Parents’ Travel Mode Choice for Their Children’s Leisure Trips -The Role of Trust Maria...
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Parents’ Travel Mode Choice for Their Children’s Leisure Trips
-The Role of Trust
Maria JohanssonEnvironmental Psychology Unit
Lund Institute of TechnologyBox 118 SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
E-mail: [email protected]
Research Question
To what extent is parents’ motives of travel mode
choice to their children’s leisure activities due to
environmental factors and how much is it related
to parental factors?
A Model of Human-Environment Interaction
Küller, 1991, 2004
The Theoretical Departure
BASIC EMOTIONAL
PROCESS
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES
ACTIVITIES
TRAVEL MODE CHOICE
Child’s leisure trips
REC
UR
REN
T VA
RIA
TION
BASIC EMOTIONAL
PROCESS
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES
ACTIVITIES
TRAVEL MODE CHOICE
Env trust
Interpersonal trust
Need of protection
Attitude towards travel mode
Demographics & resources
Child’s leisure trips
REC
UR
REN
T VA
RIA
TION
Traffic environment
Walk & cycle paths
Maintenance
Sense of community
CHILD´S
Age, gender & maturity
Participants
Parents of 357 children aged 8-11 years
m=9:6 years, 177 girls and 180 boys
86% of the households owned at least one car
Procedure
• Parental questionnaire
• One-week travel diary for children’s trips
• Expert assessments of the physical environment in 14 neighbourhoods
Collected Data
ITEMS RESPONSE FORMAT INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Child Age, gender Maturity 5 4-point Likert scale, strongly disagree-strongly agree Physical environment
Expert assessments of 14 neighbourhoods
Quality of traffic env Quality of walk and cycle paths Maintenance Social environment Sense of community in neighbourhood
6 8 6
6
4-point Likert scale 4-point Likert scale 4-point Likert scale 4-point Likert scale
Parent’s individual resources Socio-demographics
Age, gender, edu, income level, access to car etc.
Environmental trust 4 4-point Likert scale Trust in road users 4 4-point Likert scale Trust in strangers 4 4-point Likert scale Need of protection 5 4-point Likert scale Environmental concern 1 4-point Likert scale Attitude towards leisure activities 1 Disagree/agree DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Attitude towards travel mode 9 7-graded semantic scales Travel mode choice One week travel diary
Lund, Gunnesbo
Lund, Klostergården
Lund, Landskapsgatorna
Malmö, Söderkulla
Malmö, Eriksfält
Malmö, Fågelbacken
Dimensions of Trust1. Trust in strangers
M=1.86, SD=.73, Cronbach’s alpha=.85
2. Trust in road usersM=1.74, SD=.64, Cronbach’s alpha=.76
3. Environmental trust M=1.90, SD=.66 Cronbach’s alpha=.63
Attitude scale Factor I Factor II Factor III Child is given a ride in a car
.90
Child gets lift as part of carpool scheme .89 Child takes a bus with adult .63 Child takes bus on his/her own .69 Child cycles on his/her own .78 Child walks on his/her own .78 Child walks with friends/siblings .57 .51 Child cycles with adult .83 Child walks with adult
.74
Proportion of total variance (66.05) 24.11 22.97 18.97
Parents’ Attitudes Towards Travel Modes
Children’s Travel to Leisure activities
83% of the children had made trips to organised leisure activities (M=4 trips per week).
50% of the destinations were located within or close to the neighbourhood.
92% of the destinations were located within the city.
71% of the trips, the parent had decided upon the travel mode.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Indepedenttravel
Adult company
Motorisedtransport
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Indepedenttravel
Adult company
Motorisedtransport
Attitude towards travel modes for children’s trips
Travel mode choice for children’s leisure activities
Explaining travel mode choiceby environmental and parental factors
Explaining Travel Mode Choice to Leisure Activities with
Environmental and Parental Factors
BASIC EMOTIONAL
PROCESS
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES
ACTIVITIES
- Attitude towards indepedent travel
+ Access to cars
Child’s leisure trips
MOTORISED TRANSPORTS
- Quality of traffic environment
BASIC EMOTIONAL
PROCESS
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES
ACTIVITIES
+ Attitude towards indepedent travel
-Trust in road users
-Access to cars
Child’s leisure trips
INDEPENDENT TRAVEL
+ Quality of traffic environment
A Positive Attitude Towards Independent Travel
+ Environmental trust
+ Child’s age
+ Trust in road users
- Parent’s need of protection
•Children have very little influence on the choice of travel mode for their leisure trips.
•Parents express a favourable attitude towards motorised transports and children frequently travel by car to their leisure activities.
•Continue the efforts to improve the traffic environment.
•Target the parents’ attitude towards independent travel.
Conclusions