Part 3

255

APPENDIX A

Comparison of Subject Material Describing the Queen of Sheba’s Visit to Solomon’s Court

Sheba-Menelik Cycle

Josephus 1 Kings 10: 1-13

Came with gifts Came with gifts Came with large retinue and gifts

Took up residence in the palace

Amazed at the palace

Questioned Solomon

Description of the wonderful food

Amazed at sumptuous apartments

Solomon answered all her questions

Was given beautiful clothes

Was shown the house known as the Forest of Lebanon

Impressed by Solomon’s wisdom, palace, food, seating arrangements, attendants’ clothes’ wine’ burnt offerings

Experienced Solamon’s wisdom

Desription of the daily food and its preparation

Declared she was deeply impressed

Had her questions aswered

Saw beautiful clothes of the servants

Gave gifts of gold and spices

Daily given food and clothes

Witnessed Solomon’s administration

Acknowledged benign influence of Solomon’s God

Saw how table was prepared

Witnessed daily sacrifices

Solomon reciprocated in official and other ways

Amazed at the palace

Believed things were better tham expected

256

Amazed at sumptuous apartments

Believed that the Hebrew were a blessed people

Witnessed daily burning of incense

Converted to Solomon’s religion

Tricked by Solomon into bearing his child

257

APPENDIX B The Ge’ez (Ethiopic) Alphabet

258

APPENDIX C The Ge’ez (Ethiopic) Numerals

259

APPENDIX D Ge’ez transcript of sections of the Sheba-Menelik Cycle of the Kebra Nagast

CHAPTER 53 260 CHAPTER 55 263 CHAPTER 58 266 CHAPTER 59 268

QUEEN OF SHEBA AND ISRAEL

BIBLIOGRAPHY Abir, Mordecai. Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes. New York:

Praeger, 1968. Ahlstrom, G.W. "The Travels of the Ark: A Religio-political

Composition." Journal of Near Eastern Studies (43) 1984, 141-149.

Ahroni, Reuben. Yemenite Jewry: Origins, Culture, and Literature.

Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986. Aläqa Tayyä Gäbrä Maryam. History of the People of Ethiopia.

Translated by Grover Hudson and Tekeste Negash. 2nd print. Uppsala, Sweden: University of Uppsala, 1988.

Albright, W.F. The Archaeology of Palestine. Harmondsworth:

Penguin Books, 1949. Al Jasir, Sheikh Hamad. AI-Mug'am algugrafi li'1 bilad al-

Arabhyah al-Sa 'udiyyah [Gazette of Saudi Arabian Place Names] (3 volumes). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Government Publications, 1977.

Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio Nagah Elaiwa, Carlos Silvera, Ahmed

Rostom, Juan Moscoso, Edfizardo Gomez-Casado, Luis Allende, Pilar Varela, and Jorge Martinez-Laso. "The Origin of Palestinians and Their Genetic Relatedness With Other Mediterranean Populations." Human Immunology 62, (2001), 889-900.

Arafat, W.N. “New Light on the Story of Banu Qurayza and the

Jews of Medina” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1976), 100-107.


Armstrong, Karen. Muhammad: a Western Attempt to Understand Islam. London: Victor Gollancz, 1991.

__________. A History of God London: Heinemann, 1993. __________ A History of Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths.

London: Harper Collins, 1997. Barr, James. Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old

Testament. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1987 Bezold, Carl. Kebra Nagast Die Herrlishkeit der Könige [Kebra

Nagast: the Glory of the Kings] Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie, Band 23, Abth. 1, [Band 77 of the Denkschriften], Munich, 1909.

Bonné-Tamir, Batsheva. Genetic Diversity among the Jews:

Diseases and Markers at the DNA Level. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Briant, Joseph. L'hebreu à Madagascar. [Antananarivo, Malagasy

Republic], 1946. Bruce, J. Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile in the Years

1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772 and 1773. [Edinburgh and Dublin], 1790.

Bulliet, R.W. The Camel and the Wheel. Cambridge, Mass:

Harvard University Press 1975. Buxton, David. TheAbyssinians. New York: Praegar, 1970. Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca, Paolo Menozzi, Alberto Piazza. The

History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton N .J.; Princeton University Press, 1994.

Cerulli, Enrico. Storia della letteratura etiopica. [Milano]: Nuova

accademica editrice, [1956]. Chatterji, Suniti Kumar. India and Ethiopia from the Seventh

Century B.C. The Asiatic Society: Calcutta, 1968.


Clapp, Nicholas. The Queen of Sheba. Boston, Massachusetts:

Houghton Mifflin, 2001. Conti Rossini, Carlo. .Storia d'Etiopia. [Bergamo, Italy] 1928. Dawood, NJ. (Translator) The Koran. London: Penguin Books,

1997. De Prorok, Byron. Dead Men do Tell Tales London: Harrap, 1944. Dillmann, August. Ethiopic Grammar. Amsterdam: Philo Press,

1974. Reprint [London] 1907. Doresse, Jean. Ethiopia. London: Elek Books, 1959. Dothan, Trude Krakauer. People of the Sea: the .Search for the

Philistines. New York: Macmillan, 1998. Dozy, Reinhart. Die Israeliten zu Mekka von Davids Zeit. [The

Israelites of Mecca in David’s Time] Leipzig: Engelmann, 1864.

Drewes, A.J. Inscriptions de l’Ethiopie Antique. Leiden: E .J. Brill,

1962. Edelman, Diana V.(ed.) The Fabric of History: Text, Artefact and

Israel's Past. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series 127. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1991.

Eisenman, Robert. The Dead Sea Scrolls and the First Christians:

Essays and Translations. Shaftesbury, England: Element Books, 1996.

Encyclopaedia Judaica. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 1971-

2. Fattovich, Rodolfo. Karim Sadr, Silvana Vitagliano. “Societa e

tettirorio nel Delta del Gash (Kassala, Sudan Orientale) 3,000 a.Cr - 300/400 d.Cr.Africa.” [Rome] 43, 1988, 394453.


__________. "Remarks on the pre-Aksumite Period in Northern Ethiopia." Journal of Ethiopian Studies. Vol. 23, 1990.

__________, Lorenzo Petrassi, Kathryn Bard, and Vincenzo

Pisano. The Aksum Archaeological Area: A. Preliminary Assessment. Naples, Italy: Instituto Universitario Orientale Napoli, 2000.

Fiennes, Ranulph. Atlantis of the Sands.- the Search for the Lost

City of Urbar. London: Bloomsbury,1992. Finkelstein, Israel and Neil Silberman. The Bible Unearthed. New

York: Free Press, 2001. Francis, Leslie J. "Is psychoticism really a dimension of

personality fundamental to religiosity?" Personality individual differences Vol. 13, No.6, 1992, [Pergamon] 1992.

Gadd, C .J. “The Harran Inscription of Nabonidus.” Anatolian

Studies, 8, 1958. Gamst, Frederick C. The Qemant, a Pagan-Hebraic Peasantry of

Ethiopia. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1969. Gilbert, Martin. The Dent Atlas of Jemish History from 2000 B. C.

to the Present Day. London: Dent, 1993. Ginzberg, Louis. Legends of the Jews. [7 vols] Philadelphia:

Jewish Publication Society, 1967. Goitein, S.D.(ed) The 1and of Sheba: Tales of the Jews of the

Yemen. New York: Schocken Books, 1947. Guidi, I. (Breve) storia della letteratura etiopica [Rome] 1932. Greenfield, Richard. Ethiopia, A New Political History. London:

Pall Mall, 1965. Hammerschmidt, Ernst. Athiopien: Christliches Reich zwischen

Gestern und Morgen. Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz, 1967.


Hancock, Graham. The Sign and the Seal a Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant. London: Mandarin, 1993.

Haran, M. "The disappearance of the Ark.” Journal of the Israeli

Exploration Society 13, (1963), 46-58. Harris, Joseph E. Pillars in Ethiopian History. Washington D.C.:

Howard University Press, 1981. Heine, Bernd. "Some linguistic observations on the early history of

Africa." Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika, Cologne, Germany (1979), 37-54.

Hetzron, Robert (ed.). The Semitic languages. London: Routledge,

1998. Hoyland, Robert G. Arabia and the Arabs from the Bronze Age to

the Coming of Islam. London: Routledge, 2001. Hubbard, David. The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast. Ph.D.

diss., St. Andrews University, Scotland, 1956. Hudson, Grover. “Language Classification and the Semitic

prehistory of Ethiopia.” Folia Orientalia Tome 18, 1977. Huntingford, G.W.B. The Historical Geography of Ethiopia from

the First Century A.D. to 1704. London: The British Academy, 1989.

Iliffe, John. Africa, The History of a Continent. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1995. Isaac, Ephraim and Cain Felder. "Reflections on the origins of the

Ethiopian civilization." Paper presented at the Eighth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa, November 1984,71-83.

Isenberg, Shirley Berry. India's Bene Israel. Bombay: Popular

Prakashan, 1988. Jagaer, Otto A. and Ivy Pearce. Antiquities of North Ethiopia.

Stuttgart: University of Stuttgart, 1976.


Jones, Steve. In the Blood God, Genes and Destiny. London: Flamingo/Harper Collins, 1997.

Josephus, Flavius. The Works of Flavius Josephus Translated by

W.Whiston. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson, 1987. Kaplan, Steven. The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia from

Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century. New York: New York University Press, 1992.

Katz, Nathan and Ellen S Goldberg. The Last Jews of Cochin:

Jewish Identity in Hindu India Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993.

Keller, Werner. The Bible as History: Archaeology Confirms the

Book of Books: London: Hodder and Stroughton, 1956. Kenyon, K. Archaeology in the Holy Land. London: Benn, 1979. Kessler, David. The Falashas, the Forgotten Jews of Ethiopia.

New York: Africana,1982. Kirk, John William Carnegie. A grammar of the Somali language

with examples in prose and verse; and an account of the Yibir and Midgan dialects. Cambridge: University Press, 1905.

Kirtley, Michael and Aubine. “The Inadan, Artisans of the

Sahara.” National Geographic: August 1979. Kitchen, K.A. "Punt and how to get there." Orientalia, 40, fasc.2,

(1971), 184-207. Knauf, Ernst Axel. Midian. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte

Palästinas und Nordarabiens am Ende des 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr. [Midian. Searching for the History of Palestine and North Arabia at the end of the Second


Millennium B.C.E.] Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz, 1988.

__________. Ismael. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte Palästinas

und Nordarabiens im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. . [Ismael. Searching for the History of Palestine and North Arabia in the First Millennium B.C.E.] Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz in Kommission, 1989.

Kobishchanov, Yuri M. Axum. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State

University, 1979. Korotayev, Andrey. “Ancient Yemen: Some General Trends of

Evolution of the Sabaic Language and Sabaean Culture.” Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement No.5, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Lambdin, Thomas O. Introduction to Classical Ethiopic (Ge’ez).

Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard, Scholars Press, 1978

Lassner, Jacob. Demonizing the-Queen of Sheba: Boundaries of

Gender and Culture in Postbiblical Judaism and Medieval Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

Lecker, Michael. Jews and Arabs in Pre- and Early Islamic Arabia.

Aldershot, England: Ashgate Variorium, Variorum Collected Studies, 1998.

Leeman, Bernard. “The Queen of Sheba and Africa: A

Reassessment of the Sheba-Menelik Cycle of the Kebra Nagast in the Light of the Salibi Hypothesis.” African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific, 15 July 1994, at La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.


__________. The Ge'ez text of the Kebra Nagast. Asmara, Eritrea: University of Asmara, 1997.

Leslau, Wolf. Falasha Anthology. New Haven, Conn.: Yale

University Press, 1951. __________. Ethiopic and South Arabic Contributions to the

Hebrew Lexicon. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1958.

. __________. Hebrew cognates in Amharic. Wiesbaden ,

Germany: Otto Harrassowitz, 1969. . __________ Comparative Dictzonary of Ge’ez. Wiesbaden,

Germany: Otto Harrassowitz, 1991. Levine, Donald N. “Menelik and Oedipus: Further Observations on

the Ethiopian National Epic.” Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Michigan State University, 2-5 May 1973, 11-23.

Littmann, Enno, D. Krencker, and Th. Von Lüpke. Deutsche

Aksum- Expedition. (4 Vols). Berlin, 1913. Marassini, P. “Ancora sulle ‘origini’ etiopiche” in S.F. Bondi, S.

Pemigotti, F. Serra, A. Vivian, eds. Studi in Onore di Edda Bresciani. Pisa: University of Pisa, 1985, 303-314.

Marcus, Harold The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-

1913. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1975. Margliouth, D.S. The relations between Arabs and Israelites Prior

to the Rise of Islam. Schweich Lectures (Oxford), 1921. London: Oxford University Press, 1924.


Marsden, Peter. The Taliban: War, Religion and the New Order in Afghanistan. London: Zed Books, 1998.

McGovern, Patrick E. The Late Bronze and Early iron Ages of

Central Transjordan: The Baq‘ah Valley Project. Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, 1986.

McKinnon, Michael. Arabia. Sand, Sea, Sky. London: BBC Books,

1990. Miller, J.M. and J. Hays, A History of Ancient Israel and Judah.

London: SCM,1986. Moberg, Axel (ed.). The Book of the Himyarites: Fragments of a

Hitherto Unknown Syriac Work. Lund-London-Paris-Leipzig. Skrifter utgivna av Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskapssamfundet i Lund 7/ Acta Reg. Societas Humaniorum Litterarum Lundensis 7, 1924.

Modrzejewski, Joseph. The Jews of Egypt. Philadelphia: The

Jewish Publication Society, 1995. Morrisby, Edwin. "Socatra-Sinbad's Island." Collingwood,

Australia: Quadrant Magazine, September 1986. Mosley, Leonard. Haile Selassie, the Conquering Lion. London:

Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964. Munro-Hay, Stuart. Aksum, an African Civilisation of Late

antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991. Musil, Alois. The manners and customs of the Rwala Bedouins.

Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts and of Charles R Crane. New York: American Geographic Society, Oriental Explorations and Studies, no. 6, 1928.


__________. Northern Nadj - A Journey from Jerusalem to Anaiza

in Qasim. London: The Argonaut Press, 1930. Newby, Gordon Darnell. A History of the Jews of Arabia from

Ancient Times to their Eclipse under Islam. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988.

Nibbi, Alessandra. Ancient Egypt and Some Eastern Neighbors,

Park Ridge New Jersey: Noyes Press, 1981. Noldeke, Theodor. "A review of Bezold’s Kebra Nagast." Vienna

Oriental Journal, 19, (1905).Oxford University Press, 1924.

Noth, Martin. Das System der zwolf Stamme Israels. Stuttgart,

Germany: University of Stuttgart, 1930. Obermeyer, Gerald. “Civilization and Religion in Ancient South

Arabia”. Amman, Jordan: Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies, 1, No. 1, (Spring 1999), 35-64.

Oliver, Roland. The African Experience. London: Weidenfeld and

Nicolson, 1991. Osman, Ahmad. Moses, Pharaoh of Egypt: the Mystery of

Akhenaten Resolved. London: Grafton Books, 1990. Pagels, Elaine. The Gnostic Gospels: London: Weidenfeld and

Nicolson, 1979. Pankhurst, Richard. An Introduction to the Economic History of

Ethiopia from Early Times to 1800. London: Lalibela House, 1961.

__________. (ed.) The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles Addis Ababa:

Oxford University Press 1967.


Parfitt, Tudor. The Thirteen Gate: Travels Among the Lost Tribes

of Israel. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987. __________. Journey to the Vanished City: the Search for a Lost

Tribe of Israel. London: Hodder and Stroughton, 1992. __________. The lost tribes of Israel the History of a Myth.

London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2002. Philby. H. St John. The Queen of Sheba. London: Quartet Books,

1981. Phillipson, D.W. “The excavation of Gobedra Rock-Shelter,

Axum.” Azania, 12, 1977, London and Nairobi, Kenya: The British Institute in Eastern Africa, 53-82.

Praetorius, F. Fabula de Regina Sabaea apud Aethiobes. Halle,

Germany: Halle University, 1870. Pritchard, James (ed.). Solomon and Sheba. London: Phaidon,

1974. Prosperi, Franco. Vanished Continent an Expedition to the Comoros: The Adventurers’ Club, London: Hutchinson, 1957.

Quirin, James. The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews: a History of

the Beta Israel (Falasha) to 1920. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1992.

Rabin, Chaim. Ancient West Arabian London: Taylor's Foreign

Press, 1951. __________. “Loanword evidence in Biblical Hebrew for trade

between Tamil Nad and Palestine in the first millennium B.C.” Second International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Madras, India, 1968.


Rapoport, Louis. The Lost Jews, last of the Ethiopian Falasha. New York: Stein and Day, 1981.

Retsö, Jan. The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the

Assyrians to the Umayyads. London and New York: Routledge Curzon, 2003.

Reusch, Dr R "Kilimanjaro and its ascent." Tanganyika Times, 10

February 1928. Robinson, James M., (ed.). The Nag Hammndi Library. New

York: Harper-Collins, 1990. Rodinson, Maxime. “Sur eth. tabot, ar. tabut, et les noms

semitiques de 1' Arche.” Groupe linguistique d'Etudes Chamito-Semitiques 9 (1962): 64-68.

Sachar, Howard M. The Course of Modern Jewish History

London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1958. Saenz- Badillos, Angel. A History of the Hebrew Language.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Sagan, Eli. At the Dawn of Tyranny.- The Origins of Individualism,

Political Oppression and the State. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.

Salibi, Kamal. The Bible came from Arabia. London: Jonathan

Cape, 1985. __________. Secrets of the Bible People. New York: Interlink,

1988. __________. Who was Jesus? A conspiracy in Jerusalem.

London: I.B.Tauris, 1998.


__________. The Historicity of Biblical Israel.- Studies in 1 & 2 Samuel. London: NABU, 1998.

Schneider, R "Deux inscriptions subarabiques du Tigre." Leiden,

Netherlands: Bibliotheca Orientalis, 30,1973, 385-387. __________. Les debuts de I'butoire ethiopienne. Doc. Hist. Civ.

Ethk Trav. RC.P. 230 (CNRS), 7,1976,47-54. __________."Documents epigraphiques de I 'Ethiopie." Paris:

Annales d'Ethiopie, 10,197G, 81-93. Sellassie, Sergew Hable. Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History

to 1270. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University, 1972.

Shah, Tahir. In Search of King Solomon's Mines. London: John

Murray, 2002. Shahid, Irfan. “The Martyrs of Najran: New Documents.” Societe

des Bollandistes, Brussels, 1971. __________.“The Kebra Nagast in the Light of Recent

Research” Le Mus’eon, Louvain, Belgium, 1976,133-178.

Shanks, Hershel et at. “The Rise of Ancient Israel.” Symposium

at the Smithsonian Institution, October 26, 1991, Biblical Archaeology Society, Washington D.C., 1992.

Sharma, Arvind, ed. Women in World Religions. New York: State

University of New York Press, 1987. Shelemay, Kay Kaufinan. Music, Ritual and Falasha History.

East Lansing: Michigan State University, 1986.


Silberman, Neil A. “Who were the Israelites?” Archaeology, 45, no.2. March/April 1992.

Simpson, St. John (ed). Queen of Sheba: Treasures from Ancient

Yemen. London: British Museum Press, 2002 Spencer Trimingham, J. Christianity among the Arabs in Pre-

Islamic Times. London and New York: Longman, 1979. Stothers, RB. “Mystery Cloud of AD 536”. Nature, 307, January

1984,344-5. Swadesh, M. The Origin and Diversification of Language.

London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972. Tamene, Getnet. "Features of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church

and the Clergy." Bratislava, Slovakia: Asian and African Studies, 7,1998, 87-104.

Tamrat, Taddesse. Church and State in Ethiopia 1270-1557.

Oxford: Clarendon, 1972. Thompson, Thomas L. Early history of the Israelite people from

the Written and Archaeological Sources. Leiden, Netherlands: E J.Brill, 1992.

__________. The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past.

London, Pimlico 1999. Tobi, Yosef. The Jews of the Yemen: Studies in their History and

Culture. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill,1999. Torrey, Charles Cutler. The Jewish Foundation of Islam. New

York: Ktav Publishing House, 1967.

http://no.2.march/April


Ullendorf, Edward. “Hebraic Jewish Elements in Abyssinian (Monophysite) Christianity.” In: Journal of Semitic Studies, 1, no.3, (1956), 216-256.

__________. The Ethiopians. London: Oxford University Press, 1960.

__________. Ethiopia and the Bible. London: Oxford University

Press, 1968. __________. Is Biblical Hebrew a Language? Wiesbaden,

Germany: Otto Harrassowitz 1977. A. Vivian, eds., Studi in onore di Edda Bresciani, Pisa: Giardini

Editori (1985) 303-14. Von Wissmann, Hermann. Die Mauer der Sabäerhauptstadt

Maryab/ Abessinien als Sabäische Staatskolonie im 6.Jh. vChr. Nederlands Historisch Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul, 1976.

Wallis Budge, Sir EA. A history of Ethiopia (2 vols). London:

Methuen 1928. __________. The Queen of Sheba and her only son Menyelek I.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1932. White, William. Chinese Jews. A Compilation of Matters Relating

to the Jews of K'ai feng. New York: Paragon, 1966. Whitelam, Keith W. The invention of Ancient Israel: the silencing

of Palestinian history. London: Routledge, 1996. Wilson, Ian. Jesus: The Evidence. London: Weidenfeld and

Nicolson, 1984.


Winckler, Hugo. Arabisch-Semitiusch-Orientalisch. Berlin, Germany: Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, W. Peiser, 1901.

Zoltenberg, H. Catalogue des manuscripts ethiopiens de la Bibliotheque Nationale. Paris, 1877.

INDEX ‘Arb, 229 ‘Azd dialect, 188 ‘Umara, 89 ‘wnywt, 205 ’Abesa, 123 ’Afir, 100 ’Arami, 229 Aaron, 7, 10, 149, 234, 237,

238 Abha, 191, 204, 228 Abraham, 2, 4, 5, 36, 44, 66,

69, 70, 80, 104, 106, 147, 150, 181, 184, 186, 204, 206, 225, 226, 229, 231, 232,

Abreha, 154 Abu Arish and nearby wadi,

193 Abu Duhur, 229 Abu Lahab, 179 Abu Talib, 179 Abun/Abuna, Abuna Garima Acropolis (Athens), 43 Acts of Solomon, Book of the,

55, 92 Adam, 143, 147, 148, 150,

221 Adde Kawerh, 128, 130 Addis Ababa, 249, 251 Adigrat, 129 Adrami, 148, 149 Adulis, 129 Adwa, 129 Afghan women, 20 African Americans, 4 Africans in Arabia, 176, 184,

185 Afrikaans, 189 AfroAsiatic, 4 Agaw, 62, 128, 156, 159, 160,

236, 244 Agriculture, 14, 56, 57, 79,

91, 134, 135, 164, 193 Ahasuerus, 196

Ahmad Gran, 151 Ai (At Tall), 35, 36 Akhdam, 88 Akhenaton, 8, 203 Akkadian, 8, 44 Aksum, 14, 61, 75, 78, 79,

86-89, 96, 112, 114, 118, 131-137, 139, 141, 142-157, 173, 175, 217, 223, 233-235, 241, 244, 246-248, 264

Al Junaynah, 195, 207 Al Kisa’I, 99, 100 Al Luhayyah, 217 Al Muktar ibn Ubaid Allah,

229 Albright Institute, 113 Albright, William F., 32-35 Alexander III (the Great), 22 Alexandria, 127, 135-138,

157, 215, 216, 222, 223, 243

Algeria, 2 Al Hadhad ibn Sharah ibn

Dhu Sahar, 90, 98 Aliyeh (New Jerusalem), 21,

57, 70, 71 Alla Amidas, 152 Allah, 83 Almaqah, 84 Alt, Albrecht, 32 Al Tha’labi, 184 Amalekites, 162, 188 Amarna letters, 44 Amda Seyon, 145, 157 Amdaman Islands, 88 America, 8, 48, 64 American University of

Beirut, 193, 199 Amhara, 5, 128, 237, 240,

244 Amharic, 62, 190, 236, 269 Ammon. Temple of, 45, 170 Ammonites, 10 Amnon, 107 Amorites, 81


An Nimas 195, 198, 208, 231 Anastasius, 138 Anatolia, 139, 141 Ancient Egyptians and

language, 40, 74, 64, 88, 189

Anglo Saxons and language, 22, 47, 64, 88, 189

Anthony of Egypt, 150 Antigonus, 24 Antipater, 24 Antiquities of the Jews, 93 Anti Semitism, 26, 28 Antseba, 250 Aphek, 36 Apocalypse of Baruch, 140 Apocrypha, 55, 115 Appleyard, David, 72, 159 Aqaba and Gulf, 42 Arab traditions, 80, 81, 87,

162, 185 Arabia, 1, 4-6, 10, 12, 14, 17,

25, 32, 44, 51, 61, 66, 69, 72, 74-76, 80-90, 111, 112, 117-120, 125, 127, 128, 132-135, 137, 139-141, 144, 151-156, 158, 161, 162, 164-166, 169-173, 175-178, 180, 181, 183-190, 192-194, 196-208, 216-221, 223, 224, 229, 231-233, 235-237, 241, 243, 245, 246, 248, 250-253

Arabian Gulf, 14 Arabic, 4, 29, 63, 68, 70, 82,

93, 98, 108, 109, 112, 116, 118, 124, 126, 136, 142, 157, 158, 161, 162, 175, 188-190, 200, 202, 208, 209, 220, 231, 232, 234, 238, 243, 248, 253

Arabic dialects, 4, 188, 189, 192

Arabs, 5, 28, 66, 75, 80, 98, 149, 153-155, 161,-163, 180, 183-186, 188, 225, 228, 229, 231

Aramaeans, 13, 16, 30, 75

Aramaic, 8, 16, 22, 48, 56, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 96, 107, 108, 185, 231-233, 238, 247

Ararat, Mount, 70, 195 Archaeology/archaeologists

and evidence, 18, 29-50, 69, 71, 75, 76, 78, 80, 82, 85, 87, 108, 112, 113, 117, 127-129, 132, 134, 158, 161, 165, 168, 171, 173, 185, 188, 192, 193, 195, 197-200, 203, 205, 206, 208, 222, 236, 241, 245, 246, 250, 252, 253

Argentina, 27 Arians, 137 Aristobulus II, 24 Arius, 137, 149 Ark of Noah, 69, 70, 147,

149 Ark of the Covenant, 7, 11,

53, 70, 86, 105, 106, 110, 116, 117, 119, 121, 122-125, 127, 130, 131, 142, 143, 147, 149, 151, 152, 158, 161, 209, 211, 218, 220, 222-224, 226, 235, 241, 243, 250, 253, 259

Ark of Zion, 122, 235 Arks in Arabia, 228, 229 Armenia and Armenians, 25,

50, 65, 137-141, 145, 148, 240

Armstrong, Karen, 174 Arnaiz Villena, Antonio, 30,

50 Arthur, King of Britons, 2 Artxerxes I, 19 Arwe, 86, 101 Asa, 206 Asba (Asfa), 75 Ashdod, 230 Asherah, 13 Ashkenazi Jews, 50, 241 Asia Minor, 108 Asir, 82, 111, 173, 193, 195,

198, 201, 202, 205, 207, 209, 217, 220, 226, 231


Asmara, 77, 134, 235, 249-251

Assyria/Assyrians, 7, 13, 15, 16, 18, 25, 36, 38, 48, 53, 81, 111, 125, 129, 146, 168-171, 173, 187, 243

Astar, 134 Aswan, 134, 223 Atang, 233 Atbara, 216, 218 Atlas of Jewish History, 171 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 26 Awash, 74 Awgi, 159 Azariah, 87, 121-124, 127,

131, 133, 222, 234, 241, 243

Azariah (Abednego), 104 Azqir, 140 Azvar-nahara, 21 Ba’al, 9, 225 Babylon/Babylonians/Babylo

nian inscriptions, 6, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 25, 40, 45, 48, 53, 57, 59, 61-63, 65, 66, 69, 71, 79, 96, 107, 109, 125, 148, 164, 170-174, 176, 183-185, 187, 194, 208, 236, 242, 248

Badr, battle of, 180 Baghdad, 4, 156, Bahn, Paul, 40 Bala Zadisareya, 118 Balfour Declaration, 28 Bani al Hamwiyya, 156 Bani Yusuf, 208 Banu Hillal, 81 Banu Salaim, 81 Baptisteries, 76, 239 Baq’ah valley, 166 Bar Kokhba, Simeon, 25, 31 Barbaria, 134 Barre, Siad, 130 Baruch, 45, 140 Bathsheba, 11, 148 Bayna Lekhem (Menelik), 78,

118 Bede, 50

Bedouin, 81, 155, 162, 175-178, 183, 229, 230

Beher (Ge’ez word), 216 Beher, 134 Beitin, 35 Beja, 134, 135 Belontos, 212, 215 Belshazzar, 17 Ben Asher, 68 Ben Dor, Shoshana, 47 Ben Gurion, David, 33, 176,

224 Ben Sira, 115 Ben Yehuda, 68 Benaiah, 102, 119, 122 Bene Israel, 133 Benin, 168 Benjamin tribe, 10, 12, 164,

194 Beowulf, 22, 88 Berbers, 4, 153 Berenson, Bernhard, 61 Bet Israel, 12 Beta Giyorgis, 75 Beta Israel, 8, 56, 62, 159,

224, 236-238, 240, 244-250, 253

Beth Shan, 36 Bethel, 13, 16 Beth-shemesh, 229 Bezold, Carl, 116, 216, 217 Bible, 33, 35, 38, 39, 42, 47,

49, 55, 65, 76, 158, 194-198, 201, 204, 252

Biblical Hebrew, 8, 47, 67, 68, 112, 189, 198

Bibliotheque Nationale Paris, 251

Bilen, 160 Bilqis, 87-89 Black Jews, 12, 62, 236 Black Stone, 228 Blacksmiths, 17, 130, 145,

247 Blessings of Jacob, 22, 48, 65 Blessings of Moses, 22, 48,

65 Blue Nile, 156, 190 Bonobos, 74


Book of the Himyarites, 132 Boswelli (plant), 85 Br, unvocalized Hebrew

word for Hebrew(s), 2, 44, 45, 62, 128-131, 226, 245, 250

Britain/British/Britons, 2, 28, 29, 31, 34, 47, 50, 52, 62, 153, 167, 169, 189, 251

British Airways, 50 British Israel movement, 47 Bronze Age, 3, 8, 10, 15, 34,

36, 37, 46, 47, 80, 86, 108, 135, 203, 204

Buba clan, 242 Buba, 242 Budge, E. A.Wallis, 32, 216,

217 Burning Bush, 42, 149 Buzi, 17 Byzantium/Byzantines, 135,

138-142, 144-146, 148, 149, 155, 158, 175, 180

Cain, 225 Cairo, 127, 167, 215, 216,

222 Caleb (Aksumite king), 86,

132, 137, 141-146, 151, 152, 154,, 155, 158, 233, 234, 243

Caleb (Hebrew leader), 10, 62

Caleb Cycle of the Kebra Nagast, 132, 139-150, 157, 181

Caligula, 25 Camel and camel trains, 10,

84, 85, 91, 117, 163-165, 207, 209, 210, 230

Camelot, 2 Canaan/Canaanite

language/Canaanites, 2, 5, 8-13, 15, 29, 34, 42-44, 46, 49, 53-56, 62, 63, 134, 135, 147, 162, 169, 189, 192, 220

Canada, 4, 29, 173 Caucasus, 190

Cedars of Lebanon, 207 Cerulli, Enrico, 116 Chalcedonian definition, 137 Chaldeans, 30 Chapel of the Tablet, 234 Charcoal, 165 Charles I, King (Britain), 109 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 64 Chimpanzees, 74 China/Chinese, 90, 190 Chosen People, 8, 59, 68, 123 Christ, 1, 19, 59, 60, 79, 82,

101, 107, 132, 136, 137, 142, 143, 147-152, 174, 178, 181-183, 206, 240, 247, 248, 250

Christians/Christianity/ Christian sources and traditions, 1, 25, 26, 31, 32, 41, 45, 47, 52, 59, 60, 61, 65, 75-77, 81, 86, 90, 109, 115, 120, 124, 132, 135-137, 140-144, 146, 148-152, 155-157, 175, 177-183, 193, 199, 200, 205, 209, 224, 233-241, 243-250, 252

Chromosomes, 74, 241, 242, 253

Chronicles, Book of, 45, 55, 56, 79, 188, 206, 231

Church of Mary of Zion Aksum, 234

Circumcision, 25, 59, 105, 130, 225, 237, 239, 241

City of David, 70, 195, 208, 230, 231

City of Zion, 195, 208 Climate/Climatic change, 5,

36, 37, 73, 74, 128 Clube, Victor, 29 Cochin Jews, 133 Code of Hammurabi, 109 Cohaito, 78 Coins/coinage, 31, 135, 136,

166, 241 Colchis, 145


Colonialism/colonies, 2, 11, 27, 49, 50, 202, 203, 205, 242

Comoros, 242 Consonants, 64, 68, 76, 82, Constantine, Emperor, 60,

136, 137, 146, 240 Constantinople, 138, 153,

157 Copper, 42, 135, 168 Coptic Church/Coptic

language/Copts, 40, 136, 138, 235, 238

Council of Chalcedon, 136-138, 145, 149, 181

Council of Nicaea, 60, 137, 139, 144, 146, 149, 150, 181, 235

Cretans, 50 Culture, 23, 26, 33, 34, 36,

61, 75-77, 84, 112, 129, 131, 151, 154, 161, 165, 167, 168, 175, 181, 185, 224, 232, 234, 236, 239, 242

Cush/Kush (Africa), 134, 165, 217, 207

Cush/Kush (Arabia), 195, 207, 217, 220

Cushite dynasty of Egypt, 15, 172

Cushites, 15, 172, 206 Cushitic languages, 4, 62, 80,

81, 128, 129, 156, 157, 159, 190, 236, 239, 244

Cyril of Alexandria, 157 Cyrus the Great, 17, 19 D’mt, 76, 128, 133, 156, 220,

239 Da Bassano, Francesco, 251 Dabra Makeda, 75 Dahlak archipelago, 220 Dahlberg, Bruce, 198 Dahomey, 168 Damascus, 28, 156, 178, 248 Damot, 156, 190 Dan, 13, 194, 205 Danakil, 135

Daniel, Book of, 17, 56, 104, 196,

Darius III, 22 Darius, 196 Daughter of Jerusalem, 18 Daughter of Zion, 18 David of Ethiopia, King, 239 David/Daud, King (Menelik),

118 David, King of Judah and

Israel, 8, 10, 11, 13, 26, 31, 34, 36, 38, 40, 41, 48, 49, 54, 119, 123, 148, 165, 169, 188, 194, 230, 247

Davidic royal line, 16, 19, 45, 54, 58, 59, 133, 136, 137, 142, 148, 248

Day, John, 197 Dead Sea, 41, 43, 58, 204 Dead Sea Scrolls, 55, 58, 65 Death of Moses, 253 Debra Bizen, 250 Debra Damo, 141 Delilah, 148 Demographic change, 3, 6,

34, 37, 39, 80, 81, 88, 130, 153, 169, 171, 176, 236

Demon, Queen of Sheba as, 51, 150

Denmark, 205 Der Judenstaat, 26 Deuteronomist (Old

Testament writers), 39, 54

Deuteronomy, Book of, 2, 16, 48, 54-57, 65, 110, 115, 142, 227, 235

Dhat Ba’adan, 134 Dhat Himyam, 134 Dhofar, 85 Dhu Nuwas (Yusuf As’ar

Yuth’ar), 86, 139-141, 145, 149, 152, 154, 155, 175, 208, 233, 234, 243

Dhu Sharkh ibn Hudad, 89, 98

Diaspora (Jews), 25, 174, 178


Diaspora (Palestinians), 49 Dibon, 43 Dietary laws, 8, 25, 56, 59,

133, 237, 238, 241 Dillmann, August, 116 Djibouti, 73, 156 DNA, 12, 39, 88, 194, 241,

243 Domitius, 157 Dozy, Reinhart, 184, 187,

188 Dragon princess (So Chieluo),

107 Dreyfus case, 27 Dutch, 127, 189 Dynastic marriages, 12, 180,

187 Eagle, 213, 214 East Africa, 74, 85, 127, 163,

189 Eban, Abba, 29 Eben, 230 Ecclesiasticus, Book of, 56,

110 Edras, Book of, 19 Egypt/Egyptians/Ancient

Egyptian language/Egyptian Coptic Church, 4-10, 12-15, 17, 22, 25, 36-40, 42, 44-46, 49, 53, 56, 62, 65, 70, 74, 81, 84, 86, 93, 108, 11, 123, 125, 127, 132, 135-138, 141, 150, 153, 156, 162, 164, 165, 168-172, 176, 185, 194, 195, 198, 201-203, 206, 207, 210-212, 214-216, 218, 223, 226, 227, 235, 237, 238, 240, 243

Ekeye Azeb, 88 Ekron, 230 El Elyon, 208 El Sabaoth, 208 El Shaddai, 208 El Shalom, 208 El, 9, 13

Elephantine (Aswan), 134, 223

Elijah, 66, 98, 104 Ella Amida, 135 Ella Atsbeha (Caleb of

Aksum), 143 Elmeyas, 123, 127 Elohist (Old Testament

writers), 54 Emerton, John, 197 England, 109, 205 English, 4, 50, 64, 67, 127,

165, 188, 189, 198 Enoch, Book of, 55, 115, 253 Environment, 74, 165, 178 Eritrea/Eritrean Orthodox

Church, 5, 55, 73, 77, 78, 82, 87,112,115, 117, 125, 128, 131, 133-135, 159, 160, 192, 209, 212, 214, 215, 220, 221, 224, 235, 236, 240, 244, 248-252

Error analysis, 189 Esau, 148, 177 Esperanto, 68 Esther, Book of, 96, 97, 102,

105, 107, Esther, Queen, 65, 195 Estifanos, 240 Ethiopia/Ethiopians, 5, 7, 8,

12, 14, 42, 47, 55, 56, 61, 62, 70, 72-78, 81, 82, 86, 87, 93. 96, 110-112, 114, 115, 117-121, 123-125, 127-134, 136, 144, 147, 152,153, 156-159, 172, 178, 83, 190, 192, 195, 196, 200, 206, 207, 209-213, 215-217, 220, 222-224, 226, 227, 231-141, 243-247, 249, 251-254

Judaic/Hebraic elements in Ethiopia, 47, 62, 120, 133, 136, 142, 178, 224, 226-253

Ethiopian Orthodox Church, 55, 76, 129, 136, 226, 233-238, 246, 248, 249, 252


Ethiopian Semitic speakers, 4, 75

Ethiopian traditions, 87, 110, 227, 245

Ethnic mysticism, 47 Ethnomusicology, 39, 245 Etruscans, 40 Euphrates, 21, 207 Europe/Europeans, 3, 26-28,

46, 47, 50, 63, 68, 129, 130, 165-167, 237, 239, 241, 245

Evagrius Scholasticus, 153 Eve, tomb of, 205 Ewostatewos, 240, 249 Exilarchs, 60 Exodus, Book of, 2, 48, 55,

56, 65, 100, 204 Exodus, The, 6, 7, 9, 15, 40-

42, 49, 56, 62, 81, 115, 171, 194. 202-204,221, 239

Ezana, 135, 136, 143 Ezekiel, 17, 18, 20 Ezekiel, Book of, 17, 55 Ezra, 2, 10, 20-23, 48, 54-56,

61, 65, 69-71, 109, 131-133, 136, 142, 143, 163, 174, 177, 186, 187, 208, 242, 245, 248, 251

Fadak, 175 Faisal, Hashemite prince

(later king), 28 Faisal, Saudi prince (later

king), 193 Falasha (see Beta Israel), Famine, 5, 6, 9, 38 Farasan, 220 Fatimid Egypt, 156 Fattovich, Rodolfo, 112, 128,

159 Fertile crescent, 177 Festivals, 112, 128, 159 Fetha Nagast, 238 Finkelstein, Israel, 49, 50 First temple, 3, 11, 40, 41, 43,

57, 100, 176, 186, 230, 231, 243

Flad, Martin, 244

Flemish, 189 Forced labor, 11, 13, 14, 176 Fourth cataract, 207 Frankincense, 74, 85, 91 French, 2, 28, 127, 167 Frumentius/Abba Salama,

135, 136, 241, 246, 251 Fulani, 167 Fundamentalism, 3, 50, 73 Gadd, C.J., 172, 224 Gafat, 190 Galilee, 24, 63, 66, 69, 140,

141, 174, 247 Gamst, Frederick, 244, 254,

263 Garden of Eden, 195` Gash delta, 74-76 Gath, 230 Gaul, 153 Gaza, 119, 125, 127, 210,

211, 213-216, 220 Gazette of Place Names, 193,

205, 207, 224 Gdrt (Gadarat), 139 Ge’ez (Ethiopic) 32, 55, 65,

75, 79, 93, 112, 114,116, 124, 131, 136, 157, 189, 190, 209, 210, 216, 217, 220, 225, 231, 232, 236, 251,-253, Appendices

Gebes, 210-218 Gender blurring, 107, 108,

224 Genetic mutation, 74 Genetics, 12, 30, 49, 50, 74,

186 Genfel river, 128 Gentiles (Goyim/non-Jews),

20, 59, 148 German/Germanic

tribes/Germans, 4, 28, 32, 50, 54, 61, 63, 198, 231, 244

Gezer, 35-37 Ghana, 230 Gibeah, 230 Gibeon, 36 Gilbert, Martin, 171, 176


Glanzman, Bill, 87 Glock, Al, 112, 113 Glory of the Kings (see

Kebra Nagast), Gnostics/Gnostic Gospels, 62,

107 Gob (Somali caste), 130 Gobedra, 75, 76 God the Father, 60 Gog Magog hills, 205 Gojjam, 135 Gold, 11, 37, 42, 65, 74, 85,

86, 92, -95, 100, 111, 134, 135, 164, 166, 167, 179, 222, 227, 234, 235, 250, 255

Golden altar, 100 Golden Calf, 9, 104, 106, 227 Goliath, 40 Gomorrah, 42, 195 Gondar, 244, 247 Goren, 230 Gorillas, 74 Great Famine, 247 Great Zimbabwe, 242 Greece, 5, 23 Greek Orthodox Church, 136 Greeks and Greek language,

4, 23, 39, 40, 59, 65, 74, 87, 93, 135, 136, 174, 175, 217, 253

Greenfield, Jonas, 199 Gregory of Nyssa, 115 Gregory Thaumaturgus, 157 Gregory the Illuminator, 144,

146 Grendel, 88 Grierson, Roderick, 130, 233 Guidi, I., 116 Gulo Makeda, 79, 87 Gurage, 5, 128 Habas, 134 Hadiyya, 196 Hadramawt, 140, 242 Hadrian, 25 Hagar (Ge’ez word), 216 Hagar, 5, 80, 226

Haile Selaisse, 76, 78, 115, 151, 235, 249, 251, 252

Haiti, 109 Hajar, 229 Hamasien, 192, 248, 249 Hamdani, 88, 118 Hammond, Philip, 197, 199-

201 Hancock, Graham 129, 222,

223 Handmaiden of Queen of

Sheba, 110, 111, 244 Hapiru, 44 Hasel, Michael, 44 Hashim (Meccan clan), 178 Hasmoneans, 24, 50, 72, 174,

177 Hassan (Tubba king), 140 Hassidic sect, 8 Hayes, J., 46 Hazega, 249 Hazor, 35, 36 Hebraic groups, 8, 45, 112,

117, 131, 136, 221, 224, 226-251

Hebrew Scholars (Masoretes), 53, 63, 66-70, 195

Hebrew people, 2-12, 14, 15, 22, 44, 46, 53, 56, 62, 64, 75, 81, 86, 95, 102, 117, 120, 129-131, 156, 176, 185-187, 189, 190, 194, 200-203, 206, 221, 225-227, 229, 244, 256

Hebrew, Ancient/archaic, 22, 49, 200, 232

Hebrew, Biblical, 8, 47, 67, 68, 112, 189, 198

Hebrew, Modern, 62, 67, 68 Hebron, 5, 36, 197 Helena, Queen of Adiabene,

59 Hellenism, 23-25 Hellenized Jews, 59 Henotican doctrine, 138 Herod the Great, 25, 69, 71,

177 Herod, House of, 24, 177 Herod, son of Antipater, 24


Herodotus, 146, 174, 207 Hertzog, Ze’ev, 49 Herzl, Theodore, 26, 27, 29,

51 Hezekiah, 15, 16, 42, 43 High priesthood,

disappearance of, 124, 131

Hijaz, 42, 81, 99, 141, 162, 163, 172, 173, 175,-177, 183, 186, 188, 189, 193, 194, 196, 202, 203, 205, 247

Hilkiah, 16, 54, 241, 243 Himbirti, 249 Himyar/Himyarites, 61, 71,

86, 87, 89, 132, 135, 139-142, 144-146, 152, 154, 175, 189, 233, 234, 270

Hinzat, 79, 87 Hiram, 207 Historiography, Islamic, 182 Hittites, 3, 6, 15 Holiness Code (Leviticus),

109 Holocaust, 28, 33 Holocausts (Solomon), 36 Holy Land, 33, 61, 113, 177 Holy Spirit, 59, 137, 182 Holy Writ, 1, 21, 22, 31, 57,

60, 184 Homelands (proposed

Jewish), 173 Hominids, 73 Homo sapiens, 73 Homoousios, 137 Hood, Robin, 2 Hoopoe, 96-100 Horn of Africa, 76, 249, 250,

253 Horns of the Altar, 149 House of David, 45, 54, 58,

59, 136, 142, 148, 247, 248

House of God, 236 House of Levi, 248 House of the Forest of

Lebanon, 43, 94, 255

House of Zadok, 11, 16, 58, 242

Hubbard, David, 159, 252 Hudhail dialect, 189, 192 Hudhud, 98 Hungary, 109 Hussein, 229 Hyksos, 203 Hyrcanus II, 24 Hyrdn (The Jordan), 69, 70,

195, 204 Ibrit, 62 Ibro (Yibir), 130 Idumeans, 177 Ilmuqah, 134 Immunity to disease, 7 Inadan, 8 Incense, 1 India/Indians, 8, 12, 85, 88,

100, 109, 113, 133, 135, 147, 154, 155, 161, 178, 180, 193, 196

Indian Ocean, 181 Indo-European, 4, 15, 68,

190 Instructions for Merikare,

202 Internet, 201, 254 Inuit, 4 Iranians, 50 Iraq, 13, 28, 146, 229 Iron/Iron Age/ Iron working,

2, 3, 8, 10, 13-15, 34, 37, 46, 47, 51, 72, 74, 75, 80, 86, 90, 105, 132, 135, 150

Isa, son of Virgin Miriam of Najran, 182, 248

Isaac Isaac of Aksum and redactors of the Kebra Nagast, 157, 158

Isaiah, 16, 43 Isaiah, Book of, 18, 55, 140,

237 Ishmael, 5, 80, 226 Islam/Islamic traditions and

writing, 5, 7, 8, 26, 29, 61, 79, 81, 82, 85, 90, 96-100,


112, 115, 130, 139, 153, 155, 156, 159, 163, 167, 168, 175, 177, 178, 180-184, 187, 188, 199, 221, 224, 226, 228-231, 244, 245

Ismenie, 87 Israel

(concept)/Israelites/Israelite states, 1, 5-13, 15, 19-21, 30, 35, 38, 39, 43-49, 51-54, 57, 58, 62, 63, 71, 78, 92, 93, 106, 108, 111, 113, 117, 119-121, 123, 127, 130, 132, 133, 139, 142, 143, 147, 148, 150, 152, 157, 162, 163, 177, 183, 184, 186-188, 194, 198, 201, 204-206, 208, 211, 212, 218, 222-224, 228-230, 235, 237, 241, 243, 244, 246-248, 250, 254

Israel, (northern kingdom), 12-15, 41, 43, 44, 54, 61, 63, 78, 125, 129, 133, 163, 164, 169-173, 176, 185, 196, 208, 224

Israel, State of, 2, 8, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 41, 45, 47, 53, 69, 133, 168, 197, 227, 236,

Israelis, 47, 49-51, 249, 253 Israelite religion, 7, 10-12,

108, 117, 121, 123, 132, 155, 176, 177, 184, 208

Italian/Italians, 77, 128, 249-251

Italy, 153 Ithiopis, 75 Ivory, 43, 74, 100, 135, 164 Ivrit (see also Ibrit), 62, 68 Iyo’as, 247 Jacob Baradaeus, Bishop of

Edessa, 138 Jacob, 5, 147 Jamaica, 109 James, brother of Christ, 240

Jane Eyre, 22 Japan, 109 Jashar, Book of, 55 Jebel al Nabi Shu’ayb, 221,

222 Jebel Fayfa, 162 Jebel Hadi, 209 Jebusites, 11, 54 Jeddah, 165, 170, 194, 205 Jedoiada, 102 Jehoichin, 17 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 60 Jeremiah, 45, 236 Jeremiah, Book of, 55 Jericho, 35, 36, 49, 227 Jeroboam, 13, 16 Jerusalem priesthood, 54, 70,

177, 248 Jerusalem, 1, 2, 10, 12-15,

17-25, 30, 32, 36, 37, 39, 42, 53, 45, 46, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57, 58, 65, 68-71, 84, 92, 94, 99, 113, 116-119, 121, 124, 125, 127, 131, 138, 147, 156, 170, 171, 173, 174, 177, 183, 184, 195, 197, 198, 201, 208, 210, 214, 218, 220, 224, 231, 232, 237, 245, 248

Jesus (see Christ), Jethro/Shuyab, prophet, 8,

221, 225 Jewish sources/traditions, 1,

107, 115, 181 Jews, 12, 20, 22, 24-26, 28,

31, 33, 35, 39, 47, 48, 50, 51, 55, 59-63, 65, 68, 69, 71, 90, 93, 96, 114, 133, 143, 147, 149, 150, 162, 163, 171-174, 17-178, 180, 182-188, 208, 226, 232, 236, 239-241, 246, 249, 250, 254

Jihad, 167, 180 Jinn, 88-90 Jizan, 82, 162, 192, 193, 195,

201, 205, 220, 222 John Hyrcanus (see Hyrcanus

II),


John the Baptist, 59 Joint rule (D’mt/Aksum), 89,

128 Jordan (hyrdn = escarpment),

70, 204 Jordan (river), 70, 166, 195 Jordan, Kingdom of, 32, 50,

199, 200 Joseph /Yusuf, Ben

(Messiah), 140 Joseph tribe, 17 Joseph, father of Christ, 58,

248 Joseph, John, 200 Joseph, son of Jacob, 5, 6, 9,

40, 181, 205 Josephus, Flavius, 65, 70, 79,

87, 92, 93, 96, 100, 102, 108, 115, 116, 124, 144, 207, 208, 217, 255

Joshua, 8, 10, 12, 35, 36, 38, 40, 46-48, 53, 62, 69, 194, 228

Joshua, Book of, 55 Josiah, King, 16, 17, 54, 57,

141, 142, 223 Jubilees, Book of, 55, 253 Judaea/Judaeans, 17, 19, 39 Judah tribe, 10, 164, 194, 225 Judah, House of, 19 Judah, kingdom of, 1, 10-19,

21, 22, 40, 41, 45, 52, 54, 60, 63, 78, 90, 120, 125, 141, 163, 164, 169-173, 181, 185-187, 194. 196, 206, 208, 218, 224, 232, 242, 248

Judah, Persian province of, 19, 20

Judaic/Hebraic elements in Ethiopia, 47, 62, 120, 133, 136, 142, 178, 224, 226-253

Judaism, 10, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 47, 49-51, 59-62, 80, 132, 133, 140, 142, 143, 155, 163, 168, 174-176, 181-183, 186, 224, 227,

237, 239-243, 245-247, 249, 251, 253

Judas Maccabeus, 23 JudeoArabic, 188 Judeo-Christianity, 240 Judges, 10, 21 Judges, Book of, 48, 55, 65 Judgment Day, 1, 147 Julian, 145 Julius Caesar, 24 Junipers, 165, 207 Jurhum, 228, 233, 241 Just Master, 150 Justin I, 138, 144, 145 Justin II, 138, 145 Justinian, 138, 145, 153 Ka’bah, 5, 228, 230, 233 Kansha, 249 Kaplan, Steven, 245, 246 Karaites, 62 Karnak, 170 Kassala, 74, 75 Keall, Edward, 203, 204 Kebra Nagast, 32, 79, 83, 91-

93, 96, 100, 102, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114-159, 161, 181, 209, 217, 218, 220, 222, 235, 252, 258

Keller, Werner, 42 Kenites, 225 Kenya, 27, 163, 173, 242 Kenyon, Kathleen, 35, 200,

227 Keren, 160 Keturah, 225 Khadijah, 178 Khamis Mushait, 81, 195,

202, 207, 217, 226 Khamtanga, 160 Khartoum, 165 Khaybar, 81, 175, 176, 184,

185 Khoury, Chris, 201 Kings, Book of, 12, 18, 42, 45,

55, 79, 92, 114, 255 Kitab al Aghani, 162 Kitor, 98 Knauf, Axel, 206, 224


Knights Templar, 130 Kohenin, 241-243, Korea, South, 91 Korean, 190 Krauthammer, Charles, 31 Krbym/Cherubim, 195, 227,

234, 235 Ksm, 134 Ku’bar, 156 Kubbe, 229 Kureishi, Hanif, 73 Kush (person), 75 Kush/Cush (see Cush), Kushi (Samaritan/African),

12, 130, 176, 185 Kushm, 221 Kuthah, 196 Kws, 7, 70, 195, 196, 207,

217, 218, 231, 231, 237 Lachish, 36 Ladino, 63 Lake Hayq, 156 Lalibela (New Jerusalem in

Ethiopia), 156, 157, 216 Lalibela, King (Gabra

Maskal), 156, 157, 245 Land grants, 114 Latin, 65, 116, 136, 227 Latos, 224, 248-250 Law of Moses (Torah), 4, 53 Lbyn, 207 Lebanon, 28, 43, 50, 94, 194,

207 Lemba, 8, 133, 224, 241-243 Lemche, N.P., 38, 51 Leslau, Wolf, 72, 190, 192 Lesotho, 109 Levant, 14, 37, 164, 168, 202 Levi (tribe), 7, 194, 222, 225,

248 Levites, 17, 94, 133, 222, 227,

229 Leviticus, Book of, 2, 55, 109 Liberals, 73 Libya/Libyans, 3, 138, 168,

170, 180 Lihyanic, 81 Liliths, 99

Linguistics/Linguistic evidence, 5, 32, 39, 48, 76, 81, 117, 161, 162, 188-190, 193, 197-200, 221, 253

Linguists, 162 Luke, Gospel of, 1, 79 Luxor, 6, 44, 170 Maasai, 189 Madagascar, 74, 173, 242 Mahmal, 230, 235 Mahoza, 60, 61, 71, 145 Mahrem, 134, 135, 137 Mai Bela, 77-79 Maimonides, Moses, 8 Makari, 123 Makeda (see Queen of

Sheba), 75, 79, 86, 87, 116, 118

Makharam, 131 Malagasy, 242 Malawi, 241 Malaysia, 88 Male dominated religions and

society, 90, 91, 106, 151 Mali, 166, 167 Manasseh, 16, 243 Mansa Musa, 167 Mapungubwe, 242 Mar Zutra II, 60 Marcian, 145 Margoliouth, David S., 186 Marib/ Marib dam, 79-82, 84,

85, 111, 154, 195 Mark Antony, 24 Markab, 230 Marsden, Peter, 20, 30 Marxist Ethiopia, 252 Mary, sister of Christ’s

mother, 183 Mary, Virgin, 147, 163, 181,

182, 241, 154 Mary/Miriam, Virgin

(Najran), 182, 222, 249 Masoretes/ Masoretic

scholars, 53, 63, 66-70, 195

Masruq, 152, 233, 234


Mattathias, 23 Matthew, Gospel of, 1, 79,

115 Maxentius, 60 May Qoho, 75 Mazar, Benjamin, 30 Mazber, 75 Mazrui, Ali, 246 McGovern, Patrick, 47, 165,

166 Mdyam, 212, 215 Mecca, 5, 99, 154, 155, 164,

167, 175, 178-180, 184, 185, 188, 192, 194, 218, 228, 229, 231-233

Medina/Yathrib, 85, 162, 172, 175, 176, 179, 180, 185, 188, 202, 218, 231

Mediterranean, 12, 15, 25, 30, 49, 50, 59, 84, 134, 153, 169, 174, 178, 193, 205, 207

Medyam, 148 Megaliths, 203, 204, 222 Megiddo, 35, 36, 45 Mekele, 89, 112, 118, 128,

189 Menelaus, 23 Menelik II, 249 Menelik, 78, 87, 118-123,

125, 127, 137, 143, 148, 209-211, 215-218, 220, 222, 223, 235-237, 241, 142

Merneptah stela, 44 Meroe, 40, 165, 172 Meroitic, 40 Mesopotamia, 4, 5, 10, 17, 18,

23, 25, 37, 38, 59, 70, 81, 85, 140, 141, 153, 164, 171, 172, 205

Mesr, 125, 214, 216-218 Mesrin, 125, 210, 211, 215,

216, 218 Messiah, 16, 19, 68, 104, 140,

142, 237 Metal working, 7, 242 Metathesis, 67, 193 Meteorites, 5, 228

Metera, 79, 134 Micah, Book of, 18, 55 Michael of Fuwa, 223 Michael, Archangel, 125 Midgan, 130, 159 Midianites, 225 Midrash ha Hefez, 102, 106 Midrash Mishle, 102, 106 Midrashim, 115 Miller, J.M., 46, 52 Milvian Bridge, Battle of, 60 Minaen and inscriptions, 161,

186 Minerals, 111 Minor prophets, Books of, 55 Miracles of the Virgin Mary,

253 Miriam, sister of Moses, 7 Missionaries, 32, 137, 141,

142, 150, 233, 244, 247 Mizpah, 20 Mkrb/Mkrbm, 83, 84, 128,

134, 195 Mlk, 83, 128, 134, 139 Moab/Moabites, 38, 43, 63,

148, 196 Moabite stone, 44 Modern Hebrew (Ivrit), 62,

67, 68 Monarchy and kingship, 1,

11, 19, 28, 43, 48, 51, 54, 56, 57, 89, 108, 115, 132, 133, 136, 137, 140, 142, 145, 148, 157, 158, 187, 202, 206-208, 223, 243, 244, 247

Monasticism, 58, 138, 141, 150, 152-154, 246, 247, 250, 251

Mondale, Walter, 31 Monophysites, 137-139, 141-

146, 150-152, 154, 155, 157, 158, 175, 181, 199, 223, 237

Monotheism, 7-9, 11, 166, 168, 179, 208

Mormah, 36 Mormons, 48 Morocco, 166


Moses, 2, 4, 6-10, 21, 22, 29, 40, 45, 48, 53, 56, 57, 62, 65, 69, 71, 110, 149, 155, 156, 162, 171, 181, 185, 186, 194, 203, 204, 207, 208, 221, 225, 227, 238, 241, 244, 245, 253

Mot, 9 Motu, 205 Mount Gerezim, 24 Mount Horab, 208 Mount Nebo, 204 Mount Sinai and Sinai

peninsular, 4, 7, 37, 38, 42, 71, 125, 212, 215, 217, 220, 221, 227

Mount Zion, 18 Msrm, 7, 70, 195, 202, 207,

220, 226 Msrym, 202, 207 Muhammad, Prophet, 83, 99,

152, 175, 178-184, 186, 188, 221, 226, 228, 229

Munro-Hay, Stuart, 233, 234 Mycenaean civilisation, 38 Myrrh, 85 Nabodinus, 17, 171, 172 Nabopolassar, 16 Nadab, 104 Nabad (place), 230 Nadir, 176 Najran, 85, 86, 140, 152, 182,

207, 222, 233, 234, 248 Napata, 172 Napoleon, 39 Nashwan ibn Sa’id alHimyari,

89 Nasrani, 248 Nazarenes, 56, 136 Nazareth, 248 Nazarite, 56, 237 Nazis, 28 Nazret, 157 Neaderthals, 88 Nebuchadnezzar, 17, 40, 170 Necho, 243 Negev, 37 Negus (king) of Aksum, 37

Nehemiah, 19, 20 Nehemiah, Book of, 56 Nestorius/ Nestorian heresy,

149 New Jerusalem (Palestine),

21, 22, 24, 57, 58, 69-71, 173, 174, 184

New Kingdom (Egypt), 9 New technology, 203 New Testament, 31, 60, 79,

115, 136, 144, 150, 181, 183, 238, 247, 248, 253

New York Times, 42 Newby, Gordon D., 162 Nicaea, (see Council of

Nicaea) Nicaean Creed, 60, 115 Nigeria, 167 Nikaule (see Queen of

Sheba), 87 Nile 4, 6, 14, 74, 125, 134,

153, 156, 168, 170, 172, 190, 192, 202, 207, 216-218, 222, 223

Nine Saints, 137, 141, 143, 233, 243

Nisibis, 140, 149 Noah, 147 Nöldeke, Theodore, 116, 231,

232 North Africa, 61, 153, 155,

173, 178, 180, 241 North Yemen dialect, 189 Northern Arabia, 14, 81, 224 Noth, Martin, 54, 194 Noural Rouz, 87 Nubia, 6, 192, 202, 203, 207 Occupational castes, 130 Octavian (Augustus), 24 Ofer, Avi, 36 Ofte, 230 Old Testament, 1-30, 32, 34-

41, 43-46, 48-51, 53-56, 62-72, 79, 80, 82, 91, 96, 98, 100, 102, 106, 109-112, 115-117, 127, 128, 131, 136, 142, 144, 147-150, 158, 159, 161-164,


168, 170, 172, 174, 181, 185-190, 192-196, 200, 202, 204-208, 217, 221, 224-233, 236, 237, 242-246, 250-253

Oman, 85, 161 Omri, 14, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44,

163, 165, 171 One substance (humoousios),

137 One True God, 66, 83, 97, 98,

110, 221, 225, 229, Oniads, 23 Oracles of Baarlam, 48, 65 Orangutans, 74 Origen, 115 Oromo, 128 Oxford Bible Atlas, 197 Oxus river, 180 Pagans/Paganism, 9, 16, 59,

60, 76, 86, 127, 132, 135, 143, 154, 156, 166, 167, 178, 179, 182, 186, 228, 232, 236, 237, 240, 241, 243, 244, 254

Palestine/Palestinians, 5, 6 , 17, 18, 23-30, 32-34, 36-38, 41, 43-46, 48-51, 58, 59, 66, 69, 71, 72, 111, 113, 129, 130, 132, 133, 138, 141, 153, 158, 159, 161, 162, 164, 165, 168-178, 181, 182, 15, 186, 189, 193, 199, 202-204, 206, 208, 222, 224, 231-234, 250

Palmyra’ 108, 149 Papua New Guinea, 88, 153,

205 Parfitt, Tudor, 197, 254 Parthians, 23 Paul/Saul of Tarsus, 25, 40,

59, 60, 70, 144, 178, 240, 248

Pemba Island, 163 People of the land

(Samaritans), 12 Perez, 148

Peri, 90 Persia/Persians, 17-21, 25, 48,

57, 59-61, 74, 90, 133, 135, 138-141, 145, 146, 148, 149, 153, 155, 156, 161, 171, 172, 174, 175, 180, 195, 196, 231

Petra, 85, 149 Pharaoh’s daughter

(Solomon’s wife), 43, 127, 148

Pharaohs, 5, 6, 9, 40, 41, 43, 44, 74, 127, 148, 170, 215, 216, 243

Pharisees, 24, 62, 174 Philby, H. St John, 81 Philippines, 88 Philistines, 7, 10, 104, 148,

207, 228, 230, Phoenicia/Phoenicians, 9, 11,

14, 36, 38, 169, 174 Piracy, 69, 168 Pirenne, Jacqueline, 129 Plague of Justinian, 153-155 Plagues, 7, 15, 16, 171, 228,

244 Poem of Moses, 48, 65 Poles, 28 Polis, 22 Pompey, 24 Portuguese, 163, 246 Praetorius, F., 116 Precious stones, 85, 92-95,

100 Prester John, 245 Priests/priesthood, 1, 3, 6, 7,

10, 11, 15-17, 19-24, 48, 53-54. 56-58, 61, 62, 64, 68, 70, 71, 76, 80, 83, 87, 91, 94, 107, 108, 110, 120-124, 127, 128, 131, 133, 134, 141, 148, 152, 158, 163, 169, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182, 187, 195, 206, 222, 223, 230, 231, 237-239, 241-244, 248, 249

Pritchard, James, 35, 37, 38 Procopius of Caesarea, 153


Promised Land, 2, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 26, 29, 31, 36, 38, 40, 41, 46, 47, 53, 54, 56, 62, 68, 69, 71, 72, 204-208, 227, 228

Psalm 68, 48, 65 Psamtik II, 172 Ptolemy I Soter, 22 Public works, 6, 7, 11, 34, 41,

43, 171, 207, 247 Punt, 74, 250 Pygmies, 74 Qaba’il, 88 Qades, 212, 215 Qarmatians, 229 Qebuta (ark), 233 Qemant, 159, 224, 237, 244,

249, 254 Qemanteney, 159 Qes, 249 Qosh, 87 Quaraiza, 176 Queen of Sheba, 1, 11, 14, 40,

51, 72-114, 116-121, 124, 125, 127-130, 132, 133, 136, 139, 147, 149-151, 158, 181, 184, 196, 194, 206, 207, 218, 224, 226, 241, 244, 250, 253, Appendix

Queen of Sheba’s baths, 79, 151

Quiran, James, 245-247 Qumran, 58, 67 Qur’an, 97, 100, 107, 108,

115, 144, 165, 181, 183, 184, 188, 298, 209, 226, 230, 248

Qwarenya, 62, 72, 159 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea,

153 Rabbinical Judaism, 61, 62,

115, 162 Rabin, Chaim, 85, 112, 162,

189, 190, 192, 194, 199, 200, 218, 224, 232, 233

Race purity, 20, 23, 25, 155

Racial superiority, 27, 129, 249

Racism, 12, 129 Radium, 74 Radon gas, 74 Rahman, 83, 221, 222 Ramses I, 203 Ramses II, 6, 7, 9 Ramses III, 14, 15 Ravens, 66, 98 Raydan, 140 Rechabites, 225 Red Sea, 4, 42, 74, 76, 78, 80,

85-87, 125, 134, 135, 139, 154, 156, 165, 175, 176, 181, 195, 202, 203, 206, 212, 216, 217, 20, 221, 236, 243

Reds and Blacks, 128 Rehoboam, 13, 111, 120, 143,

148, 170 Reuben, 194 Revivalist Christianity, 205 Riddles, 90, 92, 101-106 Rift valley, 74 Ring of fire, 201, 206, 220,

227 River of Egypt, 127 River of Ethiopia, 125, 210 Robinson, Edward, 29, 231 Rod of Aaron, 149 Rod of Moses, 149 Rodinson, Maxime, 233, 245,

253 Roman Catholicism, 55, 249 Roman Empire, 25, 26, 60,

125, 137, 139, 140, 141, 143, 153, 178

Roman women, 62 Romans, 7, 23-26, 39, 55, 59,

60, 62, 69, 70, 72, 82, 108, 135-141, 143-145, 148, 149, 153, 174, 175, 177, 178, 182, 186, 206, 233, 239, 250

Rome, 24, 108, 135-138, 147 Rosetta Stone, 39 Ruah (Holy Spirit), 182


Rub al Khali, 85 Russia/Russians, 27, 28 Ruth, 11, 40, 43, 55, 115 Rwala, 162 Saadiah Ben Joseph, 88 Sab, 129,-131 Saba (Sheba), 80, 84, 140 Sabaea/Sabaeans

(Sheba/Shebans), 14, 75, 76, 80-86, 89-91, 101, 106, 108, 111, 112, 117, 118, 120, 127-131, 134, 139, 151, 161, 169, 172, 173, 175, 186, 189, 190, 193, 195, 206, 218, 220, 223, 234

Sabaean alphabet, 82 Sabaean inscriptions 89, 117,

118, 120, 128, 131, 151, 206

Sabbath, 34, 57, 214, 232, 240

Sacred land, 99 Sadducees, 24 Saho, 129 Salibi, Kamal, 47, 158, 193-

209, 217, 218, 220-224, 231, 146

Salome, 24 Samaria/Samaritans, 4, 12,

14, 16, 19, 22 ,24, 41, 56, 63, 130, 163, 176, 185, 196, 243

Samson, 104, 106, 148, 237 Samuel, 10, 55 San (Bushmen), 77, 88 Sana’a, 88 Sarah/Serai, wife of Abraham,

5 Sarwat (Tehama), 165, 195,

203, 204, 206, Sasu, 134, 135 Satan, 150, 237 Saudi Arabia, 32, 81, 82, 165,

193, 194, 196-198, 202, 205, 224

Saudi Arabian government, 198, 205

Sauer, James, 197 Saul (Benjamite king), 10, 48,

162, 194 Saul of Tarsus (see Paul), Savannah belt, 167, 168 Sayhut, 242 Sb, 83, 84, 128-131 Schneider, Roger, 127-129,

159 Scribes, 1, 3, 20, 62, 63, 125,

209, 216 Sea of Eritrea, 125, 212, 214,

215, 220 Sea Peoples, 13, 15, 168 Second cataract, 202 Second temple, 19, 72, 177 Seleucids, 23 Semien Mountains, 246, 247 Semites, 5, 80 Semitic languages/speakers,

2, 4, 5, 9, 13, 27, 32, 45, 53, 62, 67, 68, 75, 80-82, 89, 112, 128, 129, 148, 155, 157, 159, 181, 183, 189, 190, 192, 199, 202, 224, 225, 231, 236, 239, 241, 242, 244, 253

Senna, 242 Sennacherib, 15, 18, 79, 170 Sephardic Jews, 241 Septuagint, 65, 217 Sesostris I, 202 Sesostris III, 202 Seti I, 6 Sexual temptress, Queen of

Sheba as, 150 Shabako, 15, 79 Shahid, Irfan, 199, 200 Shams, 84 Shar Habil, 88, 89 Sharahbil Yakkuf, 140 Sharakh ibn Sharahil, 89 Sharia, 183 Sheba, City of, 195 Sheba-Menelik Cycle of the

Kebra Nagast, 92, 93, 109-112, 115-118, 120, 122, 24, 125, 18, 128, 130-132, 137, 142, 144,


147, 149, 150, 157-159, 161-224, 231-236, 239, 241, 243-245, 250, 251, 253-255, Appendix

Sheban kings, 88, 89, 128, 152

Shelemay, Kay, 245, 246, 250, 254, 276

Sheshonk/Shishak, 13, 45, 170, 208

Shiloh, 218, 230, 231 Ships, 122, 207, 220, 230 Shurab el Gash, 75, 76 Sibley Towner, W., 198 Silberman, Neil, 49-51 Siloam, 42 Simeon of Taima, 183 Simeon tribe, 194, 206 Single divine nature, 137 Slm, 42 Snake cult and snakes, 86,

101 Socotra, 96, 88, 161 Sodom, 42, 195 Solomon, 1-3, 8, 10-14, 21,

34-38, 40-43, 45-46, 48, 49, 51, 53-55, 57, 63, 65, 69, 71, 78-81, 85, 92-102, 105-111, 114-125, 127, 131-133, 136, 139, 142, 143, 148, 150, 158, 163, 165, 168-171, 181, 186, 187, 195, 196, 204, 207, 209, 211-213, 215, 216, 218, 220, 222, 223, 226, 228, 230, 231, 234-237, 241, 244, 250, 252, Appendix

Solomonid dynasty (Ethiopia), 71, 156, 157, 235, 244, 246, 252

Somalia/Somalis, 8, 45, 85, 112, 117, 128, 130, 131, 134, 159, 176, 239, 244

Song of Deborah, 22, 48, 65 Song of Moses, 22, 48, 65,

110 Songhai, 166, 167 South Africa, 2, 241, 242

South Arabia/South Arabian, 5, 83, 85, 128, 186

South Korea, 91 Southern Africa, 8, 88, 133,

224, 226, 241 Southern Arabia, 1, 5, 14, 25,

61, 76, 80, 83, 85-87, 90, 111, 118, 120, 132, 133, 135, 137, 139, 140, 151, 154, 156, 171, 175, 190, 205, 221, 232, 240, 244, 246, 247

Spain, 61, 153-155 Station of Abraham, 228 Stelae, 43, 44, 86, 96, 250 Suakin, 74 Sudan, 70, 74, 75, 165, 207,

216, 217, 236 Suicide (early Christians),

182 Sumerian, 8, 190 Sun worship, 8, 83, 84, 86,

91, 135 Susa/Shusha, 196 Swadesh, Morris, 190 Swahili, 189, 205 Syncreticism, 15, 57, 132,

167, 244 Syria/Syrians, 4-6, 13, 14, 28,

37, 38, 50, 108, 120, 135, 137, 138, 141, 142, 153, 164, 178, 180

Syriac, 137, 146, 231, 233, 238

T’wy, 202 Tabot (ark), 131, 213, 231-

235, 253 Tabotat (arks), 235 Tabuh (ark), 232 Tabut (ark), 232, 251, 253,

274 Taif, 195, 203, 208 Taima, 14, 17, 81, 85, 169-

172, 175, 176, 183, 196 Takezze, 125, 216-218 Taliban, 20, 30 Talmud, 62, 115, 176 Tamar, 104,106, 107, 148


Tamil, 85, 113 Tamrin, 117, 119, 123 Tanis, 169 Tanzania, 88, 163, 242 Targum, 96, 100 Targum Sheni, 96-100, 102,

105-108 Tarim, 242 Taxation, 11, 13, 14, 21, 61,

110, 138, 164, 166, 187 Tayyi’ dialect, 189, 192 Teacher of Righteousness, 24 Tebhah (ark), 231, 232 Tebhotha (arks), 232 Tehama/Sarwat (see Sarwat), Tel Aviv, 34, 36, 49, 224 Tell Abu Hawan, 36 Tell Dan, 45 Tell el Kheleifeh (Ezion-

geber), 42 Tell Mor, 36 Temple of Ammon, 45, 170 Ten Commandments, 8, 53,

109, 123, 227 Ten tribes, 10, 12, 13, 176,

194 Tesfamariam, Tiberh, 250 The Bible came from Arabia,

158, 194, 201, 204 The Sign and the Seal, 222 Thebes, 44, 45, 169, 202 Theocracy, 10, 18, 19, 21, 48,

55, 58, 68, 69, 174 Theodora, Empress, 138 Thomas, Gospel of, 107 Thompson, Thomas, 48, 49,

69, 199, 206, 246, 251 Thutmose III, 6 Tiban Asad Abu Karib, 140 Tigre area of Ethiopia, 221,

240, 245, 249, Tigré language (Eritrea), 5 Tigrinya, 5, 77, 128, 189, 236,

237, 244, 247, 250 Tizrah, 13 Tobiah clan, 23 Torah (see Law of Moses) Torrey, Charles C., 83

Towner, W. Sibley (see Sibley),

Trade/Trade routes, 1, 10, 12 ,14, 27, 35, 37, 41, 42, 45, 74, 79, 81, 84, 85, 90, 91, 100, 113, 117, 120, 134, 135, 139, 155, 161, 164-175, 178, 193-197, 202, 251

Trans-Jordan, 28, 37, 44, 47 Trimingham, J. Spencer, 185,

199 Trinity, 137, 149 Tsa’edakristyan, 77 Tse’azega, 249 Tubba, 140 Tuck, Friar, 2 Tumal, 130 Tunisia, 166 Turkey, 5, 15, 27, 70, 140,

146 Turkish Empire, 26, 28 Turks, 28, 31, 50 Tuscany, 15 Tuwa valley, 209 Tw, 209 Twelve tribes, 5, 9, 12, 17, 22,

187, 204 Twenty first dynasty, 169 Two natures, 137 Tyre, 207 Ugaritic civilisation, 38 Ullendorf, Edward, 217, 244,

254, 278 United Israelite kingdoms, 1,

10, 12, 35, 48, 170, 187 United Nations, 29, 34 United States of America, 8,

48, 64, 51, 173, 254 University of Asmara, 77 University of Pennsylvania,

47, 254 Unknown True God, 5, 11 Upper Nile, 6, 172 Ur, 4, 70, 231 Van der Graaf accelerator,

228 Vietnam, 173


Vietnamese, 190 Vocalization, 7, 42, 45, 64,

66, 68-70, 98, 134, 193-195, 208

Volcanoes/Volcanic activity, 6-8, 39, 41, 42, 153, 193-195, 201, 204, 206, 209, 220, 221, 227, 242

Vowels, 2, 22, 53, 64, 65, 67-69, 75

Vulcan, 7 Wadi Bishah, 194, 207, 217,

220 Wahb ibn Munabbihi, 90 Wahhabis, 230, 231 Wales, 88 Waraqah ibn Nawfal, 178 Ward, Bill, 199 Weizmann, Chaim, 28 Wellhausen, Julius, 54 West Africa, 167, 169, 188,

223 West Arabian language, 189,

192, 199, 224, 232, 251 West Bank settlement, 51 Western Arabia, 4, 12, 51, 69,

81, 132, 158, 161-226, 232, 233, 234, 242, 244, 252, 254

Western Arabian mountain deities, 208

Whitelam, Keith, 39, 51 Wild Jews, 176 Wilkens, Iman J., 205 Winckler, Hugo, 188 Wisdom, 1, 12, 86, 91-95, 97,

100-102, 106, 110, 117, 151, 186, 214, 231, 255

Women, 19-21, 51, 62, 80,

87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 106, 107, 108, 110, 117, 130, 148, 150, 151, 158, 178, 183, 184, 229, 230, 238 247

World War, First, 28 World War, Second, 33, 77,

251

Writing on the Wall, 17 Wuqro, 128 Xi Wang Mu, 90 Y chromosome, 241, 254 Ya’fur, 99 Yabika Egzi, 157 Yadin, Yigael, 35 Yadir, 175 Yahweh, 208 Yahwist (Old Testament

writers), 54 Yanuf Dhu Shanatir, 139 Yeha, 76, 78, 87, 129, 239 Yehud, Persian province of,

174 Yekunno Amlak, 157, 235 Yemen, 4, 7, 10, 79-82, 84-

85, 88-90, 96, 99-101, 111, 112, 118, 120, 139-141, 145, 155, 161, 162, 172, 175, 176, 178, 180, 182, 186-189, 192-195, 201, 203, 206, 207, 217, 220-222, 227, 233, 242, 248, 252

Yersina pestis (plague bacterium), 153

Yeshu (Son of Joseph), 248 Yhwh, 7, 9, 10, 13, 23, 92, 93 Yibir, 8, 45, 130, 131, 159,

176, 221, 239, 244, 151 Yiddish, 63 Yudit, Queen, 156, 190, 244 Yurco, Frank, 44 Za Besi Angabo, 86 Za Sebado, 87 Zadok, 3, 11, 53, 54, 121,

123, 124 Zadok, House of (Priesthood),

11, 16, 58, 141, 242, Zadokites, 3, 4, 11, 17, 21, 24,

54, 56-58, 62, 107, 141, 142, 173, 243

Zafar, 140, 152 Zagwe, 156-158, 223, 244,

245


Zar’a Ya’eqob, 240 Zechariah, Book of, 18, 55 Zedekiah, 17 Zen Buddhism, 107 Zeno, 138 Zenobia, 108 Zephaniah, Book of, 55, 237 Zerah, 207 Zerubbabel, 19, 57, 58, 71 Zimbabwe, 241, 242 Zion (Ark and concept), 18,

27, 80, 121, 122, 143, 147, 212-214, 236, 242

Zionism/Zionist movement/ Zionists, 2, 26-28, 31, 34, 49-51,

Zipporah, 221 Zohar, 115 Zoltenberg, H., 116 Zoroastrianism, 90, 139, 140,

175

Part 3

Documents

Transcript of Part 3