PARC Services
description
Transcript of PARC Services
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PARC Services
PARC services support capacity-building, knowledge-sharing andlearning opportunities.
PARC services include providing:information on physical activity consultation on physical activity issuesassistance in the preparation of workshops and meetingsreview of physical activity-related materialstraining for physical activity promotersmanaging physical activity programs
PARC Pre-Congress session 2010 International Congress on Physical activity
Visit www.parc.ophea.net Sign up for our listserv
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Dr. Michelle F. Mottola, Ph.D. FACSM Director,
R. Samuel McLaughlin Foundation –
Exercise and Pregnancy Laboratory
University of Western Ontario
London, Ont. N6A 3K7
Special thanks to:
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Purpose of Workshop
1. To educate & inform women (& men) about the importance of physical activity during and after pregnancy
2. To increase understanding of PARmed-X for Pregnancy
3. To increase knowledge of current research in the area of physical activity and pre/post pregnancy
4. To discuss with others ways to promote and disseminate this information
5. To provide an opportunity to ask specific questions, and learn and share with other workshop participants about existing successful programs
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• Historical guidelines for exercise during pregnancy
• PARmed-X for Pregnancy
• Research Evidence
• Exercise guidelines
• Safety considerations
• Community resources
Prenatal physical activity
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Prior to 1985 Exercise Guidelines
for women did not exist.
REST!
In the Past
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1985 ACOG (American College of Obstetrics & Gynecology) suggested heart rate should not go over 140 beats per minute
1994 ACOG Ignored heart rate; Replaced with common sense guidelines
2002 ACOG Ignored heart rate; Replaced with exercise on all days of week!
In the Past
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CSEP & Health Canada (1996; Revised 2002; 2009)
PARmed-X for pregnancy
(Physical activity readiness, medical
prescreening & exercise prescription)
- written for physician/midwife or health care
professional to increase communication
Authors: L.A. Wolfe, Queens & M.F. Mottola, Western
Canadian guidelines for active living during pregnancy
**Joint SOGC/CSEP Clinical Practice Guideline 2003**
Davies et al. 2003; www.csep.ca
** Endorsed by the ACSM – Oct Bulletin 2004
** Endorsed by the CASM – March 2008 – Position Statement
** Used by PARC (OPHEA) – Goodlife Fitness (CANFitPro)
** Used by Middlesex-London Health Unit + Other Health Units
www.csep.ca
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CSEP & Health Canada (1999)
Active Living During Pregnancy
Physical activity guidelines for mother & baby.
Author: Angela Kochan-Vintinner (Eds. Wolfe & Mottola)
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Previously sedentary women with healthy pregnancies can safely start an exercise program in the second trimester
Women with low risk pregnancies can continue mild to moderate activity throughout
Mild to moderate aerobic activity within the Canadian guidelines (PARmed-X for Pregnancy) is considered safe
Muscle conditioning activity with necessary precautions is also considered safe (consult with a physical activity specialist )
Summary of Canadian Guidelines
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(Physical activity readiness, medicalprescreening & exercise prescription)
• Written for physician/midwife or health care professional
Authors: L.A. Wolfe, Queens & M.F. Mottola, Western
PARmed-X for Pregnancy
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• 4 page document
• current history of pregnant women & occupation
- list of contraindications to exercise
- absolute, relative
- Aerobic conditioning guidelines
F. (frequency) 3- 4 times /week
I. (intensity) target HR zones
T. (time) 15 up to 30 minutes
T. (type)
- Muscle conditioning guidelines & precautions
- Safety considerations & reasons to consult a physician/midwife/health care professional
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Mottola et al. 2006 – Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. – new zonesVO2peak Prediction and Exercise Prescription for PregnantWomen. 38(8):1389-1395.
Target Heart Rate Zones:20-29 yearsFit – 145 – 160 beats/minuteUnfit – 129 - 144 beats/minute
30-39 yearsFit – 140 – 156 beats/minuteUnfit – 128 – 144 beats/minute
Age Heart Rate<20 140-15520-29 135-15030-39 130-145*heart rates if active
Heart Rates
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Mottola et al. 2006 – Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. – new zonesVO2peak Prediction and Exercise Prescription for PregnantWomen. 38(8):1389-1395.
New Target Heart Rate Zones Based on Age & Fitness:
Age 20-29 years Target Heart Rate Based on FitnessLow 129-144Active 140-155Fit 145-160
Age 30-29 years Target Heart Rate Based on FitnessLow 128-144Active 130-145Fit 140-156
New Target Heart Rates
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• Current guidelines present THR zones of 60-80% of max aerobic capacity -PARmed-X for Pregnancy
• These women may not be capable of exercise at this intensity• The ACSM (2005) suggest overweight and obese women initiate an
aerobic exercise program of 20 to 39% of VO2reserve
• Must be medically pre-screened• Target heart rate zones based on age:
• 20 to 29 years = 102 – 124 bpm; • 30 to 39 years = 101 – 120 bpm
For Overweight & Obese Pregnant
Women?
Davenport, Charlesworth, Vanderpank, Sopper & Mottola 2008. Appl Physiol Nut Metab 33: 984-89.
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Pregnancy is time when many women change
to a healthier lifestyle
improve eating habits quit smoking stop alcohol use moderate caffeine consumption receptive to learning new info want to be good parents and do the best for their baby think about active living
Promotion of Physical Activity During Pregnancy
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Most common advantages• Exercise improves mood
• Increases energy and stamina
Most common normative influences – (influence of people
that have an impact)• Family members and children
• Not physicians!
Most common advantages and influences
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Physical limitations
Tiredness/fatigue
Time limits
Weight gain
Barriers to obstructing exercise
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• help you and baby gain proper amount of weight
• reduce discomforts such as, backaches, leg cramps, constipation,
bloating, and swelling
• Improve mood, energy level and feelings about appearance
• Strengthen muscles and improve blood flow
• Improve sleep
• Help you have an easier, possibly shorter labour
• Help you recover from delivery & return to a healthy weight faster
Benefits of Regular Physical Activity
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• Helps control blood sugar
• Improves heart and lung health
• Promotes health lifestyle for family
& children through role modeling
More benefits
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• Benefits of being active during pregnancy
• Guidelines available for exercise during pregnancy (www.csep.ca)
• Identify barriers to being active and ways to overcome them
• Assistance in social support (health care providers, family
involvement, transportation, safety issues, facilities, subsidized
community programs)
Needs for Pregnant Women
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1. Choose moderate activities unlikely to cause injury, such as, walking (most popular), aqua aerobics, swimming, yoga, or a stationary bike
2. Stop exercising if you feel tired, or are overheated
3. Drink plenty of water
4. Wear comfortable clothing that fits well and is supportive
5. Stop exercising if you feel dizzy, short of breath, pain in your back, swelling, numbness, sick to your stomach, or if your heart is beating too fast or at an uneven rate
6. Stop exercising if you have vaginal bleeding
7. Eat a well-balanced diet
8. Avoid center of gravity shifts
9. Avoid lying on your back for long periods of time
Safety Considerations
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• Muscle conditioning activities – check out cupboard!!
• Increase steps taken per day –
park farther away; take stairs
• Rake leaves; cut grass
• Gardening
• Play with kids!
Other Ways to Promote Active Living
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• Exercise education should be incorporated into pre
and post natal care.
• Importance of education and social support.
• Include babies & child care in programs
• Include PAR Q for Pregnancy in information packages
along with brochures on what activities are safe
Prenatal Education
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Where to go for additional information?
Courses/classes
Reading materials
Community Resources
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Some new research – the obesity link
Pregnancy link to obesity in mother and offspring
Risk factors for childhood obesity
Obesity prevention better than treatment??
Fetal Imprinting and maternal environment
Maternal Lifestyle during pregnancy
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[Flegal et al. JAMA 2002; 288:1723-7].Prevalence of Obesity in the U.S:
30% of adults above 20 years age are now obese 60 million people!! 9 million children or teens are overweight!!
Health issues:• affects all organ systems• risk factor for hypertension• type 2 diabetes• cardiovascular mortality• dementia
Some new research – the obesity link
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1. increased morbidity
2. adult obesity
3. related adverse metabolic and
cardiovascular problems
4. dyslipidemia tracks from childhood into adulthood
Childhood Obesity
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Katzmarzyk PT. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2002. Katzmarzyk PT. Obesity, 2008
200459% - OW23% - OB
Prevalence of Obesity in Canada
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Adapted from Ritenbaugh C, Kumanyka S, Morabia A,
Jeffrey R, Antipatis V. OITF 1999
International National/regional Community Individualfactors factors factors factors
Marketglobalizat
ion
Industrialization
Media and marketing
Educational policies
Transportation policies
Urbanization policies
Health policies
Food policies
Family policies
Cultural policies
Publictransportation
Safety
City planning
Food availability and accessibility
Media and advertising
Income
Occupation
Leisure
Sports activities
Genetic
Energyexpenditure
Food intake
Food
BodyimageEconomic policies
Travel
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Cover page of The Economist, December 13-19th, 2003.
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• Women in reproductive years
• Pregnancy – excessive weight gain
• Post partum – excessive weight retention
• Menopause
• Adolescent females
Populations at risk for weight gain:
WOMEN
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Obesity/overweight increases risk for Gestational Diabetes (GDM) about 17%
Maternal ObesityUp to 40%1 in 6 – obese1 in 3 - overweight
(Linne 2004)
National Geographic 2004
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Among women of childbearing age, one
potential pathway for obesity development
is excessive pregnancy weight gain and
post partum weight retention
Pregnancy link to Obesity?
National Geographic 2004 Siega-Riz et al. 2004. Nut Rev 62:S105-11
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• No exercise – Watching T.V. (sedentary lifestyle)
• Overweight/obesity;
• Body Mass Index – Weight/Height2 (BMI>25; >30kg/m2)
• GDM in previous pregnancy
• History of Large Babies > 9 lbs
• Family History of Diabetes
• Age
• Ethnicity – Aboriginal, Hispanic, South Asian, African
Risk factors for GDM…..
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• Type 1• Later in life (type 2) • Large babies at risk for obesity which
is a risk factor for diabetes
Vicious Circle!!!
Offspring …..
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• Higher birth weight predicted increased risk
of overweight in adolescence
• Born to a mother with GDM
• Lower birth weight associated with later risk for central
obesity
• Obese mother/ father
• Family life – overeating & sedentary lifestyle
Risk Factors for Childhood Obesity:
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• Infants who were fed breast milk or who were breast fed
longer had lower risk of overweight in adolescence
• WHO breast fed at least 6 months Exclusively!!
• Parental feeding patterns
• Parental activity patterns
• Obese mother – obese child
Influence on early post-natal life
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• Obesity prevention – begin very early in life?
• Obese preschoolers associated with
pre-pregnancy BMI of mother
• Children of obese mothers twice as likely
to be large for gestational age at birth
• Large for gestational age babies more likely
to be obese preschoolers
Whitaker 2004 Pediatrics
Obesity prevention better than obesity
treatment??
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• Prevalence of obesity in children doubled over past 2-3 decades
• Appears to be accelerating
• Obesity & overweight are risk factors for type 2 diabetes
• Type 2 diabetes is no longer an adult disease – happens to younger
population including children
• Interventions (treatments) aimed at school age kids – TOO LATE!!
• PREVENTION!!!! EARLY YEARS??
Need Obesity prevention better than obesity treatment?? Title?
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Prevention vs. treatment??
Intervention times?
• before conception
• during pregnancy
• early years of child’s life
Impact of maternal & child health on current
obesity epidemic
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Causes:- input vs output- accelerated body weight gain- genetics; metabolic problems- excessive weight gain during
pregnancy & weight retention- fetal programming?
EATING HABITS
ACTIVITY
Awareness: Living in Balance
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• diabetes during pregnancy • maternal glucose transferred to the fetus • large for gestational age infant• fat cell size and number determined in late pregnancy• risk of offspring for obesity and type 2 diabetes
• small for gestational age infants• inadequate maternal nutrition esp. protein• more at risk for central or truncal obesity• fat cell size and patterning early post natal life• problem with cardiovascular risk
Oken & Gillman, 2003 Obesity Res
Programming evidence:
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- Assumption of patterning- Stimulus at critical
period of development has lasting effect
Trouble on both sides of the birth weight spectrum• in utero environment has profound effect on lifelong health• higher birth weight = higher BMI• lower birth weight = higher BMI
Oken & Gillman 2003; Catalano 2006
BMI
Birth Weight
Fetal Origins of Obesity:
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BMI
Birth Weight
Mismatch
- under-nutrition fetal environment
- catch-up growth postpartum – rapid weight gain
- abdominal obesity
- large babies
- large adults
Birth weight/fat deposits
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FetalProgramming??• Growing evidence that prenatal
environment impacts on chronic
disease risk in infant• increased fat mass accompanied
by glucose intolerance; insulin
resistance; diabetes; CV problems
National Geographic 2004
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Birth Canal
HighInsulin
Baby Low Blood Sugars
High Sugars
Overworked pancreas
Fat Deposits
At Birth
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Maternal ingestion of “junk
food” (heavily processed,
hyper-energetic) during
pregnancy and lactation
may increase junk food
preference of the offspring
and may increase the
propensity for offspring
obesity.........
Rat Study (Bayol et al. 2007):
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In high-risk groups, GDM is
considered a significant initiating
factor in the type 2 diabetes/obesity
epidemic and thus prevention may
lead to decreased rates of type 2
diabetes in successive
generations!!
(Dyck et al. 2002)
GDM
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If we restore the balance, can obesity and diabetes be prevented in future generations??
EatingHabits
Activity
Rat Study (Bayol et al. 2007):
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fruit
cheese
steak
burrito
pasta potatobutter
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1954 2004
1955
1900
1916
2004
1950’s
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How can we make a difference in infancy?
How can we make a difference during
pregnancy??
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SUPINEBLOOD FLOW MAY BE
RESTRICTED
STANDINGNO RESTRICTION OF
BLOOD FLOW
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
Position of Uterus against Inferior Vena
Cava
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NORMAL DIASTASIS RECTI
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Correct Posture in standing position
Keep the neck straight and the chin held upLift up through the chest cage
Keep the shoulders back; do not round shoulders forward
Be careful of (posterior pelvic tilt)Bend the knees slightly
Distribute the body weight on both feet
NEUTRAL PELVIC
ALIGNMENT
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Daily activity before program:Pedometer Count: 5825.4 ±1794
Tudor-Locke & Bassett 2004
< 5000 Sedentary
5000 - 7499 Low Active
7500 - 9999 Somewhat Active
10,000 Active
>12,500 Highly Active
Steps/day Activity Index
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• based on pedometer steps• 25 min/session; 3-4 X week• 2880±297 steps• add 2 min/wk until 40 min• 4854±559 steps• target HR ~ 118±6.8 bpm
5800 + 4800 = 10,300 steps per day (end of program)
Blood sugars monitored once per week – pre & post exercise with
glucometer
Davenport et al. 2008 Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 33:511-7.
Walking Program:
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Capillary sugar – pre exercise (43 observations)One hour after eating = 7.8 ± 1.4 mmol/lCapillary sugar – post exercise5.3 ± 1.1 mmol/LWalking may help prevent insulin injections & help control capillary blood sugars
Walking effect on blood sugars?
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EXERCISE
PREGNANCY
EVIDENCE-BASEDGUIDELINES!!!
RESEARCH QUESTIONS??
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Rediscovering the “M” in “MCH”:
maternal health promotion after
childbirth
The science and practice of health
promotion after childbirth is less well
developed except for breast
feeding and family planning
Walker LO, Wilging S. JOGNN 2000;29:229-236
Activity - Postpartum
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Reduce the risk of developing
heart disease, obesity and other
lifestyle-related diseases.
Improve women’s health and
well-being in the immediate
postpartum period.
Why should we promote health in the postpartum?
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• Post-partum women who exercised during pregnancy can maintain their fitness levels at 2 months post delivery
• At 2 months post-partum, active women have lower resting blood pressure than active non-pregnant control women
• Major activity is walking up to 60 minutes with/without stroller by 2 months post-partum
• Most appear to have no problem with breastfeeding by 2 months post-partum
Summary of Preliminary Data
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• Guidelines exist for exercise
during pregnancy, but relatively
little attention has been given to
exercise in the postpartum
period, and specific guidelines
for exercise in the postpartum
period are essentially nonexistent.
Guidelines
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Regular physical activity essential to the health of women throughout
their life-span.
Benefits of exercise in the
postpartum period
Improved fitness
Less urinary stress incontinence
Less lactation-induced bone loss
Less postpartum weight retention
Improved psychosocial well-being
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Barriers
Women are less likely than men to participate
in vigorous, regular exercise.
Exercise may be further compromised by
pregnancy and recovery from childbirth
Other barriers….
Downs & Hausenblas 2004. J.
MidwiferyWomens Health 49:138-44)
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? others ?
Barriers to activity for new moms
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Better understanding of
women’s health promotion in
the 1st postpartum year is an
essential step in addressing this
neglect in maternal health.
Barriers to activityfor new moms
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Influence on early post-natal life
• Infants who were fed breast milk or who were breast
fed longer had lower risk of overweight in adolescence
• Parental feeding patterns
• Parental activity patterns
• Obese mother – Obese child
• Maternal influence as care-giver
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• Rapid resumption of activities has no adverse effects,
but a gradual return to former activities is advised
• Medical Screening – PAR Q Med X for pregnancy:
www.csep.ca to download four page document
• Guidelines are the same for adult as for pregnant or
postpartum woman: from Canada’s Physical Activity
guide www.paguide.com
Guidelines form American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
for exercise during postpartum period, 2003
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• Many physiological and morphological changes
remain from four to six weeks after delivery
• Is very individual – some women can begin back as
soon as two days after birth
• Hormones fluctuate leading to body imbalances
Exercise in postpartum period
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• Important to continue breastfeeding
• Obese women tend to breastfed less often and shorter
duration
• Best to nurse before exercised to avoid discomfort
from engorged breasts.
• Avoids potential problems with increased acidity of
milk secondary to any build up of lactic acid
Activity & breastfeeding
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Kegel exercises
Pelvic tilts
Shoulder rotations
Half crunches
Walking
What feels right for new mom
Important exercises
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Using baby for post-natal activities
Using baby as resistance tool (carefully!!)
Have fun interacting with baby when doing push-ups(Active Living During Pregnancy, CSEP, 1999)
Examples of post-natal muscle
conditioning exercises
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• Return to being active after pregnancy
has been associated with decreased
postpartum depression
• Only if exercise is stress relieving and
not stress provoking
BJ Sports Medicine 2003 :37
Returning to activity
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We want to hear from you.
Do you have any programs, resources to share?
Add to our resource package.
Programs and Learnings “from the
field”
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• Discuss ways to implement the learnings
from the workshop into programming that
you already do.
• Are there any ideas for new programs that you
could create?
• What are some ways to overcome some of the
barriers to being active?
Group Work
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Thank you for your attention and participation –
we value your feedback!
Evaluation time
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www.ophea.net/parc - soon
to be http://parc.ophea.net
Louise Daw
PARC Consultant
519.646.2121
PARC’s contact information: