PART - I (BOTANY) SECTION - A Note: [14 × 1 = 14] BOOKS...2016/10/20 · Cissus quadrangularis c)...

SURA BOOKSPART - I (BOTANY)

SECTION - ANote: (i) Answer all the questions. (ii) Choose and write the correct answer.

[14 × 1 = 14]1. “Thebirdofparadiseflower”refersto:

a) Musa paradisiacab) Strelitzia reginaec) Ravenala madagascariensisd) Heliconia Sp

2. Completeoxidationofonemoleculeofglucoseyields:a) 38 ATP b) 36 ATPc) 35 ATP d) 24 ATP

3. Polyadelphous stamens are present in thisplant:a) Ricinus b) Daturac) Musa d) Hibiscus

4. Monosomyisrepresentedby:a) 2n−1 b) 2n+ 1c) 2n−2 d) 2n+ 2

5. Anexampleforinsectivorousplantis:a) Drosera b) Viscumc) Monotropa d) Vanda

6. Theroothairsareproducedfrom:a) Pericycle b) Endodermisc) Cortex d) Trichoblasts

7. Isobilateralleafispresentin:a) grass b) cucurbitac) sunflower d) bean

8. Whichisthecollateralhostplantofpyriculariaoryzae ? a) Oryza Sativab) Digitaria marginatac) Arachis hypogead) Citrusplant

9. Each restriction enzyme cleaves amoleculeonlyat:a) theendsofgenesb) methylgroupsc) nucleotidesequenced) thetimeofDNAreplication

[Time : 3 hours] BIOLOGY [Marks : 150]

10. Which of the following classification is asexualsystemofclassification?a) Artificialsystemb) Naturalsystemc) Phylogeneticsystemd) Naturalselection

11. Thetwoprotoplastsarefusedwithafusogenicagentcalled:a) polyethyleneglycolb) polyvinylchloridec) polyethaneglycold) phosphoricethane

12. Binomialnameof“ThottalChinungi”is a) Aegle marmelos b) Cissus quadrangularisc) Mimosa pudicad) Solanum nigrum

13. Thetermchromosomewasintroducedby:a) Bridges b) Waldeyerc) Balbiani d) Flemming

14. Anexampleforsyntheticauxinis: a) IAA b) PAAc) ABA d) NAA

SECTION - BNote : Answer any Seven questions. [7 × 3 = 21]15. What is binomial nomenclature?Give an

example.16. Whatisatropine?17. Whatisaprotoxylemlacuna?18. DrawAngularCollenchymaandlabeltheparts.19. Writethethreesignificanceofcrossingover.20. DefineBioremediation.21. Write three differences between Photo

respirationandDarkrespiration.22. DrawandlabelthestructureofATP.23. Whatisashortdayplant?Giveanexample.24. Whatarebiopesticides?Giveanexample.

OCTOBER - 2016

(1)

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2 Sura’s XII Std Biology 2016 – October Question Paper with Answers

SECTION - CNote : i) Answer any four questions including

question no. 25 which is compulsory. ii) Draw diagrams wherever necessary.

[4 × 5 = 20]25. Writetheimportanceofherbarium.26. Drawandlabelthepartsofatransversesection

ofadicotleaf.27. Writethesignificanceofploidy.28. Whatisplanttissueculture?Brieflymention

theconceptsofplanttissueculture.29. ExplainGanong’srespiroscopeexperiment.30. WritethephysiologicaleffectsofGibberellin.

31. Writethebenefitsformbiofertilizers.SECTION - D

Note : i) Answer any two questions. ii) Draw diagrams wherever necessary. [2 × 10 = 20]32. DiscussBenthamandHooker’sclassification

ofplants(Explanation(or)Table).33. Describe different types in vascular tissue

system.34. Giveabriefaccountofsinglecellprotein.35. DescribethestepsinvolvedinCalvin’sCycle.

(flowchartorexplanation)

SECTION - ANote : i) Answer all the questions.

ii) Choose and write the correct answer.[16 × 1 = 16]

1. Which substance is used to removenucleusfrom a cell?a) Colchicine b) CytochalasinBc) P.E.G. d) DNAligase

2. Whichconfersimmunologicalcompetenceonthelymphocyteduringtheirstayintheorgan?a) lymphnode b) thymusc) spleen d) tonsils

3. TheenzymethatisattachedwithgenomeofHIV: a) DNAligaseb) DNApolymerasec) Reversetranscriptased) Alkalinephosphatase

4. Name the human disease due to autosomaldominantgene:a) sicklecellanaemiab) thalassemiac) SCIDd) huntington’schorea

5. Thebook“GeneticsandOriginofSpecies”tosupportmodernsynthetictheoryofevolutionwaswrittenby:a) Dobshanskyb) StebbinsG.L.c) Hardy-Weinbergd) HugodeVries

6. Inwhich variety “colour feature is used todistinguishthesexofbirds”?a) Leghorn b) Chittagongc) Plymouthrock d) Brahma

7. Droopingeyelidisthecharacteristicsymptomof:a) musclefatigueb) musclepullc) myastheniagravisd) Alzeimer’sdisease

8. Name the fowl inwhich comb,wattle andtonguearepurpleincolour.a) Busra b) Aseelc) Karaknath d) Chittagong

9. Soundwaves→vibratetymphanicmembrane→a) vibrationofovalwindowb) wavesinperilymphc) movementinearossiclechaind) wavesinendolymph

PART - II (ZOOLOGY)

*****

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Sura’s XII Std Biology 2016 – October Question Paper with Answers 3

10. Area responsible for reabsorption ofwater,glucose,sodiumphosphateandbicarbonates:a) glomerulusb) proximalconvolutedtubulec) collectingtubed) Henle’sloop

11. Partialalbinismcauses:a) leucoderma b) vitiligoc) melanoma d) dermatitis

12. Whichiscommonlyconsideredas“biologist’sparadise”?a) GulfofMannarBiosphereReserveb) NilgiriBiosphereReservec) NandaDevid) GreatNicobar

13. India’sfirstpowerplantgeneratingelectricityfromoceanenergyisat:a) TamilNadu b) Vizhinjamc) Gujarat d) AndhraPradesh

14. Which dairy breed has intelligent facialexpression,docileandquiet?a) Gir b) Sindhic) Ongole d) Kangayam

15. Thepathogenicformofamoebiasisis:a) malignant b) trophozoitec) zoonoses d) schizonts

16. Whodevelopedthevaccineforrabiesinman?a) RobertKoch b) JosephListerc) LouisPasteur d) Stanley

SECTION - BNote : Answer any eight questions. [8 × 3 = 24]17. Defineorthopedics.18. Writeanythreefunctionsofnor-adrenalin.19. What ismeantbyantimicrobial resistance?

Mentionthetypes.20. What is an auto immunedisease ?Give an

example.

21. Differentiate betweenH and L chains ofimmunoglobulin.

22. Definedifferentiation.23. Whatisa“ProteinDataBank”?24. Define ‘pedigree chart’ and mention its

usefulness.25. Whatismeantby‘seedingclouds’?26. Mention the characteristics of oreochromis

mossambicus.27. What are the advantages of artificial

insemination?28. DefineHardy-Weinberglaw.

SECTION - C

Note : Answer any three questions including question No. 31 which is compulsory.

[3 × 5 = 15]29. What is dislocationof joints ?Classify and

explain.30. Whatarethestepsinvolvedinthepreparation

ofbacteriologicalmedia?31. Explainthegeneticbasisoforgantransplants.32. Mentiontheusesofbio-informatics.33. Define ‘polymorphism’with the classical

exampleofsicklecellanaemia.SECTION - D

Note : Answer any two questions. [2 × 10 = 20]34. Write a detailednote on causes, symptoms,

typesofdiabetesmellitus.35. Describe the structure of hypophysis

and describe the roles of hormones ofneurohypophysis.

36. Explainmanagementofhazardouswastes.37. Write a detailed account of anyfive edible

fishesofTamilNadu.

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Answers

PART - I (BOTANY) SECTION - A

1. (b); 2. (a); 3. (a); 4. (a); 5. (a); 6. (d); 7. (a); 8. (b); 9. (c); 10. (a);11. (a); 12. (c); 13. (b); 14. (b).

SECTION - B15. Thesystemofnamingtheplantsonascientific

basis is known asBinomial nomenclature.Accordingtoiteveryspeciesisgivenanameoftwowords.

Example:BinomialofmangoisMangifera indica. ItwassuggestedbyCarlLinnaeus.(Mangifera - genus name; indica - speciesname).

16.AtropineisapowerfulalkaloidobtainedfromtherootsofAtropabelladona.Itisusedforrelievingmuscularpain.

17. In themature vascular bundle ofmonocotstem,Xylemisarrangedinshapeof‘Y’andisendarch.Thelowestprotoxylemdisintegratesandformsacavity.Thiscavityisknownasprotoxylemlacuna.

18. Cell wall

Angular wall thickening

Nucleus

Vacuole

19.Theprocess,whichproducesrecombinationofgenesbyinterchangingthecorrespondingsegments betweennonsister chromatids ofhomologouschromosomesiscalledcrossingover.

SignificanceofCrossingOver: (i) Crossingoverleadstotheproductionof

newcombinationofgenesandprovidesbasis for obtaining new varieties ofplants.

(ii) Itplaysanimportantroleintheprocessofevolution.

(iii)The crossing over frequency helps intheconstructionofgeneticmapsofthechromosomes.

20.Bioremediationisdefinedastheuseoflivingmicroorganisms to degrade environmentalpollutants or prevent pollution. Thecontaminated sites are restored and futurepollutionisprevented.

21. S.No.

Photorespiration Darkrespiration

1. Ittakesplaceonlyinphotosyntheticcellsinthepresenceoflight.

Ittakesplaceinalllivingcellsinthemitochondria.

2. Itislightdependent.

Ittakesplaceinthepresenceandintheabsenceoflight.

3. Itisthefunctionofchloroplast,peroxisomesandmitochondria.

Itisthefunctionofmitochondriaalone.

22.

Structure of ATP

RiboseP P P

High energy bonds

Adenine

23.Theplantsrequiringlightforashorterperiodthantheircriticalperiodareknownasshortdayplants.e.g.tobaccoandchrysanthemum.

24.Biologicalagentsthatareusedforcontrolofinsects,weedsandpathogensproducedfromliving organisms are called biopesticides.Micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria,fungi, protozoa andmitesmaybe used asbiopesticides.

SECTION - C25. i) Herbariumisasourceofknowledgeabout

thefloraofaregionoralocalityoracountry. ii) Itisadatastoreinwhichtheinformation

onplantsareavailable. iii)The type specimens help in the correct

identificationofplants.

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iv) Itprovidesmaterialsfortaxonomicandanatomicalstudies.

v) Typicalpollencharactershavebeenwellemphasizedintaxonomy.Morphologicalcharactersofthepollenremainunalteredevenafterstorageuptonearly200years.

vi) It is verymuch useful in the study ofcytology, structure ofDNA, numericaltaxonomy,chaemotaxonomy,etc.Itactsasareservoirofgenepoolstudies.

Becauseof its importance,severalherbariahave been established at the national andinternationalcentres.

26. CuticleUpper epidermisPalisade parenchyma

MetaxylemSpongy parenchymaPhloemBundle sheathEpidermal hairStomaLower epidermisRespiratory cavity

Protoxylem

T.S. of sunflower leaf

27. (i) Polyploidy plays an important role inplantbreedingandhorticulture.

(ii) Polyploidyhasmorevigorouseffectthanthediploidsandresultsintheproductionoflargesizedflowersandfruits.Hence,ithaseconomicalsignificance.

(iii) Itplayssignificantroleintheevolutionofnewspecies.

(iv) Polyploidyresultsinthechangesintheseasonoffloweringandfruting.

(v) Polyploidsarevigorousinvadersofnewhabitats.

(vi)Itleadstotheformationofnewvarietieswhichshowhigh resistance todiseaseandincreaseinyield.

28. Planttissueculture Growingtheplantcells, tissuesandorgans

on a artificial, syntheticmedium undercontrolled conditions is called plant tissueculture. Plant tissue culture has become amajorthrustareainplantbiotechnology.

Concept Thebasicconceptofplant tissueculture is

totipotency,differentiation,dedifferentiationandredifferentiation.

Totipotency The inherent potential of any living plant

celltodevelopintoentireorganismiscalledtotipotency.Thisisuniquetoplantcells.

Differentiation Themeristematictissueisdifferentiatedinto

simpleorcomplextissues. Dedifferentiation Reversionofmaturetissueintomeristematic

state leading to the formation of callus iscalleddedifferentiation.

Redifferentiation Theabilityofthecallustodevelopintoshoot

orrootorembryoid.29.

KOH

Germinatingseeds

Ganong’s respiroscope

Aim : The aim of this experiment is todemonstrate liberation of carbondioxideduringrespiration.

Apparatusrequired: The respiroscope is aglass apparatus consisting of a bulb-likepart with a bent neck and vertical tube.GerminatingseedsaretakeninthebulbandthemouthofthetubeiskeptimmersedinthebeakercontainingKOHsolution.

Procedure :The respiroscope is fixedin the vertical positionwith the help of astand.Thus, theenclosedair inthebulbis

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completelycutofffromtheatmosphere.Theapparatusiskeptundisturbedforfewhours.

ResultandInference:ItisobservedthatthelevelofKOHsolutioninthelimbisraised.TheKOH solution absorbs carbondioxidereleasedbytheseedsandavacuumiscreated.ItresultsintheraiseofKOHlevel.

30. Physiologicaleffectsofgibberellinare: 1. Gibberellins produce extraordinary

elongation of stem.The elongation ofstemiscausedby thecelldivisionandcell elongation induced by gibberellicacid.

2. One of the most striking effects ofgibberllins is the reversal of dwarfisminmany genetically dwarf plants. Foreg:‘Rossette’plantofsugarbeet,whentreated with GA undergoes markedlongitudinalgrowthofaxisattainingthenormalsize.

3. Rossette plants usually show reducedinternodalgrowth.Theseplantsexhibitexcessive internodalgrowthwhen theyaretreatedwithgibberellin.Thissuddenelongationofstemfollowedbyfloweringiscalledbolting.

4.Many biennials usually flower duringthe second year of their growth. Forflowering to take place, these plantsshouldbeexposedtocoldseason.Suchplantscouldbemadetoflowerwithoutexposure to cold season in the firstyear itself,when they are treatedwithgibberellin.

5. Some of the light sensitive seeds cangerminatebythetreatmentofgibberellicacid even in complete darkness. e.g.barley.

6. Gibberellin breaks dormancy in potatotubers.

31. 1. Biofertilizers are easy to produce inabundanceandareavailableatlowcosttothemarginalfarmers.

2. Itincreasessoilfertilitywithoutcausinganydamagetothesoil.

3. Application of biofertilizers increasesyieldupto45percentandtheleftover

biofertilizers in the soil increasesyieldaslongasthebiofertilizerremainsinthesoilupto3to4years.

4. Azolla,whichisabiofertilizeramendsthesoilwithorganicmatter.Cyanobacteriain particular secrete growthpromotinghormones like Indole 3-acetic acid,Indolebutyricacid,etc.

5. Cyanobacteriagrowwellbothinacidicas well as in alkaline soils. Since,cyanobacteria are potent neutralizers,theyhelpintheneutralizationofsoil.Theprocessofconvertinguntenable,fallowland tocultivablesoil is termedassoilreclamation.Bluegreenalgaeplayavitalroleinthisconversion.

6. SymbioticnitrogenfixingRhizobiumisabiofertilizer. It adds50 to150Kgofnitrogentosoilperhectare.AzatobacterandAzospirillum secrete antibioticswhichactasbiopesticides.

SECTION - D32. It is a natural systemof classification and

is based on important characters of theplant.Accordingtoittheseededplantsaredivided into three classes Dicotyledonae,GymnospermaeandMonocotyledonae.

i) Class IDicotyledonae : Seeds containtwocotyledons.Leaves show reticulatevenation. Flowers are tetramerous orpentamerous.Itincludesthreesubclasses- Polypetalae , Gamopetalae andMonochlamydeae.

Sub-Class1Polypetalae:Plantshavingflowers with free petals come underpolypetalae.Theflowersarewithdistinctcalyxandcorolla.ItisdividedintothreeseriesThalamiflorae, Disciflorae andCalyciflorae.

Series(i)Thalamiflorae:Itincludesplants havingflowerswithdomeorconicalthalamus.Ovaryissuperior.

Series (ii)Disciflorae : It includesflowershavingprominentdiscshapedthalamusbelow theovary.Ovary issuperior.

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Series(iii)Calyciflorae:Itincludesplantshavingflowerswithcupshapedthalamus.Ovaryissuperiororinferiororsometimeshalfinferior.

Sub -Class 2Gamopetalae : Plantshaving flowerswith petals,which arepartiallyorcompletelyfused.Thesepalsand petals are distinct. Gamopetalaeis divided into three series - Inferae,HeteromeraeandBicarpellatae.

Series (i) Inferae :Theflowersareepigynousandovaryisinferior.

Series(ii)Heteromerae:Theflowersarehypogynousandovaryissuperiorwithmorethantwocarpels.

Series (iii) Bicarpellatae : The flowersarehypogynousandovaryissuperiorwithtwocarpelsonly.

Sub-Class3Monochlamydeae:Plantshaving flowers with single whorl ofperianth comeunderMonochlamydeae.Flowersareincomplete.Thesepalsandpetalsarenotdistinguishedandarecalledperianth.Tepalsarepresentintwowhorls.Sometimesbothwhorlsareabsent.

ii) Class IIGymnospermae : The members of this class have naked ovules or seeds,OvaryisabsentandGymnospermaeincludesthree familiesGnetaceae, Coniferae andCycadaceae.

iii) ClassIIIMonocotyledonae:Seedscontainonly one cotyledon.Leaves showparallelvenation.Flowersaretrimeroushavingthreemembersinvariousfloralwhorls.Theplantshavefibrousrootsystem.Itisdividedinto7seriesand34families.

Seeded plants

Class I Class II Class IIIDicotyledonae Gymnospermae

Sub-class 2 Sub-class 3Gamopetalae

Series (i) 6 orders and 34 families Order: Malvales Family : Malvaceae

Thalamiflorae

Monochlamydeae8 series and 36 families

Outline of Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants

Series: Unisexuales Family : Euphorbiaceae

Series (ii) 4 orders and 23 familiesSeries (iii) 5 orders and 27 families

Disciflorae

Calyciflorae

Series (i) 3 orders and 9 familiesSeries (ii) 3 orders and 12 familiesSeries (iii) 4 orders and 24 familiesOrder: PolemonialesFamily : Solanaceae

Inferae

Heteromerae

Bicarpellatae

3 families1. Gnetaceae2. Coniferae and3. Cycadaceae

Monocotyledonae7 Series and 34 families

Series : EpigynaeFamily : Musaceae

Sub-class 1Polypetalae

33. Vasculartissuesystem:Thevasculartissuesystemconsistsofxylemandphloem.Theelements of xylemandphloemare always

organizedingroups.Theyarecalledvascularbundles.Indicotstem,thevascularbundleconsistsofcambialtissueinbetweenxylem

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andphloem.Suchvascularbundleiscalledopen vascular bundle. Inmonocot stem,cambium is absent in the vascular bundle,henceitisknownasclosedvascularbundle.In roots, xylem and phloem are arrangedinanalternatemannerondifferentradii.Itis called radial arrangement. In stems andleaves, xylem and phloemare arranged atthesameradiusandformavascularbundletogether. Such vascular bundle is calledconjointvascularbundle.

Phloem

Cambium

Xylem

Phloem

Xylem

Phloem

Cambium

Phloem

Xylem

Xyl

em

Open vascular

bundle

Closed vascular

bundle

Radial

arrangement

Bicollateral

vascular bundle

Amphicribral

vascular bundle

Amphivasal

vascular bundle

Various types of vascular bundles

Depending upon themutual relationshipof xylem and phloem, conjoint vascularbundles are divided into three types.Theyarecollateral,bicollateralandconcentric.Ifxylemandphloeminavascularbundlearearrangedalongthesameradiuswithphloemtowardstheoutside,suchvascularbundleiscalledcollateralvascularbundle.Ifphloemoccurs on both the outer and inner sidesof xylem, the bundle is calledbicollateral.Bicollateral vascular bundles are mosttypicallyseeninCucurbitaceae.

The bundle in which either phloemsurroundsthexylemorxylemsurroundsthephloemcompletely isknownasconcentricvascular bundle. This is of two typesnamely amphicribral and amphivasal. Inamphicribral concentric vascular bundles,thephloemcompletelysurroundsthexylem.

eg.Polypodium. In amphivasal concentricvascular bundles, the xylem completelysurroundsthephloem.eg.Acorus.Inroots,protoxylemvesselsarepresenttowardstheperipheryandthemetaxylemvesselstowardsthe centre.This arrangement of xylem iscalledexarch.Instem,protoxylemvesselsaretowardsthecentre,whilemetaxylemtowardsthe periphery.This condition is known asendarch.

34.Microorganismshavebeenwidelyusedforpreparationofavarietyoffermentedfoodse.g., cheese, butter, idlis, etc. In addition,somemicroorganismshavelongbeenusedasahumanfood,e.g., thebluegreenalga,Spirulina and the fungi commonly knownasmushrooms.More recently,effortshavebeenmade to producemicrobial biomassusing low-cost substrates and used as asupplementalfoodforhumanconsumptionorusedasfeedforanimals.Cellsfromavarietyofmicro-organisms, like bacteria, yeasts,filamentousfungiandalgaeareusedasfoodorfeedarecalledsinglecellprotein(SCP).

1) ThefollowingsubstratesarebeingstudiedforSCPproductionforfuture.Theyarealkanes,methane,methanol, cellulose,carbohydratesandwastematerials.

2) Natural resources likewood chips, ricehusk,carrotandbeetmolasses,peasandcoffeeeandindustrialwastearesourcesofcellulose.Itisusedfortheproductionof SCP.

3) Large scale cultivation of yeast onmolassesiswidelyusedinmanufactureofBaker’syeastcontainingmycoproteinswhichisusedintheSCPproduction.

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4) Domestic sewage is not suitable forlarge scale SCP production. But it ismoreimportantformethaneproduction.Theindustrialwastewaterfromcelluloseprocessing,coffeeandstarchproduction,andfoodprocessinghavebeenusedforSCPproduction.

OrganismsusedforSCPproduction:

Algae-Chlorella, SpirulinaandChlamydomonas.

Fungi- Saccharomyces cereviseae, Volvoriella andAgaricus campestris.

Bacteria -PseudomonasandAlkaligenes.

UsesofSCP:

(i) Itisarichsourceofprotein(60to72percent),vitamins,aminoacids,mineralsandcrudefibres.

(ii) Itisapopularhealthfood.Nowadays,Spirulina tablets are prescribed asenrichedvitaminformostpeople.

(iii) It provides valuable protein-richsupplementinhumandiet.

(iv) Itlowersbloodsugarlevelofdiabeticsduetothepresenceofgamma-linolenicacidandpreventstheaccumulationofcholesterolinhumanbody.

35.Darkreactions:Thereactionsthatcatalyzethe reduction of CO2 to carbohydrateswith the help of theATP and NADPH2 generated by the light reactions are calleddark reactions. The enzymatic reductionofCO2bythesereactionsisalsoknownascarbonfixation.These reactions that resultinCO2 fixation takeplace in a cyclicwayandwere discovered byMelvin Calvin.Hence, the cycle is called Calvin cycle.

Fixationof carbondioxide in plants duringphotosynthesis occurs in three stages: (a)fixation,(b)reductionand(c)regenerationofRuBP.

(a)Fixation:TheacceptormoleculeofCO2 is a 5C compoundcalledribulose.1,5-bisphosphate(RuBP).Fixationof amolecule ofCO2 toRuBP is catalyzed by the enzymeRuBPcarboxylase.The resulting 6C compoundishighlyunstableandgetscleavedtoformtwomolecules of 3C compounds calledphosphoglycericacid(PGA).

RuBP+CO2 RuBP carboxylase→2molesofPGA

(b)Reduction: The twomolecules of PGAare further reduced to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates in two steps. First, twoPGA mo lecu l e s a r e conve r t ed t o1,3-bisphosphoglycericacidsbytheenzymePGA kinase.This reaction consumes twomoleculesofATPintheratioofoneATPforeachmoleculeof1,3-bisphosphoglycericacidformed.

In the second step, the twomolecules of1,3-bisphosphoglycericacidare reduced toglyceraldehyde-3-phosphatesbytheenzymeglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase withthehelpofthelightgeneratedreducingpower NADPH2. So, twomolecules ofNADPH2 will be consumed during thisreaction.To reduce onemolecule ofCO2 upto reduction twoATPand twoNADPH2 areconsumed.

2 moles of PGA + 2ATP PGA kinase→ 2 moles 1,3-bisphosphoglycericacid2 m o l e s 1 , 3 - b i s p h o s p h o - + 2 NADPH 2

G-3-P dehydrogenase→2molesG-3-Pglycericacid

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RuBP + CO2 RuBP + CO2 RuBP + CO2

PGA PGA PGA PGA PGA PGA2ATP

2NADPH2

2ATP2NADPH2

2ATP2NADPH2

G-3-P G-3-P G-3-P G-3-P G-3-P G-3-P

1

2

3

4

5

6

78

9

9

9

ATP

ATP

ATP

RuBP

RuBP

RuBP

Ru5P

Ru5P

R5P Xy5P

Ru5PS-7-P

P

S-1,7 BP

Er.4PR5P

Fr. 6 - P

P

Fr. 1, 6 - BP

G-3-P G-3-P G-3-PDHAP DHAP DHAP

3 carbon compound

Glucose

Starch

Calvin cycle

(c) RegenerationofRuBP:Theglyceraldehyde3-phosphatemolecules are converted toRuBPthrough a series of reactions,which generate4C, 6C and 7Cphosphorylated compounds asintermediates.Forbetterandeasyunderstandingofthesereactions,asimplifiedschemeofCalvin’scycleconsidering threeCO2moleculesfixationreactionsisshownbelow:The reactions of regeneration ofRuBP are asfollows:

(i) Some o f t he G lyce ra ldehyde3-phosphatemolecules are convertedtodihydroxyacetonephosphates.

(ii) Glyceraldehyde3-phosphatecombineswithdihydroxyacetonephosphate toformfructose1,6-bisphosphate.

(iii) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate undergoesdephosphorylation to form fructose6-phosphate.

(iv) Fructose 6-phosphate combineswithglyceraldehyde3-phosphate obtained

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PART - II (ZOOLOGY) SECTION - A

1. (b); 2. (b); 3. (c); 4. (d); 5. (a); 6. (c); 7. (c); 8. (c); 9. (a); 10. (b);11. (a); 12. (a); 13. (b); 14. (b); 15. (b);16. (c).

SECTION - B17. Orthopedicsdealswithallbonedeformities

occurring in children as well as adults.The deformitiesmay either be congenitalor acquired. The former is caused bydevelopmental abnormalities (teratogenic),thelatter iscausedbytraumaor infectionsorbymetabolicdisorders.

18. (i) Itdilatesthecoronaryvessels. (ii) Itincreasessystolicanddiastolicblood

pressure. (iii)Itexertsaweaklyinhibitoryactionupon

thecontractileactivityofsmoothmuscleinthegastrointestinaltract.

19. Pathogenicmicrobesareprovidedwiththeirownmechanismstoestablishinfectioninthehostanimalsandhumans.Similarlythehostsbodyhasanumberofdefensemechanismstomount resistance against the invasionand toprevent infectionofpathogens.Theantimicrobial response of hostsmay benatural,non-specificandspecific.

Naturalresistanceincludesspeciesresistance,racialresistanceandindividualresistance.

20.Autoimmune diseases result when theimmune systemattacks anddestroys ‘self’cellsandmolecules.Thisconditioncancausechronicandseriousdiseases.

Examplesofautoimmunediseasesareinsulin-dependent diabetes, multiple sclerosis,rheumatoidarthritisetc.Multiplesclerosisiscausedbyantibodiesthatattackthemyelinsheathofnervecells.

21. Hchain Lchain

1.LargechainsofpolypeptidearecalledHchains.

smallerchainsofpolypeptidearecalledLchain.

2.Onemolecularweightisapproximately50,000.

Themolecularweightisapproximately25,000.

3. They are structurallydifferentforeach class of Immunoglobulin

They are similar inallclassesofImmunoglobulins.

22. Inthedevelopmentofmulticellularanimalsthezygoterepresentstheprogenitorcellofthefutureembryo.Multitudesofcellsarise

fromthefixationofsecondmoleculeofCO2toformRibose5-phosphate(R5P)andErythrose4-phosphate(Er4P).

(v) Erythrose 4-phosphate combineswithDHAPobtainedfromthesecondCO2 fixation, to form sedoheptulose1,7-bisphosphate.

(vi) Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphateundergoesdephosphorylationtoformsedoheptulose7-phosphate.

(vii) Sedoheptulose7-phosphatecombineswith glyceraldehyde 3-phosphateobtainedbythethirdCO2fixation,toformtwomoleculesof5Ccompounds-ribose 5-phosphate and xylulose5-phosphate(Xy5P).

(viii)Ribose 5-phosphate and xylulose5-phosphatemoleculesaretransformedtoribulose5-phosphate(Ru5P).

(ix) Ru5PmoleculesarethenphosphorylatedbyATPtoformRuBPmolecules,whichagain enter into the cycle of CO2 fixation.

RuBP+CO2 2ATP + 2NADPH2→2molesofG-3-P

Ru5P ATP→RuBPIn the above illustration, threeCO2moleculesarefixedandthenetgainisa3CcalledDHAP.These triose phosphatemolecules combine toformhexosephosphates,whichareusedtoformsucrose. For every carbonfixation, 3ATP and 2NADPH2areconsumed.

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bymitoticdivisionsofthefertilizedeggcell.Thesecellslaterbecomedistinctcelltypesdiffering in form and function.The aboveprocessiscalleddifferentiation.

23. Inproteomics,theaminoacidsequencesareread by automated sequenators and storedin computers as internationally availabledatabases.Theinformationregardingthree-dimensionalstructureofproteinisstoredinanothercomputerizeddatabasecalledProteinDataBank.

24. Pedigree chart defines the history of acharacter in a family. It is drawnbyusingcertain standard symbols. It is also calledfamilytree.

Ithelpstoidentifyandvisualisethecourseofgeneticdiseasesintheprogeny.eg:diseaseslikefibrosis.

25. Seeding cloudswith dry ice or potassiumiodideparticlessometimescaninitiaterainifwater-ladencloudsandconditionsthatfavourprecipitationarepresent.

26. 1. AnexoticfishintroducedinIndiafromEastcoastofAfricain1952.

2.Itischaracterizedbyananteriorspinousdorsalfinandposteriorsoftdorsalfin.

3.Maturityoccursevenintwomonthsoldindividuals.

4.Femalekeepsthefertilizedeggsguardedinitsmouth.

27.Artificialinseminationhelpstoeliminatetheneed formaintenanceofherd sire,permitslong distance transport of semen by air,avoids spreading of genital diseases andincreasetherateofconception.Further,thismethodhelpsbetter recording,permitsuseof semen from injured and old bulls andprovides a chanceof detecting anygenitalabnormalitiesorpathological infectionandinflammationincows.

28.Hardy-Weinberg’slawformsthefoundationof population genetics and of modernevolutionary theory.According to this law“the relative frequencies of various kindsof genes in a large and randomlymatingsexual population tend to remain constantfromgenerationtogenerationintheabsenceofmutation, selection and gene flow ormigration”.

SECTION - C29.Dislocation is the totaldisplacementof the

articularendofthebonefromthejointcavity.Thenormalalignmentofthebonesbecomesaltered.Variousfactorsareattributedforboneandjointdislocations.

Dislocationsareclassifiedas(i)Congenital,(ii)Traumatic, (iii) Pathological and (iv)Paralytic.

(i) Congenital Deformities are due togenetic factorsor factorsoperatingonthe developing foetus.These are alsocalledteratogenicorteratologicdisorder.

(ii) Traumatic Dislocation is due toa serious violence. It occurs in theshoulder,elbowandhip.

(iii) Pathological Dislocation is causedby some diseases-like tuberculosis.Tuberculosis of the hip may causedislocationoftheacetabulum.

(iv) ParalyticDislocation occurswhen aremarkable imbalance occurs on themusclepower.e.g.,Poliomyelitis.

30.The preparation of bacteriologicalmediainvolvesthefollowingsteps.

1. Each ingredient or the completedehydratedmediumisdissolvedintheappropriatevolumeofdistilledwater.

2. ThepHofmediumisdetermined. 3. Agar is added and themedium (solid

medium)isboiledtodissolveagar. 4. Themedium is dispersed inflasks or

tubes. 5. Themediumissterilizedbyautoclaving.31. Geneticbasisoforgantransplants: Success of organ transplants (ie.,Cornea,

Kidney,Heart, Liver, Bonemarrow) andskingraftsdependsonapropermatchingofhistocompatibilityantigensthatoccurinallcellsofthebody.Chromosome6ofmousecontains a cluster of genes known as themajor histocompatibility complex (MHC),whichinhumansiscalledhumanleukocyteantigen(HLA)complex.TheallelesofHLAgenes determine the histocompatibilityie., the compatability between donor andrecipienttissuesintransplants.

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32. ScopeofBio-informatics. (i) Bioinformatics helps to create an

electronic database on genomes andprotein sequences from single celledorganismstomulticellularorganisms.

(ii) Itprovidestechniquesbywhichthree-dimensionalmodels of biomoleculescould be understood alongwith theirstructureandfunction.

(iii) It integratesmathematical, statisticalandcomputationalmethodstoanalyzebiological,biochemicalandbiophysicaldata.

(iv)Bioinformatics deals withmethodsfor starting, retrieving and analysingbiological data such as nuclei acid(DNA/RNA) and protein sequences,structure, functions, pathways andgeneticinteractions.

(v) The computat ional methods inbioinformatics extend information forprobing not only at genome level orproteinlevelbutuptowholeorganismlevel,orecosystemleveloforganization.

(vi)It provides genome level data forunderstanding normal biologicalprocessesandexplainthemalfunctioningof genes leading to diagnosing ofdiseasesanddesigningofnewdrugs.

33. Polymorphism is “the existence in anatural population of two ormore allelesinfrequenciestoolargetobeexplainedbyrecurrentmutation”.

Thus a polymorphic populationwill haveseveral alleles of a gene as a permanentfeatureofthespecies.Thevariedallelesarefavouredandmaintainedinthepopulationbygeneticalmechanisms.

Aclassicalexampleforsuchapolymorphismcouldbetheexistenceofageneticdisorderinhumans,namelysickle-cellanaemia.Thisdiseasereducestheoxygen-carryingcapacityof the blood and affects blood supply tovariousorgans.ThisdisorderisinheritedasaMendelian recessive. It ismore frequentamongAmerican blacks thanAmericanwhites. Inspite of its harmful nature, theallelic gene responsible for the disorder

is maintained in the black population.AccordingtotheworkofAllison(1955,61),itwasshownthatinAfricathesameallelicgeneconferredanadvantagethatitprotectedtheinheritorsofsuchgenefrommalaria.Thustheconnectionbetweensickle-cellanaemiaandmalariawasestablished.Henceselectionhas encouraged the existence of such apolymorphicalleleinthepopulation.

SECTION - D34.Diabetesmellitus is themetabolicdisorder

of carbohydrate metabolism caused byinsufficientornilproductionofthehormoneinsulinbythepancreas.Insulinisresponsiblefor theabsorptionofglucose intocells fortheirenergyneedsandintotheliverandfatcellsforstorageasglycogenreserve.Insulindeficiencymay be due to (i) pancreaticdisorders, (ii) defects in the synthesis ofinsulin from beta cells of Langerhans (inpancreas),(iii)destructionofbetacellsand(iv)geneticdefectsetc.

Symptoms 1.Thebloodsugarlevelismorethan120mg.

indiabeticpatients. 2.Untreateddiabetesexhibitsthefollowing

symptoms. (a) Polyurea:Excretion of increased

quantityofurine. (b) Polydipsia:Excessivethirstleadingto

increasedconsumptionofwater.

(c) Polyphagia:Excessiveappetiteleadstoincreasedintakeoffood.Inspite of over eating,diabetic patients loosesweight

3.Weaknessandbodypainarethecommonsymptoms.

4.Thebody’sinabilitytostoreoruseglucosecausesweightloss,insatiablehungerandfatigue.

5.Diabetesmellitusalsoresultsinabnormal(fat)metabolism.

6.Accelerateddegenerationof small bloodvessels.

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TypesofDiabetesMellitusare:(a)Insulin-DependentType.Thistypedevelops

duetoheavyviralinfectionwhichreducestheproductionofinsulin.

(b)Non-insulinDependent: This is due toinadequate amount of insulin production.Obesity (overweight) is themajor reason.This type usually of gradual onset anddevelopsmainlyinpeopleover40.Recentlyinsulin resistant diabetes is commonlynoticedandreportedinyoungerpersonstoo.

CausesforDiabetes. (1) Diabetestendstoruninfamilies,soit

occursinpeoplewhoinheritthegenesresponsible for the insulin dependentform.

(2) Viralinfectionthatdamagesthepancreascausingthedeficiencyofinsulin.

(3) Obesity is themajor cause leading todevelopmentofnoninsulindependentdiabetes.

(4) Severeillnesssuchaspancreatitisandthyrotoxicosiscausesdiabetes.

(5) Overeatingalongwithlackofphysicalexercise.

Thepreventivemeasurescomprise (1) Maintenance of normal bodyweight

throughadoptionofhealthynutritionalhabitsandphysicalexercise.

(2) Correctionofovernutritionandobesitymayreducetheriskofdiabetesanditscomplications.

(3) Alcoholandsmokingshouldbeavoided. (4) Controlofhighbloodpressure,elevated

cholesterolandhightriglyceridelevels. (5) Susceptiblepersonscanpreventdiabetes

byavoidingtheriskfactors. When diabetes is detected, it must be

adequatelytreated.Inordertomaintainbloodglucoselevelswithinthenormallimitsoneshouldmaintain ideal bodyweight. It isachievedbybalanceddiet,physicalexercise,frequent checking of blood sugar, bloodpressure.Maintenanceofbodyweight andvisualacuityaresomeprognostictips.

35. ThePituitaryglandisotherwisecalledthehypophysis.Itislocatedatthebaseofthebrain.Itisapproximately1cmlong,1-1.5cmwideand0.5cmthick.Itweighsabout500mg.Anatomically the pituitary glandis divisible into anterior adenohypophysisand posterior neurohypophysis. Theadenohypophysisconsistsofthreelobesorzonesnamely,Parsintermedia,ParsdistalisandParstuberalis.

Pituitary gland

adenohypophysisneurohypophysis

infundibular stalk

HormonesofNeurohypophysis: The neurohypophysis or the posterior

pituitarysecretesoxytocinandvasopressin.Oxytocincontainsasequenceofaminoacidresidues.Thetermoxytocinreferstorapidbirth.Thishormonedirectlystimulatesthesmoothmuscles of uterus and causes thecontraction, and helps in the delivery offoetus.Anothermajor physiological roleof oxytocin is the secretion ofmilk fromthe lactating breast.Oxytocin stimulatesthemyoepithelialcells,whichsurroundthealveoliandductsofmammarygland.Thecontraction ofmyoepithelial elements inturnexpelsthemilkfromthealveoliofthebreastintothelargerductsorsinuses.Fromthesinuses,themilkisejectedout.

Thevasopressin: It is otherwise called as the antidiuretic

hormone(ADH). Itsmain function is theretention of water inside the body byactingontherenaltubules.ADHincreasesthe permeability of the distal tubulesand collecting ducts and promotes thereabsorptionofwaterfromtherenalfiltrate.It causes the constriction of all bloodvessels and increases the blood pressure.Italsohelpsintheretentionofurea.ADH

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deficiency leads to Diabetes insipidus.The symptoms ofDiabetes insipidus areexcretionof largevolumesofdiluteurine(polyurea), combined with an intensethirst leading to the consumptionof largequantitiesofliquids(polydipsia).

36. ManagementofHazardouswastes: These wastes remain dangerous for

thousandsofyears. Radioactiverefuse,metalliccompounds,

organicsolvents,acid,asbestos,organiccyanides, pathological hospitalwastesanddisposalofmedicalequipmentsandtoolsarethehazardouswastes.

Methodsforthedisposalofwastes 1. Landfills Theyarepermanentwastes. Theyincluderadioactivewastesin

securedlands(military). T h ey a r e s t o r e d i n d e ep

underground. Itiscappedwithimperviousclayto

preventinfiltrationandpercolationofwaterthroughthefill.

Fillbottomis linedandprovidedwithdrainagesystemtohaveandremoveanyleakagethatoccurs.

Monitoring thewells provides afinalcheck.

2. Deep-Wellinjection Drillingintodry,porousmaterial

belowthegroundwater. Hazardouswastewaterorliquids

repumpedintothewell. They are soaked into porous

materials and made to remainseparatedindefinitely.Butinjectedwastesarepermitted.

3. Surfaceimpoundments Largequantityofwatercontaining

relatively small quantity ofchemicalwastes.

Surfaceimpoundmentsaresimpleexcavateddepressionsintowhichliquidwastesaredrained.

Solidwastessettleandaccumulatewhilewaterevaporates.

4. Incineration Hazardousbiomedicalwastesare

disposed off. Human anatomical wastes ,

m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l a n dbiotechnologicalwastes etc. arecalledBiomedicalwastes.

5. Bio-remediation Microbes and plants are used to

cleanenvironment. Heavymetalsare reducedby the

microbialactivities. Inphytoremediationplantsareused

tokeepfreshenvironment. Genetically engineeredmicrobes

(GEMS)arecurrentlyproducedinlargescaletoremovethehazardousradionuclides and heavymetalslikeHg,chromium,cadmiumetc.

C e r t a i n p l a n t s l i k eGibberellafusariumwere able tobreakdowncyanideandreduce ittoanon-toxicfonn.

The bacteria pseudomonas nicknamed as superbugs are capableof degrading variety of toxiccompoundsandalsodegradeoil.

37. EdibleFishesOfTamilnaduI.FreshWaterFishes Among the freshwater fishes, carps

belonging to the order Cypriniformesform significant components of reservoir,riverineandculturefisheries.Theyhavenoteethinanypartoftheirmouths,howeverpharyngealteethmaybepresent.

i.IndianMajorCarps(‘Kendai’meen) a) Catla catla (catla) :Catla has a deep

bodywithprominenthead,largeupturnedmouth,non-fringedlips,devoidofbarbelsandabroaddorsalfinwith14-16branchedraysaretheidentifyingfeatures.Itfeedsonzooplanktonofthepondsurfaceusinglargegillrakers;however,youngones(15-20mm)feedonzooplanktonandphytoplankton.Itgrowstoamaximumsizeof1.8m(45kg).

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ItisafastgrowingspeciesamongtheIndianmajorcarps.Firstyeargrowthis35-45cmand about 1.5 – 2.0 kg. Itmatures in thesecondyear.

Catla catla

b) Labeo rohita(Rohu):Ofallthecarps,thisisconsideredasthetastiestfish.Ithasa small and pointed head, terminal smallmouthwithfringedlowerlip.Adorsalfinwith12-13branchedraysandfullreddishscales are its identifying features. It is acolumn feeder on phytoplankton, plantdebrisordecayingdebrisofaquaticplants;however,theyoungfeedonzooplankton.

Themaximumsizeattainedis1m.Itisfairlyfastgrowingspeciesandfirstyeargrowthis35–40cmand900g.

Labeo rohita

c) Cirrhina mrigala(Mrigal):Alinearbodysmall headwith blunt snout, subterminalmouthwith thin non-fringed lips, dorsalfinwith12-13branchedraysandabrightsilvery body having golden tinge are itsidentifyingfeatures.

Cirrhina mrigala

Itisabottomfeederondecayingorganicandvegetabledebris;however,itsyoungfeedonzooplankton.Themaximumsizeattainedis0.9m.Itsgrowthinthefirstyearisabout30cm(700g).

(ii)Catfishes(Order:Siluriformes-‘Keluthi’) Thecatfishareair-breathing,orlive-fishes

as they are capable of directly breathingatmospheric air.They can live for a longtimewithoutwater and can therefore betransported live and in fresh conditionover long distances.The body iswithoutscales and each of the upper and lowerjawspossessestwopairsoflongbarbelsineach.Themouthisnon-protractilehavingjawswithteeth.Majorityofthecatfisharepredatoryandcannibalistic,feedingonallpondanimalsincludingfishfry.

(iii) Murrels or Snakeheads (Order :Channiformes-‘Viral’meen)

Thesefisharealsoair-breathingandhaveagooddemand.Elongatedandcylindricalbody,depressedhead,largeandprotractilemouthareitsidentifyingfeatures.Murrelsare suitable for culture in irrigationwellsandshallowswamps.

a) Channa marulius(Giantsnakehead):Dorsaland analfinsof this species are long andwithoutspines.Itreachesamaximumsizeof1.2m.Itissuitableforcultureinpondsalongwithtilapia,theyoungonesofwhichserveasfoodsourcetothisspecies.

b) C.striatus (Striped snake-head orCommonmurrel) : Stripes are present on its body.Attainsamaximumsizeof90cm.

PART - I (BOTANY) SECTION - A Note: [14 × 1 = 14] BOOKS...2016/10/20 · Cissus quadrangularis c)...

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