Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team...

27
Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say ‘Palestinian’ and ‘Jordanian’, what I mean is the dialect of a representative average speaker of an urban Jerusalemite or Ammani dialect. Both Palestine and Jordan are dialectally diverse areas, and their capital cities also have internal linguistic diversity. This is perhaps especially true of Amman, whose distinct modern dialect is a relatively recent development produced by generations of close interaction between the various dialects of displaced Palestinians from across Palestine proper and of the older population. Any attempt to give a comprehensive list of all possible variations occurring even within these two cities would be messy and probably counterproductive for a learner. Both Palestinian and Jordanian fall within the broader Southern Levantine dialect group * as well as in the Levantine group as a whole, and in fact it is notable how similar the two dialects are to one another. This applies particularly to verb conjugation: although individual verbs might have different vowellings (and thus fall under different patterns) in one or the other city, the patterns and processes remain largely constant throughout. The two capitals differ more on minor nuances of usage (triggers of the subjunctive etc) which are beyond the scope of a list of verb charts, although I’ve written about them a bit elsewhere. It’s worth noting that Southern Levantine is in many ways more conservative than North Levantine, sharing more with fuSHa in certain respects. The most relevant of these for verb conjugation are the preservation of distinct u and i in stressed syllables and the affixes 2a- (for first person) and -at (for third person singular feminine). In other ways, of course the multiple negators for example it is as innovative as Syrian or Lebanese or more so. For the purposes of avoiding clutter, the pronunciation of قgiven in transliterations where it is not pronounced as in fuSHa is a glottal stop (written 2) rather than any of the alternatives. As any beginning student of Arabic knows, how قis pronounced carries all sorts of complicated nuances, and this is particularly true in Jordan, where men learning Arabic may be expected to pronounce it as g at least some of the time. The glottal stop pronunciation is also common in Jordan, however, and amending this problem should be a simple matter for anyone who wants to use g instead. These tables were assembled with extensive and indispensable help from Elias Shakkour, a native speaker of Palestinian Arabic. Without his assistance they would have been startlingly inaccurate and left anyone modelling their Arabic on them sounding suspiciously Syrian. * This group, depending on how it’s defined, also includes the dialects of significant portions of southern Syria (Houran and Sweida as well as some rural dialects further north). Most of what is written here applies to those dialects, perhaps more than what I’ve already written about Syrian elsewhere.

Transcript of Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team...

Page 1: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms

Palestinian and Jordanian

When I say ‘Palestinian’ and ‘Jordanian’, what I mean is the dialect of a representative average

speaker of an urban Jerusalemite or Ammani dialect. Both Palestine and Jordan are dialectally

diverse areas, and their capital cities also have internal linguistic diversity. This is perhaps especially

true of Amman, whose distinct modern dialect is a relatively recent development produced by

generations of close interaction between the various dialects of displaced Palestinians from across

Palestine proper and of the older population. Any attempt to give a comprehensive list of all possible

variations occurring even within these two cities would be messy and probably counterproductive

for a learner.

Both Palestinian and Jordanian fall within the broader Southern Levantine dialect group* as well as in

the Levantine group as a whole, and in fact it is notable how similar the two dialects are to one

another. This applies particularly to verb conjugation: although individual verbs might have different

vowellings (and thus fall under different patterns) in one or the other city, the patterns and

processes remain largely constant throughout. The two capitals differ more on minor nuances of

usage (triggers of the subjunctive etc) which are beyond the scope of a list of verb charts, although

I’ve written about them a bit elsewhere.

It’s worth noting that Southern Levantine is in many ways more conservative than North Levantine,

sharing more with fuSHa in certain respects. The most relevant of these for verb conjugation are the

preservation of distinct u and i in stressed syllables and the affixes 2a- (for first person) and -at (for

third person singular feminine). In other ways, of course – the multiple negators for example – it is

as innovative as Syrian or Lebanese or more so.

For the purposes of avoiding clutter, the pronunciation of ق given in transliterations where it is not

pronounced as in fuSHa is a glottal stop (written 2) rather than any of the alternatives. As any

beginning student of Arabic knows, how ق is pronounced carries all sorts of complicated nuances,

and this is particularly true in Jordan, where men learning Arabic may be expected to pronounce it as

g at least some of the time. The glottal stop pronunciation is also common in Jordan, however, and

amending this problem should be a simple matter for anyone who wants to use g instead.

These tables were assembled with extensive and indispensable help from Elias Shakkour, a native

speaker of Palestinian Arabic. Without his assistance they would have been startlingly inaccurate

and left anyone modelling their Arabic on them sounding suspiciously Syrian.

* This group, depending on how it’s defined, also includes the dialects of significant portions of southern Syria

(Houran and Sweida as well as some rural dialects further north). Most of what is written here applies to those dialects, perhaps more than what I’ve already written about Syrian elsewhere.

Page 2: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

General notes

In Southern Levantine the helping vowel used in verbs is typically i/e, with e appearing in final

unstressed syllables and i elsewhere. I’ve written these in superscript, following the way the Syrian

helping vowel is often transcribed elsewhere. These vowels are distinguished by the fact that they

cannot be stressed and are typically inserted to break up consonant clusters:

’katabet ‘I wrote كتبت

’ttaSalet ‘I phoned up اتصلت

Under certain circumstances* where a stressed vowel is followed by a consonant cluster and a u or

an i, the u or i may be dropped and the consonant cluster rearranged with the addition of a helping

vowel. Where these forms occur I’ve given them as the default, but the process is typically optional –

i.e. both forms occur in the pairs given below:

كتبوا i-ktib-o > اكتبو i-kitb-o ‘write (m.) it!’

’tu-kutb-i ‘you (f.) write تكتبي < †tu-ktub-i تكتبي

This process in form I verbs produces the only case (in verbs) where the helping vowel is not e/i but

o/u.‡ This is triggered by the vowel o in the present tense stem. As with the examples given above,

both forms occur:

’!u-kutb-i ‘write (f.) اكتبي < u-ktub-i اكتبي

b-tukutb-u ‘you write (pl.) بتكتبو < b-tu-ktub-u بتكتبو

The third person prefix yi- (or in form I yu-) contracts to -i- when the b- of the non-subjunctive is

added. This is optional, but probably more common than the alternative forms (byi- etc):

b-i-kteb بكتب < yi-kteb يكتب

b-i-kitb-u بكتبو < yi-kitb-u يكتبو

b-u-ktob يكتب < yu-ktob يكتب

b-u-kutb-u بكتبو < yu-kutb-u يكتبو

Although I’ve given mni- (or in form I occasionally mnu-) as the default form for the combination of

b- and the ni- of first person plural, a form without the assimilation of b- to m- also occurs – that is,

both of the following are possible:

m-nu-ktob منكتب < b-nu-ktob بنكتب

Note that unlike Syrian (but like fuSHa) the first person present prefix is always 2a-/ba-, which is

never dropped or shortened, and the third person feminine past suffix is -at.

* Specifically, when the following sequence of consonants and vowels exists: VCCiCV or VCCuCV (e.g. yuktubo).

This allows contraction first to VCCCV (yuktbo) and then the addition of an epenthetic to break up the cluster, producing VC

u/iCCV (yuk

utbo). It isn’t necessary to memorise this rule, obviously.

† Note that both yuktob and yikteb occur in Palestinian as present tense vowellings of katab ‘to write’.

‡ The distribution of o and u is exactly the same as that of e and i (i.e. o only appears in final unstressed

syllables). However, there are no ‘pure’ verbal forms that require insertion of o rather than u, and it only appears as a helping vowel in the occasional maSdar in this document.

Page 3: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Shortening of long vowels

One significant difference between southern Levantine and northern Levantine is the tendency to

shorten unstressed long vowels, which is much more limited in Damascus and Beirut than it is in

Jerusalem or Amman. This is a slightly idiosyncratic process which is sometimes optional and difficult

to sum up nicely, but as a general rule any shift of stress away from a long, open syllable (i.e one that

doesn’t end in a consonant) results in it being shortened.* This applies more to participle forms or

verbs with additional suffixes added than to the pure verb forms themselves, although there are a

few examples in actual verb paradigms.

’SoSeeti ‘you (f.) chirped صوصيتي < ’SooSa ‘he chirped صوصى

’daweet ‘I treated داويت < ’2adaawi ‘I treat أداوي

In cases like the following, in the original word the stressed syllable is closed, but the addition of a

suffix beginning with a vowel means that the consonant shifts to the next syllable along with the

stress, leaving the original long syllable open and susceptible to shortening:

’biTi2uush ‘they can’t stand بطيقوش < ’biTii2u ‘they can stand بطيقو

’bakatibhom ‘I dictate to them بكاتبهم < ’bakaateb ‘I dictate بكاتب

’mikhtariin ‘have chosen مختارين < ’mikhtaar ‘has chosen مختار

’katibtha ‘she has written it كاتبتها < ’kaatbe ‘has written (f.) كاتبة

Negation

Southern Levantine has three major verbal negators: maa, ma-...-sh and -sh. Maa and ma-...-sh are

largely interchangeable.† -sh on the other hand can only occur with present tense forms. -sh,

whether with ma- or on its own, triggers all the changes we generally expect from suffixes:

’ba3rafesh ‘I don’t know بعرفش < ’ba3raf ‘I know بعرف

’bti3rafiish ‘you don’t know بتعرفيش < ’bti3rafi ‘you (f.) know بتعرفي

Note that the combinations -ak-sh and -ek-sh may produce the irregular -kaash and -kiish:

’bi3rafkaash ‘he doesn’t know you بعرفكاش < ’bi3rafak ‘he knows you بعرفك

bi3rafakesh بعرفكش

’bashuufkiish ‘I don’t see you بشوفكيش < ’bashuufek ‘I see you بشوفك

bashufekesh بشوفكش

Ma- triggers no unexpected changes to the beginning of the word:

’ma2a3rafesh ‘that I don’t know ماعرفش < ’2a3raf ‘that I know أعرف

’mabtuktubesh ‘you don’t write مبتكتبش < ’btuktub ‘you write بتكتب

* The only exception is apparently faa3al-at plus a suffix beginning with a vowel – مارستو maarasat-o ‘she

practised it’, according to Issam Abu-Salim (1985). Shortening in closed syllables also happens optionally/sporadically. † Some constructions trigger one or the other, however. An example is 3umri maa ‘never’, which is more or

less a fixed expression: 3 عمري ما شفتوumri maa shufto ‘I’ve never seen him’ and not *3umri mashuftoosh.

Page 4: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Form I

Form I verbs in Palestinian have a few additional complications over those in Syrian. The imperative

is formed more or less as in fuSHa (with the prefixes i- and u-), with the choice of vowel depending

on the stem vowel: an u in the stem triggers u in the prefix, while an a or i in the stem triggers i. This

is also mirrored, unlike in Syrian, by the normal personal prefixes in the present:

’yu-ktob ‘he writes يكتب ’!u-ktob ‘write اكتب

’yi-msek ‘he grabs يمسك ’!i-msek ‘grab امسك

’yi-t3ab ‘he tires himself out يتعب ’!i-t3ab ‘tire [yourself] out اتعب

Form I verbs are not associated with any one particular meaning and have a range of possible

vowellings. For ‘sound verbs’ (no semivowels in their root) there are several alternative past (fa3al,

fi3el) and present (yif3el, yuf3ol, yif3al) vowellings. Fi3el-yif3al and fa3al-yuf3ol/yif3el are the most

common combinations, but all combinations occur. All possible present and past vowellings (though

not all possible combinations) are shown by the following examples:

katab كتب‘write’

Active Participle Passive Participle

maktuub مكتوب kaateb كاتب

MaSdar Noun of Instance

kitaabe N/A كتابة

Imperative:

اكتب اكتبي اكتبوuktob ukutbi ukutbu

Present Past

Ana 2aktob baktob كتب بكتبأا katabet كتبت

Inta* tuktob btuktob تكتب بتكتب katabet كتبت

Inti tukutbi btukutbi تكتبي بتكتبي katabti كتبتي

Huwwe yuktob buktob كتبيكتب ب katab كتب

Hiyye tuktob btuktob تكتب بتكتب katbat كتبت

I7na* nuktob mnuktob نكتب منكتب katabna كتبنا

Intu tukutbu btukutbu تكتبو بتكتبو katabtu كتبتو

Humme* yukutbu bukutbu يكتبو بكتبو katabu كتبو

* All of inta, i7na and humme have common alternative forms in Palestine but not in Jordan (inte, ni7na, and

hinne).

Page 5: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Note that the first i of the past tense forms of fi3el verbs is dropped when not stressed:

misek مسك‘to hold, catch’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mamsuuk ممسوك maasek ماسك

MaSdar Noun of Instance

maske مسكة masek مسك

Imperative: امسك امسكي امسكو

imsek imeski imesku

Present Past

Ana 2amsek bamsek امسك بمسك msiket مسكت

Inta timsek btimsek تمسك بتمسك msiket مسكت

Inti timeski, btimeski تمسكي بتمسكي msikti مسكتي

Huwwe yimsek bimsek مسكيمسك ب misek مسك

Hiyye timsek btimsek تمسك بتمسك miskat مسكت

I7na nimsek mnimsek نمسك منمسك msikna مسكنا

Intu timesku btimesku تمسكو بتمسكو msiktu مسكتو

Humme yimesku bimesku مسكويمسكو ب misku مسكو

ti3eb تعب‘get tired’

Active Participle Passive Participle

- ta3baan تعبان

MaSdar Noun of Instance

ta3ab N/A تعب

Imperative: اتعب اتعبي اتعبو

it3ab it3abi it3abu

Present Past

Ana 2at3ab bat3ab اتعب بتعب t3ibet تعبت

Inta tit3ab btit3ab تتعب بتتعب t3ibet تعبت

Inti tit3abi btit3abi تتعبي بتتعبي t3ibti تعبتي

Huwwe yit3ab bit3ab تعبيتعب ب ti3eb تعب

Hiyye tit3ab btit3ab تتعب بتتعب ti3bat تعبت

I7na nit3ab mnit3ab نتعب منتعب t3ibna تعبنا

Intu tit3abu btit3abu تتعبو بتتعبو t3ibtu تعبتو

Humme yit3abu bit3abu تعبويتعبو ب ti3bu تعبو

Page 6: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

So-called ‘assimilating verbs’ (those with a semi-vowel as their initial root consonant) do not

necessarily assimilate.* The following set of forms for wiSel show that in the present it conjugates

more or less exactly like a sound verb:

wiSel وصل‘arrive’

Active Participle Passive Participle

waaSel N/A واصل

MaSdar Noun of Instance

waSle وصلة wSuul وصول

Imperative: اوصل اوصلي اوصلو

iwSal iwSali iwSalu

Present Past

Ana 2awSal bawSal اوصل بوصل wSilet وصلت

Inta tiwSal btiwSal توصل بتوصل wSilet وصلت

Inti tiwSali btiwSali توصلي بتوصلي wSilti وصلتي

Huwwe yiwSal biwSal وصليوصل ب wiSel وصل

Hiyye tiwSal btiwSal توصل بتوصل wiSlat توصل

I7na niwSal mniwSal نوصل منوصل wSilna وصلنا

Intu tiwSal btiwSali توصلو بتوصلو wSiltu وصلتو

Humme yiwSalu biwSalu وصلويوصلو ب wiSlu وصلو

The two verbs with initial hamza, 2akhad and 2akal, have a number of irregularities. The active

participle takes an m-, and all but one of the present forms have a long oo:†

2akhad اخد‘to take’

Active Participle Passive Participle

خدما maakhed مأخود ma2khuud

MaSdar Noun of Instance

2akhde اخدة 2akhed اخد

Imperative:

khood khudi khudu خود خدي خدو

Present Past

Ana 2aakhod baakhod 2 آخد باخدakhadet اخدت

Inta tookhod btookhod وخدبت وخدت 2akhadet اخدت

Inti tookhdi btookhdi يوخدي بتوخدت 2akhadti اخدتي

Huwwe yookhod b(y)ookhod وخدب وخدي 2akhad اخد

Hiyye tookhod btookhod وخدبت وخدت 2akhdat اخدت

I7na nookhod mnookhod وخدمن وخدن 2akhadna اخدنا

Intu tookhdu btookhdu ووخدو بتوخدت 2akhadtu اخدتو

Humme yookhdu bookhdu ووخدو بيوخدي 2akhadu اخدو

* An alternative set of forms does exist where w is dropped: baSal, btiSal etc.

† There are at least two other common conjugations for this verb. One is the same as the Syrian form, with a

stable -aa- in all forms (baakhod, btaakhod, byaakhod...). Another has oo, but the stem vowel is e (baakhed, btookhed...). The conjugation given here is the most common, however.

Page 7: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Form I hollow verbs (verbs with a semivowel for their middle root consonant) have almost as many

possible forms as their sound equivalents. As in fuSHa, three possible present vowellings exist (yfiil,

yfuul, yfaal) and two past vowellings (faal-fulet and faal-filet) exist. The past vowellings u/i largely

correspond to the present vowellings uu/ii.

jaab جاب‘to bring’

Active Participle Passive Participle

majyuub مجيوب jaayeb جايب

MaSdar Noun of Instance

jayabaan N/A جيبان

Imperative:

جيب جيبي جيبوjiib jiibi jiibu

Present Past

Ana 2ajiib bajiib جيب بجيبأ jibet جبت

Inta tjiib bitjiib تجيب بتجيب jibet جبت

Inti tjiibi bitjiibi تجيبي بتجيبي jibti جبتي

Huwwe yjiib bijiib يجيب بجيب jaab جاب

Hiyye tjiib bitjiib تجيب بتجيب jaabat جابت

I7na njiib minjiib نجيب منجيب jibna جبنا

Intu tjiibu bitjiibu تجيبو بتجيبو jibtu جبتو

Humme yjiibu bijiibu يجيبو بجيبو jaabu جابو

daa2 داق‘to taste’

Active Participle Passive Participle

madyuu2 مديوق daaye2 دايق

MaSdar Noun of Instance

doo2 N/A دوق

Imperative:

دوق دوقي دوقوduu2 duu2i duu2u

Present Past

Ana 2aduu2 baduu2 دوق بدوقأ du2et دقت

Inta tduu2 bitduu2 تدوق بتدوق du2et دقت

Inti tduu2i bitduu2i تدوقي بتدوقي du2ti دقتي

Huwwe yduu2 biduu2 يدوق بدوق daa2 داق

Hiyye tduu2 bitduu2 تدوق بتدوق daa2at داقت

I7na nduu2 minduu2 ندوق مندوق du2na دقنا

Intu tduu2u bitduu2u تدوقو بتدوقو du2tu دقتو

Humme yduu2u biduu2u يدوقو بدوقو daa2u داقو

Page 8: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

naam نام‘to sleep’

Active Participle Passive Participle

naayem N/A نايم

MaSdar Noun of Instance

noome نومة noom نوم

Imperative: نام نامي نامو

naam naami naamu

Present Past

Ana 2anaam banaam نام بنامأ nimet نمت

Inta tnaam bitnaam تنام بتنام nimet نمت

Inti tnaami bitnaami تنامي بتنامي nimti نمتي

Huwwe ynaam binaam ينام بنام naam نام

Hiyye tnaam bitnaam تنام بتنام naamat نامت

I7na nnaam minnaam ننام مننام nimna نمنا

Intu tnaamu bitnaamu تنامو بتنامو nimtu نمتو

Humme ynaamu binaamu ينامو بنامو naamu نامو

Weak verbs (those with a final semivowel root consonant) have two possible present vowellings

(yif3a, yif3i) and two past vowellings (fa3a fi3i). By far the most common combinations are fa3a-

yif3i, fi3i-yif3a, but there are some common exceptions (biki-yibki ‘cry’, mishi-yimshi ‘walk’).

nisi نسي‘forget’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mansi منسي naasi ناسي

MaSdar Noun of Instance

اننسي nisyaan نسوة naswe

Imperative:

انسى انسي انسوinsa insi insu

Present Past

Ana 2ansa bansa انسى بنسى nsiit نسيت

Inta tinsa btinsa تنسى بتنسى nsiit نسيت

Inti tinsi btinsi تنسي بنتسي nsiiti نسيتي

Huwwe yinsa binsa نسىينسى ب nisi نسي

Hiyye tinsa btinsa تنسى بتنسى nisyat نسيت

I7na ninsa mninsa ننسى مننسى nsiina نسينا

Intu tinsu btinsu تنسو بتنسو nsiitu نسيتو

Humme yinsu binsu نسوينسو ب nisyu نسيو

Page 9: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Tafa طفى‘turn off’

Active Participle Passive Participle

maTfi مطفي Taafi طافي

MaSdar Noun of Instance

Tafye طفية Tafy طفي

Imperative: اطفي اطفي اطفوiTfi iTfi iTfu

Present Past

Ana 2aTfi baTfi اطفي بطفي Tafeet طفيت

Inta tiTfi btiTfi تطفي بتطفي Tafeet طفيت

Inti tiTfi btiTfi تطفي بتطفي Tafeeti طفيتي

Huwwe yiTfi biTfi طفييطفي ب Tafa طفى

Hiyye tiTfi btiTfi تطفي بتطفي Tafat طفت

I7na niTfi mniTfi نطفي منطفي Tafeena طفينا

Intu tiTfu btiTfu تطفو بتطفو Tafeetu طفيتو

Humme yiTfu biTfu طفويطفو ب Tafu طفو

Doubled verbs (those with identical second and third root consonants) only have one possible set of

vowellings, fa33-yfi33. In dialects without the merger of e and o to i, there are two possible present

vowellings (yfi33, yfu33). In both cases, doubled verbs are more straightforward than in fuSHa.

madd مد‘stretch out’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mamduud ممدود maaded مادد

MaSdar Noun of Instance

madde مدة madd مد

Imperative: مد مدي مدو

midd middi middu

Present Past

Ana 2amidd bamidd مدب مدأ maddeet يتمد

Inta tmidd bitmidd مدبت مدت maddeet يتمد

Inti tmiddi bitmiddi يمدي بتمدت maddeeti يتيمد

Huwwe ymidd bimidd مدب مدي madd مد

Hiyye tmidd bitmidd مدبت مدت maddat تمد

I7na nmidd minmidd مدمن مدن maddeena ينامد

Intu tmiddu bitmiddu ومدو بتمدت maddeetu يتومد

Humme ymiddu bimiddu ومدو بمدي maddu ومد

Page 10: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

da22 دق‘hit, tap’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mad2uu2 مدقوق daa2e2 (or daa22) داقق

MaSdar Noun of Instance

da22a دقة da22 دق

Imperative: دق دقي دقو

du22 du22i du22u

Present Past

Ana 2adu22 badu22 دق بدقأ da22eet دقيت

Inta tdu22 bitdu22 تدق بتدق da22eet دقيت

Inti tdu22i bitdu22i تدقي بتدقي da22eeti دقيتي

Huwwe ydu22 bidu22 يدق بدق da22 دق

Hiyye tdu22 bitdu22 تدق بتدق da22at دقت

I7na ndu22 mindu22 مندقندق da22eena دقينا

Intu tdu22u bitdu22u تدقو بتدقو da22eetu دقيتو

Humme ydu22 bidu22u يدقو بدقو da22u دقو

*.a3Ta ‘give’ is generally strange. The past is regular, but the present forms retain the a اعطى

عطىأ a3Ta ‘give’

Active Participle Passive Participle

ma3Ti N/A طيمع

MaSdar Noun of Instance

اعط 3aTa 3عطوةaTwe

Imperative:

عطوأعطي أعطي أ a3Ti a3Ti a3Tu

Present Past

Ana 2a3Ti ba3Ti اعطي بعطي a3Teet عطيتأ

Inta ta3Ti bta3Ti تعطي بتعطي a3Teet عطيتأ

Inti ta3Ti bta3Ti تعطي بتعطي a3Teeti عطيتيأ

Huwwe ya3Ti ba3Ti يعطي بعطي a3Ta عطىأ

Hiyye ta3Ti bti3Ti تعطي بتعطي a3Tat عطتأ

I7na na3Ti mna3Ti نعطي منعطي a3Teena عطيناأ

Intu ta3Tu bta3Tu تعطو بتعطو a3Teetu عطيتوأ

Humme ya3Tu ba3Tu يعطو بعطو a3Tu عطوأ

* An alternative conjugation with regular i in the present and imperative also exists: bti3Ti, i3Tiini etc.

Page 11: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Aja* ‘come’ is very irregular. In the past it has two sets of forms, one with the prefix a- one without

it. The active participle is jaay (which is used for the masculine and the feminine). There is no actual

imperative: forms based on ta3aal- or ta3- stand in.

2aja اجى‘to come’

Active Participle Passive Participle

jaayyiin N/A جايين ,jaay جاي

MaSdar Noun of Instance

jeene جينة jayaan جيان

Imperative:

ta3aal ta3aali ta3aalu تعال تعالي تعالو

Present Past

Ana 2aaji baaji جياجي با (2a)jiit اجيتجيت

Inta tiiji btiiji جي بتيجييت (2a)jiit جيت اجيت

Inti tiiji btiiji جي بتيجييت (2a)jiiti جيتي اجيتي

Huwwe yiiji biiji جييجي بيي 2aja اجى

Hiyye tiiji btiiji 2 تيجي بتيجيajat اجت

I7na niiji mniiji نيجي منيجي (2a)jiina جينا اجينا

Intu tiiju btiiju تيجو بتيجو (2a)jiitu جيتو اجيتو

Humme yiju biju 2 ييجو بيجوaju اجو

* The more north-Levantine like ija also exists.

Page 12: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Form II

zabbaT زبّط

‘sort out’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mzabbaT مزبط mzabbeT مزبط

MaSdar Noun of Instance

ةتزبيط tazbiiT تزبيط tazbiiTe

Imperative: زبطوزبط زبطي

zabbeT zabbTi zabbTu

Present Past

Ana 2azabbeT bazabbeT زبط بزبطأ zabbaTet زبطت

Inta tzabbeT bitzabbeT تزبط بتزبط zabbaTet زبطت

Inti tzabbTi bitzabbTi تزبطي بتزبطي zabbaTTi زبطتي

Huwwe yzabbeT bizabbeT يزبط بزبط zabbaT زبط

Hiyye tzabbeT bitzabbeT تزبط بتزبط zabbaTat زبطت

I7na nzabbeT minzabbeT نزبط منزبط zabbaTna زبطنا

Intu tzabbTu bitzabbTu تزبطو بتزبطو zabbaTTu زبطنا

Humme yzabbTu bizabbTu يزبطو بزبطو zabbaTu زبطو

3abba عبّى

‘fill’

Active Participle Passive Participle

m3abba معبى m3abbi معبي m3abbaay (f) معباي

MaSdar Noun of Instance

ti3baay N/A تعباي

Imperative: عبي عبي عبو

3abbi 3abbi 3abbu

Present Past

Ana 2a3abbi ba3abbi عبي بعبيأ 3abbeet عبيت

Inta t3abbi bit3abbi 3 تعبي بتعبيabbeet عبيت

Inti t3abbi bit3abbi 3 تعبي بتعبيabbeeti عبيتي

Huwwe y3abbi bi3abbi 3 يعبو بعبوabba عبى

Hiyye t3abbi bit3abbi 3 تعبي بتعبيabbat عبت

I7na n3abbi min3abbi 3 نعبي منعبيabbeena عبينا

Intu t3abbu bit3abbu 3 تعبو بتعبوabbeetu عبيتو

Humme y3abbu bi3abbu 3 يعبو بعبوabbu عبو

Page 13: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Form III

jaakar جاكر‘spite’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mjaakar مجاكر mjaaker مجاكر

MaSdar Noun of Instance

mjaakara N/A مجاكرة

Imperative: جاكر جاكري جاكرو

jaaker jaakri jaakru

Present Past

Ana 2ajaaker bajaaker جاكر بجاكرأ jaakaret جاكرت

Inta tjaaker bitjaaker تجاكر بتجاكر jaakaret جاكرت

Inti tjaakri bitjaakri تجاكري بتجاكري jaakarti جاكرتي

Huwwe yjaaker bijaaker يجاكر بجاكر jaakar جاكر

Hiyye tjaaker bitjaaker تجاكر بتجاكر jaakarat جاكرت

I7na njaaker minjaaker منجاكرنجاكر jaakarna جاكرنا

Intu tjaakru bitjaakru تجاكرو بتجاكرو jaakartu جاكرتو

Humme yjaakru bijaakru يجاكرو بجاكرو jaakaru جاكرو

ىداو daawa

‘to doctor’

Active Participle Passive Participle

يداوم mdaawi ىداوم mdaawa

MaSdar Noun of Instance

N/A N/A

Imperative: وداوي داوي داو

daawi daawi daawu

Present Past

Ana 2adaawi badaawi يداوي بداوأ daaweet يتداو

Inta tdaawi bitdaawi يداوي بتداوت daaweet يتداو

Inti tdaawi bitdaawi يداوي بتداوت daaweeti يتيداو

Huwwe ydaawi bidaawi يداوي بداوي daawa ىداو

Hiyye tdaawi bitdaawi يداوي بتداوت daawat تداو

I7na ndaawi mindaawi يداوي منداون daaweena يناداو

Intu tdaawu bitdaawu وداوو بتداوت daaweetu يتوداو

Humme ydaawu bidaawu وداوي بداوي daawu وداو

Page 14: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Form V

t3allam تعلم

‘learn’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mit3allem N/A متعلم

MaSdar Noun of Instance

ta3allom N/A تعلم

Imperative: تعلم تعلمي تعلمو

t3allam t3allami t3allamu

Present Past

Ana 2at3allam bat3allam اتعلم بتعلم t3allamet تعلمت

Inta tit3allam btit3allam تتعلم بتتعلم t3allamet تعلمت

Inti tit3allami btit3allami تتعلمي بتتعلمي t3allamti تعلمتي

Huwwe yit3allam bit3allam تعلميتعلم ب t3allam تعلم

Hiyye tit3allam btit3allam تتعلم بتتعلم t3allamat تعلمت

I7na nit3allam mnit3allam نتعلم منتعلم t3allamna تعلمنا

Intu tit3allamu btit3allamu تتعلمو بتتعلمو t3allamtu تعلمتو

Humme yit3allamu bit3allamu تعلمويتعلمو ب t3allamu تعلمو

tkhabba تخبى‘hide, be hidden’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mitkhabbi N/A متخبي

MaSdar Noun of Instance

tkhibbi N/A تخبي

Imperative:

تخبى تخبي تخبوtkhabba tkhabbi tkhabbu

Present Past

Ana 2atkhabba batkhabba اتخبى بتخبى tkhabbeet تخبيت

Inta titkhabba btitkhabba تتخبى بتتخبى tkhabbeet تخبيت

Inti titkhabbi btitkhabbi تتخبي بتتخبي tkhabbeeti تخبيتي

Huwwe yitkhabba bitkhabba تخبىيتخبى ب tkhabba تخبى

Hiyye titkhabba btitkhabba تتخبى بتتخبى tkhabbat تخبت

I7na nitkhabba mnitkhabba نتخبى منتخبى tkhabbeena تخبينا

Intu titkhabbu btitkhabbu تتخبو بتتخبو tkhabbeetu تخبيتو

Humme yitkhabbu bitkhabbu تخبويتخبو ب tkhabbu تخبو

Page 15: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Form VI

tjaawab تجاوب‘to engage with’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mitjaaweb N/A متجاوب

MaSdar Noun of Instance

tajaawob N/A تجاوب

Imperative:

تجاوب تجاوبي تجاوبوtjaawab tjaawabi tjaawabu

Present Past

Ana 2atjaawab batjaawab اتجاوب بتجاوب tjaawabet تجاوبت

Inta titjaawab btitjaawab تتجاوب بتتجاوب tjaawabet تجاوبت

Inti titjaawabi btitjaawabi تتجاوبي بتتجاوبي

tjaawabti تجاوبتي

Huwwe yitjaawab bitjaawab تجاوبيتجاوب ب tjaawab تجاوب

Hiyye titjaawab btitjaawab تتجاوب بتتجاوب tjaawabat تجاوبت

I7na nitjaawab mnitjaawab نتجاوب منتجاوب

tjaawabna تجاوبنا

Intu titjaawabu btitjaawabu

تجاوبتو tjaawabtu تتجاوبو بتتجاوبو

Humme yitjaawabu bitjaawabu

تجاوبويتجاوبو ب tjaawabu تجاوبو

ىداوت t7aaka ‘to be treated’

Active Participle Passive Participle

يداومت mitdaawi N/A

MaSdar Noun of Instance

يداوت tadaawi N/A

Imperative: وداوي تداوى تداوت

tdaawa tdaawi tdaawu

Present Past

Ana 2atdaawa batdaawa ىداوى بتداوات tdaaweet يتداوت

Inta titdaawa btitdaawa ىداوى بتتداوتت tdaaweet يتداوت

Inti titdaawi btitdaawi يداوي بتتداوتت tdaaweeti يتيداوت

Huwwe yitdaawa bitdaawa ىداوتى بداويت tdaawa ىداوت

Hiyye titdaawa btitdaawa ىداوى بتتداوتت tdaawat تداوت

I7na nitdaawa mnitdaawa ىداوى منتداونت tdaaweena يناداوت

Intu titdaawu btitdaawu وداوو بتتداوتت tdaaweetu يتوداوت

Humme yitdaawu bitdaawu وداوتو بداويت tdaawu وداوت

Page 16: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Form VII

Most form VIIs have some variation on the past vowelling infa3al (infaal, infa3a) and a present

vowelling which is a variation on either yinfi3el (yinfi3i) or less commonly yinfa3al (yinfa3a, yinfaal).

The present tense forms with i are one of the few cases in which Jordanian and Palestinian differ.

Although the stress (and what we might call the underlying forms before vowel deletion) is the

same, the typical Jordanian present tense forms (given first in the tables below) lack the vowel

deletion and insertion of a helping vowel characteristic of the Palestinian forms (given second).

While the forms remain stable in Jordanian, in Palestinian the middle vowel is deleted when

unstressed.* When the addition of suffixes triggers a stress shift, however, this vowel is preserved.

This produces pairs like the following:

’tinmisku ‘you (pl.) are caught تنمسكو < ’tinimsek ‘you (sg.) are caught تنمسك

Note that in defective verbs of this type, there is no final consonant to form a cluster and trigger a

stress shift, meaning that stress and the dropping of the vowel both happen in all forms for this sort

of verb:

’yiniTwu ‘they are folded ينطوو < ’yiniTwi ‘it is folded ينطوي

nmasak انمسك‘be held, caught’

Active Participle Passive Participle

منمسكminmisek/minimsek

N/A

MaSdar Noun of Instance

N/A N/A

Imperative: انمسك انمسكي انمسكو

inimsek/inmisek inmiski inmisku

Present Past

Ana 2anmisek banmisek 2animsek banimsek

انمسكت nmasaket انمسك بنمسك

Inta tinmisek btinmisek tinimsek btinimsek

انمسكت nmasaket تنمسك بتنمسك

Inti tinmiski btinmiski تنمسكي بتنمسكي nmasakti انمسكتي

Huwwe yinmisek binmisek yinimsek binimsek

نمسكينمسك ب nmasak انمسك

Hiyye tinmisek btinmisek tinimsek btinimsek

انمسكت nmaskat تنمسك بتنمسك

I7na ninmisek bninmisek ninimsek mninimsek

انمسكنا nmasakna ننمسك مننمسك

Intu tinmisku btinmisku تنمسكو بتنمسكو nmasaktu انمسكتو

Humme yinmisku binmisku نمسكوينمسكو ب nmasaku انمسكو

* The stress of these forms is regular, unlike in Syrian (where it typically is on the middle syllable regardless of

whether it is followed by a consonant cluster or not – in violation of normal stress rules).

Page 17: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

nshaaf انشاف‘be seen

Active Participle Passive Participle

minshaaf N/A منشاف

MaSdar Noun of Instance

N/A N/A

Imperative:

انشاف انشافي انشافوnshaaf nshaafi nshaafu

Present Past

Ana 2anshaaf banshaaf انشاف بنشاف nshafet انشفت

Inta tinshaaf btinshaaf تنشاف بتنشاف nshafet انشفت

Inti tinshaafi btinshaafi تنشافي بنتشافي nshafti انشفتي

Huwwe yinshaaf binshaaf ينشاف بنشاف nshaaf انشاف

Hiyye tinshaaf btinshaaf تنشاف بتنشاف nshaafat انشافت

I7na ninshaaf mninshaaf ننشاف مننشاف nshafna انشفنا

Intu tinshaafu btinshaafu تنشافو بتنشافو nshaftu انشفتو

Humme yinshaafu binshaafu ينشافو بنشافو nshaafu انشافو

n3aTa انعطى‘be given’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mini3Ti N/A منعطي

MaSdar Noun of Instance

N/A N/A

Imperative: انعطوانعطى انعطي

in3aTa in3aTi in3aTu

Present Past

Ana 2an3aTa ban3aTa انعطى بنعطى n3aTeet انعطيت

Inta tin3aTa btin3aTa تنعطى بتنعطى n3aTeet انعطيت

Inti tin3aTi btin3aTi تنعطي بتنعطي n3aTeeti انعطيتي

Huwwe yin3aTa bin3aTa نعطىينعطى ب in3aTa انعطى

Hiyye tin3aTa btin3aTa تنعطى بتنعطى in3aTat انعطت

I7na nin3aTa mnin3aTa ننعطى مننعطى n3aTeena انعطنا

Intu tin3aTu btin3aTu تنعطو بتنعطو n3aTeetu انعطيتو

Humme yin3aTu bin3aTu ينعطو بنعطو n3aTu انعطو

Page 18: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

nTawa انعطى‘be folded’

Active Participle Passive Participle

يطومن minTiwi/miniTwi N/A

MaSdar Noun of Instance

N/A N/A

Imperative:

وطوي انطوان يطوان inTiwi/iniTwi inTiwi/iniTwi inTiwu/iniTwu

Present Past

Ana 2anTiwi banTiwi 2aniTwi baniTwi

ىطوى بنطوان nTaweet يتطوان

Inta tinTiwi btinTiwi tiniTwi/tiniTwi

ىطوى بتنطوتن nTaweet يتطوان

Inti يطوي بتنطوتن nTaweeti يتيطوان

Huwwe yinTiwi binTiwi yiniTwi/biniTwi

ىطونينطوى ب nTawa ىطوان

Hiyye tinTiwi btinTiwi tiniTwi/tiniTwi

ىطوى بتنطوتن nTawat تطوان

I7na ninTiwi mninTiwi niniTwi/bniniTwi

ىطوى مننطونن nTaweena ناطوان

Intu tinTiwu btinTiwu وطوو بتنطوتن nTaweetu يتوطوان

Humme yinTiwu binTiwu وطوو بنطوين nTawu وطوان

nkabb انكب‘be thrown away’

Active Participle Passive Participle

minkabb N/A منكب

MaSdar Noun of Instance

N/A N/A

Imperative: انكب انكبي انكبو

nkabb nkabbi nkabbu

Present Past

Ana 2ankabb bankabb انكب بنكب nkabbeet انكبيت

Inta tinkabb btinkabb تنكب بتنكب nkabbeet انكبيت

Inti tinkabbi btinkabbi تنكبي بتنكبي nkabbeeti انكبيتي

Huwwe yinkabb binkabb نكبينكب ب nkabb انكب

Hiyye tinkabb btinkabb تنكب بتنكب nkabbat انكبت

I7na ninkabb mninkabb ننكب مننكب nkabbeena انكبينا

Intu tinkabbu btinkabbu تنكبو بتنكبو nkabbeetu انكبيتو

Humme yinkabbu binkabbu نكبوينكبو ب nkabbu انكبو

Page 19: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Form VIII

As with form VIIs on the similarly-structured pattern yinfi3el, form VIIIs differ between Jordanian and

Palestinian based on their treatment of the middle vowel i. In Jordanian this is stable, but in

Palestinian it is deleted when not stressed, producing pairs like the following:

’yishtighlu ‘they work يشتغلو ’yishtghel ‘he works يشتغل

Likewise in defective verbs, where the absence of a final consonant to form a cluster and trigger a

stress shift when suffixes are added means there is no middle vowel in any of the forms:

’yishtru ‘they buy يشترو ’yishtri ‘he buys يشتري

shtaghal اشتغل‘work’

Active Participle Passive Participle مشتغل

mishtighel mishtghel

N/A

MaSdar Noun of Instance

shaghle شغلة shughol شغل

Imperative:

اشتغل اشتغلي اشتغلوishtghel ishtighli ishtghlu

Present Past

Ana 2ashtghel bashtghel 2ashtighel bashtighel

اشتغلت shtaghalet اشتغل بشتغل

Inta tishtghel btishtghel tishtighel btishtighel

اشتغلت shtaghalet تشتغل بتشتغل

Inti tishtighli btishtighli تشتغلي بتشتغلي shtaghalti اشتغلتي

Huwwe yishtghel bishtghel yishtighel bishtighel

شتغليشتغل ب shtaghal اشتغل

Hiyye tishtghel btishtghel tishteghel btishteghel

اشتغلت shtaghlat تشتغل بتشتغل

I7na nishtghel mnishtghel nishtighel mnishtighel

اشتغلنا shtaghalna نشتغل منشتغل

Intu tishtighlu btishtighlu تشتغلو بتشتغلو shtaghaltu اشتغلتو

Humme yishtighlu bishtighlu شتغلويشتغلو ب shtaghalu اشتغلو

Page 20: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

rtaa7 ارتاح‘rest’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mirtaa7 N/A مرتاح

MaSdar Noun of Instance

N/A N/A

Imperative:

ارتاحي ارتاحوارتاح rtaa7 rtaa7i rtaa7u

Present Past

Ana 2artaa7 bartaa7 ارتاح برتاح rta7et ارتحت

Inta tirtaa7 btirtaa7 ترتاح بترتاح rta7et ارتحت

Inti tirtaa7i btirtaa7i ترتاحي بترتاحي rta7ti ارتحتي

Huwwe yirtaa7 birtaa7 رتاحيرتاح ب rtaa7 ارتاح

Hiyye tirtaa7 btirtaa7 ترتاح بترتاح rtaa7at ارتاحت

I7na nirtaa7 mnirtaa7 نرتاح منرتاح rta7na ارتحنا

Intu tirtaa7u btirtaa7u ترتاحو بترتاحو rta7tu ارتحتو

Humme yirtaa7u birtaa7u رتاحويرتاحو ب rtaa7u ارتاحو

lta2a التقى‘meet’

Active Participle Passive Participle

milt2i N/A ملتقي

MaSdar Noun of Instance

iltiqaa2 N/A التقاء

Imperative: التقي التقي التقوilt2i ilt2i ilt2u

Present Past

Ana 2alt2i balt2i 2alti2i balti2i

التقيت lta2eet التقي بلتقي

Inta tilt2i btilt2i tilti2i btilti2i

بتلتقيتلتقي lta2eet التقيت

Inti tilt2i btilt2i tilti2i btilti2i

التقيتي lta2eeti تلتقي بتلتقي

Huwwe yilt2i bilt2i yilti2i bilti2i

لتقييلتقي ب ilta2a التقى

Hiyye tilt2i btilt2i tilti2i btilti2i

التقت ilta2at تلتقي بتلتقي

I7na nilt2i mnilt2i nilti2i bnilti2i

التقينا lta2eena نلتقي منلتقي

Intu tilt2u btilt2u tilti2u btilti2u

التقيتو lta2eetu تلتقو بتلتقو

Humme yilt2u bilt2u yilti2u bilti2u

لتقويلتقو ب ilta2u التقو

Page 21: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

DTarr اضطر‘be obliged to’

Active Participle Passive Participle

miDTarr N/A مضطر

MaSdar Noun of Instance

iDTiraar N/A اضطرار

Imperative:

اضطر اضطري اضطروDTarr DTarri DTarru

Present Past

Ana 2aDTarr baDTarr اضطر بضطر DTarreet اضطريت

Inta tiDTarr btiDTarr تضطر بتضطر DTarreet اضطريت

Inti tiDTarri btiDTarri يبتضطر يتضطر DTarreeti اضطريتي

Huwwe yiDTarr biDTarr ضطريضطر ب DTarr اضطر

Hiyye tiDTarr btiDTarr تضطر بتضطر DTarrat اضطرت

I7na niDTarr mniDTarr نضطر منضطر DTarreena اضطرينا

Intu btiDTarru btiDTarru تضطرو بتضطرو DTarreetu اضطريتو

Humme yiDTarru biDTarru ضطرويضطرو ب DTarru اضطرو

Form IX

swadd اسود‘turn black’

Active Participle Passive Participle

miswadd N/A مسود

MaSdar Noun of Instance

N/A N/A

Imperative: اسود اسودي اسودو

swadd swaddi swaddu

Present Past

Ana 2aSwadd baSwadd اسود بسود swaddeet اسوديت

Inta tiSwadd btiSwadd تسود بتسود swaddeet اسوديت

Inti tiSwadd btiSwadd تسود بتسود swaddeeti اسوديتي

Huwwe yiSwadd biSwadd يسود بسود swadd اسود

Hiyye tiSwadd btiSwadd تسود بتسود swaddat اسودت

I7na niSwadd mniSwadd نسود منسود swaddeena اسودينا

Intu btiSwaddu btiSwaddu تسودو بتسودو swaddeetu اسوديتو

Humme yiSwaddu biSwaddu يسودويسودو swaddu اسودو

Page 22: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Form X

staghrab استغرب‘find strange, be surprised’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mistaghreb N/A مستغرب

MaSdar Noun of Instance

istighraab N/A استغراب

Imperative: استغرب استغربي استغربو

staghreb staghirbi staghirbu

Present Past

Ana 2astaghreb bastaghreb استغرب بستغرب staghrabet استغربت

Inta tistaghreb btistaghreb تستغرب بتستغرب staghrabet استغربت

Inti tistaghirbi btistaghirbi تستغرب بتستغرب staghrabti استغربتي

Huwwe yistaghreb bistaghreb ستغربيستغرب ب staghrab استغرب

Hiyye tistaghreb btistaghreb تستغرب بتستغرب staghrabat استغربت

I7na nistaghreb mnistaghreb نستغرب منستغرب staghrabna استغربنا

Intu btistaghirbu btistaghirbu تستغربو بتستغربو staghrabtu استغربتو

Humme yistaghirbu bistaghirbu ستغربويستغربو ب staghrabu استغربو

staqaal استقال‘resign’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mistaqiil N/A مستقيل

MaSdar Noun of Instance

istiqaale N/A استقالة

Imperative: استقيل استقيلي استقيلو

staqiil staqiili staqiilu

Present Past

Ana 2astaqiiil bastaqiiil استقيل بستقيل staqalet استقلت

Inta tistaqiiil btistaqiiil تستقيل بتستقيل staqalet استقلت

Inti tistaqiiil btistaqiiil تستقيل بتستقيل staqalti استقلتي

Huwwe yistaqiiil bistaqiiil ستقيليستقيل ب staqaal استقال

Hiyye tistaqiiil btistaqiiil تستقيل بتستقيل staqaalat استقالت

I7na nistaqiiil mnistaqiiil نستقيل منستقيل staqalna استقلنا

Intu btistaqiiilu btistaqiiilu تستقيلو بتستقيلو staqaltu اضطريتو

Humme yistaqiiilu bistaqiiilu ستقيلويستقيلو ب staqaalu اضطرو

Page 23: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

stawla استولى‘take over’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mistawli N/A مستولي

MaSdar Noun of Instance

istilaa2 N/A استيالء

Imperative:

استولي استولي استلولوstawli stawli stawlu

Present Past

Ana 2astawli bastawli استولي بستولي stawleet استوليت

Inta tistawli btistawli تستولي بتستولي stawleet استوليت

Inti tistawli btistawli تستولييبتستولي stawleeti استوليتي

Huwwe yistawli bistawli يستولي بستولي stawla استولى

Hiyye tistawli btistawli تستولي بتستولي stawlat استولت

I7na nistawli mnistawli نستولي منستولي stawleena استولينا

Intu tistawlu btistawlu تستولو بتستولو stawleetu استوليتو

Humme yistawlu bistawlu يستولو بستولو stawlu استولو

staghall استغل‘exploit’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mistghill N/A مستغل

MaSdar Noun of Instance

istighlaal N/A استغالل

Imperative: استغل استغلي استغلو

stghill stghilli stghillu

Present Past

Ana 2astghill bastghill استغل بستغل staghalleet استغليت

Inta tistghill btistghill تستغل بتستغل staghalleet استغليت

Inti tistghilli btistghilli تستغلي بتستغلي staghalleeti استغليتي

Huwwe yistghill bistghill ستغليستغل ب staghall استغل

Hiyye tistghill btistghill تستغل بتستغل staghallat استغلت

I7na nistghill mnistghill نستغل منستغل staghalleena استغلينا

Intu tistghillu btistghillu تستغلو بتستغلو staghalleetu استغليتو

Humme yistghillu bistghillu ستغلويستغلو ب staghallu استغلو

Page 24: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Quadriliteral verbs

za2za2 زقزق‘squeak’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mza2ze2 N/A مزقزق

MaSdar Noun of Instance

za2za2a N/A زقزقة

Imperative: زقزق زقزقي زقزقو

za2ze2 za2iz2i za2iz2u

Present Past

Ana 2aza2ze2 baza2ze2 زقزق بزقزقأ za2za2et زقزقت

Inta tza2ze2 bitza2ze2 تزقزق بتزقزق za2za2et زقزقت

Inti tza2iz2i bitza2iz2i بتزقزقيتزقزقي za2za2Ti زقزقتي

Huwwe yza2ze2 biza2ze2 يزقزق بزقزق za2za2 زقزق

Hiyye tza2ze2 bitza2ze2 تزقزق بتزقزق za2za2at زقزقت

I7na nza2ze2 minza2ze2 نزقزق منزقزق za2za2na زقزقنا

Intu tza2iz2u bitza2iz2u تزقزقو بتزقزقو za2za2Tu زقزقنا

Humme yza2iz2u biza2iz2u يزقزقو بزقزقو za2za2u زقزقو

دحدلت tda7dal ‘roll’

Active Participle Passive Participle

دحدلمت mitda7del N/A

MaSdar Noun of Instance

ةدحدل da7dale N/A

Imperative: ودحدلي تدحدلت دحدلت

tda7dal tda7dali tda7dalu

Present Past

Ana 2atda7dal batda7dal دحدلبت دحدلتأ tda7dalet تدحدلت

Inta titda7dal btitda7dal دحدلبتت دحدلتت tda7dalet تدحدلت

Inti titda7dali btitda7dali يدحدلي بتتدحدلتت tda7dalTi تيدحدلت

Huwwe yitda7dal bitda7dal دحدلبت دحدليت tda7dal دحدلت

Hiyye titda7dal btitda7dal دحدلبتت دحدلتت tda7dalat تدحدلت

I7na nitda7dal mnitda7dal دحدلمنت دحدلنت tda7dalna نادحدلت

Intu titda7dalu btitda7dalu ودحدلو بتتدحدلتت tda7dalTu نادحدلت

Humme yitda7dalu bitda7dalu ودحدلو بتدحدليت tda7dalu ودحدلت

Page 25: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

Ta3ma طعمى

‘feed’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mTa3ma مطعمى mTa3mi مطعمي

MaSdar Noun of Instance

N/A N/A

Imperative:

طعمي طعمي طعموTa3mi Ta3mi Ta3mu

Present Past

Ana 2aTa3mi baTa3mi طعمي بطعميأ Ta3meet طعميت

Inta tTa3mi bitTa3mi تطعمي بتطعمي Ta3meet طعميت

Inti tTa3mi bitTa3mi تطعمي بتطعمي Ta3meeti طعميتي

Huwwe yTa3mi biTa3mi يطعمي بطعمي Ta3ma طعمى

Hiyye tTa3mi bitTa3mi تطعمي بتطعمي Ta3mat طعمت

I7na nTa3mi minTa3mi نطعمي منطعمي Ta3meena طعمينا

Intu tTa3mu bitTa3mu تطعمو بتطعمو Ta3meetu طعميتو

Humme yTa3mu biTa3mu يطعمو بطعمو Ta3mu طعمو

tfarsha تفرشى‘be brushed’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mitfarshi N/A متفرشي

MaSdar Noun of Instance

N/A N/A

Imperative: تفرشى تفرشي تفرشو

tfarsha tfarshi tfarshu

Present Past

Ana 2atfarsha batfarsha بتفرشى اتفرشى tfarsheet تفرشيت

Inta titfarsha btitfarsha تتفرشى بتتفرشى tfarsheet تفرشيت

Inti titfarshi btitfarshi تتفرشي بتتفرشي tfarsheeti تفرشيتي

Huwwe yitfarsha bitfarsha تفرشىيتفرشى ب tfarsha تفرشى

Hiyye titfarsha btitfarsha تتفرشى بتتفرشى tfarshat تفرشت

I7na nitfarsha mnitfarsha نتفرشى منتفرشى tfarsheena تفرشينا

Intu titfarshu btitfarshu تتفرشو بتتفرشو tfarsheetu تفرشيتو

Humme yitfarshu bitfarshu تفرشويتفرشو ب tfarshu تفرشو

Page 26: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

doozan دوزن

‘tune’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mdoozan مدوزن mdoozen مدوزن

MaSdar Noun of Instance

doozane N/A دوزنة

Imperative:

دوزن دوزني دوزنوdoozen doozni dooznu

Present Past

Ana 2adoozen badoozen دوزن بدوزنأ doozanet دوزنت

Inta tdoozen bitdoozen تدوزن بتدوزن doozanet دوزنت

Inti tdoozni bitdoozni تدوزني بتدوزني doozanti دوزنتي

Huwwe ydoozen bidoozen يدوزن بدوزن doozan دوزن

Hiyye tdoozen bitdoozen تدوزن بتدوزن doozanat دوزنت

I7na ndoozen mindoozen ندوزن مندوزن doozanna دوزننا

Intu tdooznu bitdooznu تدوزنو بتدوزنو doozantu دوزننا

Humme ydooznu bidooznu يدوزنو بدوزنو doozanu دوزنو

tdoozan تدوزن

‘be tuned’

Active Participle Passive Participle

mitdoozen N/A متدوزن

MaSdar Noun of Instance

N/A N/A

Imperative:

تدوزن تدوزني تدوزنوtdoozan tdoozani tdoozanu

Present Past

Ana 2atdoozan batdoozan تدوزن بتدوزن tdoozanet تدوزنت

Inta titdoozan btitdoozan تتدوزن بتتدوزن tdoozanet تدوزنت

Inti titdoozani btitdoozani تتدوزني بتتدوزني tdoozanti تدوزنتي

Huwwe yitdoozan bitdoozan يتدوزن بتدوزن tdoozan تدوزن

Hiyye titdoozan btitdoozan تتدوزن بتتدوزن tdoozanat تدوزنت

I7na nitdoozan mnitdoozan نتدوزن منتدوزن tdoozanna تدوزننا

Intu titdoozanu btitdoozanu تتدوزنو بتتدوزنو tdoozantu تدوزننا

Humme yitdoozanu bitdoozanu يتدوزنو بتدوزنو tdoozanu تدوزنو

Page 27: Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team Mahateammaha.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Southern-Levantine-verbs.pdfPalestinian/Jordanian verb forms Palestinian and Jordanian When I say

ىصوص SooSa

‘chirp’

Active Participle Passive Participle

يصوصم mSooSi N/A

MaSdar Noun of Instance

N/A N/A

Imperative:

صوصي صوصي صوصوSooSi SooSi SooSu

Present Past

Ana 2aSooSi baSooSi يصوصي بصوصأ SoSeet يتصوص

Inta tSooSi bitSooSi يصوصي بتصوصت SoSeet يتصوص

Inti tSooSi bitSooSi يصوصي بتصوصت SoSeeti يتيصوص

Huwwe ySooSi biSooSi صوصب صوصي SooSa ىصوص

Hiyye tSooSi bitSooSi يصوصي بتصوصت SooSat تصوص

I7na nSooSi minSooSi يصوصي منصوصن SoSeena يناصوص

Intu tSooSu bitSooSu وصوصو بتصوصت SoSeetu يتوصوص

Humme ySooSu biSooSu وصوصبو صوصي SooSu وصوص