Part 01: Proposal and Overview - A MarketPlace of Ideas...Part 01: Proposal and Overview Dual...
Transcript of Part 01: Proposal and Overview - A MarketPlace of Ideas...Part 01: Proposal and Overview Dual...
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Part 01: Proposal and Overview
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Dual Modulus Prescaler Using Current Mode Logic
Goals •2.5 GHz Operation •8/9 Dual Modulus •0.18uM BSIM 3 Model
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D Flip Flop Schematic
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Merged NOR for faster circuits
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Synthesizer Block Diagram
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Part 02: Initial Efforts
•LTSPICE with MOSIS 180nM SPICE model
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D Latch Schematic
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D Flip Flop Schematic
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•Latch Out •D FET Out •D FET Source •Input 500MHz •Tail Gate V •Tail Drain V
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Latch Current Switching
Current from Clk- alternates flow through latch transistors NOTE: 2 clock cycles required for valid data to show up on D flip flop output divider circuit
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CML Gate Examples
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Logic Implementation Example
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And Nand Or Nor Topology Design
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Part03: Analysis of CML Bias / Design / Logic Levels
•Differential pair input range
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Strong Inversion Diff Pair Input Range
Specific
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From Page 253 Galup/Schneider
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High Diff Pair Common Mode of Output
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Common Mode Limits •Assume transistors to be in saturation under all conditions •Lower differential pair – Upper limit on common mode
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Common Mode Limits
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Common Mode Limits: Bottom Pair Lower differential pair – lower limit on common mode
101011 TDSsatMDSsatMCM VVVV
Putting it all together we can see the common mode of the lower pair can not be the same as the upper pair
satMCMmCMmTDSsatMDSsatM VVVVVV 3310101011
Thus when driving the lower differential pair a level shifter is required.
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Output Swing Limit
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In order to maintain saturation: See: Ref #1.P35, #3
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Part 3A: Hand Design: Things we need
• Signal FETs L – Minimum length for maximum speed
• Signal FETs W – Simple low frequency analysis using interface criteria
• Current Source FET – L, W
• Tail Current – Assume a nominal value and optimize performance
• Swing
• Load Resistance
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Hand Design Swing, Signal FET W & L • As previously cover swing should be on the order of Vt
• Choose 0.6V
• Calculate required width of signal FET using inversion level required to have full current drive + gate over drive
• Use gate over drive of 0.300V to insure adequate input drive.
• Thus Vid=~0.300V
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Since Ispecific of unit width = 1uM is ~2uAmp use W=2uM (See Appendix 1 for extraction of MOSFET parameters Vt, Ispecific and n the slope factor
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Hand Design: Output == Input
Resistive Loads
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Hand Design: Current Source Tail MOSFET
•Assume tail Vds = 0.350V well into saturation region •Assume Ltail = 10 x Lmin for the tail impedance to be large compared to signal FET
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Hand Design MOSFET Summary
• Signal FET Width = 2uM
• Signal FET Length=0.065uM ( Minimum )
• Tail FET Width = 10uM
• Tail FET Length=0.66uM
Increasing Tail FET width & Length will probably more than this will probably run against increasing capacitance and not provide more benefit.
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Part 04: Simulation: D Flip Flop in IBM 65nm
• MOSIS: IBM-Fishkill 65nm SPICE FILE
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D Flip Flop Optimization
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Optimization Parameters
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Slow 200MHz Waveforms to see the transients
•Minimum time to start divider is 1 rising + 1 falling edge •The glitches are at clock cross over where there is a tail current spike •Vswing=0.6V •Fin=200 MHz
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Operation At 2.5 GHz
•Vswing=0.8V •Fin=2.5GHz •Divider start up takes more time clock cycles than 200MHz. •Startup does not appear to be affected by swing once above a certain level
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D Flip Flop Optimization
• Power is independent of frequency
• Power is independent of swing
• Power consumption = Vdd * Itail * NumTails
• Output waveform had better rise time for lower swing – However did not work when used with higher assembly
• Changes in signal MOSFET widths resulted in small changes in rise time – Going to Wt = Wm = 1u might be slightly better.
– Much narrower or much wider resulted in worse rise times
• Works over -40 to +80 C
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Part 5: Block Build Up
Modulus = 8/9 Prescaler ( See Ref 5 )
•2/3 Prescaler •D Flip Flop in /2 configuration •3 input OR gate
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Sub-block: Modulus 2/3 Prescaler
•D Flip Flop in /2 configuration with merged AND gate •2 input OR gate
See Ref 6
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Sub-block: Modulus 2/3 Prescaler – Schematic
•AND gate is merged into FF3 sub block •3 input OR gate is not merged
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D Flip Flop with Merged AND gate
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Block : 3 Input OR gate
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Block : 2 Input OR gate
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Modulus = 8/9 Prescaler Schematic
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8/9 Prescaler with MOD=9
•Input Frequency = 2500MHz
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8/9 Prescaler with MOD=8
•Input Frequency = 2500MHz
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Input Differential Amplifier •Diff Amp with MOSFET differential amplifiers –BiCMOS would be much better according to the papers. To square up the input signal requires too many stages with MOSFETs •Same current tail MOSFET dimensions were tried but did not work well. Simulation suggested a much smaller set of dimensions •You need at least 2 stages to get a nice flat top and bottom. This is because the 3.3 V rail gives good limiting. With signal inversion both top and bottom of signal end up flattened.
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CML to CMOS Converter
•Same MOSFET dimensions for differential pair and level shifters – same reasoning. •Requires level shifters on the diff pair input float the source and drain voltages down to accommodate the input of the CMOS inverter •1st Inverter is not fully driven and a second stage is required •Rload=7.5 •Itail=400uAmp – higher current required to get the drop without increasing R too much
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Behavioral Schematic
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Behavioral Simulation
•Traces: Prescaler Out, Modulus Control, Fin=2500MHz •Prescaler feeds /2 counter that controls the modulus input of the prescaler •Division ratio thus alternates between /8 and /9 for each pulse out of the prescaler •Works good at this frequency
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Operational Envelope
•Frequency Limit: 5GHz @ 25 deg C => dual modulus stops working •4GHz worst case over -40 to +80 deg C
•Input signal magnitude: 50mV pp @ 25 deg C •Supply Voltage over -40 to +80 deg C
•Minimum=3V •Maximum=3.5V
•Power consumption = Vdd * Itail * NumTails = 5mW total •Temperature Range: -40 to 110 deg C with
•Vpp-in=0.2V •nom Vdd • Fin=2500MHz
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NMOS Specific Current of W=1uM,L=Lmin MOSFET
•Ispecific = 2uAmp Curves are: Vgate, Idrain, gm/Id •Vt=0.650 •N=1.6 slope factor
Appendix 01
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Appendix 02: Early Voltage
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Signal FET: W=2uM, L=Lmin
With Vdrain 0.350V or greater Rdrain=~13kOhm
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Tail FET: W=10uM, L=10*Lmin
Rdrain=85kOhm @ 0.350 V
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References
1. High-Speed CMOS Dual-Modulus Prescalers for Frequency Synthesis by Ranganathan Desikachari
2. An Analysis of MOS Current Mode Logic for Low Power and High Performance Digital Logic by Jason Musicer
3. Video: lecture 6 - Current mode logic - Basic circuit design Nagendra Krishnapura - IIT Madras
4. CMOS Analog Design Using All Region MOSFET Modeling : Page 253, 254 ( Galup & Schneider ) - Diff pair input range
5. Frequency Dividers - Professor Jri Lee
6. Design of a 5.8 GHz Multi-Modulus - Prescaler Vidar Myklebust