Parallel Structure PPT -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) –

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Parallel StructureParallel StructureBalancing IdeasBalancing Ideas



Sentence elements that are alike in function shouldalso be alike in construction. These elements shouldbe in the same grammatical form so that they areparallel.

Using parallel structure in your writing will help witheconomyclarity

equalitysmoothness



Use parallel structure with elements joined bycoordinating conjunctions. ( and, but, or, and nor )

Faulty: The committee studied all aspects of the problem-- humane, political, andcost.

Correct: The committee studied all aspects of the problem-- humane, political,and financial.

Faulty: According to my teacher, my composition revealed exceptional creativeability but that I make too many spelling errors.

Correct: According to my teacher, my composition revealed exceptional creativeability but too many spelling errors.

Correct: According to my teacher, my composition revealed that I haveexceptional creative ability but that I make too many spelling errors.



Use parallel structure with elements in lists or in a

series.

Faulty : Th e captain h ad a h ars h voice, a weat h er beaten face, and was

very stocky in build.

Correct: The captain had a harsh voice, a weather beaten face, and astocky build.

parallel parallel

not parallel

paral

lel parallel

parallel



Use parallel structure with elements beingcompared.

Faulty : Her novel was praised more for its style t h an for w h at it h adto say. (noun paired wit h clause)

Correct: Her novel was praised more for its style t h an for its ideas.(noun paired wit h noun)

Faulty: Water-skiing no longer interest me as much as to goscuba diving. (gerund paired with infinitive)

Correct: Water-skiing no longer interests me as much as scubadiving. (gerund paired with gerund)



Correlative expressions (both, and; not, but; not only, but also;either, or; first, second, third; and the like) should be followed by the samegrammatical construction. Many violations of this rule can be corrected byrearranging the sentence.



immediately before t h e parallel

terms.Faulty : Mrs. Sayers is not only president

of th e National Bank but also of t h e

Ch amber of Commerce. ( Not onl yprecedes a noun, president , wh ereas bu t also precedes a prepositional p h rase, of the Cham b er of Commerce )

Correct: Mrs. Sayers is president not onlyof th e National Bank but also of t h eCh amber of Commerce.



Th e team bot h felt t h e satisfaction of victory andth e disappointment of defeat.

Th e team bot h felt t h e satisfaction of victory andth e disappointment of defeat.

Try It...



R epeat an article, a preposition, or apronoun w h enever necessary to maketh e meaning clear.

Before t h e meeting I talked wit h th e secretary andtreasurer. (Th e sentence may mean t h at I talked wit h 1 person w h o h olds bot h offices.)

Before t h e meeting I talked wit h th e secretary andth e treasurer .

Th e weat h er was a greater h andicap to t h einvading army t h an t h eir enemy . (Th e sentence may mean t h atth e invaders were h andicapped more by t h e weat h er t h an by t h eir enemy.)

Th e weat h er was a greater h andicap to t h einvading army t h an to t h eir enemy .



We feel certain t

hat s

he is capable, s

he willsucceed, and you will be proud of h er. (In a series of

parallel that clauses, t h e meaning is usually clearer if t h e introductory word isrepeated in eac h clause.)

W e feel certain t h at s h e is capable, t h at s h ewill succeed, and t h at you will be proud of h er.

More Examples:



Y our T urn

1. The factory workers were ready, able, and werequite determined to do a great job.

2. The computer network is safer, stronger, and moresecure.

3. We cannot be worried or terrified of difficulties inlife.

Correct only t h ose sentences t h at are not parallel.



4 . The actor taught his student how to read, how tostand, how to cry, and to talk with fans.

5. The requirements for a chemistry degree are not asstrict as a medical degree.

6. Either you can join the army or the navy.



7 . The reorganization of the company is neither simplenor it will be cheap.

8. When I was in high school, I learned piano and howto play the guitar.

9. Fred supports the idea because, first, its simplicity;second, it is unique.

10.They are either our friends or they are not.



Next UP : Active Voicevs. Passive Voice

Next UP : Active Voicevs. Passive Voice



A verb is in t h e active voice w h en it expresses an actionperformed by its subject. A verb is in t h e passive voice

wh en it expresses an action performed upon its subject of wh en t h e subject is t h e result of t h e action.

Active : Th e car h it th e tree. (subject acting)Passive : Th e tree was h it by a car. (subject

acted upon)

Active : In t h e novel t h e spy stole t h e secrets .Passive : In t h e novel t h e secrets were stolen

by t h e spy



Active : Th e plumber fixed t h e leaky pipe.

Passive : Th e leaky pipe was fixed by t h e plumber .

Active : Th e captain usually reads t h e lineup

Passive : Th e lineup is usually read by t h e captain.

Notice t h at in t h e passive voice t h e main verb isalways a past participle, and t h e tense is expressedby an appropriate form of be.



Th e event was completed w h en a triplesomersault was done by Mario.

Mario completed t h e event by doing atriple somersault.

Use t h e passive voice

sparingly.



W h en to Use Passive Voice

To express an action in w h ich th e actor is unknown.

Ex:

All th

e tickets had been sold manydays ago. To express an action in w h ich it is

desirable not to disclose t h e actor.

Ex : Poor judgment was used in makingth is decision.



Y our T urn :

1. After t h e computers h ad been installedby t h e service reps, a training sessionwas h eld for us by t h em.

2. If th

e ch

ildrenh

ad been ench

anted byMr. W righ t¶s stories before, t h ey wouldbe even more ent h ralled by h is new taleof a fantasy kingdom.

3. A community meeting was h eld by t h earea h omeowners to discuss t h e landfillproject, w h ich h ad been proposed by t h eCity Council.

Parallel Structure PPT -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) –

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