Park Hall Academy History Department -...

History GCSE Paper 2: Topic 3

Anglo-Saxon & Norman England

Revision Booklet

ObjectivesBronze: To describe what happened to the Indians and the White people over the time period. Try and tell the story. (Grades 1-4)

Silver: To identify problems that occurred between the Indians and the White people over the time period. Explain why the problems occurred and what they resulted in. (Grades 5-6)

Gold: To identify the significance of events and what their long and short term impacts were. How did events influence American Government policy? (Grades 7-9)

Your name: ……………………………………………………………………………………You target grade: ………………………………………………………………………

THIS REVISION BOOKLET IS VERY SIMPLE. IT IS DESIGNED TO HELP YOU UNDERSTAND THE SIMPLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN

EVENTS. YOU WILL NEED TO DEVELOP THIS FURTHER WITH MORE DETAILS NOTES IN ORDER TO PASS.

What is in this guide?

Topic revision list: what do you need to know? ... page xxA simple story of what happened … page xxKey events and people from the revision list … page xxChallenge knowledge questions … page xxPractice questions ... page xx

TOPIC 2 REVISION LIST: WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?

Key topic 1: Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest, 1060–66

Anglo-Saxon society Monarchy and government

o The power of the English monarchyo Earldomso local government o the legal system

The economy and social systemo Towns and villageso The influence of the Church

The last years of Edward the Confessor and the succession crisis The house of Godwin

o Harold Godwinson’s succession as Earl of Wessex o The power of the Godwins

Harold Godwinson’s embassy to Normandyo The rising against Tostig and his exileo The death of Edward the Confessor

The rival claimants for the throne The motives and claims of

o William of Normandyo Harald Hardradao Edgar

The Witan and the coronation and reign of Harold Godwinson. Reasons for, and significance of, the outcome of the battles of

o Gate Fulfordo Stamford Bridge

The Norman invasion The Battle of Hastings Reasons for William’s victory

o the leadership skills of Harold and Williamo Norman and English troops o Norman and English tactics

Key topic 2: William I in power: securing the kingdom, 1066–87

Establishing control The submission of the earls, 1066. Rewarding followers and establishing control on the borderlands

through the use of earls. o The Marcher earldoms.

Reasons for the building of castles

o their key features o importance

The causes and outcomes of Anglo- Saxon resistance, 1068–71 The revolt of Earls Edwin and Morcar in 1068. Edgar the Aethling and the rebellions in the North, 1069. Hereward the Wake and rebellion at Ely, 1070–71.

The legacy of resistance to 1087 The reasons for and features of Harrying of the North, 1069–70.

o Its immediate and long-term impact, 1069–87. Changes in landownership from Anglo-Saxon to Norman, 1066–87. How William I maintained royal power.

Revolt of the Earls, 1075 Reasons for and features of the revolt. The defeat of the revolt and its effects.

Key topic 3: Norman England, 1066–88

The feudal system and the Church The feudal hierarchy.

o The role and importance of tenants-in-chief and knights. o The nature of feudalism

Landholding Homage knight service labour service

o Forfeiture. The Church in England

o its role in society and relationship to government, the role of Stigand the role of Lanfranc.

o The Normanisation and reform of the Church in the reign of William I.

The extent of change to Anglo-Saxon society and economy.

Norman government Changes to government after the Conquest.

o Centralised power and the limited use of earls under William I. o The role of regents.

The office of sheriff and the demesne. o Introduction and significance of the ‘forest’.

Domesday Book and its significance for Norman government and finance.

The Norman aristocracy The culture and language of the Norman aristocracy. The career and significance of Bishop Odo.

William I and his sons

Character and personality of William I and his relations with Robert.o Robert and revolt in Normandy, 1077–80.

William’s death and the disputed succession. o William Rufus and the defeat of Robert and Odo.

A SIMPLE STORY OF WHAT HAPPENEDxxxx.

KEY EVENTS AND PEOPLE FROM THE REVISION LIST

Event/ Person Description

Edward the Confessor

Harold Godwinson

Tostig

William of Normandy

Harald Hardrada

Edgar

The Witan and the coronation


The Battle of Gate Fulford

The Battle of Stamford Bridge

The Battle of Hastings

The revolt of Earls Edwin and Morcar, 1068

Edgar the Aethling

Hereward the Wake

Ely Rebellion, 1070–71

The Harrying of the North, 1069–70


The Revolt of the Earls, 1075

The Feudal System

Stigand

Lanfranc

Bishop Odo

Robert Curthose

William Rufus

CHALLENGE KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONS

No Question Answer

1 Who was the king of England before Harold?

2 Where was Harald Hardrada king of?

3 Name three of Harold Godwinson’s brothers.

4 What was a burh?

5What was the name for a ‘free farmer’ in Anglo-Saxon England?

6List the four main claimants to the English throne after Edward died in January 1066.

7 Who won at Gate Fulford?

8 Who won at Stamford Bridge?

9Name a tactic used by William at the Battle of Hastings.

No Question Answer

10

Two of Harold’s brothers died with him at the Battle of Hastings. What were their names and where were they earls of?

11Who did the Witan first name as king after Harold’s death?

12Where did William receive the submission of the earls?

13 Name the three Marcher earldoms.

14Name three features of a motte and bailey castle that made them difficult to attack.

15Who escaped back to Scotland after the revolt of Edwin and Morcar?

16 What did Harrying of the North involve?

17Name three ways in which land was transferred from Anglo-Saxons to Normans.

18Name the three earls who plotted against William in 1075.

No Question Answer

19What happened to each of the three earls after their revolt was defeated?

20Who was in charge in England at the start of the Revolt of the Earls?

21‘Land held by a vassal in return for service to a lord’. Which key term is that the definition for?

22 How many days a year was knight service for?

23 What was a relief?

24

Stigand was accused of pluralism and simony – which one of these was about appointing people to top Church jobs in exchange for money?

25 What was the demesne?

26Describe two features of the role of a Norman sheriff.

27In what year did William order the Domesday Book to be produced?

No Question Answer

28What language replaced English for written documents in Norman England?

29

Outline three key characteristics of William I’s personality that help explain the success of the Norman Conquest.

30 What relation was Robert Curthose to Odo?

PRACTICE QUESTIONS(ET) = Taken from the Edexcel Textbook(HT) = Taken from the Hodder Textbook(PRG) = Taken from the Purple Revision Guide(SAM) = Sample Assessment Materials from the Exam Board

“TWO FEATURES” QUESTIONS

Describe two features of: the social system of Anglo- Saxon England. (ET) Anglo-Saxon society (HT) earldoms in Anglo-Saxon England. (ET) towns in Anglo-Saxon England. (ET) Anglo-Saxon law and order. (HT) the power of the Godwin family (HT) William of Normandy’s claim to the English throne. (HT) Harold Godwinson’s embassy to Normandy. (HT) the Battle of Stamford Bridge (HT) William’s preparations to invade England (HT) the Anglo-Saxon army at the Battle of Hastings (HT) William’s army at the Battle of Hastings. (HT) William’s leadership at the Battle of Hastings (HT) William’s troops at the Battle of Hastings. (ET) motte and bailey castles (HT) Hereward the Wake’s rebellion in 1070–71 (HT) the Harrying of the North (PRG) William’s rewards to his Norman followers. (HT) the rebellions in the North, 1069. (ET) the Revolt of the Earls in 1075. (ET) Norman government. (ET) Feudalism (HT) the feudal system. (HT) knight service (PRG) Lanfranc’s reforms of the English Church (HT) the Forest Laws (HT) Domesday Book (HT) the culture of the Norman aristocracy (HT) the career of Bishop Odo (HT) William I’s settlement of the succession in 1087 (HT) the rebellion against William Rufus in 1088 (PRG)

“ EXPLAIN WHY” QUESTIONS

Explain why there was a rising against Earl Tostig in 1065. You may use the following in your answer:

the Danelaw taxation

You must also use information of your own. (ET)

Explain why there was a succession crisis after the death of Edward the Confessor. You may use the following in your answer:

Normandy the Witan.


Explain why there was a disputed succession to the English throne when Edward theConfessor died. You may use the following in your answer:

the wealth of Anglo-Saxon England Harold Godwinson

You must also use information of your own. (HT)

Explain why there was a disputed succession to the English throne when Edward the Confessor died. You may use the following in your answer:

Edward’s lack of an heir The embassy to Normandy (1064)

You must also use information of your own. (PRG)

Explain why Earl Harold of Wessex became king of England in 1066. (HT)

Explain why King Harold lost the Battle of Hastings. (HT)

Explain why William won the Battle of Hastings. You may use the following in your answer:

knights tactics


‘The main reason William of Normandy won the Battle of Hastings was his superior leadership skills.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:

Norman tactics The battle of Stamford Bridge.


Explain why motte and bailey castles were built throughout England. (HT)

Explain why castles were important in securing Norman England, 1066–87. You may use the following in your answer:

The Marcher earldoms Motte and bailey


Explain why William created the Marcher earldoms. You may use the following in your answer:

protecting the borders rewarding followers.


Explain why changes in landownership made resistance to Norman control less likely after 1071. You may use the following in your answer:

tenants-in-chief thegns.


Explain why William was able to become king of England after the Battle of Hastings. (HT)

Explain why Lanfranc made changes to the Church in England. (HT)

Explain why changes took place in Anglo-Saxon society and economy after 1066. (HT)

Explain why Robert of Normandy rebelled against his father in 1077–80.

Explain why the rebellion against William Rufus in 1088 was settled.

Explain why William Rufus was able to defeat the rebellion of 1088. You may use the following in your answer:

Bishop Odo the Church in England.


Explain why Bishop Odo lost power in 1082. You may use the following in your answer:

tenant-in-chief the Church


“HOW FAR” QUESTIONS

‘The main reason why there was rivalry over the throne in 1066 was because Edward the Confessor did not have a son.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)

The main consequence of the Norwegian invasion of England in 1066 was that there was no English army to stop William of Normandy’s army landing in England.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)

‘The main reason for the English defeat at the Battle of Hastings was superior Norman tactics.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:

the feigned retreat the shield wall.


‘The main reason for the defeat of Hereward’s rebellion was King William’s leadership.’Do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)

‘The main reason for the Harrying of the North was to prevent another Danish invasion’.How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:

Robert Cumin Danelaw.


‘The main consequence of Anglo-Saxon resistance 1068–70 was an increase in Norman control of England.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:

The Harrying of the North Hereward the Wake.


‘William’s strategy for ruling England had failed by 1070’. How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:

the submission of the earls the Harrying of the North.


‘The main consequence of the Normanisation of England was that the king became more powerful’. How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:

the feudal system Archbishop Lanfranc.


‘The main reason William I was able to keep control of England in the years 1066–75 was because of his ferocious punishments of rebels.’ How

far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:

changes in land ownership motte and bailey castles


‘The main significance of the Domesday Book was financial’. How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:

invasion threats the geld tax.


‘Of all the changes the Normans made in England, the most important was the change to the Church’. How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:

Lanfranc the feudal system


‘The main threat to Norman control of England was Viking invasion.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:

Edwin and Morcar The rebellion at Ely, 1070–71


It was changes in landholding that did the most to secure Norman control of England.How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:

tenants-in-chief forfeiture


‘The main consequence of changes in government after 1066 was that the king had more power than his Anglo- Saxon predecessors.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)

The main consequence of religious reforms was that English cathedrals were all rebuilt.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)

‘The main consequence of the appointment of Lanfranc as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1070 was an increase in cathedral building.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:

Archbishop Stigand monasteries


‘The main consequence of William I’s decisions about the succession was that William Rufus inherited the English crown.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)

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