrelation [137]
a) Use of the present participle
1/
• Cives oratorem audientes mirantur.
• Magister loquens docet.
167
• Audi quid dicat Epicurus moriens.
• Crassicius, Mustela, Tiro gladios ostentantes greges ducebant per forum.
• Catilina in confertissumos hostis incurrit ibique pgnans confoditur.
• Ille lacrimans ipsius Sex. Naevi manum prehendit.
2/
• sedentem • dormientem • maturantes • pugnantes • rediens • regnantem
3/
• Cotidie loquor cum discipulis linguam Latinam in ludo discentibus.
• Postea videbo amicum meum librum de Italia scribentem.
• Hoc dedi senatori multos filios habenti.
• Video domum fratris in agros laborantis.
• Cicero Catilinae coniurationem paranti non favet.
4/ • proficiscor • cohortor • furo - anhelo - molior - minitor • pugno • litigo
b) Use of the future participle
1/
• Gladiatores morituri Caesarem salutant.
• Libros do discipulis lecturis.
• Caesar hortatur milites pugnaturos.
• Video fratrem oratoris contionem habituri.
• Cicero loquitur cum senatoribus Catilinam ex urbe expulsuris.
2/ • oppugnaturi • expugnaturi • dicturos • futuris
w The first and the second (oppugnaturi and expugnaturi).
c) Use of the perfect (also called past ) participle
1/
• Hoc legi in libro a Cicerone scripto.
• Tuam epistulam mihi missam heri accepi.
168
• Hic miles necatus est hasta ab hoste iacta.
• Ego poto vinum a domino mihi praebitum.
• Heri cum consulibus a civibus expulsis locutus sum.
2/
• perculsi • exercitatus - versatus • Conturbatus • liberatus • vexatus - iactatus
¯
• solutus • damnatus • paratum - instructum • implicatam
¯
• spectatam - cognitam • auctam - ornatam • relatam • exornatas
3/
• comparo • iudico • do • vasto - desero • cognosco - probo
4.Participleasaverb [138]
a/
ê Sentences with a present participle:
• Cn. Pompei bella, victorias, triumphos, dum admirabamus numerabamus.
• Placet igitur mihi, patres conscripti, eis qui una cum pugnarent occiderint monumentum fieri quam amplissimum.
• Una fingendi est ars, in qua ei qui praestabant fuerunt Myro, Polyclitus, Lysippus, qui omnes inter se dissimiles fuerunt.
• Apud Xenophontem autem cum moreretur Cyrus maior haec dicit.
• Cum bonum publicum simularent pro sua quisque potentia certabant.
ê Sentences with a perfect participle:
• Iubet me scyphos qui sigillati erant ad praetorem statim adferre.
• Ei denique qui tum postquam arma cepissent dies noctesque concursabant, …
• Nunc ei quos populaverunt et vexaverunt cuncti ad me publice saepe venerunt.
• Diffidebam satis animo certo, animo qui confirmatus erat, me posse in hac causa consistere.
• Antequam Carthaginem deleta esset populus et senatus Romanus placide modesteque inter se rem publicam tractabant.
169
b/
• Pueri a te docti multa sciunt.
• Nos, veram causam belli scientes, pugnare nolumus.
• Urbem captam delevimus.
• Venimus pugnaturi.
• Multi cives Caesarem necatum laudaverunt.
• Tiberius moriens suis militibus multa dixit.
• Hoc donum tibi ab omnibus amato do.
5.Participleasanoun [139]
a/
• In senatu audivi de rebus quae factae sunt.
• Ei qui scribunt semper multum laborant.
• Necesse est iuvare eos qui laborant.
• Da hoc, quaeso, eis qui veniunt.
• Ei qui fugiunt numquam laudantur.
b/
• Odi eos semper loquentes in senatu.
• Necati in proelio vero audaces erant.
• Omnes audiverunt de factis Caesaris.
• Epistulam scribentibus nuntios dixi.
• Habes libros docenti in hoc ludo?
6.Theablativeabsolute [140]
a) Normal use
1/
• Ponte deleto
• Magistro in ludo laborante
• Pecunia accepta
170
• Proelio perfecto
• Me patrem adiuvante
2/ • interiectis • orta • diviso • accepta • occiso • deletis
3/
• cum exercitus deleti essent
• postquam tot milia civium Romanorum uno nuntio atque uno tempore necati sunt
• cum magnum iter confecisset
• quamquam pauci defendebant
• cum dux hostium ocissus esset
¯
• postquam obsides accepti sunt primi civitatis atque ipsius Galbae regis duo filii armaque omnia ex oppido tradita sunt
• cum hi traditi essent omniaque arma ex oppido collata essent
• Cum Germanicum bellum confecisset
• Postquam Hamilcar ocissus esset.
• Cum equitatum praemisisset
b) The type Cicerone consule
1/ • Me consule • Te duce • Te magistro • Tarquinio rege • Germanico praetore
2/
• me consule > dum ego consul sim
• te consule > cum tu consul esses
• te praetore > cum tu praetor esses
• te consule > cum tu consul esses
• L. Octavio et C. Cottae consulibus > Cum L. Octavius et C. Cotta consules essent
3/
• infectis rebus
• P. Popilio atque P. Rupilio consulibus
171
• te praetore
• duce C. Trebonio equite Romano
c) Reasons for its abundance
1/
• Epistula scripta, senator Romam reliquit.
• Fratre necato, Romulus urbem condidit.
• Victoria nuntiata, ad senatum iit.
• Libro lecto, puer ad amicos iit.
2/
• Milites hortatus, dux iussa dedit.
• Discipulis locutus, magister ex aedificio exiit.
• Equites progressi hostes viderunt.
3/
Because the verbs of the first group are active verbs and there is no perfect active participle in Latin, while the verbs of the second group are deponent and their perfect passive participle has active meaning.
d) Common expressions
• Imperatore absente
• His Caesari nuntiatis
• te absente
• His nuntiatis
¯
• Hoc proelio facto
• Impetu facto
• me absente
• proelio levi facto
172
e) Indirect speech
2.Indirectstatementclauses [141]
a) Main concept
1/
• Magistra dicit puerum esse in foro.
• Magistra dicit patrem emere multos libros.
• Magistra dicit matrem cum consule loqui.
• Magistra dicit Octaviam ad ludum currere.
• Magistra dicit hanc urbem a Romulo conditam esse.
2/
• Magistra dicit Antonium in proelio Catilinam vicisse.
• Magistra dicit te librum scripsisse.
• Magistra dicit me heri in circo fuisse.
• Magistra dicit meam sororem Romam ivisse.
• Magistra dicit nos oratorem in senatu audivisse.
3/
• Magistra dicit me cras Romam ituram esse.
• Magistra dicit te magnum oratorem futurum esse.
• Magistra dicit me pecuniam inventurum esse et tibi daturum esse.
• Magistra dicit me ad Graeciam navigaturam esse.
• Magistra dicit Gallos urbem capturos esse.
173
4/
• Magistra dixit me ad Graeciam navigaturum esse. / would sail
• Magistra dixit hanc urbem a Romulo conditam esse. / had been founded
• Magistra dixit Antonium in proelio Catilinam vicisse. / had defeated
5/ (partial suggestions)
• that he had never been
• that a Roman citizen had been hit
• that many R. citizens had been punished
• that he was waiting for
• that he praised
• that they had come
6/
• exisse
• futurum esse / fore
• praetergressum esse
• carere - habere (not “esse”!)
• factam esse
• mirari
7/
• Tu negabis.
• De hisce omnibus rebus me dicere oportet.
• Proditori credendum est.
• Ille impunius id faciet.
• Haec vobis in mentem veniunt.
• Tu edicta superiorum omnium correxisti.
• Haec omnia facta sunt.
174
c) Negative statement
1/
• Non dico te heri hic fuisse. / Nego te heri hic fuisse.
• Caesar non dixit Pompeium fugere velle. / Caesar negat Pompeium fugere velle.
• Uxor eius non dixit se hunc librum legisse. / Uxor eius negat se hunc librum legisse.
• Discipuli non dicunt se domum ire velle. / Discipuli negant se domum ire velle.
2/ (partial suggestions)
• I say that this adoption was not made
• I say that I do not trust
• I say that I can’t
• He said that it was not customary among Greeks
• He said that there was nobody
• He said that he had never take any loan
3/
• A privato pecuniam in provincia praetorem petere non oportet.
• Ille triumphi cupidus numquam fuit.
• Domi non est.
• Nescio.
• Non potuisti ad me scribere.
• Puto illa esse vera.
d) Verbs that can be followed by an indirect statement
• Arbitratus sum te hunc librum legere.
• Cognovi te hunc librum lecturum esse.
• Credidi te hunc librum legisse.
• Intellexi magistram Romam ire.
• Ratus sum magistram Romam ivisse.
• Scivi magistram Romam ituram esse.
175
3.Indirectcommandclauses [142]
a) Indirect commands
1/
hortor hortatus sum
impero imperavi
moneo monui
oro oravi
persuadeo persuasi
rogo rogavi
w impero - persuadeo
2/
• Cicero persuasit senatui ut contra Catilinam pugnaret.
• Magister imperabit discipulis ut omnia discant.
• Dux orat captivos ut arma tradant.
• Claudia hortatur filium ut in forum eat.
• Hostes monent cives ut portas urbis aperiant.
• Caesar rogavit suos ut hostibus parcerent.
3/ (partial suggestions)
• to encourage her not to
• you not to omit
• that he stops
• ordered (them) to send
• asked Socrates to
• I advised the king to use
• He encourages (him) to
4/
• Imperavit ut ignis ex lignis viridibus atque umidis in loco angusto fieret.
• Imperat ut pons qui erat ad Genavam rescindatur.
• Imperavit ut Haluntinus, homo non solum domi, sed tota Sicilia in primis nobilis, vocaretur.
• Imperavit ut homo prenderetur atque ad Scaurum deduceretur.
176
5/
• Pseudolus iussit me aliquem hominem strenuum benevolentem ad se adducere.
• Allobrogibus iussit iis frumenti copiam facere.
• Fugitivos, quorum maior multitudo erat, eos iussit interficere.
• Decem servos iussit eum domum ducere.
• Suos iussit nullum omnino telum in hostis reicere.
• Iussit me se et causam suam tibi commendare.
• Dives pauperem vicinum iussit sibi arborem vendere.
b) Indirect prohibitions
1/
• Prohibeo ne hoc facias!
• Prohibeo ne ducem necetis!
• Prohibeo ne ei de hoc dicas!
• Prohibeo ne hanc urbem deleatis!
2/
• Prohibeo ne Romam eas.
• Cicero prohibuit ne senatus captivos liberaret.
• Lex prohibet ne amicos iuvem.
• Consul prohibuit ne senatui loquar.
3/
• Veto te Romam ire.
• Cicero vetuit senatum captivos liberare.
• Lex vetat me amicos iuvare.
• Consul vetuit me senatui loqui.
4/
• Prohibuit ne in senatu essemus, (ne) locis commodisque publicis uteremur.
• Prohibuit ne in conspectum suum veniremus.
177
• Nulla lex prohibet ne hoc in provincia fiat.
• Lex prohibet ne peregrinus in murum ascendat.
• Is igitur prohibet ne versus in oratione sit.
5/
• Lacrimae meorum prohiberunt ne ad mortem irem.
• Quis umquam consul prohibuit ne senatus ipsius decretis pareret?
• Timor prohibuit ne longius progrederemur.
4.Indirectquestionclauses [143]
a) Adverbial or pronominal questions
1/
w subjunctive
w quam ob rem - quem ad modum
2/
• Rogo quid facias.
• Rogo quid sit tibi nomen.
• Rogo ubi habites.
• Rogo quo curras.
• Rogo quam ob rem Graecia tibi placeat.
¯
• Rogo quem ad modum hoc feceris.
• Rogo cui discipulae praemium rhetoricae dederis.
• Rogo unde veniant nunc tui amici.
• Rogo in quo loco videris meum fratrem.
3/
• Rogo quid facturus sis cras.
• Rogo quam ob rem cras Romam itura sis.
178
• Rogo cui libros datura sis.
• Rogo quem senatores novum imperatorem electuri sint.
• Rogo quid in senatu de Catilina Cicero dicturus sit.
4/
• Rogabam cui libros datura esses.
• Rogabam in quo loco vidisses meum fratrem.
• Rogabam quem senatores novum imperatorem electuri essent.
• Rogabam ubi habitares.
• Rogabam quid in senatu de Catilina Cicero dicturus esset.
5/ (partial suggestions)
• why he did nothing
• what kind of speech was
• what had happened
• what each one said
• in what places the Roman people demolished
• what they wanted
6/
• A quo vulneratus es?
• Quis te vulneravit?
• Quis es et quid vis?
• Quae fuit causa?
• Unde est epistula?
• Cur domum meam venistis?
7/
• Incertum erat quam longa cuiusque nostrum vita futura esset.
• Quid enim ille facturus esset incertum erat.
• Nesciebam quae causa odi fuisset.
• Nesciebam cur hoc mihi detrimento esse deberet.
179
b) Double questions
1/
w c/ num or -ne
w c/ utrum … an
w b/ necne
2/
• Rogo num velis Romam ire. / Rogo utrum velis Romam an Tarentum ire.
• Rogo num Caesarem ipsum videris in senatu. / Rogo utrum Caesarem ipsum an eius fratrem videris in senatu.
• Rogo num iam hunc librum legeris. / Rogo utrum iam hunc librum legeris necne.
• Rogo num potueris pecuniam regi dare. / Rogo utrum potuisti pecuniam regi dare necne.
• Rogo num multos homines videris in circo. / Rogo utrum multos homines videris in circo an paucos.
3/ (partial suggestions)
• if these things were true
• if they would like to
• if he had sent it
• if she was pregnant
• whether he had been
• if he knew the mark
4/
• Cognoscis hoc signum annon?
• Potuit Roscius ex societate suam artem petere annon?
• Dubitandum vobis est omni studio ad id bellum incumbere?
• Sunt dei annon sunt?
• Utrum sunt dei annon sunt?
• Missus est annon?
5/ • sit • malitis • sit • habuerit • venerit • pervenisset
180
5.Subordinateclausesinindirectspeech [144]
a/ (partial suggestions)
• who said that he had been hit
• that he wanted that Labienus
• because it had been ordered
• who was known to everybody
¯ • who entered the row of olive-trees
• in which you were lodged
• why he might want
• to make you hate my house
w “in qua deversabare” (2nd one of second block), because it is not what was said in the direct speech but additional information added by the current speaker.
b/
• Dico me numquam iterum vidisse magistrum qui me tanta docuerit.
• Dico discipulas legisse libros quos magister in ludum intulerit.
• Dico nos, si quam celerrime venturus sis, ituros esse ad ludos videndos.
• Dico eum cuicumque pecuniam des, celeriter impensurum esse.
• Dico oportere nos domum redire propterea quod cena iam parata sit.
6.Aspecialtechnique:Oratio Obliqua
a) Introduction [145]
w c/ The reproduction, in indirect style, of a combination of statements, questions and commands.
w c/ Usually, only the first sentence is introduced by a verb of reported speech.
w a/ In the reproduction of questions.
181
b) What happens to statements?
Nepos dicit eisdem temporibus Persarum regem Darium ex Asia in Europam exercitu traiecto Scythis bellum inferre decrevisse, pontem fecisse in Histro flumine, qua copias traduceret; eius pontis, dum ipse abesset, custodes reliquisse principes, quos secum ex Ionia et Aeolide duxisset; quibus singulis illarum urbium perpetua dedisset imperia; sic enim facillime putavisse se Graeca lingua loquentes, qui Asiam incolerent, sub sua retenturum potestate, si amicis suis oppida tuenda tradidisset, quibus se oppresso nulla spes salutis relinqueretur; in hoc fuisse tum numero Miltiadem, cui illa custodia crederetur.
c) What happens to questions?
1/
w Indirect question in subjunctive / accusative + infinitive construction
w When an answer is expected. Usually in the 2nd person.
w When an answer is not expected. Usually in the 1st or 3rd person.
2/
• Ubi esset?
• Cui hoc dare vellet?
• Quem librum legeret?
• Quem librum legisset?
• Quem librum lecturus esset?
• Cur odisset Catilinam?
• Quot libros haberet domi?
3/
• Quis fecisset hoc?
• Ubi esset Cicero?
• Cur Romae non adesset Caesar?
• Matrem Romae vidisset?
• Quot equites haberet Ariovistus?
4/
• Quem velle hoc facere?
• Quam ob rem Petrum nolle senatorem fieri?
182
• Ubi illos librum celavisse?
• Duce mortuo, quid illos facturos esse?
• Quem eligere pontificem velle cives?
d) What happens to commands? • Iret.
• Daret hoc suo fratri.
• Ne necaret senatorem.
• Diceret omnia sibi.
• Iuvaret suum patrem.
• Ne hanc urbem deleret.
e) What happens to pronouns and adverbs?
1/
ego se
tu ille / illa
nos se
nunc tunc
hic (here) ibi
hodie illo die
heri pridie
cras postero die
2/
• Se hoc numquam fecisse, fortasse illum fecisse.
• Se velle urbem illo die videre.
• Tunc se Romae esse, sed cras ituros esse Tarentum. Vellet secum ire?
• Se pridie sororem vidisse in foro.
• Caesarem hic adesse, secum.
f) Collective usage
² Please take into account that the choice of pronouns “se, ipsum, eum, illum” etc. for 1st, 2nd or 3rd person was rather free and did not always follow the grammatical rules.
1/
a/ Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca respondit, de suis virtutibus multa praedicavit: “Ego transivi Rhenum non mea sponte, sed rogatum et arcessitum a Gallis; non sine magna spe magnisque praemiis domum propinquosque reliqui; sedes habeo in Gallia ab eis concessas, obsides eorum voluntate datos; stipendium capio iure belli, quod victores victis imponere consuescunt. Non ego Gallis sed Galli mihi bellum intulerunt: omnes Galliae civitates ad me oppugnandum venerunt ac contra me castra habuerunt; eae omnes copiae a me uno proelio pulsae ac superatae sunt.”
183
b/ Ei legationi Ariovistus respondit: “Si quid mihi a te (Caesare) opus est, ego ad te veniam; si quid tu me vis, te ad me venire oportet. Praeterea ego neque sine exercitu in eas partes Galliae venire audeo quas tu possides, neque exercitum sine magno commeatu atque molimento in unum locum contrahere possum.”
2/
Legatos ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum locuti: “Non existimamus Romanos sine ope divina bellum gerere, qui tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere possint (keep subjunctive); nos nostraque omnia vestrae potestati permittimus. Unum petimus ac deprecamur: si forte pro nostra clementia ac mansuetudine, quam vos ab aliis auditis, statuitis Atuatucos esse conservandos, nolite nos armis despoliare.
3/
Ad haec Caesar quae visum est respondit; sed exitus fuit orationis: “Mihi nulla cum vobis amicitia esse potest, si in Gallia remanetis; neque verum est, qui suos fines tueri non possunt alienos occupent; neque ulli in Gallia vacant agri qui dari tantae praesertim multitudini sine iniuria possint; sed licet, si vultis, in Ubiorum finibus considere, quorum sunt legati apud me et de Sueborum iniuriis queruntur et a me auxilium petunt: hoc ego Ubiis imperabo.
4/
a/ Quid mihi vis? Cur in meas possessiones venis? Provincia mea haec est Gallia, sicut illa vestra.
b/ Responderunt: “Populi Romani imperium Rhenus finit; si te invito Germanos in Galliam transire non aequum existimas, cur tui quicquam esse imperii aut potestatis trans Rhenum postulas?”
c/ Ariovistus me consule cupidissime populi Romani amicitiam adpetivi; cur me tam temere quisquam ab officio discessurum iudicet?
d/ Quod vero ad amicitiam populi Romani attulissent, id iis eripi quis pati potest?
184
f) Uses of the gerund and gerundive
1.Definitionandforms [146]
a) Gerund
1/
w a/ is a noun. c/ has four cases. c/ is neuter. a/ has only singular.
w c/ the present active infinitive.
2/ a/ laborandis c/ laboratum f/ laborandus g/ laborandae
3/ ludendum, ludendi, ludendo, ludendo / faciendium, faciendi, faciendo, faciendo
b) Gerundive
1/
w b/ is an adjective. d/ has the three genders. c/ has both.
w c/ the future passive participle
2/ a/ dicendos c/ dicendorum e/ dicendis
3/
pugnandus, pugnanda, pugnandum
audiendus, audienda, audiendum
2.Usesofthegerund [147]
a) Accusative
• pugnandum • proficiscendum • deliberandum • navigandum • sequendum - explorandum - cognoscendum
b) Genitive
• docendi • loquendi • dicendi • agendi - fraudandi • quaerendi
185
c) Dative
• discendo • audiendo • vincendo
d) Ablative
• legendo • pollicendo - miserando • pugnando • dicendo • dicendo
e) Mixed uses of the gerund
1/
• resistendi - suppeditandi
• vincendum
• dicendo - cogitando
2/
• inquirendi
• defendendum - suspicandum
• rogando - poscendo - sumendo
• minando - pollicendo
• dicendum
3/
• Cupidus sum currendi.
• Legendo multum disces.
• Ego ad docendum veni, tu ad discendum.
• Hic locus idoneus est dormiendo / ad dormiendum.
• Multum nixi sunt (in) pugnando.
• Hoc feci vincendi causa.
3.Gerundivereplacingthegerund [148]
a) Basic concept
1/ c/ When the gerund would have a direct object.
186
2/
Gerundive: Librum scripsi de hostibus vincendis.
Gerundive: Romam veni militum videndorum causa.
Gerundive: Librum scripsi de urbibus oppugnandis.
Gerundive: Romam veni pecuniae tibi dandae causa.
b) Use of the gerundive
1/ • parandi - constituendae • colendo • rogandos
2/
• gerundive • gerundive • gerund • gerundive
¯
• gerund • gerundive • gerundive • gerund
3/
• Cupidus sum hostium vincendorum.
• Libris legendis multum disces.
• Ego veni ad litteras docendas, tu venisti ad linguam discendam.
• Hic locus idoneus est epistulae scribendae.
• Multum nixi sunt in oppido oppugnando.
• Hoc feci pecuniae recipiendae causa.
4.Exceptionstothereplacement [149]
a) Neuter adjectives or pronouns
• Veni omnia videndi causa.
• Caesar cupidus erat omnia capiendi.
• De omnia visitando locuti sumus.
b) Cacophonic reasons
• Heri locuti sumus de arte docendi discipulos.
• Multa templa aedificandi causa multos servos secum tulit.
• Bonus dominus est semper cupidus iuvandi servos.
187
g) The periphrastic conjugation and the supine
1.Theactiveperiphrastic [150]
a/
• No, the fut. partic. is not the predicative object.
• Yes.
• No, the fut. partic. is not the predicative object.
• No, the fut. partic. is not the predicative object.
• Yes.
• No, the fut. partic. is not the predicative object.
b/ • sum • nubo • prosum • relinquo • eo • desereo
c) • pugnaturi • dicturi • venturi • dicturi • facturi • habituri
d) • habituros • exituros • perventuros • morituros
e)
• Missura sum epistulam tibi.
• Caesar locuturus erat Pompeio.
• Claudia itura ad senatum est.
• Puto eum me visurum esse.
• Propositura est novam legem.
• Dicunt hanc puellam docturam eum litteras esse.
2.Thepassiveperiphrastic [151]
a/
• No, the fut. partic. is not the predicative object.
• Yes.
• No, the fut. partic. is not the predicative object.
188
• No, the fut. partic. is not the predicative object.
• Yes.
• No, the fut. partic. is not the predicative object.
b/
• eo
• ignosco - resisto
• ago - propono - do - revoco - instruo - cohortor
c/
• eundum
• agendum - appellandus - imploranda
• reprendendum
• Dicenda - demonstranda - explicanda - exponenda - agenda
• numeranda
d/
• custodiendam
• exspectandum
• prospiciendum
e/
• Mihi domum eundum est.
• Ille auctor laudandus est civibus.
• Hic liber legendus est discipulis.
• Puto hanc epistulam scribendam esse Claudiae.
• Putant hunc senatorem recipiendum esse Caesari.
• Romam eundum est.
3.Thesupine [152]
a/ • oratum • rogatum • cubitum
b/ • factu • memoratu • dictu • factu • auditu - visu
189
c/ • dictu • aspectu - auditu • factu • pabulatum • auditu • gratulatum • factu
d/
• Tandem, hoc facile dictu sed difficile factu fuit.
• Huc veni doctum.
• Domum ivi cenatum.
• Hoc mirum est auditu!
• Hoc optimum factu est nunc.
• Post proelium, omnes venerunt gratulatum ducem.
190
h) Combination of negatives
1.Tendenciesintheuseofnegatives [153]
a/
• In castra perveni sed iam omnia profecti sunt neque ullus miles aderat.
• In castra perveni neque ullum militem vidi.
• Hoc non feci neque umquam faciam!
• Hoc dificillimum est neque ullo modo poteris perficere.
• Ille locus periculosus est neque quis ire vult.
• Bellum odi neque quem necabo.
• Petrus thesaurum celavit neque usquam eum invenient.
b/ (partial suggestions)
• and he was never more than
• and no wind could blow
• and no weapon was thrown
c/ • umquam • ullum - ulla • ullam • ulla • umquam
2.Negativescancellingorreinforcingeachother? [154]
a/ semper / nonnumquam
omnes / non nemo
nusquam / non nusquam
nullus liber / nonnullus liber
b/
• b/ I saw everybody.
• c/ I saw somebody.
191
• c/ I have sometimes done this.
• b/ I have always done this.
• c/ You will find money everywhere.
• b/ You will find money somewhere.
c/ (partial suggestions)
• everybody thought that Atticus
• everybody wanted
• everybody is
• will help everybody
• that everybody loves
• everything was
d/ (partial suggestions)
• sometimes the situation even
• sometimes you were
• avoid some danger
• as there was somebody
• some of you has heard
• there is some enemy
e/ (partial suggestions)
• always finds
• everybody would call me
• you did something
• it is a little interesting
• that he did everything
• sometimes even a thief
• so that we may always seem
192
a) Peculiarities and idioms
2.Non-verbalexpressions [155]
a) Nouns involved
1/
interea loci meanwhile
post id locorum afterwards
capitis poena death penalty
res gestae the exploits
senatus frequens the whole of the senate
diem de die day after day
ad hoc tempus up to now
re vera in fact
domi militaeque in peace and war
unde domo? from which country?
ad id locorum up to then
id temporis at that time
ad tempus at the appointed time
2/ (partial suggestions)
• are mocking me
• such evidence that
• expelled out of the senate
• what is necessary
• the whole of the senate
• the death penalty for those
3/
• Domi militiaeque - in war and in peace
• Res familiaris - the household
• poenas dedit - was punished
• ad rem militarem - for serving in the army
• unde domo - from what country
• ad id locorum - up to then
193
4/
• diem de die • poenas dederunt • ludos facit • Rem publicam • opus est • Post ea loci • re vera
¯
• ad tempus • senatus datus est • interea loci • res gestas • opus est • ab re • tempore capto
¯
• senatus datus est • veras poenas dare • ex quo tempore • ad hoc tempus • id temporis
• rerum potita est • post id locorum
b) Adjectives or participles involved
1/
mente captus silly
coepta hieme at the beginning of the winter
magna voce aloud
post homines natos since the birth of man
magna loqui to speak proudly
re bene gesta after victory had been achieved
magni aestimare to value a lot
certiorem facere to inform
mihi certum est I have decided
coepta luce at the beginning of the day
magno emere to buy at a high price
2/ (partial suggestions)
• contradictory between themselves
• after suffering a defeat
• I speak proudly.
• is held in high esteem
• he informed
3/
• in colle medio
• mente captus
• certiores facti sunt
• magna voce
• post homines natos
• res gestae
194
¯
• coepta luce
• mihi certum est
• talia dicta dedit
• laborantes
• certiorem fecit
• re bene gesta
c) Cases of unexpected agreement
• w It would mean “Money is good” instead of “Money is something good”.
• This was the reason
• w Because he makes them agree grammatically with “causa” and “accusatio”.
d) The personal construction of the infinitive
1/ (partial suggestions)
• it is said that they have left
• it is said that Syracusae
• it is said that many
• it is said that the province of Sicily
• it is said that he held
• do these things seem
2/
• Mihi videtur istos Verrem defendere.
• Eos quibus natura sensum dedit mihi laetari videtur.
• Videtur illum lanistam omnino iam a gladio recessisse.
• Mihi videtur, Eruci, te una mercede duas res adsequi velle.
• Videtur te ipsam victoriam vicisse.
• Mihi videtur te laudavisse nostram rem publicam.
3/
• Mater Pausaniae dicitur eo tempore vixisse.
195
• Tuus filius dicitur consul factus esse.
• Soror Marci dicitur heri cum Caesare locuta esse.
• Catilina dicitur Roma ad Manlium fugisse.
e) The uses of et
1/ (partial suggestions)
• both experienced in other judicial cases and
• both prudent and
• both by that man and
2/
• Hic consul est et sapiens et crudelis.
• Praemium dedi et optimis cuique optimo puero et cuique optimae puellae.
• Haec lex laudata est et a senatoribus et a civibus.
f) Quod si
1/ (partial suggestions)
• But if you held the possessions
• But if C. P. were a private citizen
• But if Catilina had remained
2/ • Quod si Caesar illic fuisset, hostes fugissent.
g) Futurum esse / fore ut
1/ (partial suggestions)
• I hope that it happens, that all
• Don’t we think that they will
• I hope that it will
• you should hope that you will obtain
• I think that I will be
196
2/
• Magnam spem habere coepi fore ut te brevi tempore incolumem haberemus.
• Puto fore ut, cum legeris, mirere nos id locutos esse inter nos quod numquam locuti sumus.
• Spero fore ut perspiciam, quod tamen iam pridem perspicio, me a te amari.
• Ea comitia puto fore ut ducantur.
• Quibus recitatis puto fore ut aliquando commoveatur senatus.
3/
• Puto fore ut hoc opus conficias mox.
• Puto fore ut hunc librum legat.
• Sperabant fore ut senatores Catilinam Roma expulsuri essent.
3.Verbalexpressions [156]
a/
bellum delere to put a complete end to the war
manu mittere to give freedom
lacrimas movere to make cry
in peius mutare to get worse
poenas dare to be punished
uxorem ducere to get married
vela dare to set sail
persuasum habere to be persuaded
pretia iacent prices are low
¯
ima petere to sink
altum petere to go out to deep sea
se recipere to withdraw
legem rogare to propose a law
valere to have influence
fructui esse to be an asset
signa tollere to set in motion
aliquem tollere to kill someone
in discrimen vocare to put in danger
¯
se gerere bene to behave well
ludibrio habere to mock
bene se habere to feel well
modum egredi to surpass the limit
quinque annos egressus at five years old
noctem exigere to spend the night
197
cum aliquo facere to support someone uti rogas a “yes” vote
¯
equo admisso at full gallop
flocci facio I give no importance
animam agere to die
causam agere to defend a judicial case
amabo te please!
male audire to have a bad reputation
portum capere to arrive in harbour
tempus capere to make use of the opportunity
morte carere to be immortal
iram condere to hide your anger
b/ (partial suggestions)
• I spent time more happily
• he killed so many citizens
• had influence among you
• this is the state of affairs
• as it is immortal
¯
• I will make use of the opportinuty
• you sent to the winds both your sails and your words
• they were punished by
• I will marry this woman
• he will make use of the very last resources
¯
• he authorised to fight
• waged war
• he behaved with moderation
• he died
• I put an end to hunger
¯
• clouds sink
198
• I am sure that it can be that
• has bad fame
• good things get worse, bad things
• I defended the case of the children
• he went to deep sea
c/ (partial suggestions)
1. • are sure • practises • we need • spent his life • you get married • have crossed the limit
• has become normal practice
2. • res cogat • tecum non facit • in carcerem condi • delere • in crucem sustulit • ludibrio esse
• orationem habere
3. • had dismantled • go • a positive answer • is freed • to a sound mind • make cry • propose
4. • habere • male narrant • atque oportet • vocavit • gerere • plurimum poterat • poenas petat
5. • withdrew • behaved • costs • it seemed well • an asset • to be in command • set in motion
6. • agebat • exigas • cepit • naufragium • in odium venit • verti • amabo te
7. • male • egressus • manu mittendum • moriar • te habes • novis rebus • studebant
8. • opus • iacere • lege • legit • missurum esse • equo admisso • flocci
199
b) Words that are easily confused
1.Non-verbalforms [157]
• aetatem age • aestatem summer
¯
• forte by chance • Forte strong
¯
• liber free • liber book • liberos children
¯
• natus born • natu by birth
¯
• nusquam nowhere • numquam never
¯
• populus people • Populum poplar-tree
¯
• relictus who had been left • reliquus remaining
¯
• victus defeated • victuros esse will live
¯
• vires strength • viri men • viribus forces
¯
• quidam a certain • quidem indeed
2.Verbalforms [158]
• fugio: fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum • fugat: fugo, -are, -avi, -atum
¯
• cadit: cado, -ere, cecidi, casum • caedit: caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesum
200
¯
• occidit: occido, -ere, occidi, occisum • occiderunt: occido, -ere, occidi, occasum
¯
• paruerunt: pareo, -ere, parui • paro: paro, -are, -avi, -atum • parit: pario, -ere, peperi, partum • parcit:
parco, -ere, peperci, parsum
¯
• redire: redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum • reddere: reddo, -ere, reddidi, redditum
¯
• servit: servio, -ire, -ivi, -itum • Servat: servo, -are, -avi, -atum • servare: servo, -are, -avi, -atum
¯
• stare: sto, stare, steti, statum • sistit: sisto, sistere, stiti, statum
¯
• videre: video, -ere, vidi, visum • visere: viso, -ere, visi, visum