Part 2 - gossenmetrawatt.com · Measurements for Initial and Periodic Testing 29 - 30 Gossen...

Toke

n fe

e: €

5W

hite

book

, Par

t 1

Whitebook, Part 2

GOSSEN METRAWATT

ProfiScan

WHITEBOOKFORELECTRI-CIANS

Part 1

Initial and Periodic Testing in Low-Voltage Systems with up to 1000 V AC, 1500 V DC

GOSSEN METRAWATT


Part 2

Testing of Electrical Devices, Medical Devices and Machines

2

BetrSichV and TRBS1201

Printed in Germany • Subject to change without notice • 23/2.18 • Order no. 3-337-038-03

GMC-I Messtechnik GmbHSüdwestpark 15•D-90449 Nürnberg, GermanyPhone: +49 911 8602 – 111•Fax: +49 911 8602 – [email protected]•www.gossenmetrawatt.com

Our test instruments are manufactured in accordance with the state-of-the-art and comply with the requirements of German occu-pational safety law concerning the provision of safe work equip-ment. Equipment should nevertheless be tested at regular intervals for safe condition in accordance with German occupational safety law (BetrSichV) and TRBS1201. Measuring functions should also be tested at regular intervals because reproducibility of measurement results is required by the inspector.Our company is accredited to do this. Our service center would be happy to provide you with quotations for your test instruments.

2Printed in Germany • Subject to change without notice • 23/2.18 • Order no. 3-337-038-03

GMC-I Messtechnik GmbHSüdwestpark 15 • D-90449 Nürnberg, GermanyPhone: +49 911 8602 – 111 • Fax: +49 911 8602 – [email protected] • www.gossenmetrawatt.com



3

Whitebookfor Electricians

Part 1

Initial and Periodic Testingin Low-Voltage Installations

(1000 V AC / 1500 V DC)

Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCD)

Mixed Frequency Symbol(RCD) Type F

Initial and Periodic Testing in Low-Voltage Installations with up to 1000 V

4


Safety in Accordance with EN 61010Test Instrument Operating Voltage at Overvoltage

Category / Mark of ConformityPROFITEST INTRO / MASTER/ PRIME

600 V300 V

@@

CAT IIICAT IV

METRISO INTROMETRISO BASE / TECH, METRISO XTRA, METRISO PRIME+

600 V300 V

@@

CAT IIICAT IV

METRISO PRIME 600 V300 V

@@

CAT III CAT IV

MetraPhase 1 600 V @ CAT IVPhaseCop2 600 V @ CAT IIIMETRAVOLT 12D+L 600 V @ CAT IV VDE/GS (EN 61243-3)ProfiSafe 690 B 690 L 600 V @ CAT IV VDE/GS (EN 61243-3)

ProfiScan – the App for the Profitest MXTRA / MTECH+

Select and connect to a PROFITEST MXTRA / MTECH+ Read out the system structure with measured values and send via e-mail

Load the system structure and receive it via e-mail Keyboard mode – when the PROFITEST is set to the on-screen keyboard mode

Creation of a complete system structure Management and renaming of ETC files Creation of screenshots and transmission via e-mail

5


Table of Contents Safety in Accordance with IEC / EN 61010 4Table of Contents 5 - 6Public Regulations for Low-Voltage Installationsup to 1000 V AC, 1500 V DC 7 - 9

E-CHECK 10Testing Ordinance in Accordance with ArbStättV and BetrSichV 11Important Public Regulations for Low-Voltage Installations 12 - 13Overview of the IEC 60364 Series of Standards 14 - 16VdS Guidelines as Recommendations for Electricians 17 - 18New Standards as of 1 June 2017, IEC 60364-6, EN 50110-1 19 - 21Test Intervals 22 - 23Basic Test Sequences and Test Reports 24 - 28Measurements for Initial and Periodic Testing 29 - 30Gossen Metrawatt Test Instruments, DIN EN 61557 31 - 32Test Sequence for Periodic Testing of Electrical Systems Devices with Permanent Mains Connection 33 - 36

Insulation Resistance of the Electrical System 37 - 38Practical tip: Insulation Measurement 39 - 43Resistance of Insulating Floor Coverings and Walls 44Automatic Shutdown in Case of Error 45 - 50Adapter for Standards-Compliant Testing of Type S, K and S+ PRCDs 51RCCB Testing 52 - 53Earthing Resistance Measurement 54 - 55Estimation of Voltage Drop 56 - 57Important Notes regarding EN 50110-1, Periodic Testing 56 - 57Tables with Values for Evaluating Overcurrent Protection Devices, Residual Current Protection Devices (RCDs), Earthing Resistance, Conductor Cross-Sections

58 - 63

Measurement of Line Impedance ZL-N and Voltage Drop 64PROFITEST Series 65 - 68Profitest INTRO 69

6


Table of Contents GEOHM C Battery Powered Earth Tester 70GEOHM PRO / EXTRA Earth Tester (XTRA with GPS) for all Known Measuring Methods, Pulse Measurement Process 71

Metriso Series 72Metriso PRIME 10, Profitest Prime, Prime AC 73 - 74

Software for Test Instruments 75 - 83ETC, PS|3, Elektromanager, PC.doc-WORD/EXCEL andPC.doc ACCESS Software 77 - 81

EASYtransfer Software, Planning Software from DDS-CAD 82EP INSTROM Software, Planning Software from EP 83Recommended Workshop Equipment 84

Testing the Effectiveness of Protective Measures of the Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles

85

Measurements 86 - 87Testing the Charging Process, Additional Tests 88Testing of Mode 2 and 3 Charging Cables in Accordance with DIN VDE 0701-0702

89

The mode 2 charging cable is tested with the PROFITEST MXTRA or the SECUTEST PRO and the appropriate test adapter.

90 - 91

Test Adapters and Test Instruments 92 - 93Measurements in Accordance with EN 60204-1Safety of Machines, Electrical Equipment of Machines Valid for Initial and Periodic Testing

96

Measurements per DIN EN 61439-1 97 - 113

Power Quality 114 - 116The Most Important Standards 116 - 127Energy and Power Analysis from Gossen Metrawatt 128 - 130

Photovoltaics Test Instrument from Gossen-Metrawatt 131Identification of Buildings with PV Systems 131Several Important Terms 132Test Requirements per IEC 62446-1 133E-CHECK-PV for PV Systems 134

7

In order to avoid dangerous states resulting from systems and operat-ing equipment, manufacturers must always provide for technical safety measures whose effectiveness must be assured during production as well as operation for the entire service life of the equipment by means of ap-propriate maintenance. Maintenance also includes inspections (tests) as a subcategory (see also DIN 31051).Knowledge of applicable public statutory provisions and there safety requirements is mandatory for the preparation of tests. The applicable technical rules are important sources of knowledge for the implementation of the legal requirements; by means of references made to them in legal requirements, they may be rendered binding in some cases, or prompt the assumption that one has acted correctly.Legal requirements and state technical rules can be downloaded free of charge from the Internet from, amongst other sources, the collection of regulations published by the Baden-Württemberg trade supervisory board at www.gaa.baden-wuerttemberg.de.

Legal requirements for the manufacturers of technical products include German product safety law (ProdSG) with its subordinate “CE” rulings, the German building products act (BauProdG), EMC law and German medical product legislation (MPG). The use of harmonized product standards may promote the presumption of conformity.Where energy networks are concerned, requirements for safe energy supply and reliable operation are regulated by German energy law (EnWG) which specifies, amongst other things, good engineering practice for setup and operation. The presumption of conformity applies to electrical energy distri-bution systems where VDE requirements are involved. EnWG is expressed in concrete terms by, amongst other documents, the German grid access ordinance (NAV) and the network providers’ technical connection conditions (TAB).

Public Statutory Provisions forLow-Voltage Installations


8

For low voltage systems, this involves implementation of the IEC 60364 series of standards; part 6 of EN 50110-1 applies to tests. There are also requirements for safety testing for residential buildings, for which periodic testing after no more than 10 years, or in the event of a new renter, is recommended in accordance with EN 50110-1.Electrical systems are also subject to construction regulations. In addition to fitness for use, the German model building regulation (MBO) specifies proper maintenance (§1), which also applies to wiring systems as construc-tion products. Important requirements affect building fire protection, in particular required corridors and stairwells which must be kept free of calorific potential to the greatest possible extent. Technical rules made public by the building authorities, for example MLAR (German directive for wiring systems), promote the presumption of conformity.The safety requirements specified in the German ordinance on workplaces (ArbStättV), in which maintenance is also stipulated. Requirements specified in contracts, for example with property insurers, are also taken into consideration. The application of VDE regulations and testing at regular intervals are often specified in the insurance clauses. Some insurance carriers offer rebates upon submission of E-Check reports. The VdS guidelines published by the general association of the German in-surance industry (GDV) provide practitioners with well-structured assistance with regard to fire prevention and property protection, the content of which often serves as a predecessor or a summary of VDE requirements. Within the scope of influence of German occupational safety law (ArbSchG), EU guidelines have significantly changed German work safety legislation since 1996. Testing protective measures for effectiveness is one of the employer’s basic obligations (§3). The yardstick is the state-of-the-art, and technical safety measures – which also include test requirements – must be fundamentally ascertained and specified by means of hazard as-sessments. These requirements are expressed in concrete terms in the subordinate ordinance on workplaces (ArbStättV) and the working reliability regulation (BetrSichV).


9

The state of the art is defined in the officially recognized technical rules (TRBSn, ASRn, TRGS).Legally, trade association rules and regulations are based on the German code of social law, VII (§15), and to a great extent have already been su-perseded by German occupational safety law, subsequent ordinances and state technical rules, which have precedence. As opposed to DGUV rules, state technical rules demonstrate presumption of conformity when applied.This little whitebook is intended to provide you with support in performing the required measurements with measuring and test instruments from GOSSEN METRAWATT.


10

E-CHECK is a recognized seal of approval for electri-cal installations and devices in private homes, as well as in commercial and public buildings. Five good reasons why you should have your electrical installation tested at regular intervals:Reason 1 – ProtectionE-CHECK provides you with the assurance that the tested electrical installa-tion and devices are adequate with regard to all safety aspects. You provide your family and your company with protection as a result.Reason 2 - Claims for Compensation of DamageAs a rule, E-CHECK provides protection against claims for compensation of damage. All your measurement and test results are available in writing, which prevents any unpleasant surprises.Reason 3 – Energy SavingsE-CHECK offers genuine added performance thanks to energy savings consultation provided by an electrician. As a result your costs are reduced, you save money and you help to protect the environment. Reason 4 – Loss PreventionE-CHECK prevents losses before they occur. As an entrepreneur, you’re interested in trouble-free operations. E-CHECK protects you against un-necessary downtime and expensive data loss. Reason 5 - ObligationsE-CHECK substantiates the good working order of your electrical system vis-à-vis trade supervisory authorities, trade associations and insurance carriers. As a result, you fulfill all of your legal obligations. And what’s more: Many insurance companies recognize E-CHECK and reduce their premiums for users.Source: E-CHECK


11

Testing Ordinance in Accordance with ArbStättV and BetrSichV The German working reliability regulation created uniform legislation for operating equipment in 2002. When the new occupational safety law came into effect on 1 June 2015, 3 additional regulations for systems which require monitoring were summarized in section 3. With regard to the hazard assessment in accordance with §3, special em-phasis is placed on the particular obligations of the employee with regard to test preparation. Reasons for testing are specified in §14 for work equip-ment “whose safety depends upon setup conditions” or which “might lead to influences which cause damage that results in dangerous situations” after repair work. These tests can be performed by authorized persons who fulfill requirements in accordance with §2(6) and TRBS 1203.

The scope of testing results from the hazard assessments in accordance with §3; all determined dangers must be taken into consideration. Docu-mentation is required for tests in accordance with §14-17. Anyone who fails to conduct testing, or does not perform testing punctually, either in-tentionally or negligently, commits a regulatory offense in accordance with §22. The applicable technical rule is TRBS 1201, into which the previous requirements from §5 of DGUV regulation 3 have been incorporated.

In accordance with the German ordinance on workplaces, the employer is obligated to perform maintenance work and eliminate defects in ac-cordance with §4, “Special Requirements for the Operation of Workplaces”. In the event of defects which represent an immediate and substantial hazard, operations must be stopped at the workplace if necessary. Special emphasis is placed on proper maintenance of safety devices at regular intervals in order to prevent or eliminate hazards, as well as function tests for emergency lighting, emergency power supply and emergency stop switches. Intentional or negligent violation of these stipulations is punish-able as a regulatory offense, and possibly as a criminal offense in the case of malicious intent where mortal danger or the endangerment of health is involved (§9).


12

Important Public Regulations for Low-Voltage Installations German product safety law (ProdSG) and subordinate “CE” ordinances, for example:

The so-called low-voltage directive (1st ordinance in ProdSG -1. ProdSV) The machinery directive (9th ordinance in ProdSG (1. ProdSV)

Law on electromagnetic compatibility of devices (EMCG)(requirement for permanent installation, see §§4,12, mandatory documentation German building products act – BauPG (in the future: EU building products ordinance) amongst other things, also regulates product requirements for wiring systems

German energy law (EnWG) with subordinate ordinances, for example:

German grid access ordinance (NAV) with authority for TAB German basic electrical supply ordinance – (StromGGV) German measuring points access regulation – (MessZV)

Building regulations legislation – state construction ordinances, special construction ordinances State technical rules published by the building authorities withpresumption of conformity such as the implemented MLAR

German occupational safety law (ArbSchG) with subordinate ordi-nances, for example:

ArbStättV – specifically for workshops and workplaces BetrSichV – specifically for work equipment German ordinance on hazardous substances (GefStoffV) – specifically for substances


13

German Working Reliability Regulation (BetrSichV)with state technical rules including presumption of conformity. Examples:TRBS 1111 Hazard AssessmentsTRBS 1112 MaintenanceTRBS 1201 Testing of Work Equipment and Systems which Require Monitoring TRBS 1203 Authorized Persons

German ordinance on workplaces (ArbStättV)with state technical rules including presumption of conformity. Examples:ASR A3.4 – LightingASR A3.4/3 – Safety Lighting, Optical Safety Guidance Systems

IEC 60364 testing, in combination with EN 50110-1

DIN 18012, House service connections – Principles for planningDIN 18014, Foundation earth electrodeDIN 18015, Electrical installations in residential buildings (series of standards)

Part 1: Planning principles (several RCDs per apartment are required) Part 2: Nature and extent of minimum equipment Part 3: Wiring and disposition of electrical equipment Part 3: Building management systems

Important, generally recognized good engineering practice


14

Overview of the DIN VDE 0100 Series of Standards (examples)

Note: All sections up to DIN VDE 0100-600 represent the basic require-ments which have to be complied with in all systems. The special require-ments set forth in sections 7XX are supplementary requirements. Further requirements are specified, for example in DIN VDE 0100-410 (RCD in a tripping current of up to 30 mA).

DIN VDE Low-Voltage Installations0100-100 Scope of application, fundamental principles

(tables 11 through 13)0100-200 Definitions (see also www.electropedia.org)0100-100 Technical planning requirements

(parts 30 through 36)0100-410 Erection of low-voltage installations – Protection against

electric shock (IEC 60364-4-41)0100-420 Protection for safety – Protection against thermal effects0100-430 Protection for safety – Protection against overcurrent 0100-443 Protection for safety – Protection against overvoltage

(see also 534)0100-444 Protection against electromagnetic disturbances

(observe EMVG requirements, mandatory documentation of EMC measures for permanent installations in accordance with §4 and §12)

0100-460 Isolation and switching 0100-5XX Selection and erection of electrical equipment0100-510 Common rules0100-520 Wiring systems0100-53X Isolation, switching and control0100-530 Switchgear and controlgear0100-534 Surge protection0100-537 Isolation and switching


15

0100-540 Earthing arrangements and protective conductors Note:Foundation earth electrodes must be laid out in accordance with the current DIN 18014 standard, special measures for protective conductor current as of 10 mA

0100-55X Other electronic operating equipment0100-551 Low-voltage generating sets (also applies to photovoltaics,

supplemented by 712)0100-557 Auxiliary circuits (for system segments which are not subject

to VDE 0113-1)0100-559 Selection and erection of electrical equipment – Luminaires

and lighting installations0100-560 Safety services0100-600 Erection of low-voltage installations – Initial testing of

electricalequipment by means of visual inspection, testing and measurement

0100-7XX Requirements for specialinstallations or locations

0100-701 Locations containing a bath or shower0100-702 Basins of swimming pools, other water basins and fountains0100-703 Rooms and cabins containing sauna heaters0100-704 Construction and demolition site installations 0100-705 Agricultural and horticultural premises0100-706 Conducting locations with restricted movement 0100-708 Electrical installations in caravan parks0100-709 Marinas and similar locations0100-710 Medical locations0100-711 Exhibitions, shows and stands0100-712 Photovoltaic (PV) systems0100-713 Furniture and similar items

Furnishings (in the future: 724)


16

0100-714 Outdoor lighting installations0100-715 Extra-low voltage lighting installations0100-717 Mobile or transportable units0100-718 Communal facilities and workplaces0100-721 Electrical installations in caravans and motor caravans0100-722 Supplies for electric vehicles0100-723 Classrooms with experimental equipment0100-729 Operating or maintenance gangways0100-740 Temporary electrical installations for structures, amusement

devices and booths at fairgrounds, amusement parks and circuses

0105-100 Operation of electrical installations – Part 100:General requirements

0105-100 A1 Change A1: Periodic testing; German incorporationof section 6.5 of HD 60364-6:2016


17

Recommended guidelines for experts:

VdS 2005 Light fixturesVdS 2006 Lightning protection by means of lightning arrestorsVdS 2010 Risk-oriented lightning and overvoltage protectionVdS 2014 Determination of causes of damage resulting from lightning

and overvoltageVdS 2015 Electrical devices and equipmentVdS 2017 Lightning and overvoltage protection for agricultural operationsVdS 2019 Overvoltage protection in residential buildingsVdS 2023 Electrical systems in construction equipment with primarily

combustible construction materialsVdS 2024 Electrical equipment in furnishingsVdS 2025 Wiring systemsVdS 2028 Foundation earth electrodesVdS 2031 Lightning and overvoltage protection in electrical installationsVdS 2033 Fire risk locations and other comparable risksVdS 2046 Electrical systems with up to 1000 V, safety regulationsVdS 2057 Electrical installations in agricultural operations and intensive

livestock breeding, safety regulationsVdS 2067 Electrical installations in agricultureVdS 2192 Overvoltage protection, information leafletVdS 2258 Protection against overvoltage, information leafletVdS 2259 Battery charging systems for electric vehiclesVdS 2279 Electric heating devices and systemsVdS 2302 Low-voltage lighting, information leaflet

VdS Guidelines as Recommendations for Electricians

VdS – association for the prevention of damage within the GDV –. general association of the German insurance industry


18

VdS 2324 Low-voltage lighting installations and systemsVdS 2460 Residual current devices, information leafletVdS 2569 Overvoltage protection for computer systems

VdS 2871 Test guidelines in accordance with clause SK 3602, notes regarding electrical experts who are recognized by the VdS

VdS 3501 Insulation fault protection in electrical installations with elec-tronic operating equipment, RCDs and frequency converters


19

New Standards as of 1 June 2017DIN VDE 0100-600DIN VDE 0105-100/A1

DIN VDE 0100 – 600Applicable as of 1 June 2017Transition period through 17 March 2020

Changes as compared with DIN VDE 0100–600: 2008-06 Complete revision of section numbering Required examinations during visual inspection expanded Testing and measurement – individual test steps updated Added continuity testing for connections to exposed conductive parts Changes to measurement of insulation resistance between active conductors Improvements for testing of voltage polarity Calculation of earthing resistance approved as an alternative method to measurement

Note added regarding additional protection by means of equipotential bonding Conditions for measuring methods for the measurement of insulation resis-tance of flooring and walls adapted

Measuring method for the measurement of earthing resistance including wiring diagrams revised

Added notes concerning supplementary measurements in the national ap-pendix NC.

NATIONAL APPENDIX NCSelection of supplementary testsResidual current devices (RCDs)

If testing for compliance with the breaking times for protection by means of automatic shutdown in the case of failure set forth in DIN VDE 0100-410 (VDE 0100-410) is required, testing should be conducted in circuits with residual current devices (RCDs), if this is technically possible, with a test current which amounts to 5 times the rated residual current of the respective RCD.


20

Tripping of the RCD should be verified once for each circuit. Individual measurements don’t have to be documented, but compliance with the shutdown condition must be documented.

Arcing Fault Detection Devices (AFDDs) During initial and periodic testing, the manufacturer’s specifications must be observed.

In the case of AFDDs, the product standard (DIN EN 62606) specifies self-monitoring.

Testing in accordance with this standard (DIN EN 62606) is not required. In the case of insulation measurement, the polarity of the measurement voltage influences the measured value and the limit value may be fallen short of as a result.

Insulation measurement should thus only be performed in these circuits between active conductors and the protective conductor.

Frequency Converters and UPS Systems The manufacturer of the frequency converter or the UPS system describes measures for assuring protective measures against electric shock for the load or the consumer side.

The inspector checks for compliance of the implemented measures with the manufacturer’s documentation.

The inspector checks the continuity of the protective conductor in ac-cordance with DIN VDE 0100-600: 2017-06, section 6.4.3.2.

Supplies for Electric Vehicles In accordance with DIN VDE 0100-722, additional requirements for test-ing the connection points of electric vehicles must be observed (DIN EN 61851-1 / VDE 0122-1).

If necessary, PRO TYPE I/II adapters for vehicle simulation from Gossen Metrawatt should be used.


21

Photovoltaic (PV) Systems (DC side) In accordance with DIN VDE 0100-712, additional requirements for System documentation Initial startup Testing Visual Inspection

are included in DIN EN 62446-1 / VDE 0126-23-1.Foundation Earth Electrodes

Documentation and testing of foundation earth electrodes are defined in DIN 18014.

Low-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies In the case of low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies (DIN 61439-1), it must be substantiated that the manufacturer’s routine verification of the switchgear and controlgear assembly is available.

Electrical Equipment of Machines

Scope and testing for the electrical equipment of machines are defined in DIN 60204-1.


DIN VDE 0105 –100/A1Change A1: Periodic testingGerman incorporation of section 6.5 of HD 60364-6:2016 Applicable as of 1 June 2017Transition. through 1 June 2019

Change A1 replaces section 5.3.3.101, “Periodic Testing” of DIN VDE 0105-100:2015-10. And thus section 6.5 of HD 60364-6:2016 has been adopted and supplemented by national requirements. Furthermore, national appendix NC from DIN VDE 0100-600:2017 has also been adopted.

22


Test IntervalsTest intervals are specified by the employer based on the hazard assess-ment. In accordance with TRBS 1201, test intervals must be specified such that the device under test can be used safely in accordance with generally accessible sources of knowledge during the time which elapses between two tests (2.4).Decision-making criteria are listed in section 3.5.2 of TRBS for testing in accordance with German occupational safety law, §14 (examples):

Conditions of use (special loads, duration of use per day etc.) Manufacturer’s instructions (operating instructions) Damage to work equipment, personnel qualifications Experience with “failure modes” Occurrence of accidents or frequent defects at comparable working equipment

Test results

The proven (recommended) test intervals specified in DGUV regula-tion 3 were practically adopted into TRBS 1201 as a sample solution for portable and stationary electric working equipment.

The required tests are still conducted in accordance with the valid DIN VDE requirements, as well as the test sequences specified therein. Measuring and test instruments from GOSSEN METRAWATT comply with the revisions of the standards and requirements which are valid on the date of shipment.Our METRA Check Service Package offers annual maintenance, overhaul (update) and calibration with calibration certificate for your GOSSEN METRAWATT instrument. The additional mobility guarantee includes a rental instrument for the duration of servicing.

23

Test Intervals (recommended)Recommended Test Intervals per DIN VDE 0100-600/ DIN VDE 0105-100/A1The standard specifies that the frequency at which a system is subjected to testing must be determined in consideration of the type of system and operating equipment, use and operation of the system, as well as frequency and quality of system maintenance, and makes reference to national regu-lations. The authors of these standards provide practical recommendations by means of comments.Overview of Tests in Accordance with DIN VDE 0100-600/ DIN VDE 0105-100/A1DIN VDE 0100-600 dated June 2017 in combination with DIN VDE 0105-100/A1Initial Testing Section 6.4 includes requirements for initial testing of electrical systems by means of visual inspection, testing and measurement with which the following points are clarified (insofar as reasonably feasible):

Whether or not the requirements of all parts of the DIN VDE 0100 series of standards are fulfilled and

Requirements for the test report Observe the following:

Initial testing must also be performed after existing systems have been expanded or modified.

Initial testing of the utilized equipment, for example switchgear and con-trol gear assemblies and machines, is not covered by the scope of rules included in the VDE 0100 series of standards.

Periodic TestingPart 6 of CENELEC, which is included in section 6.5 of DIN VDE 0105-100/A1, applies to periodic testing. Periodic testing should clarify the following points (insofar as reasonably feasible):

Whether or not the system and all of its associated operating equip-ment is in good working order


24

Requirements for the preparation of a test report

Depending on requirements and operating circumstances, the scope of testing may be reduced to random samples with reference to the local area (system components) as well as the measures to be implemented, insofar as this makes evaluation of good working order possible.Taking previous test reports into consideration is required, and if none are available further examinations are necessary.

Proven test intervals for periodic testing in accordance with TRBS 1201, excerpt from table 2

Work Equipment Test Interval

Scope of the Test

Electrical work equipment(permanently installed)

once every 4 years

Testing in accordance with ap-plicable electrotechnical rules

Electrical work equipment(permanently installed inspecial installations or locations, e.g. DIN VDE 0100, group 700)

once a year Testing in accordance with ap-plicable electrotechnical rules

Electrical work equipment (portable – insofar as any is used)Also:Extension cords and device connector cables

Every 6 months

With a fault rate of < 2%:at all loca-tions outside of offices:Once a year In offices:once every 2 years

Testing in accordance with ap-plicable electrotechnical rules

If a fault rate of < 2% is achieved during testing, the test interval can be extended to the intervals specified in the “Test Interval” column. When calculating the fault rate, it must be assured that only work equipment is included which comes from the same or similar areas, for example workshop only, production department only, office area only.


25

Electrical work equipment at construction sites (portable if used) also: Extension cords and device connector cables

Every 3 months

With a fault rate of < 2%:at leastonce a year

Testing in accordance with ap-plicable electrotechnical rulesIf a fault rate of < 2% is achieved during testing,the test interval can be ex-tended to the interval specified in the “Test Interval” column. When calculating the fault rate, it must be assured that only work equipment is included which comes from the same or similar areas.

Earth-moving and road construction machines,special excavation machines

Once a year Condition of components and equipment, completenessand effectiveness of control and safety devices

Industrial trucks Once a year Condition of components and equipment, completenessand effectiveness of control and safety devices

Trench shoring equipment Once a year Condition of components and equipment

Platform lifts Once a year Condition of components and equipment, completenessand effectiveness of control and safety devices

Elevating work platforms and telescoping loaders/stackers (telehandlers

Once a year Condition of components and equipment, completenessand effectiveness of control and safety devices

Electrical equipment In workshops:once every 6 months,on construc-tion sites:once every 3 months

Testing of electrical protective measures per requirements stipulated in the standards in connection with internal clean-ing insofar as required


26

Stationary systems are permanently installed within their environment, e.g. installations in buildings, construction site vehicles, containers and motor vehicles.

Non-stationary systems are dismantled after use in accordance with their intended purpose, and are set back up again at the next work location (interconnected), for example equipment for construction and installa-tion sites, construction site power distributors, temporary structures and systems used by showmen.

Test requirements for common work equipment.Sample recommendations for work equipment are specified in the appendix of TRBS 1201, table 1-3.

Table 1 – Testing Before Initial StartupTable 2 – Proven Test Intervals for Periodic Tests / InspectionsTable 3 – Proven Intervals for Visual Inspection Prior to Use and Function

Tests

Previously proven test interval for stationary electrical work equipment: whenever necessary but at least every four years. Comparison with own operating situation (evaluation of actual danger):

Operating Situation Possible Influence on the Test Interval

Electricians work in the facility whose range of tasks also includes main-tenance and monitoring of electrical systems and equipment.

Extension of the test interval

Electrical work equipment which is subjected to heavy loads

Shortened test interval


27

Basic Test SequencesThe test sequences always consist of the following logical steps:visual inspection, testing, measurement and test report generation.

In the case of visual inspection, a minimum scope is listed for initial testing in section 6.4.2 of IEC 60364, as well as for periodic testing in EN 50110-1. In accordance with the standards, for example, it must be determined whether or not:

The electrical operating equipment of the permanently installed system complies with the safety requirements of the operating equipment regula-tions, its selection and setup correspond to the manufacturer’s specifica-tion, it has been selected in accordance with external requirements

The protective measures against electric shock and for fire prevention (including required fireproof bulkheads) have been implemented

Cables, wires and bus bars have been selected correctly in accordance with current carrying capacity and voltage drop

Protection, monitoring, switching and disconnect devices are included, as well as correctly selected, laid out and adjusted

The quality of the documentation and other information complies with the minimal requirements for maintenance work, and whether or not the plans coincide with the system and required a warning signs are in place

Proper conductor connections and identification of the operating equip-ment, protective conductor and equipotential bonding conductors are in place, correctly used and connected to the main grounding busbar

Easy access to the operating equipment is assured for operation and maintenance


28

Amongst other things, visual inspection includes: Correct selection of operating equipment Damage to operating equipment Protection against direct contact Safety equipment, firewalls Heat-generating operating equipment Target designation of the cables in the distributor, cable laying Extra-low voltage with safe separation, electrical separation Total insulation, Primary equipotential bonding Additional (local) equipotential bonding Arrangement of bus devices in the electrical circuit distributor Bus cables / actuators

Amongst other things, testing includes: Clockwise phase sequence for 3-phase outlets Direction of rotation of motors RCD test (by pressing a key) conducted by the user Emergency off

Amongst other things, the function test includes: Correct functioning of safety and monitoring devices Correct functioning of the power installation Correct functioning of the installation’s bus system (EIB)


29

Measurement during initial testing:Measurements conducted during initial testing should take place in the following order:Continuity of the conductors

The protective conductor and it’s connection to the main grounding busbar and exposed conduct parts

In the case of ring conductors, the active conductor (continuity of the ring)Insulation resistance measurements

Each active conductor with one another and to the grounded protective conductor

In the case of verifications, protection by means of extra-low voltage (SELV, PELV)

In the case of verifications, protection by means of electrical separation Resistance of insulating floor coverings and walls Protection by means of automatic shutdown of the power supply and additional protection

Further measurements and tests in accordance with section 6.4.3 Voltage polarity test Phase sequence test Functions tests Voltage drop test

Measurements for periodic testingIn low-voltage installations, the values which make it possible to evaluate protection under fault conditions have to be measured, for example loop resistance and protective conductor resistance. For the purpose of testing RCDs, it’s advisable to measure tripping current and to check for compli-ance with breaking time.When measuring insulation resistance, limit values in accordance with IEC 60364 must also be complied with.Note concerning further measurements:Metrological examinations conducted by means of current measuring clamps such as examinations of protective conductor current, current in neutral conductors (overloading due to the 3 harmonics) and stray current.


30

Depending on functionality, Gossen Metrawatt’s instruments comply with DIN EN 61557 (VDE 0413) and are calibrated in accordance with DAkkS!

Checking for excessive temperature at data cable sheaths with contactless infrared temperature measuring instruments belongs to the current state-of-the-art where testing is concerned.Use of the ZVEH form is recommended for manual entry of the measured values, and similar reports can be generated automatically with our test instruments from the PROFITEST and METRISO series. Testing must be conducted with instruments which comply with DIN EN 61557, because test results are otherwise disputable. This applies to insulation resistance, low-resistance, loop resistance, fault current mea-surements, earthing resistance and phase sequence measurement.

Documentation of test resultsAs opposed to previous versions of the test standards, requirements for the documentation of testing have been significantly increased. Detailed test reports are required with entries concerning visual inspection of the indi-vidual circuits and the measurement results. The results of the tests have to be described in a test report. For the client, this represents the actual test results and should be prepared using terminology which can be understood by laypersons with no electrical engineering background.


31

DIN

ENDI

N VD

EDe

pend

ing

on fu

nctio

nalit

y, te

st in

stru

men

ts fr

om G

osse

n M

etra

wat

t com

ply

with

DIN

EN

6155

7DI

N EN

615

57-1

VDE

0413

-1Ge

nera

l req

uire

men

tsDI

N EN

615

57-2

VDE

0413

-2In

sula

tion

resis

tanc

eDI

N EN

615

57-3

VDE

0413

-3Lo

op re

sista

nce

mea

sure

men

tDI

N EN

615

57-4

VDE

0413

-4Re

sista

nce

of e

arth

con

duct

ors,

pro

tect

ive c

ondu

ctor

s an

d eq

uipo

tent

ial

bond

ing

cond

ucto

rsDI

N EN

615

57-5

VDE

0413

-5Ea

rth re

sista

nce

DIN

EN 6

1557

-6VD

E 04

13-6

Effec

tiven

ess

of re

sidua

l cur

rent

dev

ices

RCDs

) in

TT, T

N an

d IT

sys

tem

sDI

N EN

615

57-7

VDE

0413

-7Ro

tary

fiel

dDI

N EN

615

57-8

VDE

0413

-8In

sula

tion

mon

itorin

g de

vices

for I

T sy

stem

sDI

N EN

615

57-9

VDE

0413

-9In

sula

tion

faul

t loc

ator

s in

IT s

yste

ms

DIN

EN 6

1557

-10

VDE

0413

-10

Com

bine

d m

easu

ring

equi

pmen

t for

test

ing,

mea

surin

g an

d m

onito

ring

prot

ectiv

e m

easu

res

DIN

EN 6

1557

-11

VDE

0413

-11

Effec

tiven

ess

of ty

pe A

and

type

B re

sidua

l cur

rent

mon

itors

(RCM

s) in

TT

, TN

and

IT s

yste

ms

DIN

EN 6

1557

-12

VDE

0413

-12

Com

bina

tion

devic

es fo

r the

mea

sure

men

t and

mon

itorin

g of

ope

ratin

g pe

rform

ance

DIN

EN 6

1557

-13

VDE

0413

-13

Hand

held

and

man

ually

ope

rate

d cu

rrent

mea

surin

g cla

mps

and

cur

rent

pr

obes

for m

easu

ring

leak

age

curre

nt in

ele

ctric

al e

quip

men

t


32

DIN

EN 6

1557

-14

VDE

0413

-14

Equi

pmen

t for

test

ing

the

safe

ty o

f ele

ctric

al e

quip

men

t of m

achi

nery

DIN

EN 6

1557

-15

VDE

0413

-15

Elec

trica

l saf

ety

in lo

w vo

ltage

dist

ribut

ion

syst

ems

up to

100

0 V

AC

and

1500

V D

C –

Equi

pmen

t for

test

ing,

mea

surin

g or

mon

itorin

g of

pr

otec

tive

mea

sure

s. R

equi

rem

ents

for f

unct

iona

l saf

ety

of in

sula

tion

mon

itorin

g de

vices

in IT

sys

tem

s an

d of

insu

latio

n fa

ult l

ocat

ors

in IT

sy

stem

sDI

N EN

615

57-1

6VD

E 04

13-1

6El

ectri

cal s

afet

y in

low

volta

ge d

istrib

utio

n sy

stem

s up

to 1

000

V AC

an

d 15

00 V

DC

– Eq

uipm

ent f

or te

stin

g, m

easu

ring

or m

onito

ring

of

prot

ectiv

e m

easu

res

– Pa

rt 16

: Dev

ices

for t

estin

g th

e eff

ectiv

enes

s of

pro

tect

ive m

easu

res

of e

lect

rical

dev

ices

and/

or e

lect

rical

med

ical

devic

es.


33

Practical tip: Test Sequence for Periodic Testing of Electrical Systems (checklist)

Condition of the system old – new – known – unknown

Technical documentation complete – partial – none Note: Verification of the test

Ambient conditions normal – humid – warm – chemical stressing – Ex

Test requirements normal – special systems, e.g. medical – crowds of people – photovol-taics – e-mobility – additionally in accordance with DIN VDE and VdS requirements see pages 17 and 18

Preliminary discussion with responsible parties Accident prevention regulations – known problems – suspicion – system can be shut down documentation and test reports test sequence visual inspection in accordance with EN 50110-1 intermediate discussion with responsible persons – error analysis – deci-sion regarding further action

Abortion of the test – written determination Continuation of tests – testing and measurement Elimination of detected defects! Concluding test – preparation of the test report Determination of next test date in accordance with TRBS 1201 (DGUV regulation 3)


34

Continuity testing/measurement for safety conductors, and for connections at the main equipotential bonding conductor and the additional equipoten-tial bonding conductor must be conducted.Measuring voltage: 4 ... 24 V, measuring current: > 200 mA, polarity reverser required for DC – integrated into the PROFITEST series.

Limit valuesLimit values are not specified but oriented towards appendix A on page 27 of DIN VDE 0100-600.

Protective conductor system < 1.0 W – empirical value. Equipotential bonding < 0.1 W – empirical value. Observe contact resistances at connection points. References to errors in the case of various measured values for DC measurement (polarity reversal).

Adjustable values of 0.1 to 10 W are indicated by the PROFITEST. Additional cables can be calibrated.

Unequivocal verification of N-PE reversal in earthing contact outlets. Cable length determination, help function, Profitest.

Continuity measurement for safety conductors, and for con-nections at the main equipotential bonding conductor and the additional equipotential bonding conductor, as well as exposed conductive parts

Measurements


Important note:

35

RLO measurement of the low-resistance connection of the protective conductor (schematic diagram)

Schutzleiter Antenne Blitzschutz

Heizung

AbwasserWasserzähler

Gas

Wasser

+

+ +

+

RLO measurement of the low-resistance connection of the protective conductor (practical representation)


36

Example for the Measurement of Protective Conductor Resis-tance for Devices with Permanent Mains Connection

Example for the Measurement of Low-Value Resistance (up to 10 W) R LO function

Low-resistance can only be measured at voltage-free objects

METRISO series

METRISO series

PROFITEST Master series


Important note:

37

insulation Resistance of the Electrical SystemInsulation measurement must measured between all conductors and PE – always at the supply point.The grounded protective conductor can be deemed earth.In TN networks, measurement may be performed between active conduc-tors and the PEN conductor. In TN-S and TT systems, the neutral conductor must be tested like a phase conductor (the neutral conductor is considered an active conductor).In order to reduce measurement effort, the phase and neutral conductors can be connected during measurement.Measurement must be performed with direct voltage. With a measuring current of 1 mA and minimum measuring voltage, the measuring instrument must display insulation resistance in accordance with the following table:

Limit Valuesper IEC 60364 – Initial Testing Values significantly higher!

Nominal Voltage of the Electrical Circuit

Measuring Voltage

Insulation Resistance

SELV / PELV voltages 250 V ≥ 0.5 MW

Up to 500 V, except for SELV / PELV 500 V ≥ 1.0 MW

More than 600 V 1000 V ≥ 1.0 MW

Limit Valuesper EN 50110-1 – Periodic Testing

With connected and switched on consuming devices > 300 W / V

Without connected consuming devices with closed switching devices > 1000 W / V

Permissible in the IT system > 50 W / V

In the case of systems which are exposed to danger (e.g. EX zone) and locations which are subject to fire hazard, insulation measurement is conducted between all conductors.


38

Installation measurement is performed in the voltage-free state. Insulation measurement is only performed in areas to which measurement voltage is applied, i.e. switch everything on or conduct measurement up-stream and downstream from switches, or jumper all open contacts before measurement and perform measurement from the supply point.

If the measurements contain capacitive power consumers, they must be discharged after measurement.

Decide on-site which measuring method will be used. Short-circuiting L and N is often more time-consuming than individual measurements. Individual measurements make it possible to draw conclusions concerning the insulation of the individual conductors, thus permitting comparisons! Beyond this, separate measurement of the individual conductors to PE or amongst each other is an effective fire prevention method. RCDs are not capable of detecting errors between the active conductors.

In the case of periodic testing, always perform measurement between each active conductor and PE.

For measurements: In the TN system, N-PE – open jumpers, in the TT system – disconnect neutral conductor.

In the case of measurements in systems with overvoltage dischargers (varistor-based, requirement class B or C), these must be disconnected during insulation measurement on the ground side. In the case of device protection – e.g. electrical outlets (requirement class D) – this measure is unnecessary in systems.

A measuring voltage of 250 V is permissible if it’s not possible to discon-nect the overvoltage protection device.

Conventional values – In the case of initial testing without connected operating equipment: > 100 MW (see IEC 60364) – In the case of periodic testing with connected and switched on operating equipment: 300 W/V see EN 50110-1


Important note:

39

Practical tip: Insulation Measurement

Preparation System can be fully shut down – individual circuits Conduct measurement from the supply point.

Clarification What might impair insulation measurement?Surge protection devicesInterference suppressorsInductance

Measuring Method

Complete measurement of all circuits at the same timeIndividual measurement of the circuits – section by sectionActive conductors amongst each other – to PE (fire – Ex – hazard)

Problems How can all wiring runs be reached by the measuring voltage? TN-C system, can only be measured without consuming devices, continue testing as with consumer devices. TN-S system, single-poll connected consuming devices can be measured without switching them on. TT system basically the same as TN-STN-S system, N-PE connection openTT system, N connection open via RCCB

Limit Values Initial testing and testing after repairs per IEC 60364Periodic testing per EN 50110-1Conventional values – empirical initial testing with 100 MW – periodic testing with 300 kW

Isolating Transformers

Protective extra low voltage or electrical separationPrimary circuit to secondary circuitSecondary circuit to PEProtective extra-low voltage with safe separationPrimary circuit to secondary circuitConsider secondary to PE – disconnect PEIn both cases, measure open circuit voltage afterwards!

Measurement Non-conducting rooms (DIN EN 61081) see page 31 or the operating instructions for the PROFITEST MASTER.


40

Insulation Resistance Measurement in DifferentTypes of Systems

Insulation Measurement or Differential Current MeasurementHow many consuming devices are switched on How large are the RINS and/or lLeakage components


41

IMD – insulation monitoring device in an IT system Insulation measurement in 3-phase systems

For circuits with electronic devices In the case of safety extra-low voltage (SELV) gener-ated by a transformer in accordance with DIN VDE 0551

In the case of protective extra-low voltage (PELV) generated by a safety transformer in accordance with DIN VDE 0551

In the case of electrical separation by means of an isolating transformer DIN VDE 0551

- Open the overcurrent protective device- Disconnect the N conductor- Jumper the L and N conductors- Insulation measurement between L conductors and N to PE- Device switch may be open if single-pole

Insulation Measurement

Measurement of Insulation Resistance with Protectionby means of Safe Isolation of the Circuits


Important Notes

42

Adjustable values of 0.1 to 10 MW are indicated by the PROFITEST MASTER.

In combination with a WZ12C leakage current clamp, differential cur-rent (L – N) and leakage current (PE) as of 1 mA can be measured with the PROFITEST MASTER in order to estimate differential current during operation, i.e. without shutting the device down.

RCMs are being used to an ever greater extent in order to ascertain and monitor differential current – for the entire distribution area or for individual circuits.

Testing is the same as for RCDs – i.e. with rising residual current!


43

Insulation monitoring devices (IMDs) or earth fault detection systems (EDSs) are used in IT systems in order to monitor adherence to a minimum insula-tion resistance value as specified by IEC 60364-4-41. They’re used in power supplies for which a single-pole earth fault may not result in failure of power supply, for example in operating rooms, photovoltaic systems and power generating systems.

Testing Insulation Monitoring Devices – IMD Function

Testing Residual Current Monitoring Devices – RCM Function

Residual current monitors (RCMs) monitor residual current in electrical systems and display it continuously. As is also the case with residual cur-rent devices, external switching devices can be controlled in order to shut down supply power in the event that a specified residual current value is exceeded. However, the advantage of an RCM is that the user is informed of fault current within the system before shutdown takes place.Not suitable for personal safety!

Application with the Profitest MXTRA


44

Resistance of Insulating Floor Coverings and WallsWhen compliance with requirements in accordance with IEC 60364-4-41 and in non-conductive rooms is necessary, at least 3 measurements must be performed per location of up to 10 square meters.

In the case of accessible conductive parts in the room, one of these measurements must be conducted at a distance of approximately 1 meter from these parts.See appendix A in DIN VDE 0100-600 concerning measuring methods.

If measurement is conducted with our PROFITEST MASTER, the measuring method can be indicated at the user interface in the display or looked up in the included condensed operating instructions (switch position R E).

Limit Values In systems Up to 500 V ≥ 50 kW

Greater than

500 V ≥ 100 kW

A test probe is required in any case. Keep in mind that DIN EN 61081 – Determination of electrical resistance at elastic floor coverings, issued 4/1998 – specifies similar measure-ments.

In this case, however, electrostatic discharge capability in the event of electrostatic charging of floor coverings is tested, e.g. rooms with computer equipment, in the case of explosion hazard, rooms used for medical ap-plications and the like – measuring voltage 100 or 500 V DC.This measurement is also included in the PROFITEST MASTER (switch position for type R EISO measurements).


Important note:

45

Automatic Shutdown in case of ErrorIn this case, earthing resistance (combined earth electrodes) of all operational earth electrodes must be measured. However, the distribution network operator is responsible for this measurement. Earthing resistance quality is measured indirectly with the following mea-surements depending on the selected protection device.

Short-Circuit TriggeringFault loop impedance between phase conductor L and PE or PEN is deter-mined by means of measuring instruments, calculation or simulation of the system using a system model.The protective devices and the cross-sections of the conductors must be laid out such that shutdown takes place within the specified time period in the event of short-circuit to an exposed conductive part. This is the case when the following condition has been fulfilled (IEC 60364-4-41):

Z S ≤U 0

I aWhere: Z S = impedance of the fault loop consisting of

– The current source – Phase conductor up to the fault location – The protective conductor between the fault location and the current source

I a = current which causes triggering a shutdown device within the time period specified in 411.3.2.2 or 411.3.2.3. If an RCD is used, this current is the residual current which forces shutdown within the time period specified in 411.3.2.2 or 411.3.2.3.

U 0 = nominal alternating voltage or nominal direct voltage, phase conductor to earth.


46

DIN VDE 0100-410Table 41.1 – Specified shutdown time must be indicated for a final circuit with a nominal current no greater than 32 A.

Table 41.1 – Maximum Shutdown TimesSystem 50 V < U0 ≤ 120 V 120 V < U0 ≤ 230 V 230 V < U0 ≤ 400 V U0 > 400 V

AC DC AC DC AC DC AC DC

TN 0.8 s See comment 1 0.4 s 5 s 0.2 s 0.4 s 0.1 s 0.1 s

TT 0.3 s See comment 1 0.2 s 0.4 s 0.07 s 0.2 s 0.04 s 0.1 s

In TN systems, a shutdown time of no longer than 5 seconds is permissible for distribution circuits and for circuits not covered by table 41.1.

In TT systems, a shutdown time of no longer than 1 second is permissible for distribution circuits and for circuits not covered by table 41.1.

Limit ValuesTN systems in accordance with table NB 1 in

DIN VDE 0100-600, page 48TT systems accordance with table NB 2, page 49


47

Measurement of loop Impedance only has to be performed once per circuit at the most unfavorable point from an electrical standpoint. Low-resistance continuity of the protective conductor must be checked at all other connections within the circuit (R LO or Z L-PE).

If necessary, DIN VDE recommends performing several measurements, one after the other, if voltage fluctuation might influence the measure-ment results or if the electrically most unfavorable point is unknown.

DIN VDE recommends taking measuring instrument error into consid-eration. It must also be observed that the resistance of copper conduc-tors increases as temperature rises. This measurement should also be performed with a corresponding safety factor.

Loop impedance measurement is equivalent to line impedance measure-ment Z L-N between L and N. Amongst other things, it serves the purpose of fire prevention and evaluation of voltage drop. As opposed to loop impedance measurement, installed RCCBs are not tripped during line impedance measurement.

In the case of highly distorted waveforms, for example downstream from frequency converters, calculation and R LO measurement are advisable.

Z L-PE measurement, for example with frequency transformers by means of calculation:

2 x cable length x mW / m + ~ 0.1 ... 0.2 W supply + contact resistances = Z L-PE

R LO measurement of S L in addition to calculation is mandatory! Table values for Z L-PE are maximum values and for I a minimum values


48

With the PROFITEST MASTER, depending on measured values for Z L-PE / I k, permissible L S / fuses can be viewed.

Table NB 1 on page 48. In the case of circuits with RCDs, requirements for resistance are always fulfilled – i.e. the ZL-PE measurement is superfluous.

In accordance with IEC 60364,this protective measure is also permissible in TT systems subject to stricter protective measures for ZL-PE (i.e. the earth electrode); see also IEC 60364-4-41.

Proceed as follows in the case of other values:a) Measure loop resistance.b) Calculate theoretical residual current = c) Reduce the value by 30%.(measurement error, copper warm-up etc.) – Use measurement deviation for the PROFITEST as specified in the data sheet.

d) Select an overcurrent protection device.A table can be accessed in the PROFITEST MASTER for any value to this end!

U 0Z L-PE

Example of the help function in the PROFITEST MASTER: in this case Z L-PE


49

Residual Current Device (RCD)The following must be substantiated by generating a fault current down-stream from the RCD:

That the RCD is tripped no later than upon reaching its rated fault current value

This is achieved by means of: Measuring touch voltage at each electrical outlet 10 measurements with full-waves and extrapolation of I ∆N


50

No premature tripping with the PROFITEST MASTER/INTRO, because testing is begun with 30% residual current (if no bias current occurs within the system).

RC Table Type of Differen-tial Current

Correct RCCB Function

Type B,B+, MI

Type AC

Type A, EV

Type F

Alternating current

Suddenly occurring

4 4 4 4Slowly rising

Pulsating direct cur-rent

Suddenly occurring

0.006 A

4 4 4Slowly rising

Direct cur-rent

(EV)

44


51

Adapter for standards compliant testing of type S and K PRCDs by simulating faults per DIN VDE 0701-0702, VDE 0661, DGUV informa-tion sheet 203-006 and the manufacturers’ specifications.

Features: Testing of the following types of portable protective devices: – PRCD-S (single-phase / 3-pole and 3-phase / 5-pole) – PRCD-K (single-phase / 3-pole) – PRCD (2-pole / 3-pole)

Function test, i.e. tripping test by means of simulating the following faults: – Interruption – Reversed wires – PE to phase

Measurement of protective conductor current with current clamp trans-former

Measurement of protective conductor and insulation resistance with the PROFITEST MXTRA / MTECH+ / PRIME test instrument

Tripping test with nominal residual current and measurement of time to trip with the PROFITEST MXTRA / MTECH+ / PRIME test instrument

Evaluation and documentation of the individual test steps with the PROFITEST MXTRA / MTECH+ / PRIME test instrument

Adapter for Standards-Compliant Testing of Type S, K and S+ PRCDs


Important Notes

52

RCD Testing

The following must be verified by generating a residual current at any desire point downstream from the RCD:

That the RCD is tripped at no more than five times rated differential cur-rent in TT systems (earth measurement required)

That actual tripping current is also measured during periodic testing

That testing is conducted with direct current for RCD type B If RCD testing is successful, the effectiveness of the protective conduc-tor must be verified at all connections which are protected by the respec-tive RCD by means of low-resistance measurement R LO. In the case of periodic testing of an old RCD, type A or B can only be detected by means of the current type symbol. Measurement of loop impedance is generally not necessary!

Maximum conventional valuesfor permissible touch voltage areUB = I∆n x Rpe30 mV = 30 mA x 1 W1.5 V = 300 mA x 5 W1 V = 500 mA x 2 W (maximum value in the TN system)


Important note:

53

Important Notes

The PROFITEST XTRA permits simple measurement at all RCDs. RCMs can be tested like RCDs (rising residual current). Select type A – type B – selective PRCD, SRCD or the like.

Measurement must be executed at one point only per RCD (RCCB) within the connected electrical circuits. Low-resistance continuity must be substantiated for the protective conductor at all other connections within the electrical circuit (RLO or UB).

The measuring instruments often display 0 V contact voltage in TN systems due to low protective conductor resistance.

Breaking time and system earthing resistance are displayed after the RCCB is tripped.

If measurement is performed with rising residual current (IMPORTANT – required for periodic testing per EN 50110-1), breaking current and touch voltage at breaking current are displayed.

Be aware of any bias currents within the system. These may cause tripping of the RCCB during measurement of touch voltage UB, or may result in erroneous displays for measurements with rising current: Display = I F - I Bias current

Test for N-PE reversal (= no polarity reversing) in switch position Z L-N; the RCCB is tripped in the event of a fault.

Selective RCDs identified with an can be used as the sole means of protection for automatic shutdown if they adhere to the same shutdown conditions as non-selective RCDs. This can be verified by measuring breaking time.

Type B RCDs may not be connected in series with type A RCDs. Type MI RCDs may be connected in series with type A RCDs. RCMs can be tested like RCDs (rising residual current).


54

Earthing Resistance MeasurementEarthing resistance is measured in accordance with the current-voltage measuring method.In densely built-up areas, it’s advisable to ascertain earthing resistance by measuring loop impedance via 2 earth electrodes in accordance with the current-voltage measuring method. The earth electrode to be measured is disconnected from PE or PEN, or other equipotential bonding connections and the equipotential bonding busbar.Resistance is measured between this earth electrode and another low im-pedance earth system (e.g. the distribution network operator’s PEN) – cable resistance and known earthing resistance must be taken into consideration (measurement with AC).This measuring method is integrated into the PROFITEST MASTER, and the calculation formula can be seen at the display.Earth measurement with current clamp transformers is permitted in accor-dance with DIN VDE 0100-600, procedure C3! (See also page 34.)

Limit Values Query earth resistance values depending on the mains system from the local distribution network operator

Per table NB.3 in DIN VDE 0100-600 (appendix – page 50) Per DIN VDE 0100-410 – Protection against electric shock Per DIN VDE 0185 – Lightning protection Per DIN 18014 – Foundation earth electrodes


55

If a conventional earth tester is used, measurement can also be per-formed with the 2-wire method – short circuit terminals E – ES and H – S to this end.

If a conventional earth tester is used, select a distance of at least 20 meters from earth electrode to auxiliary electrode to the probe with any geometric arrangement of probe – auxiliary electrode – earth drill. Change connection to probe – auxiliary electrode ... both measured values should be roughly the same.

Observe the instructions at the earth tester as to whether or not contact resistance at probe – auxiliary electrode is adequate – improve if required or move the earth drills to another location.

If measurement is performed with current clamps, the earth electrode to be measured must not be disconnected from PE.

Selective earth measurement with the Profitest MTECH, MTECH+, MXTRA and split-core clamp transformer

The foundation earth electrode is part of the electrical installation.Voltage PolarityIf the installation of single-pole switches to the neutral conductor is prohib-ited by the standards, voltage polarity must be tested in order to assure that all existing single-pole switches are installed to the phase conductors.Phase SequenceClockwise phase sequence in general at all 3-phase outlets.

Measuring instrument connection is usually problematic with CEE outlets due to contact problems. Measurements can be executed quickly and reliably without contact problems with the help of the Z500A variable plug adapter set available from GMC.

Connection for 3-wire measurement: L1 – L2 –- L3 at plug in clockwise direction as of PE socket.

Functions Tests Testing of all electrical equipment which serves the purpose of safety of electrical installations – i.e. including mains disconnect switches, signal lamps etc.


Important note regarding earth measurement

56

Important Notes regarding EN 50110-1, Periodic TestingGeneral instructions are included in EN 50110-1 indicating how electrical installations are to be operated and kept ready for operation.

Low-voltage installations must be kept in good working order in accor-dance with the setup standards.

Adaptation to new standards is required if this is expressly stipulated. Detected faults must be eliminated, especially in the event that they represent a hazard to life, limb and property.

Periodic testing – visual inspection – testing – measurements – should detect these faults.

DGUV regulation 3 and various VdS directives make reference to EN 50110-1.

Periodic testing can only be omitted under certain circumstances. These exceptions only apply to permanently installed electrical systems and operating equipment. It must be assured that running maintenance work, in combination with measurements which must be performed by the operating company – similar to periodic testing – detects any existing faults. As a rule these conditions are fulfilled by the networks operated by the electrical power utilities. The situation at companies must be evaluated differently when a company electrician is employed, who nevertheless doesn’t conduct continuous maintenance work for the company’s internal supply system.Note: TRBS: 1201, Test Deadlines

Estimation of Voltage Drop by measuring Z L-N, for example: Nominal line voltage: 230 V, I N 16 A, measured Z L-N = 0.5 W U = R · I = 0.5 · 16 = 8 V ≈ 3.48% or

See DIN VDE 0100-520.


57

There are two sections which contradict each other to some extent: Depending on requirements and operating circumstances, the scope of testing may be reduced to random samples with reference to the local area (system components) as well as the measures to be implemented, in so far as this makes evaluation of good working order possible.

By means of measurement, ascertain the values which permit an evalu-ation of the protective measures in the event of indirect contact, i.e. grounding, protective conductor continuity, impedance, touch voltage and shutdown current in the event of residual current, e.g. everything that’s also required for initial testing

The electrician is truly left alone in making his decision, and thus its best to perform all measurements in accordance with IEC 60364 for one’s own safety. German occupational safety law provides assistance here.

Our modern measuring instruments permit very fast and reliable measurement of all data – none of the measurements takes longer than 10 seconds and most take only 3 to 5 seconds, and all measure-ments include automatic storage of the values with reference to building number and circuit number.

An overview of our offerings in this area is included in the appendix.


58

AppendixTables with Values for Evaluating Overcurrent Protection Devices, Residual Current Protection Devices (RCDs), Earth Resistance and Conductor Cross-SectionsTable NB.1 applies to nominal alternating voltage to grounded conductor U 0 of 230 V, 50 Hz for breaking current I a in the case of breaking times amounting to 5 s and 0.4 s, as well as maximum permissible loop imped-ance Z L-PE for nominal current I n of:

Low-voltage fuses with characteristic gG in accordance with the DIN VDE 0636 series of standards

Circuit breakers in accordance with DIN VDE 0641-11 Circuit breakers with adjustable breaking current adjusted to, for example 5 I n, 10 I n, 12 I n

Table NB.1 – TN Systems, DIN VDE 0100-600

Nom

inal

Cu

rrent

Low-Voltage Fuse,Duty Class gG

Automatic Cutouts andCircuit Breakersa for Rough Testing

ta ≤ 5 s, ta ≤ 0.4 s(achieved by means of quick shut down t ≤ 0.1 s)

I n I I a Z L-PE I a Z L-PE I a= 5 I n Z L-PE I a= 10 I n Z L-PE I a= 12 I n Z L-PE

(5 s) (5 s) (0.4 s) (0.4 s) (type B) (type C)A A W A W A W A W A W

2 9.2 25.00 16 14.38 — — 20 11.50 24 9.584 19 12.11 32 7.19 — — 40 5.75 48 4.796 27 8.52 47 4.89 30 7.67 60 3.83 72 3.19

10 47 4.89 82 2.80 50 4.60 100 2.30 120 1.9216 65 3.54 107 2.15 80 2.88 160 1.44 192 1.2020 85 2.71 145 1.59 100 2.30 200 1.15 240 0.9625 110 2.09 180 1.28 125 1.84 250 0.92 300 0.7732 150 1.53 265 0.87 160 1.44 320 0.72 384 0.6035 173 1.33 295 0.78 175 1.31 350 0.66 420 0.5540 190 1.21 310 0.74 200 1.15 400 0.58 480 0.4850 260 0.88 460 0.50 250 0.92 500 0.46 600 0.3863 320 0.72 550 0.42 315 0.73 630 0.36 756 0.3080 440 0.52 – – – – – – 960 0.24

100 580 0.40 – – – – – – 1200 0.19125 750 0.31 – – – – – – 1440 0.16160 930 0.25 – – – – – – 1920 0.12

For circuit breakers in accordance with DIN EN 60647-2 (VDE 0660-101), values for Ia as a multiple of In are taken from the respective standards or manufacturer’s guidelines and loop impedance Zs is ascertained.The error limit of + 20% specified in the standard must be complied with when determining loop impedance.The following can be used for rough testing with adequate accuracy:Ia = 5 ln for automatic cutouts with characteristic B in accordance with the DIN EN 60898 (VDE 0641) series of standards


59

Example:

Determination of loop resistance with circuit breakers:Required short-circuit current for undelayed tripping: 100 AIncrease by limit deviation of +20% (100 A), i.e. up to: 120 A

And thus: Z L-PE =230 V

= 1.916 W120 A

The following can be used for rough testing:

– I a = 3 I n for automatic cutouts with characteristic H / Z in accordance with the DIN VDE 0641-11 series of standards

– I a = 5 I n for automatic cutouts with characteristic B / L / E in accor-dance with the DIN VDE 0641-11 series of standards

– I a= 10 I n for automatic cutouts with characteristic C / G / U in ac-cordance with the DIN VDE 0641-11 series of standards and circuit breakers in accordance with DIN EN 60947-2 (VDE 0660-101) if set up accordingly

– I a= 12 I n for circuit breakers in accordance with DIN EN 60947-2 (VDE 0660-101) if set up accordingly and automatic cutouts with characteristic D / K up to 63 A


Ia = 10 ln for automatic cutouts with characteristic C in accordance with the DIN EN 60898 (VDE 0641) series of standards and circuit breakersin accordance with DIN EN 60947-2 (VDE 0660-101) if set up accordingly Ia = 12 In for circuit breakers in accordance with DIN EN 60947-2 (VDE 0660-101) if set up accordingly andautomatic cutouts with characteristic K up to 63 AU0 = nominal voltage to grounded conductor

60

Table NB.2

Low-voltage fuses in accordance with DIN EN 60269-1 (VDE 0636-10), duty class gG

Automatic cutouts in accordance with DIN EN 60898-1 (VDE 0641-11) and DIN EN 60898-2 (VDE 0641-12)

Circuit breakers in accordance with DIN

TableNB.2 – TT Systems, DIN VDE 0100-600

Nom

inal

Cu

rrent

Low-Voltage Fuses, Duty Class gG

Automatic Cutouts and Circuit Breakers for Rough Testing

t a ≤ 0.4 s; t a ≤ 0.5 s (achieved by means of quick shut down t ≤ 0,1 s)

I n I I a Z L-PE I a Z L-PE I a= 5 I n Z L-PE I a= 10 I n Z L-PE I a= 12 I n Z L-PE

(1 s) (1 s) (0.2 s) (0.2 s) (type B) (type C)A A W A W A W A W A W

2 13 17.89 19 12.11 — — 20 11.50 24 9.584 26 8.85 38 6.05 — — 40 5.75 48 4.796 38 6.05 56 4.11 30 7.67 60 3.83 72 3.19

10 65 3.54 97 2.37 50 4.60 100 2.30 120 1.9216 90 2.68 130 1.77 80 2.88 160 1.44 192 1.2020 120 1.92 170 1.35 100 2.30 200 1.15 240 0.9625 145 1.59 220 1.05 125 1.84 250 0.92 300 0.7732 220 1.05 310 0.74 160 1.44 320 0.72 384 0.6035 230 1.00 330 0.70 175 1.31 350 0.66 420 0.5540 260 0.88 380 0.61 200 1.15 400 0.58 480 0.4850 380 0.61 540 0.43 250 0.92 500 0.46 600 0.3863 440 0.52 650 0.35 315 0.73 630 0.36 756 0.30

For circuit breakers in accordance with DIN EN 60947-2 (VDE 0660-101), values for Ia as a multiple of In are taken fromthe respective standards or manufacturer’s guidelines and loop impedance Zs is ascertained.The error limit of + 20% specified in the standard must be complied with when determining loopimpedance.The following can be used for rough testing with adequate accuracy:Ia= 5 In for automatic cutouts with characteristic B in accordance with the DIN EN 60898 (VDE 0641) series of standardsIa = 10 Infor automatic cutouts with characteristic C in accordance with the DIN EN 60898 (VDE 0641) series of standards and circuitbreakers in accordance with DIN EN 60947-2 (VDE 0660-101) if set up accordinglyIa = 12 Infor circuit breakers in accordance with DIN EN 60947-2 (VDE 0660-101) if set up accordingly andautomatic cutouts with characteristic K up to 63 AU0= nominal voltage to grounded conductor


61

Table NB.3, DIN VDE 0100-600Important for TT systems!Table NB.3 – Maximum Earth Resistance for Various Rated Residual Current Values IΔN in Residual Current Devices (RCDs) in Accordance with DIN EN 61008-1 (VDE 0664-10) and DIN EN 61009-1 (VDE 0664-20)

Maximum Permissible Earth Resistance R A

Rated Residual Current I DN

10 mA 30 mA 100 mA 300 mA 500 mA 1 A

R A at 5000 W 1666 W 500 W 166 W 100 W 50 WThis table contains theoretical values. Due to possible fluctuation of the earth resistance value, significantly lower resistance values should be measured than are specified in this table. Fluctuation between dry and moist soil can make a difference of five times the value.


62

Table A.1, DIN VDE 0100-600, appendix ASpecific Line Resistance R for Copper Conductors at 30 °C Relative to Rated Cross-Section S for Rough Calculation of Line Resistance Values

R [W] resistance, ρ [W mm2/m] specific resistance,l [m] conductor length, A [mm2] conductor cross-section

Rated Cross-Section S sq. mm

Specific Line Resistance R at 30 °CmW / m

1.5 12.57552.5 7.56614 4.73926 3.1491

10 1.881116 1.185825 0.752535 0.546750 0.404370 0.281795 0.2047

120 0.1632150 0.1341185 0.1091

Specific line resistance values make reference to a conductor temperature of 30 °C.For other temperatures Θ, line resistance values RΘ can be calculated with the following equation:

R Θ = R 30°C [1 + a (Θ – 30 °C)]

a = temperature coefficient (for copper a = 0.00393 K -1)

R =ρlA


63


Sample Diagram for Estimating Voltage Drop

Maximum cable/line length at 4% voltage drop, 400 V nominal alternating voltage and a conductor temperature of 55 °C, 3-phase alternating voltage system, PVC insulation, copper conductor material.Note regarding single-phase alternating voltage systems (AC 230 V):Divide cable/line length by 2.Note concerning aluminum conductors:Divide cable/line length by 1.6.

Nominal Conductor Cross-Section [sq. mm] 1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35 60 70 95 120

400350

300270240220200180160

140

120

100

90807060

50

40

30

25

20

Max

imum

Cab

le/L

ine

Leng

th [m

]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 16 20 25 35 40 50 63 80 100 125 160 200 250 315 400

Load Current [A]

NoteThe diagram is not intended for conductor current carrying capacity.

64

Measurement of Line Impedance Z L-N

Voltage Drop Measurement

Measurements for Determining Voltage Drop ∆U

65

Test instruments for IEC 60364-6A broad-range measuring device permits use of the test instrument in all alternat-ing and 3-phase electrical systems with voltages from 65 to 500 V and frequen-cies of 15.4 to 420 Hz.

Loop and line impedance measure-ment

Measurement of insulation resistance using nominal voltage, with variable or rising test voltage

Low-resistance measurement Earth resistance measurement Standing-surface insulation measure-ment

Universal connector system

Special features Display of approved fuse types for electrical systems

Energy meter start-up testing

Calculation of cable lengths for com-mon copper conductor cross-sections

Measurement of biasing, leakage and circulating current of up to 1 A, as well as working current of up to 150 A with the Clip WZ 12C current sensor clamp as an accessory

Phase sequence measurement (phase sequence, highest line-to-line voltage)

Testing of residual current devices (RCCBs)

Measurement of touch voltage without tripping the RCCB. Touch voltage is measured with refer-ence to nominal residual current using ⅓ of the nominal residual current value.

Tripping test with nominal residual cur-rent, measurement of time to trip

Special tests for systems and RCDs Testing of equipment and RCCBs with rising residual current including indica-tion of tripping current and contact voltage at the moment the RCCB is tripped

Testing of RCCBs with: ½ × I∆N, 1 × I∆N, 2 × I∆N, 5 × I∆N

Testing of RCCBs which are suitable for pulsating residual direct current; testing is conducted with positive or negative half-waves

Testing of special residual current circuit breakers (with the PROFITEST Master series)

Selective S, SRCDs, PRCDs (Schukom-at, Sidos and the like), type G/R, type AC, type A; type B type F type B+, type EV, (MTECH, MTECH+ and MXTRA), MI (INTRO, PRIME)

Testing of RCCBs in IT systems

PROFITESTSeries


66

PROFITESTSeries


67

PROFITESTSeries

PROFITEST INTRO MPRO MTECH+ MXTRA

RCD measurementsUB measurement without tripping the RCCB 4 4 4 4

Tripping time measurement 4 4 4 4

Tripping current measurement 4 4 4 4

Selective, SRCDs, PRCDs, type G/R, F 4 4 4 4

AC/DC sensitive RCDs, types B and B+, EV 4 — 4 4

Loop impedance ZL-PE / ZL-N

Fuse table for systems without RCDs 4 4 4 4

Without tripping the RCD, fuse table 4 — 4 4

With 15 mA test current and for small nominal current values

4 4 4 4

Earth resistance RE

I/U measuring method, mains powered 4 4 4 4

Selective earth resistance with probe, earth electrode and current clamp

— 4 4 4

Earth loop resistance REloop — 4 — 4

Equipotential bonding measurement RLO

Automatic polarity reversal 4 4 4 4

Insulation resistance RINS

Variable or rising test voltage 4 4 4 4

Voltage measurement

UL-N / UL-PE / UN-PE / f 4 4 4 4

Special measurements

Leakage current (clamp meter measure-ment)

— 4 4 4

Meter start-up — 4 4 4

Phase sequence 4 4 4 4

Standing-surface insulation ZST — 4 4 4

Earth leakage resistance RE(INS) 4 4 4 4


68

PROFITEST INTRO MPRO MTECH+ MXTRA

FeaturesSelectable user interface language 4 4 4 4

Memory (database for up to 50,000 objects) 4 4 4 4

RS 232 port for scanner 4 4 4 4

USB port for data transmission 4 4 4 4

ETC user software for PC 4 4 4 4

Measuring category: CAT III 600 V / CAT IV 300 V

4 4 4 4

DKD calibration — 4 4 4

E-Mobility — — 4 4

Bluetooth interface — — 4 4

Editable test sequences — 4 4 4

Test sequence, M512R PRCD adapter — — 4 4


69

PROFITEST INTROTest Instrument for IEC 60364-6The Profitest INTRO provides professional electricians with a universal, compact and rugged, state-of-the-art measuring tool. The test instrument is capable of executing all measurements for testing the effectiveness of safety measures in electrical systems as required by IEC 60364-6 and other country-specific standards, and as specified in the individual sections of DIN EN 61557. Thanks to its intelligent and ergonomic design, intuitive operation and an advanced technical concept, it’s aligned consistently to routine daily tasks making it the ideal companion for any electrician.

Measurement of RLO, ZL-PE, ZL-N, RISO, RE, ∆U, phase sequence and voltage

Offset management: RL-PE, RN-PE, RL-N

Measuring functions can be selected directly via the rotary switch

Testing of RCD types A, AC, F, B, B+, EV, MI and G/R, as well as SRCDs and PRCDs

Display of approved fuse types for electrical systems

Phase sequence measurement (includ-ing highest line-to-line voltage)

Measurement of touch voltage via finger contact

Connection of an RFID or barcode scanner

Individual measured value memory and memory structure setup

Help function with wiring diagrams Bidirectional data exchange via USB, DDS-CAD and epINSTROM

Measuring category: CAT III 600V / CAT IV 300 V

International prompting (12 languages) ETC software (Electrical Testing Center) for, amongst other functions, creating tree structures and documentation per ZVEH


70

GEOHM CBattery Powered Earth Tester – also for Measurement of Soil ResistivityCompact, menu-driven instrument for the measurement of earthing resistance for 3 or 4-wire connection. Continuous monitoring of interference voltage, as well as auxiliary earth electrode and probe resistance with indication if allow-able limit values are violated. Complete display of all required values at a large dot matrix display, or warning with 4 LEDs. Easy, concise operation with only 4 keys.

Measurement of earthing resistance in 5 ranges to 50 kW

Voltage measurement from 10 to 250 V Frequency measurement from 45 to 200 Hz

Battery monitoring and self-test Earth tester per DIN VDE 0413 Rugged 2-component housing

Measurement of earthing resistance in electrical systems in accordance with:

DIN VDE 0100: setup of power instal-lations with nominal voltages of up to 1000 V

DIN VDE 0141: grounding in AC sys-tems for nominal voltages of greater than 1 kV

DIN VDE 0800: setup and operation of telecommunications systems including data processing equipment

DIN VDE 0185: lightning protection systems

DIN VDE 0413 (= EN 61557) parts 1 and 5: Devices for testing, measuring or monitoring protective measures, earth resistance


71

GEOHMPRO, GEOHMXTRAEarth Tester

3 and 4-wire earth resistance mea-surement

3-wire earth resistance measurement with current clamp

Loop resistance measurement with 2 current clamps without disconnection (in case the use of auxiliary electrodes isn’t possible)

Soil resistivity (Wenner method) Current measurement with the help of clamp meters (e.g. leakage current measurement)and flexible clamp meters

Low-resistance of the PE conductor with 200 mA (per IEC 60364-6-61)

GEOHM XTRA: Integrated GPS module Measured values are saved together with GPS coordinates

Additional Features RS and RH resistance measurements via auxiliary electrodes

Measurement of interference voltages Measurement of interference frequen-cies

Measurement even where interference voltages occur in systems

with 16.7, 50 and 60 Hz, as well as 400 Hz

(with automatic and manual selection of the right measurement signal frequency)

Measuring voltage selection (25 V or 50 V)

Entry of distances between the electrodes in meters (m) and feet (ft.) for measurement of soil resistivity Memory for 990 measured values (10 banks with 99 units each)

Clamp meter calibration RTC real-time clock Data transmission to the PC (USB)

Symbolic display of battery voltage


72

METRISO TECHDigital Insulation and Resistance Measuring Instrument for Electrical Systems with up to 1000 V in ac-cordance with EN 61557-2, parts 1, 2 and 4 (DIN VDE 0413 parts 1 and 4) with a Measuring Voltage of 1000 V

Digital and analog display Warning for hazardous shock voltages Quick-test with signal lamp in test probe

Measuring voltage: 1000 V Insulation measuring range up to 200 GW

Measurement of insulation resistance Rins function Measurement of direct, alternating and pulsating voltage

Resistance measurement Measuring Low-Value Resistance

METRISO PROAnalog Insulation Measuring Instru-ment for Electrical Systems with up to 1000 V in accordance with EN 61 557-2 VDE 0413-4)

Test voltages: 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 V

Voltage measurement to 1000 V Indication of dangerous contact voltage by means of LED

Indication of limit value violations by means of LED

Insulation measurement in accordance with DIN VDE 0413-4 / EN 61557-4

METRISO Series, INTRO, BASE, TECH, XTRA, PRO


73


METRISO PRIME 10High-Precision Insulation, Low-Resistance and Voltage Measuring Instrument

Insulation measurement per EN 61557-2/VDE 0413, part 2 Test voltage in fixed steps: 50 V, 100 V, 250 V, 500 V, 1000 V, 2500 V, 5000 V, 10000 V Measurement with incrementally rising voltage Measuring range up to 40 TΩ per IEC 61557-2 Measurement of polarization index and absorption ratio Measurement with shielded measurement cable Protection against voltage conducting objects Variable adjustment of limit values Digital filter for stabilizing measured values Creation of R/I or R/U diagrams and storage of test results Low-resistance measurement per EN 61557-4/VDE 0413, part 4 Continuity testing of protective conductors and equipotential bonding connections with a test current of > 200 mA

74

PROFITEST PRIME, PRIME ACTest Instruments for DIN VDE 0100-600, DIN VDE 0105-100,VDE 0113-1, VDE 0660-600-1, VDE 0126-23-1 and VDE 0122-1

Measurement in AC/DC systems Measurement of internal line resistance and fault loop resistance with high test current up to 690 V AC / 800 V DC without tripping RCD types A and B

Low-resistance measurement for protective and equipotential bonding conductors with 200 mA, automatic polarity reversal and 25 A

Testing of RCD types A, AC, F, B, B+, EV, MI and G/R, as well as SRCDs and PRCDs

Combined RCD test with continuously rising ramp, time to trip, tripping current

Insulation measurement up to 1000 V with rising ramp Testing of RCMs and IMDs Measurement of leakage and differential current Measurement of temperature and humidity Testing for dielectric strength with 2.5 kV AC, 500 VA with the PROFITEST PRIME AC standard sequence, ramp function and pulse control mode

PROFITEST PRIME AC: Work safety concept for the inspector in ac-cordance with DIN EN 50191 and EN 61557-14 with indicator lamp, emergency stop switch and key switch

Mains and battery operation (with limited functionality)

Push/print function Matching accessories for any application

Bluetooth keyboard

75

Software for Test InstrumentsComprehensive Description of the Software Modules GOSSEN METRAWATT offers easy-to-use software solutions – beginning with the simple Word ZVEH report right on up to complete facility manage-ment with database functions. We offer extensive seminars with workshops on how to use the software in combination with our test instruments.The following is an excerpt from our software offerings:

ETC: ETC report generating software for Profitest MASTER, Profitest204, SecuLIFE SR, Secutest SI/PSI/SI+, Minitest PRO/MASTER/3P, Metriso G 1000+ and Secutest S4 test instruments.The software provides numerous assistance options for data acquisition andmanagement, as well as report generation and the control oftest sequences. Data can be exported to Excel.PC.doc-WORD/EXCEL: Report generating software as a supplement to Microsoft Word and Excel.PC.doc-ACCESS: for report generation and test data management as a supplement to Microsoft Access.PS3 AM: comprehensive scheduling with calendar display, measured value history and curve display. Lists and selections can also be imported to and exported from Excel.PS3 add-on modules: Navigator (viewer), Client, Hazard AnalysisELEKTROmanager: for measurement and documentation of electrical devices and installations, and for performing and evaluating tests in ac-cordance with: DIN VDE 0100/0105, DIN VDE 0701-0702/0751, VDE 0113-1.

A clear-cut guideline which provides you with assistance in selecting software which is suitable for your tasks can be found in the test/software overview at www.gossenmetrawatt.com/deutsch/ugruppe/softwarefuerpruefgeraete.htm.

Software for Test Instruments

76

ETC SECU-Up PC.doc- Word / Excel

PC.doc- Access

ELEKTRO manager PS3

Item Freedownload

Freedownload Z714A Z714B Z610A / Z610C Z530E / Z531N

User interface language D, GB, multilingual

D, GB, F, I, E, NL, CZ

D, GB, F, FIN, PL (Excel section: D, GB)

D, GB D D

Autonomous Requires MS Word/Excel

Requires MS Access or Access

Runtime

Layout Always complete

Always complete

Always complete

Always complete Modular Modular

Firmware update (tester software) — — — —

Generation of test reports —

Generation of lists —

List generator — — —With Access

querying functions

—

Forms generator — — — —

Management of objects / tests — — —

Document management / image viewer — — — — — (module)

Database management / navigator / search functions — — — Using Access

functions

(module)

Database management / automatic deadline follow-up — — — —

Common functions as icons — — — — —

Data saved back to tester if set up accordingly

Remote control SECULIFE SR — — — SECUTEST/ PROFTEST204 SECUTEST

Hazard analysis — — — — (module)

(module)

XML / Excel / ASCII import / export — — — (module)

Catalog function — — —

Cost management — — — — —

Network compatible — — —

Barcode generation Listgeneration — —

Client options / outdoor function — — — — — (module)

Inventory management / error message module / maintenance / fire safety — — — — — vFM

(module)

Statistics — — Error statistics, defects statistics

Error statistics, defects statistics

Error statistics, defects statistics

vFM: statistics module

Special features Tree structure

Load another user interface language to the tester, enable options

— —

Control of the tester via a PC, devices from other manufac-turers can also be incorporated

Data import from ETC, Win-Profi, PC.doc-Word/Excel / Access, index card view, dimensionalchanges

Overview Report Generating and Database Software


77

The software acquires all important data for reports in accordance with DIN VDE 0100 - 600, DIN VDE 0701 - 0702, DIN VDE 0751, IEC 62353 VDE 0113-1.

The test instrument and the PC can exchange data bidirectionally via a USB port (Profitest Master only).

Test reports (ZVEH) can be generated automatically.

Distribution structures (tree structure) can be individually defined.

Data export to Excel, CSV and XML formats

User interface languages: D, GB, multilingual

ETC Software Report generating software for the following test instruments:

PROFITESTMASTER series, Minitest, SECULIFE SR, SECUTEST PSI, PROFITEST 204+, METRISO XTRA, METRISO PRIME+, SECUTEST BASE/10/PRO

ETC offers a wide variety of support options for data acquisition and manage-ment, reports generation and the control of test sequences.


78

PS3 Software Modular, universal software for test instruments – installation, operating equipment and service management, as well as report generation.

Automatic read-in and analysis of measured values from tests conducted on systems and equipment. Systems and equipment management with test results stored to a database. Automatic generation of test reports in accordance with recommendations issued by the trade associations.

The software automatically controls measurement and generates a complete test report.

All test regulations can be freely edited. Any measuring instrument can be incorporated with the help of a device driver (add-in).

Several measuring instruments can be used simultaneously for measurement of a terminal device or a production sequence.

Inventory is managed simultaneously via continuous connection to the PC.

Test reports can be individualized (company logo)

Previously measured devices are recog-nized later on.

The entire inventory becomes transpar-ent providing an overview of all utilized devices and test reports, their current status, as well as maintenance and repair costs.

Unrestricted network compatibility

PS3 AM:Database software

Device driver Equipment management Remote Maintenance management

PS3 upgrade: Upgrade to PS3 AM including hazard analysis

Basic software: SE-Q.base PC.base PS3 compact (any version) Basic PS3 module (any version)

PS3 add-on modules: PS3 Navigator – LHNavigator and LHViewer (prerequi-site: PS3 AM)

PS3 Client – client options (prerequisite: PS3 AM)

PS3 Hazard Analysis (prerequisite: PS3 AM)

Barcode printing Access or SQL data tree


79

ELEKTROmanager: per German ordi-nance on industrial safety and health

DIN VDE 0100-600, DIN VDE 0105-100, DIN VDE 0701/0702,DIN VDE 0751 and VDE 0113-1ELEKTROmanager is used for loggingand managing data, as well as for controlling test sequences by electricians who place importance on legal security. Measuring instruments from many manufacturers can be read out with ELEKTROmanager, and in some cases controlled.

The software automatically controls measurement and generates a com-plete test report.

All test regulations can be freely edited.

Different measuring instruments can be used concurrently for measurement of a terminal device or a production sequence.

Inventory is managed simultaneously via continuous connection to the PC.

All measuring instruments are incorporated.

Test reports can be individualized (company logo)

Previously measured devices are recognized later on.

The entire inventory becomes trans-parent providing an overview of all utilized devices and test reports, their current status, as well as maintenance and repair costs.

Unrestricted network compatibility

ELEKTROmanager Software for the measurement and documentation of electrical devices and instal-lations, and for documenting electrical tests


80


81

PC.doc-WORD/EXCEL: Report software as supplement to Microsoft Office Word and Excel

PC.doc-WORD inserts test results and data entered at the test instrument input module into test or list forms. These can then be supplemented and printed out with Word/Excel.

System requirements: Runs under Windows XP, 7 and 8. PC with at least 500 MHz and 256 MB RAM

1 available serial or USB port and a USB – RS 232 adapter

PC.doc-ACCESS:PC.doc-ACCESS is used for generat-ing reports and managing test data as a supplement to Microsoft Office Access.

System requirements: Runs under Windows XP, 7 and 8. Access 2000 or higher Excel 2000 or higher – if reports are generated with Excel

1 available serial or USB port

PC.doc-WORD/EXCEL and PC.doc-ACCESS Software For the following test instruments: SECUTEST SII+ / SIII+, METRATESTER 5+, MINITEST. PROFITEST MASTER / 0100S-II / C , PROFITEST 204, METRISO C


82

EASYtransfer and DDS-CAD Planning SoftwareEASYtransfer creates a direct interface connection between DDS-CAD electrical planning software and your PROFITEST MTECH+,BASE+, MXTRA, MTECH, MPRO or BASE. EASYtransfer provides users with advantages where time, convenience and security are concerned.

Here’s how it works:

Time consuming, error-prone, manual data entry is thus a thing of the past. The desire expressed by many electricians for a convenient computer solution which replaces the hand-written test report has thus been fulfilled.

Planning with Added Value You plan the electrical equipment for your project reliably, quickly and intelli-gently with DDS-CAD. In doing so, you take advantage of numerous helpful automatisms provided by the software for perfect project planning.

Data Transmission via Mouse Click All of the distributor and electrical circuit structures created in DDS-CAD planning software can be quickly transmitted to your measuring instru-ment via EASYtransfer. The entries required for evaluation are transmitted to you Profitest Master at the same time as well. As a result, no subsequent processing of the data is required via the measur-ing instrument.

Measurement and Data Storage After measurement has been com-pleted, save your results to a freely definable tree structure. If required, the tree structures can be quickly and eas-ily supplemented using the keys at the test instrument, or on-site by means of a barcode.

Data Feedback and Report Generation Measured or updated data and structures are finally transmitted from the Profitest back to DDS-CAD. The planning software integrates the data into the planning function. Furthermore, it inserts distributors, RCDs and electrical circuits into a test report in accordance with ZVEH along with all of the associated measured values – quickly, conveniently and reliably.


83

ep INSTROM Software for Calculating, Testing and Documenting Low-Voltage Installationsep INSTROM Software for Calcu-lating, Testing and Documenting Low-Voltage Installations

epINSTROM permits bidirectional data exchange with the Profitest Master series, as well as DDS-CAD planning software from Data Design System and ELEKTROmanager documentation software for measurement results from Mebedo.

DDS-CAD Planning Software (EASYtransfer)


84

Recommended Workshop Equipment According to Guidelines issued by ZVEH and VDEW Required Measuring and Test Instru-ments

Per Standard

DIN VDE

Entry LevelStandardEfficient Work

Test bay with permanently integrated measur-ing instruments

0104 METRATESTER 5+-3PSECUTEST 21FMETRATESTER 5+-3P with VL2E

Single-pole voltage tester 2-pole voltage tester EN 61243 - 3

ProfiSafe 690B, 690LMETRAVOLT 12D+L, DUSPOL

Voltage tester, to at least 600 V Current tester, to at least15 AContinuity tester

0410 0410 0403

METRAHIT 2+ with WZ12A current clamp transformerMETRAHIT PRO with WZ12C current clamp transformerMETRAHIT X-TRA with Z3512 current clamp transformer

Current clamp to at least 300 A METRACLIP 410

METRACLIP 85METRACLIP 86

Insulation measuring instrument Resistance measuring instrument Earth tester Loop resistance measuring instrument Test instrument for RCCBs Phase sequence indicator

0413, part 20413, part 40413, parts 6, 70413, part 30413, part 60413, part 9

PROFITEST MTECH+ PROFITEST MXTRA

Measuring instruments for electrical devices 0701/0702, part 1METRATESTER 5+SECUTEST S2 N+ with SI module

Earth tester 0413, part 5 Profitest MPROGEOHM PRO/XTRAGEOHM C GEOHM 5

Continuity tester 0403 METRAOhm 413ProfiSafe 690 BProfiSafe 690 L

Illuminance meter 5032MAVOLUX 5032C ❶MAVOLUX 5032B ❶

Recommended Workshop Equipment

❶ Sales via: GOSSEN Foto- und Lichtmesstechnik GmbH Phone: +49 911 8602-181 • Fax: +49-911-8602-142

85

Testing the Effectiveness of Protective Measures of the Charg-ing Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles

In order to assure that the basic legal requirements set forth in paragraph 49 of the German energy law are fulfilled, testing must be conducted on the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. Technical safety is thus ensured during setup and operation. Initial testing is performed in accordance with IEC 60364. Periodic testing of the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles charged by means of alternating voltage must be conducted at suitable intervals in accordance with EN 50110-1. The usual tests are listed in accordance with the requirements speci-fied in DIN VDE 0105 – 100 5.3.3.101.02.

Initial and periodic testing must be conducted by an electrician with verifiable knowl-edge, and consists of visual inspection, measurement and/or testing.Tests must be conducted in observance of the technical documentation, as well as the equipment standards issued by the manufacturer.

Test results must be documented.

Testing the Effectiveness of Protective Measures of Electric Charging StationsMeasurements for initial testing in accordance with IEC 60364 before initial startup and measurements in accordance with EN 50110-1 – periodic testing during opera-tion.

Testing the Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles

86

Measurement Task Measuring Method

Values

Continuity of the conductors Low-resistance measurement

PE < 1.0 WPA < 0.1 W

Insulation resistance of the protective conductor to the neutral and phase conductors

Insulation resistance measurement

≥ 1.0 MW (initial testing)≥ 500 W/V (periodic testing)

Verification of the effective-ness of the RCCB as a protective measure

Type A RCD *1

Verification of time to trip and residual current Type B AC-DC sensitive RCDVerification of function-ality, time to trip and residual current Type EV RCDObserve 6 mA limit value

I∆N ≤ 30 mAandobserve manufacturer’s specifications

Verification of the effective-ness of overcurrent protec-tion by measuring internal line resistance Z L-N

Internal line resistancemeasurement

2 U 0

3 I aZS ≤

MeasurementsTesting for the effectiveness of protective measures is conducted with the PROFITEST MTECH+ or the PROFITEST MXTRA and the PRO & I / II (status C) test adapter.


87


Values

Measurement of earth resistance RE L-PE

Depending on installa-tion locationEarth resistance, mains powered – 2-pole measurement / earth resistance measure-ment, mains powered – 3-pole measurement with probe / earth re-sistance measurement, mains powered – selec-tive earth resistance measurement with current clamp sensor

< 100 W (RCD 30 mA)

Determination of phase sequence

Phase sequence measurement

Clockwise rotation

*1 Observe notes in IEC 60364-7-722

Function test in accordance with appendix A (table A.3 – pilot functions, IEC EN 61851-1) with the PRO type I / II adapter for vehicle simulation (CP)


88

Charging Process Tests

Vehicle State Function Test Results

Status A No vehicle connected Yes/no

Status B Vehicle connected, but not ready for charging

Yes/no

Status C Vehicle connected and ready for charging, venting of the charging area not required

Yes/no

Status D Vehicle connected and ready for charging

Yes/no

Status E Error – short circuit between CP and PE via internal diode

Yes/no

Further Tests

Function Test Object

Tripping of the RCCB Test key

Manual and electric test Locking of the plug into the socket

Function Display and signaling devices

Smooth operation, sealing Locking devices, plug connections

Conductivity, function Fan and filter


89

Testing of Mode 2 and 3 Charging Cables in Accordance with DIN VDE 0701-0702 The mode 3 charging cable is tested with the PROFITEST MXTRA or the SECUTEST PRO and the appropriate test adapter.

Vehicle State Function Test Results

Protective conductor resistance

Low-resistance mea-surement

≤ 0.3 W (with connector cables with a length of up to 5 meters)plus 0.1 W for each ad-ditional 7.5 mup to 1.0 W

Insulation resistance of the protective conductorto the neutral and phase conductors


≥ 1.0 MW

Protective conductor current Measurements via cur-rent clamp

≤ 3.5 mA

Testing of resistance coding for vehicle inlets and vehicle connectors per IEC 61851, table B.3

Resistance measure-ment with multimeter or a test instrument

13 A charging cable, 1.5 kW20 A charging cable, 680 W32 A charging cable, 220 W63 A charging cable, 100 W


90


Values

Protective conductor resistance *1

Low-resistance mea-surement

≤ 0.3 W (with connector cables with a length of up to 5 meters)plus 0.1 W for each ad-ditional 7.5 mup to 1.0 W

Insulation resistance of the protective conductorto the neutral and phase conductors


≥ 1.0 MW(secondary side)

Protective conductor current Measurements via cur-rent clampResidual current

≤ 3.5 mA

Compliance with PRCD tripping current

PRCD tripping test I∆Na < I∆N

The mode 2 charging cable is tested with the PROFITEST MXTRA or the SECUTEST PRO and the appropriate PROFITEST test adapter.E-Mobility adapter / setting: status C

Tests

Measurements

Test Object Functions Results

Adjustment of charging current at mode 2 charging cable

Function test6 A at ICCB 8 A at ICCB 10 A at ICCB 13 A at ICCB16 A at ICCB

Yes/noYes/noYes/noYes/noYes/no


91

Function test with adapter Function test – shut-downInterruption, LInterruption, NInterruption, PEL-PE reversed, external interference voltage U to PE

Yes/noYes/noYes/noYes/noYes/no

Vehicle state Function test Results

Status B Vehicle connected, but not ready for charging

Yes/no

Status C Vehicle connected and ready for charging, venting of the charging area not required

Yes/no

Status E Error – short circuit between CP and PE via internal diode

Yes/no

Test Object Functions Results

*1 Observe manufacturer’s specifications


92

PRO-TYP IISingle and 3-Phase Test Adapter with Type 2 Plug for Testing Electric Charging Stations with the PROFITEST MTECH+ and the MXTRASingle and 3-phase test adapter with type 2 plug for testing the ef-fectiveness of protective measures at electric charging stations with the Profitest Master, simulation of fictitiously connected electric ve-hicles and current-carrying capacity of cord sets per IEC 61851-1

Vehicle simulation (CP) Cable simulation (PP) Fault simulation Indication of phase voltages via LEDs

Testing of electric charging sta-tions with permanently attached charging cable by means of an extended CP test pin

PRO-TYP ISingle-Phase Test Adapter with Type 1 Plug for Testing Electric Charging Stations with the PROFITEST MTECH+ and the MXTRASingle-phase test adapter with type 1 plug for testing the effectiveness of protective measures at electric charging stations with the Profitest Master, simulation of fictitiously connected electric vehicles and current-carrying capacity of cord sets per IEC 61851-1

Vehicle simulation (CP) Cable simulation (PP) Fault simulation Indication of phase voltages via LED


93

PROFITEST H+E BASEDiagnostics Tester for Electric Charging StationsThe test instrument is intended for examining the functional performance of charging stations for electric vehicles with type 2 connector socket (mode 3 charging). The test instrument is connected to the charging station to this end, in order to document communication between the charging station and the test instrument.If the charging process doesn’t start, the source of error can be quickly pinpointed.

Complete diagnosis of electric charging stations with a single test instru-ment: vehicle states, cable condition, error states, PWM signal evaluation, phases and phase sequence, battery level

Error simulations: Short-circuiting of the diode in the vehicle’s circuit, short-circuit between CP and PE, testing of the RCD by tripping and measuring breaking time

Connection option for a test consumer via an integrated earthing contact socket (230 V, max. 13 A)


94

PROFITEST H+E TECHTester for Communication Between the Electric Charging Station and the Vehicle

The test instrument is intended for examining the functional performance of charging stations for electric vehicles with type 2 connector socket (mode 3 charging). The test instrument is connected between the charging station and the electric vehicle to this end, in order to document communication between the two. If the charging process doesn’t start, the source of error (charging station or electric vehicle) can be quickly pinpointed.

Connection option for electric vehicles: type II OEM plug


95

Testing of charging cables in accordance with DIN VDE 0701-0702 and manufacturer specifications using a guided test sequence with a recom-mended test instrument

Testing of mode 2 and mode 3 charging cables Testing of connector cables with country-specific plug (type 1 plug etc.) Function test, i.e. tripping test by means of simulating the following faults: interruption, wire reversal and PE to phase

Measurement of protective conductor current with current clamp trans-former as accessory

Measurement of protective conductor and insulation resistance per DIN VDE 0701-0702 with a recommended test instrument

Tripping test with nominal residual current and measurement of time to trip with a recommended test instrument

Evaluation and documentation of the individual test steps with a recom-mended test instrument

Simulation of vehicle state per EN 61851-1/VDE 0122-1 Testing of resistance coding for vehicle inlets and vehicle connectors per EN 61851-1/VDE 0122-1

PROFITEST EMOBILITYAdapter for Standards-Compliant Testingof Single and 3-Phase, Mode 2 and 3 Charging Cablesby Simulating Faults

96

Measurements in Accordance with EN 60204-1

Safety of Machines Electrical Equipment of Machines Valid for Initial and Periodic Testing

European Law German Law

Low-voltage directives2014/35/EU

Product safety law:Incorporation of NspRI into national law as of 20

April 2016

-1, product safety law, “electrical equipment”

Machine directive 2006/42/EC -9, product safety law, “machine directive”

Low-voltage connection ordinance

Occupational safety lawOrdinance on workplaces

Working reliability regulation

Legal Grounds

Occupational safety law

Ordinance on workplaces

Working reliability regulation

Testing of Machines as well as Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies

IEC 60364

EN 50110-1

IEC 60364-4-41

IEC 60364-5-52

IEC 60364-5-54

Additional standards, amongst others

Important note:

97

Article 5 Placing on the market and putting into service Before placing machinery on the market and/or putting it into service, the manufacturer or his authorized representative shall:

Ensure that it satisfies the relevant essential health and safety require-ments set forth in Annex I

Ensure that the technical file referred to in Annex VII, part A is available Provide, in particular, the necessary information, such as operating instructions Conduct the appropriate procedures for assessing conformity in accor-dance with article 12

Draw up the EC declaration of conformity in accordance with Annex II, part 1, Section A and ensure that it accompanies the machinery

Affix the CE marking in accordance with Article 16

Machinery Directive 2006/42/EG (2006-05-17)

Amongst other things, this directive applies to the following products:

Machines Interchangeable equipment Safety components Load carrying devices Chains, ropes and belts Removable Cardan shafts Partly completed machinery


98


Initial Testing of Operating Equipment and Systems

Testing of Electrical Equipment Conducted by the Product Manufac-turer

Equipment and devices operated with mains voltage may result in electrical hazards for their environment. Implemented safety measures must be continuously effective. And thus the safety of a product always consists of measures implemented by the manufacturer and measures implemented by the operator. Determinations concerning safety tests conducted by the manufacturer are essential constituents of the applicable product group and product stan-dards, which are usually aligned to the user groups (household, handheld tools, computers, medical devices, production machines).

Fundamentally, these tests are broken down into:

Type Tests

Pattern approval testing with verification of structurally and technically implementable product characteristics, in particular for series production such as:

Mechanical tests, compliance with air gaps and creepage distances Testing of the dielectric strength of insulation after, for example, exposure to moisture, resistance of insulation to fire and temperature

Dielectric strength and short-circuit strength

These tests are frequently destructive! Mark of conformity, e.g. VDE, GS, ENEC

99

Initial Testing of Operating Equipment and Systems

Routine Tests

In-process and final inspection are used to detect errors which occur during production, – testing for correct function and safety as part of the manufac-turing process, for example:

High-voltage testing of the insulation Measurement of protective conductor systems, insulation resistance and leakage current

Transition Points per the StandardApplication and Delimitation of EN 60204-1

EN 60204-1 is applicable as of the mains connection terminal and for ready-to-plug-in machines as of the electrical outlet.

Mains ConnectionTerminal

Power Supply, IEC 60364(supply from the main low-voltage distributor)

Electric Machines, EN 60204

100

Initial Testing Periodic testing

IEC 60364-6 EN 50110-1

Scope of Testing

Visual Inspection

Voltage test

Measurement of protective conductor resistance RLO

Measurement of insulation resistance RINS

Verification of breaking requirements

Supply Power

Machines and Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies

Initial/periodic testing Initial testing, control cabinet

EN 60204-1 DIN EN 61439-1/2


Scope of Testing – Mandatory Scope of Testing – Recommended

Visual Inspection Measurement of insulation resistance RINS

Function test Voltage test

Measurement of protective conductor resistance RLO

Residual voltage test

Verification of breaking requirements (protection in case of indirect

contact)

High-voltage test

Verification of breaking requirements

101

Goal of Testing

Goal of Initial/Periodic TestingInitial TestingComplete examination of the electrical system, the electric machine and the switchgear and controlgear assembly.

Detection of defects during setup Assure safe condition Approval of setup in compliance with the standard

Periodic TestingExamination of the electrical system, the electric machine andthe switchgear and controlgear assembly with reduced scope and type.

Evaluation of safe condition Identification of modifications/manipulation

Safety of Machinery –Testing per EN 60204-1

This standard is a product group standard for the manufacturer and after repairs – it may not be used for periodic testing!

Ambient and Operating ConditionsAmbient Air Temperature

The electrical equipment must be capable of functioning flawlessly in the intended ambient air temperature.

The minimum requirement for the overall electrical equipment is flawless functioning at air temperatures outside of enclosures (control cabinet or housing) ranging from +5 °C to +40 °C.


Important Notes

102

PROFITEST PRIME – AdvantagesMeasuring / Checking Temperature and Atmospheric HumidityBefore, During and After Testing Testing the effectiveness of protective measures in the machine is linked to ambient and operating conditions!

Safety of Machinery –Testing per EN 60204-1Starting the Test – Visual Inspection

Safety impaired? Manipulation of safety-relevant equipment? Condition of the machine and its components? Danger to persons or fire hazard? Technical requirements fulfilled? Adaptation requirements not implemented? Modification of the machine? Use for intended purpose? Changed ambient conditions? Hazard assessment conducted? Documentation available?

Technical Documentation per EN 60204-1

Technical Documentation / Documents to be Provided Documents describing installation Overview diagram and function charts Circuit diagrams Operating manual Maintenance manual Bills of materials


103

Initial and Periodic Testing of Machines and Switchgear

Safety of Machinery –Testing per EN 60204-1

TestsThe scope of testing for a given machine is specified in the applicable product standards.If there isn’t any applicable product standard for the machine, testing must always include points a), b), c) and h) and may also include one or more of the points d) through g).

Checking to determine whether or not the electrical equipment coincides with its technical documentation

Continuity testing of the protective conductor system In the event that automatic disconnection is used for protection in case of indirect contact, the conditions for protection by means of automatic shutdown specified in section 18.2 must be tested.

Insulation resistance test Voltage test Protection against residual voltage Testing to determine whether or not all relevant requirements in accordance with section 8.2.8 are fulfilled Functions tests IEC 61557-13 includes requirements for measuring instruments for the measurement of leakage current within a range of 40 Hz to 1 kHz

Verification of conditions for protection by automatic discon-nection of supplyVerification is established by means of testing

Test 1 Testing of protective conductor continuityTest 2 Verification of conditions for automatic disconnection of supply power in TN systems

Important Notes

104


Protective conductor systems Equipotential bonding design PE terminal, external protective conductor Power supply to control circuits PE terminals, protective equipotential bonding Functional equipotential bonding PE terminal, external functional earth Electrical equipment

Testing of Protective Conductor Continuity (test 1)

The measured resistance value must be in the expected range according to length, the cross-sectional area and the material of the related protec-tive bonding conductor(s).

A grounded PELV supply may deliver misleading results for this test and may not be used for this reason.

Verification of Conditions for Protection by Automatic Discon-nection of Supply

What if residual current protective devices are used? Where RCDs are used in the electrical equipment, their function shall be verified in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications.

The test procedure and test interval shall be specified in the maintenance instructions.

DIN EN 60204-1, Verification – protection by automatic discon-nection of supply Measurement of Fault Loop ImpedanceWhere measurement of the fault loop impedance is performed, it is recom-mended that the measuring equipment comply with IEC 61557-3. The in-formation about the accuracy of the measuring results, and the procedures to be followed given in the documentation of the measuring equipment shall be considered.

105

Measurement shall be performed when the machine is connected to a supply having the same frequency as the nominal frequency of the supply at the intended installation.Machine Test Measuring Fault Loop Impedance in TN Systems

Machine TestMeasurement of fault loop impedance for power drive systems in TN systems

L1 L2 L3

L1L2L3

PE

PE

Motor


L1

L2

L3

L1L2L3

PE

PE

Leistungs-antriebs-systemBB

Motor

Power drive system

106

Safety of Machinery –Testing per EN 60204-1 / VDE 0113-1Maximum disconnecting times for TN systems

System Table A2

50 V < U0 ≤ 120 V 120 V < U0 ≤ 230 V 230 V < U0 ≤ 400 V U0 > 400 V

[ s ] [ s ] [ s ] [ s ]

TT


0.3 Note 0.2 0.4 0.07 0.2 0.04 0.1

System Table A1

50 V < U0 ≤ 120 V 120 V < U0 ≤ 230 V 230 V < U0 ≤ 400 V U0 > 400 V

[ s ] [ s ] [ s ] [ s ]

TN


0.8 Note 1 0.4 5 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1

U0 is the nominal AC or DC voltage to earth.Note 1: Disconnection may be required for reasons other than protection against electric shock.

Maximum disconnecting times for TT systems

U0 is the nominal AC or DC voltage from the phase conductor to earth.


107

Insulation resistance tests When insulation resistance tests are performed, the insulation resistance measured at 500 V DC between the power circuit conductors and the pro-tective bonding circuit shall be not less than 1 MΩ. The test may be made on individual sections of the complete electrical installation.Exception For certain parts of electrical equipment, incorporating for example busbars, conductor wire or conductor bar systems or slip-ring assemblies, a lower minimum value is permitted, but that value shall not be less than 50 kΩ.

Voltage Tests When voltage tests are performed, test equipment in accordance with IEC 61180-2 should be used.The test voltage shall be at a nominal frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz.The maximum test voltage shall have a value of twice the rated supply volt-age of the equipment or 1000 V, whichever is the greater.The maximum test voltage shall be applied between the power circuit con-ductors and the protective bonding circuit for a period of approximately 1 s.The requirements are satisfied if no disruptive discharge occurs.


108

Protection against residual voltage Live parts having a residual voltage greater than 60 V after the supply has been disconnected shall be discharged to 60 V or less within a time period of 5 s after disconnection of the supply voltage or, provided that this rate of discharge does not interfere with the proper functioning of the equipment.

Exempted from this requirement are components having a stored charge of 60 μC or less. Functions TestsThe functions of the electrical equipment must be tested.

Function testing of safety-relevant devices:

Emergency stop / emergency off Repair switch Mains interrupt device Others

DocumentationType and scope of documentation of testing are determined by the operat-ing company.Requirement per EN 60204-1“Test results must be documented.”Requirement per EN 60204-1Recommendation

Record all measurement results Evaluate test results Extensive visual inspection Description of the system’s characteristic data Isolation of interfaces to energy supply and other devices Recommendations to the operating company for optimizing system safety


Important note:

109

A report must be prepared after testing has been completed.The test report must include details regarding the scope of the system/machine along with records of the visual inspection, testing and measurement.

The Test Report

DIN EN 61439-1, Scope Basic standard for rated voltages up to 1000 V AC or 1500 V DC without direct reference to a product group.

The requirements are only valid when the applicable product standard makes direct reference to IEC 61439-1.

Valid for all switchgear and controlgear assemblies, regardless of whether they’re designed, manufactured and verified as single units or manufactured as series products.

DIN EN 61439-1, Routine Verification Routine Verification Routine verification is conducted in the sense of original in-spection by means of inspection and testing, for example:

Visual inspection of the housing’s degree of protection Compliance with assembly instructions Checking of torque at screw connections Testing of mechanical devices …

Dielectric properties must be metrologically verified for main electrical circuits:

1890 V AC / 2670 V DC where 300 V < Ui < 690 V or 500 V DC where fusing < 250 A


Testing Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies in Accordance with DIN EN 61439-1

110

DIN EN 61439-1 testsProtection against electric shock and integrity of protective circuitsEffectiveness of the protective circuitThe effectiveness of the protective circuit is verified for the following func-tions:

Protection against the consequences of a fault within the assembly (internal faults) and

Protection against the consequences of faults in external circuits supplied through the assembly (external faults)

Effective earth continuity between the exposed conductive parts of the assembly and the protective circuit

It shall be verified that the different exposed conductive parts of the as-sembly are effectively connected to the terminal for the incoming external protective conductor and that the

resistance of the circuit does not exceed 0.1 Ω.

Verification shall be made using a resistance measuring instrument which is capable of driving a current of at least 10 A (AC or DC).

The current is passed between each exposed conductive part and the terminal for the external protective conductor. The resistance shall not exceed 0.1 Ω.

It is recommended to limit the duration of the test where low-current equip-ment otherwise may be adversely affected by the test.

Dielectric Properties For this test, all the electrical equipment of the assembly shall be con-nected, except those items of apparatus which, according to the relevant specifications, are designed for a lower test voltage; current consuming


Important note:

111

apparatus (e.g. windings, measuring instruments, voltage surge suppres-sion devices) in which the application of the test voltage would cause the flow of a current, shall be disconnected.

For test voltage tolerances and the selection of test equipment, see IEC 61180.

Power-Frequency Withstand VoltageMain, Auxiliary and Control CircuitsMain circuits as well as auxiliary and control circuits that are connected to the main circuit shall be subjected to the test voltage according to table 8.

Table 8 Power-Frequency Withstand Voltage for Main Circuits

Rated insulation voltage Ui(line to line AC or DC)

Dielectric test voltage

(AC RMS)


(DC)V

V V V

Ui ≤ 60 1000 1415

60 < Ui ≤ 300 1500 2120

300 < Ui ≤ 690 1890 2670

690 < Ui ≤ 800 2000 2830

800 < Ui ≤ 1000 2200 3110

1000 < Ui ≤ 1500a 2700 3820


112

Power-Frequency Withstand Voltage for Auxiliary and Control CircuitsAuxiliary and control circuits, whether AC or DC, that are not connected to the main circuit shall be subjected to the test voltage according to table 9.

This test is not made on auxiliary circuits: Which contain only insulated conductors with the appropriate insulation strength as stated by their manufacturers, and

Which are protected by short circuit protective devices with the rating not exceeding 16 A, and

If an electrical function test has been made previously at the rated opera-tional voltage for which the auxiliary circuits are designed

Table 9 Power-Frequency Withstand Voltage for Auxiliary and Control Circuits

Rated insulation voltage Ui(line to line AC or DC)


(AC RMS)


(DC)V

V V V

60 Ui ≤ 12 250 355

12 Ui ≤ 60 500 710

60 < Ui See table 8 See table 8


Important note:

113

The following standards and regulations apply to construction site power distributors: EN 61439-4, 2013-09. With regard to this problem, we urgently recommend orientation to trade association rules – Rules for safety and health protection when selecting and operating

electrical systems and equipment at construction and installation sites – Edition 4 / 2004, order no. BGI 608

The measurements/tests can also be conducted with the measuring instruments described in this whitebook.

Periodic testing of stationary electrical operating equipment, deadlines in accordance with DGUV regulation 3 – tests in accordance with EN 50110-1.

Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies

Note

The following applies for EN 61439-4, 2013-4

Routine tests: – Wiring inspection – Function test – Insulation test – Testing of protective measures and protective conductor connections


Important Notes

114

Power QualityPower Quality – Always on the Safe Side with Clean Electrical NetworksIndustry, commerce, health care services, banks and other service provid-ers are extremely dependent on electrical and electronic systems.These systems influence power quality themselves in many ways, but they react extremely sensitively to disturbances as well.

There’s a single convincing response to the numerous challenges faced by users in the area of electrical power supply:highly versatile MAVOWATT power quality analyzers for powerquality testing and assurance.With the help of these innovative class A products, all relevant measured quantities can be acquired which are decisive for the quality of electrical supply power – the perfect foundation for sustainable optimization.

Power Quality

115

Power Quality

It’s thus the entrepreneurial responsibility of all modern business operations to keep their own electrical systems under control – 24 hours a day under any possible conditions. Action should be taken as soon as the first signs of poor power quality appear such as overheated transformers and cables, excessive current in neutral conductors without any explicable cause, tripped protective devices, flickering lights, computer failures and data network problems, interference in telephone lines or inexplicably increased energy costs. Causes can be pinpointed and the elimination of faults can be implemented through the use of suitable measuring equipment.

380 or 220 kV

380 or 220 kV

110 kV

110 kV

380/110 kV

380 or 220 kV

20 kV

20 kV

20 kV

20 kV

110/20 kV

20/0.4 kV

20/0.4 kV

20/ 0.4 kV

20 kV20/0.4 kV

20/0.4 kV

230/400 V 0.4 kV

230/400 V 0.4 kV

230/400 V 0.4 kV

230/400 V 0.4 kV

230/400 V 0.4 kV

123

4

5

67

67

6

7 8

9

10

10

12

11

13

13

13

Power Quality – Always on the Safe Side with Clean ElectricalNetworks

116

The Most Important Power Quality StandardsWith respect to power quality, “power quality” standard EN 50160 and the EN 61000 series of EMC standards must be taken into consideration. EN 50160 describes the most important characteristic values for power supply reliability. In contrast, limit values for interference emission and in-terference immunity, as well as test and measuring procedures, are defined in the EN 61000 series of EMC standards.

The relevant standards are:

Power supplyEN 50160 Voltage characteristics in public power supply systems

Limit values for consuming devicesEN 61000-3-2 Harmonic current (I < 16 A per conductor)

EN 61000-3-12 Harmonic current (I > 16 A and < 75 A per conductor)

EN 61000-3-3 Voltage changes, fluctuations and flicker (I < 16 A)

EN 61000-3-11 Voltage changes, fluctuations and flicker (I > 16 A and < 75 A per conductor)

Test and measuring proceduresEN 61000-4-7 Measuring methods for harmonics

EN 61000-4-15 Flicker meter – functional description and design specification

EN 61000-4-30 Test and measuring procedures for power quality

MAVOWATT 30/40/70, 230/240/270 and MAVOSYS 10 measuring instru-ments correspond with class A in accordance with EN 61000-4-30 and fulfill the regulations for the respective test and measuring procedures. EN 50160 and its characteristics are considered in detail below.

Power Quality

Important note:

117

EN 50160 defines “electrical energy” as a product on the basis of selected voltage quality characteris-tics. All European customers can ex-pect voltage quality within the public low and medium-voltage systems to lie within the specified tolerances. EN 50160 is applicable under normal operating conditions – at the point of delivery from the public net-work to the customer, as well as at

the point of delivery from the power generating equipment to the public network. Monitoring of these char-acteristics at the point of delivery in the network and within the network itself is an important part of systems management for power utilities and industrial network providers.An overview of the characteristics described in the standard is shown in the following table.

Characteristic Values or Range of Values Measurement and Evaluation Parameters

Low-Voltage Medium-Voltage Base Value Integration Interval

Observation Duration

Percent-age

Line frequency (mixed network) 50 Hz ± 1% 50 Hz + 4% / - 6%

Mean value 10 s 1 year 99.5% cont.

Line frequency (isolated operation) 50 Hz ± 2% 50 Hz ± 15%

Mean value 10 s 1 week 95% cont.

Slow voltage changes U n ± 10% U n + 10% / - 15%

U c ± 10% Mean value 10 min. 1 week 95% cont.

Individual, fast voltage changes

< 5% / max. 10% U n

short duration< 4% / max. 6% U c

short durationRMS value 10 ms 1 day Several

times

Flicker intensity Plt < 1 long-term flicker intensity

Flicker algorithm

2 h * 1 week 95%

Voltage dips(5% Un ≤ U10ms ≤ 90% Un)

Number < several 10 ... 1000 of which > 50% with duration < 1s and residual voltage > 40% U n

RMS value 10 ms 1 year Ref. value

Brief voltage interruptions(< 3 min. and U10ms < 5% Un)

Number < several 10 ... several 100 of which > 70% with duration < 1s

RMS value 10 ms 1 year Ref. value

Long voltage failures(> 3 min. and U10ms < 5% Un)

Number < 10 ... 50 RMS value 10 ms 1 year Ref. value

Temporary power-frequency overvoltage (phase conductor – earth)

Usually < 1.5 kV as a rule

U L-N < 1.1 · nom. value U L-L

< 1.7 · U c – grounded < 2.0 · U c – insulated neutral point

RMS value 10 ms No entry

Cont.

Transient overvoltages(phase conductor – earth)

< 6 kV / µs ... ms In acc. with insulation coordination

Peak value – No entry

Cont.

Unbalance U (negative phase-sequence system) / U (positive phase-sequence system) < 2% fundamental harmonic (sometimes < 3%)

Mean value 10 min. 1 week 95%

Harmonics UH2 ... UH40 ≤ limit value given in norm table and THD < 8% Mean value 10 min. ** 1 week 95%

Interharmonics In consultation In consultation

Signal voltages ≤ standard characteristic curve f (f) Mean value 3 s 1 day 99%

* EN 61000-4-15 ** EN 61000-4-7

Agreement Between Power Utilities and Consumers – EN 50160

Power Quality

118

Power analyzers like those included in GOSSEN METRAWATT’S MAVOWATT series provide a clear-cut display which shows all EN50160 characteristics and compliance with them.

Figure 1: EN 50160 Conformity Statistics MAVOWATT 30 / 40 / 70

Figure 2: Transients Display

Interference within the network is verified with the help of power analyzers. The user is provided with helpful information regarding the type of interference, either directly via the measurement results or indirectly via occurring effects. After the cause has been localized, experts in the field will find useful tips for effective remedies in the following article.

TransientsTransient overvoltages occur primar-ily as the result of normal switching operations within the network. Fur-thermore lightning, as well as fuses

which are blown or circuit breakers which are tripped as the result of short-circuiting cause voltage peaks of up to several thousand volts. The consequences of transients in-clude malfunctioning of controllers, computer crashes, the destruction of power packs as well as motor and transformer windings, arc-overs in devices and interference in signal and data lines. As an effective rem-edy, varistors or surge capacitors can be installed.

Mains Interference – Causes, Consequences, Remedies

Power Quality

119

HarmonicsHarmonics are sinusoidal com-ponents which are superimposed on the voltage’s or the current’s fundamental component. The relationship of harmonic frequency to line frequency is designated harmonic number h. Whole-number multiples of line frequency are known as harmonics. In the case of non-whole-number multiples, we speak of sub-harmonics. The mains are subjected to more and more harmonics due to increasing use of nonlinear electrical power consum-ers. These include all power packs with direct-current output which are commonly used in computers, print-ers, copiers and fax machines, as well as low-voltage halogen lamps and electronic controllers. Further harmonic components occur due to electronic ballasts for fluores-cent tubes, energy-saving lamps, frequency converters for speed-controlled drive units, AC drive units and und arc furnaces.The effects of harmonics on the mains include increased losses, malfunctioning and the failure of electrical equipment and systems. The fact that in particular nonlinear electrical power consumers react over-sensitively to harmonics is

conspicuous. Within this context, the neutral conductor requires special attention, via which all harmonic currents with harmonic numbers which can be divided by three are discharged. The in-phase components add up within the neutral conductor and may lead to overloading including fire hazard, or interruption with voltage shifting through the open neutral point and destruction of connected devices. Caution should also be exercised in the case of large harmonic compo-nents with high harmonic number – they can influence compensation systems and destroy their capacitors due to overheating.Instead of throttling the mains, which is obsolete from today’s technical standpoint, intelligent ac-tive filters are used to compensate for harmonics.

Figure 3: Harmonic Current

Power Quality

120

SubharmonicsSub harmonic voltages occur as mains pollution from high-power operating equipment whose energy turnover takes place at a frequency which differs from line frequency, or in some cases is independent of 50 Hz. These include asynchronous motors, drive units with frequency converters, operating equipment with multi-cycle controllers and re-mote audio-frequency ripple control systems. The effects are flicker and interference at ripple control sys-tems. As a remedy, the connection can be moved to a point of common coupling with greater short-circuit capacity, improved smoothing in the DC links of converters or the use of harmonic absorbers and trap circuits.

Voltage FluctuationChanges to the RMS voltage value are designated voltage fluctuations. Differentiation is made between slow voltage changes during the course of the day whose duration can be measured in seconds or minutes, and individual fast voltage changes with durations in the second and millisecond range. Frequent fast voltage changes are perceived as flicker, under which heading they’re described. Causes of voltage fluctuation include machines and systems with large load changes, which are operated at electrical systems with minimal short-circuit capacity. Malfunc-tioning, reduced machine power, reduced productivity and fluctuating manufacturing quality are the con-sequences. These problems can be avoided through the use of voltage stabilization systems.

Power Quality

121

Voltage DipsIn the case of voltage dips, the RMS voltage value drops to values rang-ing from 1% to 90% of nominal volt-age, which is caused by short-term, hi-level system loads, especially in systems with minimal short-circuit capacity. Causes include the high making current required by large motors which amounts to many times nominal current. The same applies to motors which have to be started up with heavy loads. Conse-quences include systems shutdown due to overcurrent, device shutdown due to undervoltage, malfunctioning of controllers and motor standstills. Effective improvement is provided by the use of motor startup compensa-tion, current limiting during motor start up with star connection, delta connection or soft-start circuits, and by increasing system short-circuit capacity.

FlickerFast and frequent load changes influence line voltage and result in lighting fluctuation, which human beings perceive as irritating. They cause eye fatigue, discomfort and dizziness. Common causes of flicker include welding machines, arc furnaces, X-ray equipment, wind power turbines and drive units with intermittent loads as occur in the case of presses, stamping machines, shredders, cranes and elevators.Compensation systems are required in order to compensate for flicker, which activate or deactivate the necessary compensation power within just a few milliseconds, as well as dynamic regulators with special control equipment. Isolation of the lighting system and connec-tion to another phase conductor, or via a transformer, can also remedy the situation.

Power Quality

122

AsymmetryTransformers and electrical systems are loaded asymmetrically due to asymmetric distribution of single-phase consuming devices and the operation of 2-phase consuming devices. In this case, the active load of the consuming devices causes non-uniform phase voltages and the reactive load results in phase shifting deviation from its ideal value of 120°.The consequences are increased transformer losses, transformer humming noise and erratic motor

operation, which lead to higher losses and shorter service life due to thermal overloading and wear. High costs also occur for reactive current as the result of undefined reactive current compensation. Asymmetry can be compensated for by balanced phase loading, by increasing system short-circuit capacity or with the help of dynamic symmetry control. In the case of reactive current compensation, systems with asymmetry adjustment must be used.

Figure 4: Victor Diagram

Power Quality

123

Effects of Harmonics and Sub-HarmonicsTransformers:High-frequency harmonics increase core loss and remagnetizing effects due to eddy currents which occurs as a result. The consequence is increasing heat generation as op-posed to normal operation at 50 Hz. The additional thermal loading to which components are subjected contributes to deteriorating effi-ciency and, in some cases, reduced transformer service life. The following applies as a rule of thumb: A 10% increase in tempera-ture can reduce transformer service life by as much as 30%.

Capacitor OverloadingIn accordance with Ohm’s law, current is dictated by the resistance through which it flows.

R = U/I

The resistance of a current source is inductive. Line impedance in-creases as frequency rises, and the resistance of a capacitor is reduced at the same time. This causes an increased flow of current through the capacitors, as well as through equipment into which the capacitors have been installed, thus resulting in a so-called absorption effect.Under certain circumstances, harmonic current can exceed the capacitor’s nominal current (operat-ing current) at 50 Hz. This effect results in rising voltage at the capacitor and, in the worst case, to its failure.

Data traffic congestion:Earth fault current causes small voltage dips along the earthconductor. In a TN-C system, the combined earth and neutral conduc-tors continuously conduct significant current – primarily third-order harmonics. Due to increasing use of

low-voltage installations in IT sys-tems, the number of bit errors has increased considerably. If bit errors occur at short intervals, data traffic congestion occurs – right on up to complete collapse of the network.

Power Quality

124

Erroneous Tripping of Protective DevicesLeakage current: Differential cur-rent of a capacitive nature with frequencies which deviate from line frequency (50 Hz). Leakage current is caused due to normal operation and it flows, for example due to interference suppression measures, to earth via EMC capacitors or line

capacitances. An RCD is incapable of differentiating between residualand fault current, and thus evalu-ates both of them in the same way. And thus tripping can already occur when the sum of all flowing current exceeds the RCD’s tripping thresh-old – even though there are no faults (fault current) in the electrical system.

Polyphase MotorsVoltage harmonics cause additional losses in polyphase motors which are operated directly at the mains. The fifth-order harmonic gener-ates a rotating field in the opposite direction, whereas the seventh-order harmonic generates a rotating field via the motor’s synchronous rotational speed. The resultant pulsating torque causes heavy wear at couplings and bearings. Due to the fact that the rotational speed of the 50 Hz fundamental harmonic is specified, the energy contained in the harmonics is given off as additional heat. This results in premature aging of the components,

and to a reduced service life for rotary motors. Harmonic current is also induced in the rotor, which generates additional waste heat. Variable speed devices cause their own particular problems. They tend to react over-sensitively to voltage dips, which result in the interrup-tion of production lines which are matched to each other. They’re frequently installed at a considerable distance from the motor and cause voltage peaks due to steep rising voltage edges.

Possible solution:Reduce making current and earth fault current by distributing the op-erating equipment to several circuits, each of which supplies power to smaller loads.

Power Quality

125

Preceding Sign Motor Power Supply System

Pos. Forward rotating Magnetic field warm-up

Neg. Reverse rotating Magnetic field warm-up, brake

0 None Warm-up, addition in N

Overloaded Neutral ConductorIn a star-connected 3-phase sys-tem, neutral conductor current rep-resents the vector sum of the three phase conductor currents. In the case of an asymmetrical, sinusoidal 3-phase system, this sum, and thus neutral conductor current, is always equal to zero. The phase conductors are protected against overvoltage, but the neutral conductor isn’t be-cause the currents neutralize each other almost entirely in the neutral conductor. However, this only ap-plies to clean networks with a linear load. Due to increasing use of linear consuming devices, the harmonic component has risen dramatically within the power supply network.Above all third-order current harmonics have proven very prob-lematic. For the third-order harmonic with its frequency of 150 Hz, 120° is the

same as 360° is for the funda-mental harmonic. However, offset between the phases is also 120°, and thus the three third-harmonics which flow through the three phase conductors are precisely in phase with each other. Consequently, the currents don’t cancel each other out, but rather add up in the neutral conductor to 3 times the peak value, 3 times the mean value and 3 times the RMS value as well. The same applies to the 9th, the 15th, the 21st … harmonic, but most of the distortion comes from the third harmonic component.Current is tripled in the neutral conductor as a result of this phe-nomenon. Consequently, the mean current value in the neutral conduc-tor exceeds the total RMS value of the combined phase conductors and can thus result in overloading of the neutral conductor, and to fire in the

HarmonicNumber

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Frequency 50 Hz 100 Hz 150 Hz 200 Hz 250 Hz 300 Hz 350 Hz

Preceding Sign + - 0 + - 0 +

Power Quality

126

Minimum Requirement for Power Disturbance AnalysisHigh sampling rate (at least 9.6 kHz) The sub-harmonics are calcu-lated within the device using a high sampling rate and a correspond-ingly small timeframe. The higher the sampling rate the finer the resolution.Data Storage MediumMemory space requirements depend on device configuration and events which occur within the network. Required memory capacity increases along with the number of quantities which are monitored and recorded, the brevity of the recording interval and the number events which are detected within the network. In accordance with

EN50160, power disturbance analyzers must monitor and record all mains-relevant quantities for at least one week. During this time period (168 hours or 1008 measur-ing intervals of 10 minutes each), up to 170,000 measured values are recorded, analyzed, evaluated and saved to memory.When an event occurs, it also uses up memory space.For this reason, the data storage medium should have a capacity of at least 1 GB.Triggering OptionsIn the case of certain applications (usually customer-specific applica-tions), it’s not enough to monitor just current and/or voltage. Sometimes it makes good sense to

worst case scenario.

Power Quality

127

trigger storage whenever specified values are exceeded, for example line values, frequency values, power factor or other quantities. Integrated UPSThe uninterruptible power supply takes over the task of supplying electrical energy to the power analyzer in the event of a mains failure. The instrument continues to record values, i.e. no data is lost.Compliance with the Standards

The most important standards for power analysis are: EN50160 (Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribu-tion networks)

EN61000-4-7 (General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measure-ments and instrumentation)

EN61000-4-15 (Flickermeter - Functional and design specifications) EN61000-4-30 (Test and measuring procedures for power quality)

Power Quality

128

The MAVOWATT 20 three-phase energy and power analyzer is an innovative and indispensable tool for all measuring tasks in the rapidly growing energy sector. Whenever energy costs need to be audited, energy efficiency should be increased, energy saving systems will be installed, alternative energy approaches will be examined or CO² footprint has to be ascertained – the MAVOWATT 20 is always first choice. Where energy management systems will be introduced within the company in accordance with ISO 50001 as well, the analyzer delivers important information for the setup of permanently installed acquisition and evaluation systems such as Gossen Metrawatt’s SMARTCONTROL. The MAVOWATT 20 has 4 voltage inputs and 4 cur-rent inputs for direct and alternat-

ing quantities with a measuring accuracy of 0.1%. Channel D is laid out as a differential input for mea-suring voltage between the neutral conductor and protective earth. The analyzer acquires power, energy and peak loads, and it calculates consumption costs as well as CO² footprint. Recording of energy ex-ported to and imported from the grid is especially advantageous against a backdrop of alternative energy concepts.Harmonics and RMS voltage dips can also be acquired for the purpose of mains evaluation. In-terchangeable data memory media with capacities of up to 32 GB assure long recording durations and fast data transfer to the evaluation computer.

Energy and Power Analysis from Gossen-Metrawatt – Always the Right Choice

Power Quality

129

1000 V CAT III / 600 V CAT IV for safe work within the public system as well as for measurements in industrial environments with up to 1000 VRMS AC / DC

Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth and USB for data transmission and remote access via smartphone, tablet, PC and MAC

Wireless remote access ensures hazard-free work and configura-tion in safety-critical environments

Meets the latest industrial stan-dards and permits legally secure recording and documentation in accordance with:

– EN 50160 Voltage character-istics of electricity supplied by public distribution networks

– IEC 61000-4-30 class A (edition 2) Power quality mea-surement methods

– IEC 61000-4-7 General guide on harmonics and interharmon-ics measurements

– IEC 61000-4-15 Flickerme-ter – Functional and design specifications

8 differential inputs (4 U / 4 I) per-mit precise and flexible acquisition of measured values in wye and delta systems – even downstream from frequency converters – or simultaneous, direct measurement of AC and DC signals of up to 1000 VRMS. Transient voltage and current acquisition with sampling rates of up to 1 MHz and 2000 VPEAK

Various frequency bands for worldwide use in systems with 16⅔, 50 and 60 Hz, or optionally in 400 Hz systems as well

MAVOWATT l 230, l 240, l 270 - Safe, Intuitive and Flexible Analysis of Power Quality, as well as Power and Energy Demand

Power Quality

130

MAVOWATT l 30, l 40, l 70The class A devices simultaneously monitor RMS values, harmonics, flicker and transients down to a time range of approximately 80 µs.

Power and energy analysis in power supply systems

Harmonic analysis per EN 61000-4-7

Power quality per EN 50160 with statistical bar graph

Flicker analysis in accordance with EN 61000-4-15

Acquisition of making-operations and error recording

Analysis module for voltage dip direction, switching peaks for power factor correction and motor quality

Expanded mains analysis func-tions

Quick transient measurements with 1 MHz sampling rate

8 measuring inputs, i.e. 4 voltage (differential) and 4 current (current transformer), for measurement at line frequencies of 50/60 Hz and 162/3 Hz

Power Quality

131

Photovoltaic Test Instruments from Gossen-MetrawattPhotovoltaics implies photon energy from the sun and the voltage which is generated therefrom.

Photovoltaic (PV) systems

➀PV generator (several PV modules connected in series and parallel with mounting frame)

➁Generator terminal box (with safety technology)➂ Direct current conductors➃ Direct current enabling device➄Inverter➅AC cables➆Meter cabinet with electrical circuit distribution, import and export

meters, service line and safety technology

Identification of Buildings with PV SystemsPosting of a warning sign in proximity to the buildingdistributor or the building service line is mandatory! (size: at least A6)IEC 60364-7-712

132


Several Important TermsCurrent-Voltage Characteristics (IU curve)

Current-voltage characteristics represent PV generator performance under various load conditions in the form of a diagram. The characteristic curve depends upon momentary irradiance and solar cell temperature.

Open-Circuit Voltage UoC

Output voltage of a solar cell or a solar module in the no-load state, i.e. in the absence of current.

Short-Circuit Current sC

Current at a short-circuited solar cell or a short-circuited solar module, i.e. with an output voltage of 0 V.

Module Efficiency Indicates the relationship between a solar module’s output power to its radiant power input, relative to the module’s surface area.

kWpKilowatt Peak The “p” doesn’t indicate peak power, but rather nominal power under standard test conditions (STC).

PMPPMaximum output power of a solar cell or a solar module with a given amount of irradiation and a specific solar cell temperature, i.e. at the maximum power point (mpp).

PV Analyzer, Characteristic Curve

Important Notes

133

Test Requirements in Accordance with EN 62446-1AC Systems

Testing for fulfillment of require-ments per EN/IEC 60364-6 for all alternating current circuits

DC Systems Testing of the functional ground electrode and the equipoten-tial bonding conductor (PV generator frame) for continuity, including the connection to the main grounding terminal

Low resistance test Testing of polarity of all DC conductors and their connec-tions and inspection for correct identification

Testing/measuring of open-cir-cuit voltage of each string under stable irradiance conditions (< 5%), comparison of identical strings

Testing/measuring of short-cir-cuit current of each string under

Test Procedure System Voltage (UOC stc x 1.25) V Test Voltage V Smallest Insulation

Resistance MΩ

Test procedure 1< 120 250 0.5

120 to 500 500 1> 500 1000 1

Test procedure 2< 120 250 0.5

120 to 500 500 1> 500 1000 1

Minimum insulation resistance values

stable irradiance conditions (< 5%), comparison of identical strings

Checking to assure that all PV strings are isolated from each other – disconnecting devices and switchgear must be open!

Functional inspection for correct installation and connections, mains failure test

Insulation resistance for DC circuits -2 test procedure in accordance with VDE:

Test 1 between the negative elec-trode of the PV generator and ground, followed by testing between the positive electrode of the PV generator and ground.

Test 2 between ground and the negative and positive electrodes of the PV generator, while the electrodes are short-circuited.

Disconnect overvoltage dischargers before performing measurement!


134

E-CHECK-PV for PV SystemsPhotovoltaic systems (PV systems) and their associated operating equipment are intended to gener-ate, distribute and make use of electrical energy. PV systems and their associated electrical operating equipment are subject to aging and wear. Influencing factors include environmental influences and special operation conditions. For this reason, it must be assumed that defects will occur during the course of time which are decisive for safety at home or at work. Therefore, as is mandatory in commercial applica-tions, periodic testing should be conducted for all appli-cations in the form of the E-Check for PV systems.The purpose of the E-Check is to find any defects in PV systems and their associated operating equipment which repre-sent a danger for persons, animals and property. At the same time, the electrician should also act as an advisor for the system operator by providing him with useful tips regarding the efficient use of energy. The system operator is responsible

for keeping the PV system and its associated electrical equipment in good working order. On the basis of these E-Check guidelines, the condition of the PV system and its associated electrical operating equipment must be tested with regard to:

Usability and operational capability Correct technical safety condition Protection against electric shock Protection against electrically ignited fire

Measures against lightning and overvoltage

Energy-savings Checking the yield of the PV system


135

Notes

Notes

136

Notes

Notes

137

Notes

Notes

138

Notes

Token fee: €5W

hitebook, Part 1

Whi

tebo

ok, P

art 2

GOSSEN METRAWATT

ProfiScan


Part 1

Initial and Periodic Testing in Low-Voltage Systems with up to 1000 V AC, 1500 V DC

GOSSEN METRAWATT


Part 2


2


Printed in Germany • Subject to change without notice • 23/2.18 • Order no. 3-337-038-03

GMC-I Messtechnik GmbHSüdwestpark 15•D-90449 Nürnberg, GermanyPhone: +49 911 8602 – 111•Fax: +49 911 8602 – [email protected]•www.gossenmetrawatt.com


2Printed in Germany • Subject to change without notice • 23/2.18 • Order no. 3-337-038-03

GMC-I Messtechnik GmbHSüdwestpark 15 • D-90449 Nürnberg, GermanyPhone: +49 911 8602 – 111 • Fax: +49 911 8602 – [email protected] • www.gossenmetrawatt.com



3

Whitebookfor Electricians

Part 2

Testing of Electrical Devices, Medical Devices and Arc Welding Units

Testing of Electrical Devices, Medical Devices and Welding Units

4


Safety in Accordance with IEC / EN 61010Test Instrument Operating Voltage at

Overvoltage CategorySECUTEST ... 250 V@CAT IIMINITEST ... 250 V@CAT IIMETRATESTER ... 250 V@CAT IISECUSTAR ... 250 V@CAT IISECULIFE ... 250 V@CAT II

Important note:

BGV A3 is

DGUV Regulation 3 in as of 1 May 2015

5


Table of Contents Safety in Accordance with IEC / EN 61010 4Table of Contents 5-6Accident Prevention Regulations, § 5, Tests – DGUV Regulation 3, German Working Reliability Regulation TRBS 1201 7

German Medical Device Directive – MPBetreibV § 6, Technical Safety Inspections 8-10

Recommended Directives for the Electrician 11DIN VDE – Regulations 12Test Intervals (recommended) 13Scope of Validity 14Test Sequence Flowchart 15Measurements per DIN VDE 0701-702 19Insulation Resistance 20Limit Values for Protective Conductor Current, Touch Current and Protective External-Low Voltage

21

Testing Protective Conductor Current and Touch Current 22Measurements per IEC / EN 62353, Protective Conductor 24Insulation Resistance 25Device Leakage Current, Leakage Current from Applied Parts 26Permissible Values for Leakage Current 27-28Testing of Arc Welding Equipment 29-30Appendix 1, Sample Circuits, DIN VDE 0701-0702 38Software Overview Test Instruments 39Testing per DGUV Regulation 3 METRATESTER 5+| 3P, SECUTEST| PRO 40-41

Significance of a Digital Multimeter 42Measuring Category 61010-1 43IP Protection Categories and their Meanings 44Digital Multimeters 45-52METRAHit Software 53

6


More and more frequently, electricians have to make use of measuring and test instruments along with the associated DIN VDE regulations, above all as customers become familiar with the E-Check as a preventive safety measure – regardless of the fact that electricians were also previously required to conduct testing on electrical equipment and machines. The basis for this can be found in the German working reliability regulation (BetrSichV), the German energy law (EnWG, 2nd implementing provision), the German product safety law (law regarding the introduction of products to the market), German medical product legislation (MPG), the German accident prevention regulation of the trade associations, namely DGUV regulation 3, and municipal health insurance GUV – V A3. Note regarding trade association information:

BGI 594 Use of electrical operating equipment in the event of height-ened electrical danger

BGI 600 Selection and operation of portable, electrical operating equipment according to zones of use

BGI 608 Operation of electrical systems and operating equipment at construction and installation sites

BGI 867 Construction sites with reserve power supplyBGI 5090 Guidance for periodic testing of portable electrical operating

equipment

These and other regulations, such as paragraph 24 of the trade regulations, state construction laws additional conditions of property insurers (VdS), specify instructions for periodic testing of electrical operating equipment and machines. German public accident insurance also specifies similar tests and test intervals (GUV – V A3). Any operating company (entrepreneur) with a sense of responsibility recognizes the fact that the dangers associated with electrical current can only be offset with suitable maintenance of his electrical equipment and machines. The applicable DIN VDE regulations can now be found in every tool bag – the required measurements and limit values are too extensive. In combination with our measuring and test instruments, this whitebook is intended to provide you with assistance in this regard.

7

Accident Prevention RegulationsElectrical Systems and Equipment

§ 5, Tests – DGUV Regulation 3 (previously BGV A3, VBG 4)(1) The entrepreneur must assure that electrical systems and operating equipment are tested for correct working order 1. Before initial start up and before restarting after modifications or repair by an electrician or under the supervision of an electrician. 2) At specified intervals. The deadlines must be set such that any foreseeable defects are detected before it’s too late. (2) Applicable electrotechnical rules must be observed during testing. (3) Upon request of the trade association, a test logbook with certain entries must be maintained. (4) Testing before initial startup in accordance with section 1 above is not required if the manufacturer or the installer has provided the entrepreneur with confirmation that the electrical systems and operating equipment are in compliance with the stipulations of this accident prevention regulation.

§10, German Working Reliability Regulation, TRBS 1201(3) The employer must assure that working equipment is tested for safe operation by qualified persons after the completion of repairs which might impair the safety of the working equipment.

Note: In the case of periodic testing of portable electrical equipment, the housing is not opened. And thus persons with electrotechnical training can also test this operating equipment, if test instruments are available at which the results are monitored and can be easily read, and an automated function sequence is assured.


8

Testing of Medical Devices

German Medical Device Directive – MPBetreibV § 6, Technical Safety Inspections (measurements in accordance with DIN EN 62353 / DIN VDE 0751 -1, see page 27)(1) In the case of medical products for which the manufacturer has specified technical safety inspections, the operating company must conduct such inspections in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications and generally recognized codes of practice, and in accordance with the deadlines set by the manufacturer. Insofar as the manufacturer has neither specified any technical safety inspections for the medical products listed in appendix 1 (see page 10) nor expressly ruled them out, the operating company must perform technical safety testing in accordance with generally recognized codes of practice, or arrange for the performance of such testing, within deadlines by means of which corresponding defects that can be expected on the basis of experience are detected before it’s too late. However, the inspections stipulated in article 2 must be conducted at least every two years. The technical safety inspections include the measuring functions. Articles1 through 4 apply correspondingly to other medical products, accessories, software and other objects, which the operator uses in combination with medical products in accordance with articles 1 and 2.

(2) In isolated cases, the responsible public authority can extend deadlines in accordance with section 1, articles 1 and 3, upon request of the operating company where justified, insofar as safety is assured by other means.

(3) A report concerning the technical safety inspection must be prepared which includes the date and the results of inspection and lists the ascertained measured values, the utilized measuring procedures and other evaluation results. The operating company must retain the report at least until the next technical safety inspection.

9

(4) Only those persons are permitted to conduct technical safety inspections who: 1. Can assure that the technical safety inspection is properly conducted on the basis of training, knowledge and experience gained through actual practice 2. Are not bound by any instructions with regard to the inspection activity and 3. Have suitable measuring and test equipment at their disposal Upon request, fulfillment of the prerequisites in accordance with article 1 must be substantiated to the responsible public authority by the inspector who conducts technical safety inspections.(5) The operating company may only entrust those persons with the performance of technical safety inspections who fulfill the prerequisites stipulated in section 4, article 1.

Testing of Medical Devices

10


Appendix 1 to the German Medical Device Directive – MPBetreibV (regarding § 5, sections 1 and 2, § 6, section 1 and § 7, section 1)

1. Non-implantable active medical products for:1.1 Generation and use of electrical energy for the purpose of directly influencing the function of nerves and/or muscles, or the heart function, including defibrillators1.2 Intracardiac measurement of electrical quantities or measurement of other quantities through the use of electrically operated measuring probes in blood vessels or at exposed blood vessels1.3 Generation and use of any type of energy for direct coagulation, destruction of tissue or disintegration of deposits in organs1.4 Direct introduction of substances and fluids into the blood circulatory system with potential pressure build-up – these substances and fluids can also be processed or specially treated bodily substances and fluids of the patient, whose introduction is directly coupled with a withdrawal function1.5 Mandatory ventilation with or without anesthesia1.6 Imaging diagnostics procedures in accordance with the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance1.7 Therapy with pressurized chambers1.8 Therapy by means of hypothermia2. Incubators for infants and3. External, active components of active implants

Attention

Special requirements for the inspectorSpecial requirements for the test instrument

11


Recommended directives for the electrician:

VdS – Verband der Schadenverhütung im GDV – general association of the German insurance industry

VdS 2005 Light fixtures

VdS 2015 Electrical devices and equipment

VdS 2024 Setup of electrical equipment in furniture and similar items

12


DIN VDE – regulations

DIN VDE 0701-0702 Inspection after repair, modification of electrical appliances – Periodic inspection of electrical appliances – General requirements for electrical safety

DIN EN 62353 (DIN VDE 0751)

Testing the electrical safety of electrical medical devices in accordance with German medical product legislation (MPG) and the associated ordinances

DIN EN 60974-4DIN VDE 0544-4

Arc welding equipment, inspection and testing during operation

13

Electrical devices are tested after repair and on the occasion of periodic testing in order to verify the effectiveness of protective measures.Test Intervals (recommended)Excerpt from DGUV Regulation 3, Electrical Systems and Equipment, and German medical product legislation (MPG)

Type of Use Test IntervalConstruction sites 3 MonthsIndustrial applications including commer-cial kitchens

12 Months

Public facilities 12 MonthsSchools 12 MonthsHotels 24 MonthsOffices and retail businesses 24 MonthsMedical devices 12 to 24 months


Operating Situation Possible Influence on the Test Deadline

Handheld electrical working equip-ment and other electrical working equipment which is moved during use or is subjected to similar stressing, extension cords and device connection cables with plug connectors

Test interval reduced (to half the normal duration)

Same as above but at construction sites

Test interval significantly reduced (to ¼ of the normal duration)

Movable cables with plugs and permanent connection, connection cables with plugs in offices or under similar conditions

Test interval extended (doubled)

14

Scope of Validity

DIN VDE 0701-0702 Laboratory equipment, measuring and control equipment, devices for household use and similar purposes, devices for power transformation and generation, electric tools, electrical heating devices, devices with electric motors, lamps, devices for consumer, information and communications electronics, cable reels, extension cords and device connection cables, portable protective devices, (mobile distributors)

DIN EN 62353 (VDE 0751)

Medical electrical equipment

IEC 60974-4 (VDE 0544-4)

Testing of Arc Welding Equipment

Testing after repair or modification and periodic testing generally include the following test steps:

Visual Inspection Measurements Function test (after repair or modification)


Important Notes

15


Test Sequence Flowchart

Visual Inspection

Measurement of protective conductor resistance

Measurement of insulation resistance

Exposed parts which are not connected to the protective conductor

Leakage current measurement as a direct measurement,

differential current measurement. equivalent leakage current

measurement

Substantiation of the effectiveness of other protective devices

Subsequent inspection of labeling

Function test Evaluation, assessment, documentation End

Measurement of touch current

(PCII or PCI devices)

Measurement of protec-tive conductor current

(PCI devices)

16

Visual inspection includes:Visual inspection of the device is conducted in order to detect any externally apparent defects, and to ascertain its suitability for its place of use. The device may only be opened for periodic testing if there is reason to believe that a safety-relevant defect exists which can only be clarified in this way. A device for which a defect can result in a hazard must be removed from further use and accordingly identified.Damage to connecting cables and insulation; selection of cables and plugs in accor-dance with use for intended purpose; condition of the mains plug, the connection terminals and wires; defects affecting the connecting cable’s cord guard and strain relief; condition of mounting hardware, cable holders, fuse holders etc. which are accessible to the user; damage to the housing and the protective covers; signs of overloading or improper use/operation, impermissible intervention or modifications; contamination, corrosion or aging which impermissibly impairs safety; contamination, clogging of cooling vents; condition of air filters; leak-proof sealing of containers for water, air or other media, condition of pressure relief valves; operability of switches, control devices, adjusting fixtures etc.; legibility of labeling or symbols which serve the purpose of safety, as well as ratings and position indicators.

Testing includes: Protective conductor resistance Insulation resistance Leakage current Protective extra-low voltage Other protective measures Safety-relevant functions

Function testing includes: Safety-relevant functions

Determination of use for intended purpose.


17


DocumentationExecution of these test steps must be documented. According to BetrSichV and MPG, each test must be documented.The form recommended in the ZVEH and BG standards can be used to manually enter the measured values. Automatic generation of similar reports, as well as data storage or logging, is made possible by our SECUTEST, MINITEST or SECUSTAR FM+ test instruments. A description of the associated software can be found in part 1 of the whitebook on pages 72 through 80.Barcode and RFID devices make it easier to identify the test objects andmake it possible to clearly allocate measured values and test results to the respective device under test with our test instruments.

18

Documentation Clarification before order placement eithertest report per DUT orgeneral verification with test labelAlternativelyMaintenance of a list with ID numbers including, as desired:

Test label Test date Measured values Place of use

Electrical working equipment is tested at specified intervals in order to keep it in good working order.

The specified error rate can be used as a measure for adequate stipulationof test deadlines for electrical working equipment. The recommended values for test intervals for electrical working equipment (see page 13) have proven their worth on the basis of operating experience and error rates for such equipment.


In accordance with the German working reliability regulation (BetrSichV), the intervals have to be specified on the basis of the hazard analysis.

Stationary operating equipment is permanently installed operating equipment or operating equipment which does not include any carrying devices and whose weight is so great that it cannot be easily moved.

Portable operating equipmentis operating equipment which can be moved during operation or easily brought from one place to another while still connected to the electrical power supply circuit.

19


Protective conductor resistanceContinuity and resistance of the pro-tective conductor connections must be measured. Measuring voltage: 4 ... 24 V, mea-suring current: > 200 mA (polarity reverser required for DC).

Measurements per DIN VDE 0701-0702 Testing includes:

Protective conductor resistance Insulation resistance Leakage current Protective extra-low voltage Other protective measures Safety-relevant functions

Function testing includes: Safety-relevant functions

Determination of use for intended purpose.

Limit values up to 1.5 sq. mm < 0.3 Ω for cable lengths of up to 5 m + 0.1 Ω for each additional

7.5 m – max. 1 Ω

Limit value > 1.5 sq. mm R=ρ • +0.1 Ω

Move connecting cables during the measurement. Probe connection resistance is included in the measurement – assure good conductivity of the probe connection.

Higher limit values are permissible in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications.

Observe deviating limit values in the product standards and manufactur-er’s standards.

lA

Important Notes

20

Insulation ResistanceInsulation resistance must be measured:Between L + N to PEBetween L + N to accessible, conductive parts which are not connected to PEBetween insulated inputs/outputs and PEBetween any two insulated, accessible, conductive parts

In order to assure that all insulation which is exposed to line voltage is tested during this measurement, make sure that switches, temperature regulators etc. are closed.Test voltage can be reduced to 250 V at SELV circuits.

Limit ValuesDIN VDE 0701-0702

> 0.3 MΩ – devices with heating elements> 1 MΩ – devices without heating elements> 2 MΩ – accessible, conductive parts without protective conductor terminal

L/N→PE

L/N→Probe, Probe 1 >Probe 2

> 250 kΩ SELV

Even after the insulation test has been passed, protective conductor current and touch current must also be measured.

If the insulation measurement doesn’t access all safety-relevant parts, protective conductor or touch current must measured directly, or indirectly by means of D I measurement. If the direct measuring method is used, the device under test must be set up in an insulated manner.


Important Notes

21


Protective Conductor CurrentProtective conductor current must be measured for devices with a protec-tive conductor.Limit Value DIN VDE 0701-0702

< 3.5 mA or 1 mA / kW

Touch CurrentIn the case of devices with accessible, conductive parts which are not con-nected to the protective conductor (PC II), touch current must be measured.Limit Value DIN VDE 0701-0702

< 0.5 mA

Protective Extra-Low VoltageValues which exceed the following entries are considered dangerously active under normal conditions.Limit Value EN 61364-441 : 2001

50 V AC / 120 V DC

Limit Value EN 61010-1 : 2001

33 V AC / 70 V DC

In the case of devices which are equipped with SELV/PELV circuits, the voltage level must be measured.

22

Testing Protective Conductor and Touch CurrentProtective conductor and touch current can be tested by means of the equivalent leakage current method (passive), the direct method or the differential current method (active).

Use the measuring method which is most suitable for the device under test, namely direct measurement, differential current measurement or equivalent leakage current measurement.

Active test: The device under test is supplied with line voltage during leakage current measurement (touch current, protective conductor current).

If protective conductor or touch current is measured using the direct measuring method, the device under test must be set up in an insulated manner and isolated from all other connections – this is not necessary for the differential current measurement.

Measurement must be conducted with the mains plug in all possible positions.

Devices with higher leakage current values must be identified. Touch current is preferably measured using the direct measuring method.

Passive test: The device under test is not supplied with line voltage. Testing is conducted with isolated, current-limited test voltage, which prevents danger to the inspector during testing.

Insulation measurement and measurement of equivalent leakage current I EA are only valid if all of the circuits within the device are switched on.

The measured value is cut in half in the case of symmetric, capacitive circuits which can be disconnected at all poles.

If the equivalent leakage current measurement is used, it must be noted that the measured values can amount to many times those obtained with the other methods.


Important Notes

Important Notes

23


24

Testing of Electrical Medical Devices

Measurements per IEC / EN 62353 The tests must be conducted in the following order:

Visual Inspection Protective conductor Insulation resistance if not excluded by the manufacturer Device leakage current Touch current Leakage current from the applied part Function test and documentation

Protective conductorContinuity or resistance and the protective conductor must be measured. Measuring voltage: 4 ... 24 V, measuring current: max. 1 A recommended (polarity reverser required for DC).

Limit Values < 0.3 Ω including mains cable Mains cable alone: 0.1 Ω

Move connecting cables during the measurement. Probe connection resistance is included in the measurement – assure good conductivity of the probe connection.

Important Notes

25


Insulation ResistanceIf it hasn’t been excluded by the manufacturer, insulation measurement must be measured for:

Protection category l Between L + N to PEProtection category lI Between L + N to user accessible conductive

partsType BF/CF applied part Between the application port and L + N + PE

In order to assure that all insulation which is exposed to line voltage is tested during this measurement, make sure that switches, temperature regulators etc. are closed. Measuring voltage: 500 DC,

Limit Values Protection Category IEC EN 62353

PC l > 2 MΩPC lI > 7 MΩType CF applied part > 70 MΩType BF applied part > 70 MΩ

Insulation measurement is only valid if all of the circuits within the device are switched on.

Accessible, conductive parts must be contacted with the test probe in the case of protection category ll devices.

Important Notes

26


Device Leakage Current = Current in PE + Touch Current + Current from Applied PartsMeasurement of device leakage current may be performed either directly or by means of differential current in the case of devices for which it cannot be assured that all components subjected to line voltage are tested by means of equivalent device leakage current measurement, or if equiva-lent device leakage current measurement cannot be performed for other reasons.Leakage Current from the Applied Part

Measurement of leakage current from the applied part must be performed for type BF and CF devices:

In the case of type B applied parts, leakage current from the applied part is determined during measurement of device leakage current.

Note

Separate measurement of leakage current from type B applied parts only has to be performed if it’s specified by the manufacturer (see accompany-ing documentation).

In the case of type F applied parts, individual functioning of the applied part must be measured at all patient ports, for which the terminals have to be connected to each other or the procedure described by the manu-facturer must be followed.

When testing electrical medical devices with several applied parts, the applied parts must be connected, one after the other, and the limit values specified in the table must be complied with. Applied parts which are not included in the measurement must be left potential-free.

27

Permissible Values for Leakage Current

Amperage in µA

Device leakage current – equivalent measurement, passive (figure 3)Device leakage current for accessible, conductive parts of protection category I electrical medical devic-es whether or not they’re connected to the protective conductor

1000

Device leakage current for protection category II devices 500

Device leakage current – direct measurement or differential current measurement, active (figures 4 and 5)

Device leakage current for accessible, conductive parts of protection category I electrical medical devic-es whether or not they’re connected to the protective conductor

500

Device leakage current for protection category II devices 100

Touch current for accessible, conductive parts 100Leakage current from applied parts – equivalent measurement

(alternating current), passive (figure 6)

Amperage in µAApplied part

B BF CF

Leakage Current from the Applied Part – 5000 50Leakage current from the applied part – direct measurement

(alternating current), active (figures 7 and 8)Leakage current from applied parts (line voltage at the applied part) – 5000 50

See the figures on pages 36 and 37 in appendix 1.


28

Important Notes

Equivalent device leakage current measurement is only valid if all of the circuits within the device are switched on.

The limit value is dictated by the type of application part.

B =(body) BF = (body float) CF = (cardiac float)

IEC / EN 62353 does not contain any measuring methods or valid limit values for devices which generate alternating leakage current. In this case the manufacturer should provide specifications in the accompanying documentation.

Special requirements may render other leakage current values permissi-ble.

♥


29

Testing of arc welding equipment

Testing of arc welding equipmentIEC / EN 60974-4: Arc welding equipment – Part 4: Inspection and testing during operation and after repair (IEC 60974-4:2010)This part of lEC / EN 60974 specifies test procedures for inspection during operation and after repair in order to assure electrical safety. The test procedures apply to maintenance as well.

Tests to be conducted:

Periodic test RepairVisual inspection Visual inspectionProtective conductor resistance Protective conductor resistanceInsulation resistance or leakage current

Insulation resistance or leakage current

Open-circuit voltage test Open-circuit voltage testFunction test

Documentation Documentation

Continuity of the protective conductor The highest measured protective conductor resistance may not exceed 0.3 Ω for protection category I mains powered welding equipment, together with additional equipment (e.g. coolers), with a mains connection cable with a length of up to 5 meters.

In the case of cables which are longer than 5 meters, the permissible value for protective conductor resistance is increased by 0.1 Ω per 7.5 meters. The highest permissible value for protective conductor resistance is 1 Ω.

Measurements

Insulation resistanceMains power circuit to welding circuit Min. 5.0 MΩWelding circuit to protective conductor circuit Min. 2.5 MΩMains power circuit to protective conductor circuit (housing) Min. 2.5 MΩ

30

Testing of arc welding equipment

5 mA For devices connected by means of plug connectors with a rated value of up to and including 32 A

10 mA For devices connected by means of plug connectors with a rated value of more than 32 A

10 mA For permanently connected devices without special measures for the protective conductor

5% The rated value of input current per phase for devices intended for permanent connection with a heavy-duty protective conductor

Leakage Current – in the primary mains circuit (in the protective conductor)

Open-circuit voltage – list of open-circuit voltage from the welding circuit. The following voltages are measured:

Voltages specified on the rating plate or the peak value of open-circuit voltage at 5 KΩ, and in the case of voltage limiting devices making use of the load curve (5 KΩ … 200 KΩ) max. 113 V

U0 Open-circuit voltage

Ur Reduced voltage

Us Switched voltage

10 mA leakage current – from the welding circuit

31

Appendix 1 – DIN VDE 0701-0702 – Sample CircuitsExamples which occur in actual practice (devices under test and test/measuring instruments) have been selected in order to illustrate the measuring methods. Other applications are also possible, as long as the basic characteristics of the respective method are taken into consideration. Note: The illustrations apply analogously to multi-phase devices as well.

Key:1 Measuring direction2 Device under test3 Fuse or disconnection point4 Outlet5 N (neutral conductor), interrupted6 Measuring points: 6.1 Measuring point(s) at accessible, conductive parts which are connected to the protective conductor6.2 Measuring point(s) at accessible, conductive parts which are not connected to the protective conductor

7 Earth potential8 Insulated setup of the device under test9 Measurement cables:9.1 Measurement cable to the protective conductor and accessible, conductive parts which are connected to the protective conductor9.2 Measurement cable to accessible, conductive parts without grounding9.3 Measurement cable to active parts10 Possible ground connection11 Double or reinforced insulation

Protective conductor resistance measurementDevice with protective conductor and plug connection

Protective conductor resistance measurementDevice with protective conductor and permanent connection, as well as possible parallel connectionNote! Observe special measuring conditions.


32

Insulation resistance measurementDevice with protective conductor and plug connection

Insulation resistance measurement Device with protective conductor and permanent con-nection, as well as accessible, conductive parts which are not connected to the protective conductor

Insulation resistance measurementDevice with protective insulation and plug connection

Insulation resistance measurementDevice with SELV/PELV (protective extra-low voltage) and plug connection


33


Protective conductor current measurementDirect measuring methodDevice with protective conductor, plug connection and possibly additional bypass capacitance

Protective conductor current measurement:Differential current measurementDevice with protective conductor, plug connection and possibly additional bypass capacitance, as well as possible parallel connection

Insulation resistance measurementDevice with protective conductor and plug connection, as well as accessible, conductive parts which are not connected to the protective conductorMeasurement also at accessible, conductive sockets for SELV/PELV (protective extra-low voltage) (interface, connection socket for temperature sensor etc.)

Insulation resistance measurementDevice with safety transformer, verification of safety separation

34

Protective conductor current measurementEquivalent leakage current measuring methodDevice with protective conductor and plug connection

Protective conductor current measurementDifferential current measuring method with current clamp per IEC / EN 61557-13Device with protective conductor and permanent connection

Touch current measurementDifferential current measurementDevice with protective insulation, plug connection and accessible, conductive parts

Touch current measurementDirect measuring methodDevice with protective insulation, permanent connec-tion and accessible, conductive parts


35

Tests for electrical devices and medical devices

Touch current measurementDirect measuring methodDevice with protective conductor and plug connection, as well as accessible, conductive partsMeasurement at accessible, conductive sockets for SELV/PELV (protective extra-low voltage) as well (in-terface, connection socket for temperature sensor etc.)

Touch current measurementDirect measuring methodDevice with protective conductor, safety transformer and plug connection, as well as accessible, conductive partsMeasurement also at accessible, conductive sockets for SELV/PELV (protective extra-low voltage) (interface, connection socket for temperature sensor etc.)

36

Tests for electrical devices and medical devices

Measuring Circuit for Measurement of Device Leakage Current – Equivalent Measurement

Appendix 1 – EN 62353/DIN VDE 0751 – Sample Circuits

Measuring Circuit for Measurement of Device Leakage Current – Direct MeasurementThe examined device must be disconnected from protective earth.

Measuring Circuit for Measurement of Device Leakage Current – Differential Measurement

Protection Category I Protection Category II

Note 1: For protection category I electrical medical devices, it may be necessary to separately measure leakage current from exposed conductive parts which are not connected to the protective conductor. Note 2: Protection category I devices do not have to be disconnected from protective earth during measurement.As is also the case during operation, power pack switches have to be closed during measurement in order to include all insulation within the power pack in the measurement.If the measured value for equivalent measurement exceeds 5 mA, other measuring methods must be used.

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

37

Measuring Circuit for the Measurement of Leakage Current from Applied Parts – Line Voltage at Type F Applied Part – Direct Measurement

Measuring Circuit for the Measurement of Leakage Current from Type F Applied Parts – Equivalent Measurement

Measuring Circuit for the Measurement of Leakage Current from Applied Parts – for Devices with Integrated Power Supply – Direct Measurement

Protection Category I Protection Category II


Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

38

Appendix 1 – IEC / EN 60974-4 – Sample Circuits

Open-circuit voltage test

Differential current measurement Direct measurement

Primary leakage current measuring circuit

Leakage current from welding circuits


39

Software – Overview of Test Instruments

Type

PROF

ITES

TSE

CUTE

ST

SECUSTAR FM+

SECU

LIFE

MIN

ITES

T

METRISO C

METRISO G1000+

GEOHM CM

ETRA

INTRO

Master Series

SI-BC

PSI-BC

204

BASE 10

PRO

SIII +

S2N +W

PSI, SI, SI+

3PL

SECULIFE ST

SECULIFE SB

SECULIFE SR

PRO

MASTER

3P MASTER

Machine 439 / 5.4

Machine 204 / 2.5

Softw

are

ETC

nn

––

nn

n*

n*

nn

*–

n*

–n

nn

n–

n–

––

Repo

rt M

anag

er P

rof.

–n

nn

–n

n*

n*

nn

*–

n*

––

––

––

––

––

PC.d

oc-W

ord

/ Exc

el–

nn

nn

nn

nn

nn

nn

–n

nn

n–

nn

n

PC.d

oc-A

cces

s–

nn

nn

nn

nn

n*

nn

n–

n–

–n

–n

nn

Elek

trom

anag

er–

nn

nn

nn

nn

nn

nn

–n

nn

n–

nn

n

PS3

–n

nn

nn

nn

nn

nn

n–

––

–n

––

nn

GMST

–n

––

–n

n*

n*

nn

*–

n*

–n

––

––

––

––


40

METRATESTER 5+

METRATESTER 5+3P


METRATESTER 5+Instrument for Testing the Electrical Safety of Electrical Equipment per DIN VDE 0701-0702

Especially well-suited for testing after repairs.

SECUTESTBASE, PROThe Test Instrument for Electricians This test instrument is used for quick and safe testing of devices and arc welding equipment after repair and maintenance, or on the occasion of routine testing in accordance with DIN VDE 0701-0702, EN 62353.DIN EN 60974-4 (VDE 0544-4)

SECUTESTBASE, PROThe Test Instrument for Service Technicians

10 Programmable Test Sequences Up to 10 test sequences can be creat-ed by the user and made available in the test instrument. Comprehensive Report Functions Unique multiple measurement permits convenient recording of several measuring points. Test reports can be generated directly via an optional printer or a USB memory stick at the USB port.

41


SECULOAD Test AdapterIn combination with a multimeter or a Secutest test instrument, the test adapter is used for testing welding units in accordance with EN 60974-4:2007.This standard stipulates that peak values for open-circuit voltage may not exceed the limit values, regardless of the utilized settings.

AT 3-III E Test Adapter

Internationally unique: Portable test instrument add-on for safety measure-ments at 3-phase power consumers with automated measuring sequence in accordance with the standards.

The mobile adapter is intended for the performance of measurements and testing at electrical devices and extension cables.

Testing of single and 3-phase con-suming devices and extension cables in combination with external SECUT-EST S-II and S-III test instruments.

Additional protection during testing of defective devices with integrated residual current monitoring and shutdown

Function test for automatic shutdown by pressing a self-test button

Prevention of short-circuits and blown mains fuses during testing thanks to pre-testing stage

Automatic adaptation to the program selected at the SECUTEST-Sxx test instrument with transfer of measured values Testing of protective conductor resistance, insulation resistance, equivalent leakage current, dielectric strength, differential current and touch current in combination with SECUTEST SII and SIII

AT3-IIIAdapter for Testing 3-Phase Current Consumers and Extension Cords in Combination with SECUTEST Safety Testers

Secuload Test Adapter

42

Digital-Multimeters (DMM)A multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions into a single unit, and is used primarily to measure electrical quantities. The measurement standards of the PTB in Brunswick (German Federal Institute of Physics and Metrology) are used as comparative quantities for our multimeters This is

confirmed by means of a DAkkS calibration certificate. Multimeters included in the METRAHIT series are rugged, reliable DMMs with housings made of impact resistant plastic, and are equipped with unique, patented automatic blocking sockets (ABS). They feature an ultramodern design and are equipped with state-of-the-art technology.

Important Notes

To measure means to compare a known quantity with an un-known quantity.

Digital Multimeters

43

Measuring Categories per IEC 61010-1

0 Measurements in electrical circuits which are not directly connected to the mains – no measuring category

e.g. batteries etc.

CAT II Measurements in electrical circuits which are directly connected to the low-voltage mains

Via plug, e.g. in household, office and laboratory applications

CAT III Measurements in the building installation

Stationary consumers, distributor terminals, devices connected permanently to the distributor

CAT IV Measurements at power sources for low-voltage installations

Meters, mains terminals, primary overvoltage protection devices

Measuring Categories per IEC 61010-1

0

CAT lI CAT lI

CAT llI

CAT lV

44

IP Protection Categories and their MeaningsProtection Category Overview per IEC 60529

Firstcode

character

Protection againstforeign object ingress

Secondcode

character

Protection againstwater

0 Not protected 0 Not protected

1

Protection against ingress of foreign objects with a diameter of: > 50 mm

1Protection against vertically dripping water

2Protection against ingress of foreign objects with a diameter of: > 12.5 mm

2Protection against vertically dripping water with a 15° inclination (IP 20)

3Protection against ingress of foreign objects with a diameter of: > 2.5 mm

3 Protection against spraying water with inclinations of up to 60° (IP 33)

4Protection against ingress of foreign objects with a diameter of: > 1 mm

4Protection against splash-ing water(IP 54)

5 Dust protected 5 Protection against jet water. (IP 65)

6 Dust-proof 6 Protection against powerful jet water (IP 66)

7 Protection against occa-sional submersion (IP 67).

8

Protection against continu-ous submersionAn additionally entered number indicates the maximum submersion depth in meters. (example: IP 68-3)

9K

Protection against very intensive jet water (high-pressure steam jet cleaners for motor vehicles)

IP Protection Categories

45

Resolution: ±6000 digits, 36/7-place 4 connector jacks with automatic blocking sockets (ABS) DAkkS calibration certificate included Illuminated display with analog bar graph Automatic/manual measuring range selection Voltage measurement – basic accuracy: ±0.5% (VDC) Power saving circuit Rubber holster for harsh conditions

METRAHITUniversal & InternationalMultimeters

METRAHIT2+

•••••••••

36/7-Place TRMS Digital Multimeter with Analog Scale for All Fields of Electrical EngineeringTRMS VAC or AACVoltage: 100 µV – 600 V DC / V ACCurrent: 10 µA – 10 A DC / A AC (16 A, 30 sec.)Resistance: 0.1 Ω – 40 MΩTemperature: – 50.0 °C ... + 400.0 °C, type KContinuity and diode testingMin-Max measured value storage and DATA holdIP 40 protectionMeasuring category: 600V CAT III

METRAHITWORLD

••••••••••••

36/7-Place Universal TMRS Digital Multimeterwith Analog Scale for Use in All Areas of Electri-cal Engineering, Especially at the International LevelTRMS VAC or AACVoltage: 100 µV – 1000 V/ DC / V ACCurrent: 10 µA – 10 A DC / A AC (16 A, 30 sec.)Resistance: 0.1 Ω – 40 MΩPrecision temperature measurement (-50 ... +800 °C)Frequency measurement (max. 1 MHz)Capacitance measurement, rotary speed measurementOverload and blown fuse indicatorsBidirectional IR interfaceMin-Max measured value storage and DATA holdContinuity and diode testing, IP 40 protectionMeasuring category: 1000V CAT III / 600V CAT IV

Digital Multimeters

46

METRAHIT A SeriesTRMS System Multimeters

Resolution: ±12,000 digits, 4½-place 3 connector jacks with automatic blocking sockets (ABS) DAkkS calibration certificate included Large, illuminated display with 15 mm character height TRMS AC/DC function Voltage measurement – basic accuracy: ±0.05% (VDC) Automatic/manual measuring range selection Automatic measured value storage Measuring categories: 1000 V CAT III and 600V CAT IV

METRAHITX-TRA

••

• ••

•

•

23 multimeter functionsDirect current measurement: 10 nA ... 10 A, 16 A intermittentlyTemperature measurement with Pt100(0) res. sensorsBroad range capacitance measurementFrequency and duty cycle measurement for 2 ... 5 V signals up to 1 MHzData storage (15,000 measured values) and bidirec-tional IR interfaceProtection: IP 54

METRAHITTECH

••••

20 multimeter functionsDirect current measurement with enhanced accuracyBroad range capacitance measurementIP 52 protection

METRAHITPRO

••

•

16 multimeter functionsAlternating voltage measurement with reduced input impedance (low impedance, 1 MΩ)1 kHz / -3 dB low-pass filter can be activated

METRAHITBASE

••

•

12 multimeter functionsCurrent measurement with current clamp sensors, trans-formation ratio adjustable from 1 mV:1 mA to 1 mV:1 AIP 52 protection

Digital Multimeters

47

METRAHIT E SeriesTRMS System Multimeters

Same as METRAHIT A Series plus Resolution: ± 60,000 digits, 46/7-place IR interface for system integration Automatic storage of measured values Communication with a PC by means of METRAwin10 software Measuring categories: 1000V CAT III and 600 V CAT IV

METRAHITEXTRA

••

•••

•

26 multimeter functionsDirect current measurement: 10 nA ... 10 A, 16 A intermittentlyTemperature measurement with Pt100(0) res. sensorsBroad range capacitance measurementFrequency and duty cycle measurement for 2 ... 5 V signals up to 1 MHzData storage (16 MBit / 64,000 measured values)

METRAHITESPECIAL

•••

•

•

21 multimeter functionsSpecial multimeter for connection to current transformersWithout fuse link in order to prevent any danger due to interruption of transformer circuitsAdjustable transformation ratio with automatic calcu-lation of the current valueLow-pass filter can be activated for voltage measure-ment at frequency converters (1 kHz / -3 dB)

METRAHITETECH

••

•

23 multimeter functionsAdjustable clamp factor for measurement via current clamp sensors and transformersBroad range capacitance measurement

METRAHITEBASE

••

15 multimeter functionsCurrent measurement with current clamp sensors, transformation ratio adjustable from 1 mV:1 mA to 1 mV:1 A

Digital Multimeters

48

METRAHIT E SeriesTRMS System Multimeters

METRAHITENERGY

The portable METRAHITENERGY

multimeter acquires power and energy consumption, as well as standby consumption (even with values of less than 1 W), harmonics and power quality.•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Power measurement (W, VAr, VA, PF): Active, reactive and apparent energy, mean power value with adjustable observation period including maximum value Power quality analysis: Recording of over and undervolt-age, dips, swells, voltage peaks and transients in 0, 50 and 60 Hz systems Harmonic analysis: RMS values and distortion components up to the 15th harmonic at 16.7, 50, 60 and 400 Hz Special measuring functions: Crest factor (CF), conduc-tivity (nS), low impedance (RSL), duty cycle (%), cable length (km) The instrument is fully remote controllable without activat-ing the rotary switch or changing sockets. Large measurement data memory for up to 300,000 measured valuesIP 52 protection

Digital Multimeters

METRAHITENERGY DC Power Set

The DC Power Set includes a METRAHITENERGY,

a current sensor and a measuring shunt for powerand energy measurements at systems with current of up to 1250 A DC, e.g. photovoltaic systems.

49

METRAHITCOIL

•••••

•••

4¾-place multimeter, insulation tester and motor coil tester for service applications for measuring and testing electric machines, e.g. industrial trucks with asynchronous motors and generators with external excitationTRMS VAC or AAC Voltage: 100 µV – 600 V DC Current measurement: 10 µA – 10 A Insulation resistance measurement: 3 GΩ Short-circuited coil detection with 1000 V DC test voltage by comparing motor coil decay time Data logger for up to 15,400 measured values Measuring category: 600V CAT IIIIP 54 protection

METRAHIT27 EX

•••••••••

4¾-place multimeter for potentially explosive atmospheres – for measuring low-value contact resistance in explosive atmospheres, e.g. at contacts inside aircraft fuel tanks (bonding test), as well as for all low resistance measurements, e.g. aircraft outer skins (lightning protection and wick test)Prototype test certificate: INERIS 05ATEX0040 Measuring range: 30 mΩ, 300 mΩ, 3 Ω, 30 Ω Resolution: 10 µΩ DATA hold memory: 1200 measured values Bidirectional calibration interface Min-Max measured value storage and DATA hold Ex designation: Ex II 2 G Ex ia IIA T4 Gb IP 54 protection Measuring category: 50 V CAT I

METRAHIT S-SERIESTRMS System Multimeters

Digital Multimeters

50


METRAHITISO TRMS Insulation Multimeter

Field instrument for mobile servicing of household appli-ances, machines, industrial trucks and other applications•••

•••••

30 multimeter functions Resolution: ± 30,000 digits, 4¾-place Insulation resistance measurement with interference voltage detection Current, temperature and voltage measurement Test voltages: 50 V, 100 V, 250 V, 500 V, 1000 V Display: 3-place, 3100 digits, illumination can be activated Internal, mains-independent power supply Housing with IP 54 protection – dust and splash protected

METRAHITT-COM plus Cable Multimeter

Measurement of symmetrical copper cables in the field oftelecommunications••

•••••••••

25 multimeter functions Interference-resistant capacitance and cable length measurement Simultaneous connection of a, b and E Resolution: ± 3000 digits, 3¾-place Insulation resistance measurement (test voltage: 10 V, 100 V) Interference voltage detection, polarity reversal (diode test) Cable symmetry testing by means of rapid terminal switching Low-pass filter can be activated: 200 Hz / -3 dB Direct current measurement: 100 nA ...1 A Precision temperature indication Analog display: linear or logarithmic for insulation measurement

Digital Multimeters

51

Digital Multimeters


METRAHITIM XTRA

Unique Combination – All-in-One:Multimeter and Milliohmmeter, Insulation Measurement, Coil Tester•

••••••••••

•

4-wire Kelvin measurement with 200 mA and 1 A, measur-ing range: 0.001 mΩ ... 30 ΩVDE 0413-4 R low measurement: 0.1 mΩ ... 30Ω at 200 mA VDE 0413-2 insulation resistance ... 3 1 GΩ at 50 ... 1000 VDAR and PI measurementShort-circuited coil test with 1000 VMultimeter (V, A,Ω, F, Hz, %, RPM, ºC/ºF)TRMS 100 kHzMeasuring categories: CAT III 1000 V / CAT IV 600 VISO probe with start and store keysBluetooth and WIFI interfacesModular power supply concept:Quick-change rechargeable battery, mains module, induc-tive rechargeable batteryIP 52 protection

52

METRAHITOUTDOOR TRMS System Multimeter

The multimeter has been specially designed and manu-factured to meet the challenges faced by engineers and technicians in adverse environments.••••••••

23 multimeter functions Resolution: ± 12,000 digits, 4½-place Extremely rugged and shock resistant Special rubber holster IP 65 protection against dust and water Patented, sealed blocking sockets Data logging function (15,000 measured values) Temperature measurement with Pt100/1000 sensors and type K thermocouples (including internal reference junction)

METRAHITUltra BT

The Precision Multimeter withBluetooth and TRMS measurement •••• •

•••

••

TRMS AC and AC+DC up to a bandwidth of 100 KHz Resolution: 310,000 digits, triple display with illumination Accuracy: 0.02% Direct-current measurement: 1 nA to 16 A Internal data memory for up to 300,000 measured values with date and time (sampling intervals as of 0.5 ms) Option: Integrated Bluetooth interface Standard: IR interfaceMETRALOG APP as measured value logger and remote display for Android smartphones and tablets Fully remote controllable without activating the rotary switch Measuring categories: 600V CAT III and 300 V CAT IV


Digital Multimeters

53

Type

MUL

TIM

ETER

MET

RAHI

TM

ETRA

port

Calib

rato

r

EBASE

ETECH

X-TRA / EXTRA

SECULIFE HIT

ESPECIAL

OUTDOOR

T-COM / plus

ISO / ISO@Aero

ENERGY

ULTRA

2 plus

WORLD

ONE Plus

22S/M

23/24/25S

26S/M

29S

30M

12-18 S / I / T / U

27M/I

27H+E CAR

32S/XS

40S

3A

METRACAL MC

CAL

28C / 28C Light

18C

Softw

are

METR

Awin1

0/Hi

tn

nn

nn

nn

nn

n–

–n

nn

nn

nn

nn

nn

–n

–n

–

METR

Awin

90-2

––

n–

––

––

nn

––

–n

nn

nn

––

––

––

nn

nn

METR

Awin

90 F

nn

nn

nn

––

––

––

–n

nn

nn

n–

––

––

––

––

METR

Awin

90 FJ

––

––

––

––

––

––

–n

nn

n–

––

––

––

––

––

LabV

IEW dr

ivers

*n

nn

nn

nn

nn

n–

––

––

––

––

––

–n

–n

––

–

* A gr

eat v

ariet

y of P

C-aid

ed co

ntrol

and t

est a

pplic

ation

s can

be se

t up w

ith th

e Lab

VIEW

softw

are pa

ckag

e from

Nati

onal

Instru

ments

, the

wor

ld’s l

eadin

g log

-gin

g and

analy

sis so

ftware

for m

easu

remen

t data

. The

drive

rs pe

rmit t

he fo

llowi

ng fu

nctio

ns w

ith La

bVIEW

and V

ISA: R

ead-

out o

f mom

entar

y (liv

e) me

asur

ed

value

s and

units

of m

easu

re, as

well

as m

easu

remen

t data

files

for s

uppo

rted D

MMs a

nd ca

librat

ors,

and c

omple

te co

ntrol

of the

MET

RACA

L MC

calib

rator.

La

bVIEW

drive

rs are

avail

able

as fr

ee do

wnloa

ds fr

om th

e Inte

rnet.

METRAHit Software

METRAHit Software

54

Notes

Notes

55

Notes

Notes

56

Notes

Notes

57

Notes

Notes

58

Notes

Notes

Part 2 - gossenmetrawatt.com · Measurements for Initial and Periodic Testing 29 - 30 Gossen...

Documents

Transcript of Part 2 - gossenmetrawatt.com · Measurements for Initial and Periodic Testing 29 - 30 Gossen...