Part Three: The House of Hohenzollern. The Thirty Years War devastated the German speaking lands.
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Transcript of Part Three: The House of Hohenzollern. The Thirty Years War devastated the German speaking lands.
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Part Three: The House of Hohenzollern
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The Thirty Years War devastated the German speaking lands
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Prussia laid just outside of the Holy Roman Empire and was seen as a meaningless territory
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King Frederick William was able to organize Prussia into a unified nation, establishing the
Hohenzollern Dynasty
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Frederick was the nephew of the King of Sweden and his wife was the granddaughter of William of
Orange
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Frederick William was very well educated and was obsessed with making Prussia into a great
power
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Even though he was a strict Calvinist, Frederick allowed Catholics and Jews to worship freely in
Prussia
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The “Great Elector” established Berlin as his capital city and allowed over 20,000 French
Huguenots to immigrate there
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His greatest achievement was developing a professional (non-mercenary) standing army
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When “Great Elector” Frederick William died, he was replaced by his son Frederick I
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Unlike his father, Frederick I was a weak ruler who did little but maintain what his father had
started for over 25 years
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He was replaced by his son, Frederick William I, who was a strong ruler
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Due to Frederick William I’s obsession with the military he was nicknamed the “Soldier King”
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Under him the Prussian military doubled in size and consumed 80% of the national budget
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Despite this, he balanced the budget but cutting the lavishness of him imperial court
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Under Frederick William I the Prussian Army was molded into one of absolute obedience and
discipline
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Frederick William I’s greatest fear was that his oldest son, Frederick II, would not be strong
enough to rule
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Young Prince Frederick loved music, philosophy, and poetry
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Frederick’s father would constantly beat and humiliate him
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In 1730 he ran away from home and attempted to move to England
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He was caught and as punishment Frederick was forced to watch his best friend be beheaded
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Frederick suggested to his father that he be married to Maria Theresa, but instead he was
married to a German Princess
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Young Frederick II took power at the age of 28, only six months after Maria Theresa first came to
power
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Shortly after taking power, Frederick II decided to began the War of Austrian Succession by
attempting to remove Maria Theresa from power
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After failing to both capture the throne of Austria and remove Maria Theresa from power Frederick
began reworking his military startegy
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Meanwhile, he studied French philosophy and the works of Machiavelli
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Frederick II came to the conclusion that Machiavelli’s statements that people were
naturally wicked were incorrect
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Frederick instead believed that people were both good and bad
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He also wrote that the ruler existed for the benefit of the nation, not the other way around as
Machiavelli had argued
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Frederick II watched in horror as his rival, Maria Theresa, allied Austria with France, Sweden, and
Russia
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Frederick II was only able to form an alliance with Great Britain, but decided that it was better to
fight his enemies now than wait for later
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Frederick II launched a series of battles against Russia, Austria, and France that began
The Seven Years War
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Britain fought France in the New World, where it was called the French and Indian War
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While England fought France in the Americas, Frederick’s Prussia struggled against its three
powerful enemies
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Amazingly, Frederick II often fought in the battles personally!
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He even had six horses shot from under him during battles
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Frederick II innovated many new battle techniques and formations, earning him the reputation of military genius early in his rule
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Despite being outnumbered 10 to 1 in the Seven Years War, Prussia held its own – mostly due to
Frederick’s genius
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Napoleon considered Frederick to be the greatest military Genius of all time
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At first the Seven Years War went very well for Frederick and his armies were winning
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But, as the years passed, Austria and Russia were able to fight their way towards Berlin
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It was at this moment that a “Miracle” saved Prussia and Frederick II from complete
destruction
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The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the Seven Years War, which was the worst European war of
the 18th Century
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Much later, Winston Churchill would call it the real First World War
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The Treaty cost France all of its American colonies, which were given to Britain
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Prussia reestablished itself as a great power and the map of Europe returned to where it was
before the war
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Near defeat did not deter Frederick II and he would go on to lead Prussia into numerous other
wars
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These later wars led to the expansion of Prussia’s land and power
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While fighting bravely in battle, Frederick also managed to completely reform the government of
Prussia
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Frederick II could speak Ten Languages, including Ancient Greek, Latin, and Hebrew!
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He brought into Prussia a wealth of new ideas, making him an Enlightened Monarch
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He built many great opera houses, libraries, universities, and palaces
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Under Frederick II, Prussia went from being a backwards German nation to one of the most
educated places on Earth
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He completely overhauled the entire economic and agricultural systems of Prussia, making them
up to date with those of the West
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He also had his capital city, Berlin, completely redesigned, making it the envy of many rulers
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Throughout this time Frederick even found time to compose over 100 Sonatas and 4 symphonies
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All of these things earned him the title Frederick the Great
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Frederick’s final goal was the conquest of the duel-nation of Poland and Lithuania
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In order to accomplish this, Frederick allied Prussia with its old enemies – Sweden, Austria,
and Russia
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The four nations gobbled up Lithuania and Poland, both of which vanished as free nations
for over a century
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This is known as the Partition of Poland
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Frederick the Great ruled Prussia for 46 years and died at the age of 74
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Prussia’s throne passed to Frederick’s nephew, Frederick William II
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Even though Prussia was now a major new power, an old/larger power to the East was about
to reach new heights of power…