Parasitology Comprehensive Tables

8/12/2019 Parasitology Comprehensive Tables

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2009 Perry Altman, Mark Tuttle

$iclosamide of cysts with -g$+>

TAPEWORMS .

+L/0ES:

Diphyllobothrium latum Fasciola hepatica / Paragonimus

westermani

Cercarial dermatitis

English Name ?ish 7apeworm 9iver ?luke (sheep) / 9ung fluke @ird 4chistosomes (?luke)

Mode of transmission and the

infective form

Improperly cooked fish with larval stage

2leurocercoid larvae

Encysted cercariae (metacercariae) on

water plants/crabs/etc are eaten&

Cercariae directl infectvia skin

Life Ccle Indirect

o #e eat fish with larvae in

them adult forms in our gut we shit out

proglottids/eggs

Indirect herma$hrodite

o 9iver% adult in bile duct

eggs/feces go to water larva

infects snail snail releases

cercariae that encyst on

plants/crabs/etc we eat these

o 9ung% same e'cept adult

is in lung so see eggs in sputum or

feces (ie, if sputum is swallowed)

Indirect se$arate se,es

+emale !"in Male canal

o Involves mollusks and

water birds humans accidental

hosts for cercariae

Migration !"in #umans 9arva matures into tapeworm in small

intestine 7akes about > months

Can grow ABm long (largest humantapeworm)

9iver% larvae hatch in small

intestine and penetrate !I wall

disseminate into blood, migrate toliver and penetrate capsule go to

biliary duct

9ung% same thing but end up in

lung cavity

?ail to form functional

schistosomulum

"ie in skin

inflammation0

#o! is $atholog $roduced% D will get megaloblastic (pernicious)

anemia from vitamin @A uptake by strobila

@iliary obstruction

7raumatic hepatitis if severe

infection

4evere dermatitis is caused when

the cercariae die in the skin causing an

inflammatory reaction&

&iagnosis ' #hat sample1 #hat is

seen1 2roglottids/eggs in feces .nembryonated eggs in feces

Eosinophilia

4evere dermatitis w/skin scraping

showing cercariae

&efinitive host -ny fish eating carnivore (humans) Humans and other mammals #ater @irds ; sort of humans (dead6end)

(ntermediate host)s* Copepod (water flea)?ish #ater snail #ater snail

+orm transmitted from human to

ne,t host

Eggs hatch in water and are ingested by water

flea, which are then eaten by fishEggs in human feces hatch8iracidium

penetrates snail

Humans are dead6end hosts

-eogra$hical foci !reat lakes, 4candinavia and @altic 3egion #orldwide #orldwide especially !reat 9akes region

Treatment"Prevention $iclosamide 2ra*iuantel 2ra*iuantel


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+L/0ES: Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma japonicum Schistosoma haematobium

English Name @lood ?luke @lood ?luke @lood ?luke

Mode of transmission and

the infective form


(hyaluronidase virulence factor)





Life Ccle

Indirect se$arate se,es +emale !"in Male canal(continues for

years0)

-dult in mesenteric veins eggs/feces go to

water larva infects snail snail releases cercariae

they infect us via skin ; disseminate

Indirect se$arate se,es +emale !"in Male canal(for

years0)

4ame as S. mansoni

Indirect se$arate se,es +emale !"in Male canal(for

years0)

-dult in bladder veins eggs/feces

go to water larva infects snail snail

releases cercariae they infect us via skin

; disseminate

Migration !"in #umans 2enetrates skin

physiological/morphological change into

schistosomulum (cercaria loses tail fresh H+ to

salt H+ glycolysis to fermentation tegument

takes up human -gs for evasion)@lood

9ung9iver veins

4chistosomulum feeds on plasma and

eventually mates in the liver as an adult

4ame as S. mansoni 4ame as S. mansonie'cept bladder veins

instead of mesenteric veins

#o! is $atholog $roduced% Eggs released in mesenteric veinsmigrate

to intestinallumen (proteases help migration)

BD of eggs will deposit into tissues and

die causing chronic fibrosis of organs/blood

vessels

2ortal/pulmonary hypertension, ascites,

esophageal varices (which can rupture)

4ame asS. mansoni

Eggs released in bladder veins

migrate to 1ladderlumen (see hematuria

early)

BD of eggs will deposit into tissues

and die causing chronic fibrosis of organs

and blood vessels

@ladder fibrosis, obstructive

uropathy, renal failure/carcinoma

&iagnosis ' #hat sample1#hat is seen1

"eposited egg w/in feceso Lateralspine

Eosinophilia

9iver .ltrasound

"eposited egg w/in feceso Nospine

Eosinophilia

9iver .ltrasound

"eposited egg w/in urine(; somein feces)

o Terminalspine

Eosinophilia

&efinitive host Humans ; #ater @irds Humans ; #ater @irds Humans ; #ater @irds

(ntermediate host)s* #ater 4nail #ater 4nail #ater 4nail

+orm transmitted from

human to ne,t hostEggs from human waste hatch in water 8iracidia

released infects mollusk 4ame as S. mansoni 4ame as S. mansoni

-eogra$hical foci 4outh/Central -merica, -frica, Caribbean 4E -sia 7ropical -frica, 8iddle East


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Treatment"Prevention 4anitation snail reduction reducing carrier

population (cause a lot of spread0)

Eosinophils ; other cell6mediators

IgE/-/! low worm load all help F target%

schistosomulum

2ra*iuantal

4anitation snail reduction

reducing carrier population (cause a

lot of spread0)

Eosinophils ; other cell6

mediators IgE/-/! low worm load

all help F target% schistosomulum

2ra*iuantal

4anitation snail reduction reducing

carrier population (cause a lot of spread0)

Eosinophils ; other cell6mediators

IgE/-/! low worm load all help F

target% schistosomulum

2ra*iuantal


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NEMATO&ES: Enterobius vermicularus / Trichuris trichiura scaris lumbricoides Trichinella spiralis

English Name 2inworm / #hipworm -scarias 7richinosis


the infective form

Ingestion of eggs from scratching/dust or

auto6infection if eggs hatch and enter

rectum/vagina (rare)

-scaris egg (embryonated form not fresh

ones) is ingested

Eating undercooked meat

encysted with larvae

Life Ccle "irect life cycle se$arate se,es "irect life cycle se$arate se,es "irect life cycle in mammals

se$arate se,es

Migration !"in #umans 2inworm%

o Ingested eggs hatch in small

intestine

o 8igrate to colon and mature

into adult

o ?emale lays eggs on perianal

skin

o Eggs are infectious

(embryonated) after G6hr

#hipworm%

o 4ame, e'cept eggs deposited

into feces

o Eggs take >6Gwk to be

embryonated0

o +ccurs easiest in warm, sandy

soils

9arvae hatch in small intestine

penetrate !I wall@lood9iver

Heart9ungsemerge into

alveoli

8igrate up tracheaesophagus

swallowedmature into adults0

o (-uto6infection)

Eggs take 6>wk to become

embryonated

9arvae ingested penetrate columnar

epithelium of small intestine and become

adultsrelease more larvae

7hese larvae penetrate lamina propria

@lood9ymph7issues4keletal

muscleencyst in a $urse cell for years

9arvae that dont reach muscle will die

and cause inflammation

#o! is $atholog $roduced% 4evere perianal itching from irritationof eggs

8ay be asymptomatic

#hipworm% high intensity infections

anemia, bloody diarrhea rectal prolapse0

9arval migration% pneumonitis

and liver enlargement

-dults% !I obstruction

-berrant migration% peritonitis

Canine ascaris % eye and brain

inflammation visceral larva migrans

o Humans are wrong host

larva diesinflammation

Intestinal (Awk)% nausea, vomiting,

diarrhea

E'traintestinal (ndwk)% myalgia

(muscles invaded), other organs invaded,

petechiae (@s)

Ig! -b response w/eosinophilia due to

larval migration to tissues (peaks in > rdwk

as larvae encyst)

o ?ever and myalgiahost

response

o 2etechial hemorrhages

blood vessel migration of larvae


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7/16


o -dults live in lymph

nodes, skin

o 8icrofilariae in tissues

supporting eyeinflammation

blindness


seen1 @iopsy leading edge of skin rash

Eggs of hookworm in feces (not

diagnostic of species)

Eosinophilia

3habditiform (rod6shaped) larvae

in feces

No eggs in feces2

4tring test% string in !I, larvaeattach, remove ; analy*e

E9I4-

Wuchereria% -g blood test (great)

-ll others% microfilariae in blood

o 8ust test at time

mosuitos were biting (often atnight)

&efinitive host Human Human Human

(ntermediate host)s* Human Human (; nonhuman mammal reservoirs) 8osuito ector


ne,t hostEggs9arva (in soil) 9arva (in soil, or auto6infect) 8icrofilariae

-eogra$hical foci 4&E& .4 ; 7ropics 7ropics IndoChina 7ropics

Treatment"Prevention 4anitation wearing shoes

8ebenda*ole

Iron and itamin 4upplement

7reat anemia

4anitation wearing shoes

7hiabenda*ole

-lbenda*ole ; Ivermectin

Ivermectin

"iethylcarbama*ine

Brugiahave endosymbiotic

bacteria that can be targeted

PROTO3OA: Plasmodium #$alciparum% viva% ovale% & malariae' Trypanosomiasis brucei#gambiense/rhodesiense'

Trypanosomiasis cru(i

English Name 8alaria -frican 7rypanosomiasis, 4leeping

4ickness, $agana "isease

-merican 7rypanosomiasis Chagas

Mode of transmission

and the infective form

4pread by femaleAnophelesmosuito carrying

sporo*oites

-lso blood transfusion, I needles, or congenital

E'tracellular flagellated proto*oa

(trypomastigote) spread by

7setse ?ly bite

Intracellular flagellated proto*oa (trypomastigote)

spread by

3eduviid bug (kissing bug) bite

-lso eating uncooked food with contaminated feces

blood transfusion/transplants labs-lso transplacental or during birth

Life Ccle Indirect life cycle

o Mos4uito% !ametessporo*oites

o #uman% 4poro*oites

mero*oites

Indirect 9ife Cycle

o Tsetse +l% 9ives

in gut

o #uman% 3eplicates

in @ody ?luids

Indirect 9ife Cycle

o Reduviid 1ug% 9ives in gut

o #uman% 3eplicates in tissues

(released into blood)

Migration !"in

#umans Egestion of sporo*oites from mosuito

hepatocytes

Hepatocytes release mero*oites3@Cs

(chronic)

?orm gametocytes4ucked up by

mosuitos

7rypomastigotes replicate

by binary fission in various body

fluids blood, lymph, C4? and

meninges

7rypomastigotes invade various cells at site of

infectionmorph into amastigotes

-mastigotes replicate by binary fission in the

body tissuesmorph into trypomastigotes

released into blood Invade more tissues, cycle repeats


8/16


#o! is $atholog

$roduced% 9ysing of 3@Cs by the mero*oite stage&

Vivax/Ovale% immature 3@Cs w/&uff Ag

o 3elatively benign flu6like

symptoms

o Can be dormant in liver and

relapse even after blood is cleared of

mero*oites

alariae% mature 3@Cs

o Noliver involvementnorelapses

!alciparum% any 3@Cs

o Noliver involvementno

relapses

o -nemia (due to hemolysis)

o Capillary plugging due

hemolysis results in cerebral/placental

malaria ; renal failure

o Induces 2fE82A adhesive protein

on 3@Cs for seuestration (evasion) clogs

capillaries by binding platelets/other 3@Cs(rosetting)

o -ntigenic variation to evade -b

defenses

o 4ickle cell heteros (Hb-4) are

protected

T.b. gambiense%

Initially an inflamed nodule

7rypanosomes constantly

display different antigens

Inflamed lymph nodes

fever, myalgia, arthralgia

Inflammation of the C$4 ;

meninges progresses as

trypanosome spreads

2rogresses to sleeping

sickness (also lethargy,

retardation, hemiplegia, etc)

T.b rho"esiense%

4imilar to above, but more

virulent, severe, and fatal&

9ymphadenopathy is

uncommon

C$4 invasion occurs early

9ittle chronicity vs&

gambiense

-symptomatic, acute, or chronic

Chagoma% erythematous ; indurated area at

site of bite

o ?ollowed by rash/edema around eyes

and face (3omaJas 4ign)

-cute%

o Commonest/severest in children

o .sually C$4 involved

o ?ever, chills, myalgia, fatigue, etco 2arasites in blood sparse for KAyo

pts

o Either recovery, death, or

chronicity

Chronic%

o 2roliferation and spread to viscera

o >BD develop mega6syndrome%

hepatosplenomegaly, myocarditis, enlargement

of esophagus ; colon& @/c dead nerve cells

dont control growth&

o

8egacardia ; meningoencephalitiso "estruction of tissues is thought to be

an automimmune reaction

8ultiple 7/@6cell evasion strategies0

&iagnosis ' #hat

sample1 #hat is seen1 2eripheral @lood smear for malarial forms

o Vivax/Ovale% single ring forms

(immature tropho*oite in 3@C), or swollen

3@C w/up to G mero*oites

o !alciparum% multiple ring forms

(immature tropho*oites in 3@C) banana6

shaped gametocytes -b testing (some cross6reactivity)

2C3 test for malaria genome

@lood smears, lymph

aspirations, C4? may all show

e'tracellular parasites (larger

than 3@C)

#interbottom 4ign% swollen

lymph nodes on posterior neck

4erology

-cute% blood smear should show parasites

Chronic% organisms leave blood, so use biopsy

of viscera

4erology

&efinitive host 8osuito ector Humans and Hoofed 8ammals Humans and Hoofed 8ammals

(ntermediate host)s* Human 7setse ?ly 3eduviid @ug

+orm transmitted

from human to ne,t

host

!ametes 7rypomastigote 7rypomastigote

-eogra$hical foci $ot the .4 or #estern Europe&

7ropical forfalciparum&

T.b. gambiense% #est/Central -frica

T.b. rho"esiense% East -frica

Central and 4outh -merica, 4ome 4outhern .&4&-&

Treatment"Prevention !alciparumF meflouine

-ll others F chlorouine

4uramin (does not cross

blood6brain barrier)

$one reallyL try nifurtimo' for acute

$o vaccine


9/16


2rimauine for hypno*oites

$o vaccine

8elarsoprol for C$4

involvement

$o vaccine

PROTO3OA: Tooplasma gondii Entamoeba histolytica )iardia *ntestinalis

English Name 7o'oplasmosis -mebic "ysentery !iardia


the infective form

+ocysts passed from feline feces ingested by

human7achy*oites

-lso transplacentally ; via transfusions(rarely)

Cyst is ingested usually from unsaniti*ed water

?ecal6oral oral6anal

-lso se'ual transmissioncutaneous amebiasis

Cyst is ingested usually from unsaniti*ed

water

?ecal6oral oral6anal

Life Ccle Indirect 9ife Cycle

o Cat% +ocysts in cat feces&

8ust mature in soil before it becomes

infective0

o #uman% +ocysts

7achy*oites@rady*oites

"irect 9ife Cycle (can be indirect via

flies/cockroaches)

o Humans eat shit/cyst, shit out more

cysts, eat shit/cysts again

"irect 9ife Cycle

o Humans eat shit/cyst, shit

out more cysts, eat shit/cysts again

Migration !"in #umans +o*ites mature into tachy*oites,

which infect muscle and neural cells

(intracellular)encyst (brady*oites)

-lso can locali*e to fetus in pregnantwomen

Cysts ingested stomach acid stimulates

their growth into tropho*oites

7ropho*oites grow in gut and invade tissues

; blood stream (tropho*oites notinfectious) Cysts released in feces

?lagellated tropho*oites grow in

gut


10/16


#o! is $atholog

$roduced% Immunocompetent% asymptomatic

Immunocompromised (esp& cell

mediated)% encephalitis with necrotic

brain lesions

?etus% chorioretinitis (inflammation)

reactivates later in life

7ropho*oites secrete to'ins and en*ymes to

digest human tissues

o Colitis ; bloody diarrhea (tissue

damage)

o $ecrotic ulcers in mucosa

4ystemic dissemination% invade blood and

cause liver, brain and lung abscesses

o ?ever, leukopenia, etc (kill

neutrophils0) Immunity is -b/complement based 76cells

important for preventing relapses

$ote% most amoebae are actually

commensal in humans (Must not this one)

+ften asymptomatic

Causes brief diarrheal illness,

which can result in malabsorption

4udden onset of watery steatorrhea

(foul smelling), flatulence

$o tissue destruction0 (mild

inflammation)

4pontaneously resolves no spread

past !I Ig- deficient people are very

susceptible and can have chronic

infections

&iagnosis ' #hat sample1

#hat is seen1 4erology for presence of T. gon"ii

-b

Ig-/Ig8 for newborns (since mom

gave Ig!)

!I% -meba/cysts in stool or mucosal biopsy

serology (ND sensitive)

4ystemic% C7 scan serology (OOD

sensitive)

8icroscopy/staining% tropho*oite

has two nucleoli ; adhesive disk

?lourescent labeled cysts in stool

&efinitive host Cat Human Human and animals

(ntermediate host)s* Humans, mammals ; birds Human Human and animals


human to ne,t host

7issue encysted brady*oite

(humans normally dead6end host)

Cyst (resistant semi6stable in environment) Cyst in feces (very resistant to chlorination

boil to kill)

-eogra$hical foci #orldwide #orldwide #orldwide

Treatment"Prevention 4ulfonamide < pyrimethamine

Cook meat to AB?

$o vaccine

8etronida*ole followed by Iodouinol

!ood hygiene

$o vaccine

8etronida*ole

$ita*o'anide (2regnant women)

$o vaccine


11/16


PROTO3OA: Cryptosporidium spp! #hominis & parvum' Trichomonas vaginalis +eishmania donovani

English Name 7richomoniasis 9eishmaniasis


infective form

+ocysts are ingested

?ecal6oral, oral6anal

?lagellated e'tracellular proto*oan infects

genital tract via ?.CPI$!00 (47")

-lso occasionally by fomites neonates via

birth canal

64pread byphlobotomine sand flies

carrying the promastigote

6-lso direct contact with lesions

mechanically by stable flies or sharing

needlesLife Ccle "irect 9ife Cycle

o Humans eat shit/cyst, shit out

more cysts, eat shit/cysts again

"irect Cycle Indirect or direct cycle

o ?lagellated free

promastigote in vector egested into

host

o 2romastigotes are

phagocytosed by macrophages

morph into amastigotes

o $on6flagellated

intracellular amastigote in

definitive hosts are taken up by

new vectors morph into

promastigotesMigration !"in #umans +ocysts are ingested

"evelop into tropho*oites in !&I& lumen

Enter into enterocyte cytoplasm

(intracellular)

4tays in genital tract of men and

women

Egestion of promastigotes from

mosuito into human blood

7aken up by macrophages, spread

to various tissues

#o! is $atholog $roduced% +ften asymptomatic

Immunocompetent% causes mild watery

diarrhea w/o blood spontaneously resolves

Immunocompromised% severe

dehydration due to massive diarrhea can be

fatal and lasts months or years

3arely disseminates from !I tract 8ost freuent Quly6-ug in children

#omen% commonly

asymptomatic (scant, watery vaginal

discharge)

o aginal discharge

(frothy)

o aginitis (itching,

painful urination) 8en%

o 8ostly asymptomatic

carriers (reservoirs for women)

o +ccasionally, urethritis

or prostatitis

isceral leishmaniasis (kala6

a*ar)% multi6organ infection -I"4

opportunist

o #. "onovani$ #.

infantum$ #. chagasi

o ?atal, chronic, or even

asymptomatico 3eticulo6endothelial

system invasionenlarged

spleen ; liver

o ?ever, rigor, chills,

fatigue (anemia)

Cutaneous leishmaniasis%

ulcerative, skin disfiguring infection

o #. tropica$ #. ma%or

o 3ed pruritic papule

enlarge/ulcerateskin

disfigured (slow healing)

o oinfection common


12/16


8ucocutaneous leishmaniasis%

destruction of mucous membranes ;

related tissues

o #. bra&iliensis

uncommon disease

o Initially cutaneous

(untreated)progresses (even

years later)often oral/nasal

mucosae w/damage to nearbystructures

o oinfection common

R"ominant 7HAresponseself6

limited

R"ominant 7Hresponse

progressive


seen1 -ntibody6linked stains of stool

+ocysts are acid6fast positive

Indirect immunofluorescence assay

aginal discharge smear

motile flagellated organism

2ap smear with fluorescent -b

stain

Clinical presentation

8olecular detection methods

most accurate

8C9/9% amastigotes in clinical

specimens or promastigotes in culturetissue

9% organ biopsies (visuals)

buffy coat venous blood preps urinary

-gs culture

&efinitive host 8ammals Humans 8ammals/Humans

(ntermediate host)s* 8ammals Humans 8osuito


ne,t host

+ocysts are released with feces into a water

supply (resistant to chlorination boil to kill)

?lagellated proto*oan 47" -mastigote (in macrophage) ingested by

mosuito

-eogra$hical foci #orldwide #orldwide isceral% @angladesh, @ra*il,

India, $epal, 4udan

Cutaneous% -fghanistan, @ra*il,

Iran, 2eru, 4audi -rabia, 4yria (also

@ra*il, 2eru)

8ucocutaneous% @olivia, @ra*il,

2eru, Central -merica

Treatment"Prevention 2aromomycin

$ita*o'anide (2regnant women)

2oor response in immunocompromised

8etronida*ole

7reat male as well to prevent

relapse

I antimony compounds

C9% inMection of antimony

directly into lesion or parenterally

8C9% stibogluconate6pentosam

9% liposomal amphotericin @

$o vaccine


13/16



14/16


ECTOPARAS(TES: Sarcoptes scabiei Pediculus humanus capitis Pediculus humanus corporis Pthirus pubis

English Name Itch 8ite 4cabies Head 9ice @ody/Clothing 9ice 2ubic/Crab 9ice


infective form

Close personal contact for

transmission of mites

Close personal contact or use of

communal combs

Eggs/9ice in fibers of clothing 9ice in coarse hair are

transferred w/se'ual (or close)

contact

Life Ccle "irect life cycle "irect life cycle "irect life cycle "irect life cycle

Migration !"in #umans

8ate in skin pits ?emale mite tunnels

within epidermis, leaving

feces and eggs behind

Hatching larvae migrate

to skin surface where they

molt and mate

egglarvanymphadult

(AG days on human)

$it (egg) glued tohairlarval stages feed on

blood moltadults live in

hair feed on blood

$it (egg) glued toclothinglarval stages feed

on blood moltadults live

in clothing feed on blood

$it (egg) glued tocoarse hairlarval stages

feed on blood moltadults

live in coarsehair feed on

blood

o Eyelashes,

armpit/pubic hair

#o! is $atholog $roduced% 4kin irritation due to

immune response to

eggs/feces (itchy0)

4ee pyogenic response

Immunosuppressed

(-I"4)Crusted 4cabies

(SST of mites)

Itching due to

hypersensitivity to bites

(saliva)

"o not spread diseases

Itching due to


(saliva)

ector for trench fever

(B. 'uintana) ; typhus ((.

typhi)

Itching due to


(saliva)

&iagnosis ' #hat sample1 #hat

is seen1 4ymptoms and history

(ndinfestationuicker

response)

8ost common in hands,

feet, knees, armpits, butt,

stomach, between shoulder

blades

4kin scraping for mites,eggs and fecal pellets

o Cannot

visuali*e w/naked eye

9arge, seen by naked

eye


eye


eye

&efinitive host Human Human Human Human

(ntermediate host)s* Human Human Human Human

+orm transmitted from human

to ne,t host

8ite UarachnidV $it/9ouse UinsectV $it/9ouse UinsectV $it/9ouse UinsectV

-eogra$hical foci #orldwide hygiene #orldwide kids #orldwide poverty #orldwide 47"s

Treatment"Prevention 9indane (esp& under

nails)

?ine tooth comb

Insecticide shampoo

Insecticide shampoo

Ivermectin shampoo

?ine tooth comb

Insecticide shampoo


15/16


Ivermectin shampoo Ivermectin shampoo

ECTOPARAS(TES: +eeches Tic,s -T.ES

English Name 9eeches 7icks @ot fly / "emode'

Mode of transmission

and the infective form

"irect contact "irect contact "irect contact / $ormal fauna

Life Ccle Indirect life cycle Indirect life cycle Indirect life cycle / "irect lifecycle

Migration !"in

#umans

$one #alk around superficially 8yiasis (fly maggot grows in

body) / $ormal fauna of sebaceous

glands ; hair follicles

#o! is $atholog

$roduced%

@lood sucking on skin

Aeromonas hy"rophilais

a pathogenic symbiont

Inflammatory response to tick

-gsSbasophils

7akes some time usually to

transmit the diseases they are avector for

7ick paralysis% ascending

paralysis due to to'ins in femaleticks affecting nerve conduction

"eer ticks (). scapularis)%

9yme ; @abesia

#ood ticks (*.

variabilis/an"ersoni )% 3& rickettsii

4kin irritant / +vergrowth in

immunosuppressed

3andom note% 7ungiasis = sand fleas

lay eggs in skin ; under nails swell

painful

&iagnosis ' #hat

sample1 #hat is seen1

4ymptoms and history 9arge, seen by naked eye 4een in skin / 1

&efinitive host Human +ther animals / humans +ther animals / humans

(ntermediate host)s* +ther animals +ther animals +ther animals / humans


human to ne,t host

-dult leech Immature ; adult ticks UarachnidV 9arvae / $ormal fauna

-eogra$hical foci #orldwide #orldwide #orldwide

Treatment"Prevention 3emove them

.sed occasionally to

prevent blood congestion, eg

3emove them

accines against tick salivary

proteins mostly veterinary use(reduces feeding time of tick due to

3emove them / Ignore them


16/16


keep capillaries open in skingrafts (they have

anticoagulants)

Sbasophils)

Parasitology Comprehensive Tables

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