PART II COGNITIONS & THE SELF
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Transcript of PART II COGNITIONS & THE SELF
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PART II
COGNITIONS & THE SELF
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Inner, private,
subjective
Outer,public,
objective
Stable Variable
1. Traits &Temperament
e.g. extraversion, neuroticism
Major theorists:Jung, Eysenck,
Gray
3. Motivatione.g. motives,
defenses
Major theorists:Freud, McClelland
4. Social Contexte.g., culture,
ethnicity, power,gender
Major theorists:Markus, Stewart
2. Cognition& Self
e.g. self-concept,beliefs, ideals
Major theorists:Rogers, Kelly
PERSONALITY UNITS AND COURSE STRUCTURE
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KEY DEFINITIONS
BELIEFS
ATTITUDES
VALUES
PROTOTYPES
STEREOTYPES
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KEY DEFINITIONS COTINUED..
SCHEMAS (SELF- & OTHER-)
ATTRIBUTIONS
SCRIPTS
AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
SOCIAL COGNITION
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COGNITIVE REVOLUTION
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George Kelly’s Theory of Personal
Constructs
GEORGE KELLY (1905-1967)
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What is a construct?
• are cognitions that people create and actively impose on the world to make sense out of it.
• are personal; representing the idiosyncratic ways that people sort out the people and events they encounter.
•evolve over time and across repeated experiences.
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GOOD BAD
QUIET LOUD
LOVELY DISGUSTING
Personal constructs are bipolar
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‘A submerged pole’ is similar to which
Freudian concepts?
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What else are personal constructs?
• Bipolar• Emergent pole/Implicit pole• Dichotomous• Both conscious and unconscious
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Kelly’s Fundamental Postulate
“People’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings (their
personalities) are determined by the constructs they use to anticipate or predict events”
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Using Constructs in Life...
Hypothesize (implicitly) that a construct will fit an event.
Test the hypothesis by applying the construct and predicting a consequence.
Construct confirmed or disconfirmed?
Does the construct have predictive efficiency?
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Our personalities
are defined by the type of constructs we have.
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Constructive Alternativism
• There are infinite number of ways to construe events.
• We are capable of combining, recombining, and even totally revising our constructions in an ongoing cycle of meaning-making.
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Characteristics of Personal Constructs:Range of convenience
• Set of events for which a construct is useful.
• Range of Convenience (Is it limited in scope or useful across many situations?)
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Characteristics of Personal Constructs:
Permeability
• The degree to which a construct is able to incorporate new experiences.
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Our personalities are defined by the type of constructs we
have and how we operate them.
Individual differences exist in terms of
•permeability•consistency•comprehensiveness •hierarchy
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GOOD BAD
Intelligent Interesting
Stupid Materialistic
CriticalDeep
TalkativeEnergetic
NaïveIgnoran
t
ShallowCruel
Personal constructs fit together differently...
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GOOD vs.BAD
Generous vs. stingy
Friendly vs. unfriendly
Accepting vs.
rejecting
GOOD vs.BAD
Generous vs. stingy
Loving vs. unloving
Accepting vs.
rejecting
John Dan
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Cognitions (beliefs, attitudes, values, self/other schemas) constitute the information that guides people’s behavior
We have different views and ways of doing things...
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Hey…..I like your constructs!
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“Humans are intuitive scientist: have theories
(constructs)about themselves and
others, formulate hypothesis based on these theories, gather
info to test these hypothesis, and then confirm/revise these
theories”
People are like scientists….
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MEASUREMENT OF PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS:
ROLE REPERTORY TEST
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COGNITIVE STYLES:
NEED FOR COGNITION (Cacciopo & Petty, 1982)
Tendency to engage in and enjoy thinking (cognitive persistence, cognitive confidence, cognitive complexity)
INTEGRATIVE COMPLEXITY (Tetlock, 1979)
Ability to deal with and integrate multiple perspectives, hypothetical situations, and new interpretations
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Application of Kelly’s work
Lazarus: Appraisal and Stress
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Lazarus: Appraisal and Stress
1) Primary appraisal: Process of perceiving an impending threat
2) Secondary appraisal: Process of determining what should be done (of many) to deal with threat
3) Coping: Effort to do what’s been chosen as best way to handle threat
4) Reappraisal: Reinterpret the meaning of events, when occurring or following the event
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Our cognitions impact our behavior, well-being, and
even, our health
• Reformulated learned helplessness theory (Abramson, Selgiman, & Teasdale, 1978)
• Finding positive meaning (reappraising) (Affleck & Tennen, 1996)
• Health outcomes from finding meaning (Folkman, Chesney, et al, 1996)
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Applying one’s personal constructs to life decisions ….
What do I want to major in?
Do I want to date that person?
How do I want to think about that situation?
Do I want to take that class?
What do I really want out of life?What do I really want out of life?
Who can help me with this problem?