Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Meteoraspis , an osteostracan (by John A. Long, from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Reading: Benton Chapters 3 & 7

Paleozoic Radiation of Marine Vertebrates

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Ceno

zoic

Mes

ozoi

cPa

leoz

oic

Pleistocene

Pliocene

Miocene

Oligocene

Eocene

Paleocene

Holocene

Paleogene

Neogene

Quaternary

Cretaceous

Jurassic

Triassic

Permian

Pennsylvanian

Mississippian

Devonian

Silurian

Ordovician

Cambrian

Proterozoic

Archean

2.6

23

65

145

199

251

299

318

359

416

444

488

542

2.5 billion

4.6 billion4.6 billion

Era Period Epoch Age(millions of years ago)

Carb

onife

rous

Phan

eroz

oic

Prec

ambr

ian First deuterostome and

vertebrate fossils

Harding Sandstone vertebrates

Cono

dont

s

Astra

spid

s, H

eter

ostra

cans

,Th

elod

onts

, Ost

eost

raca

ns

Gna

thos

tom

es

Mass Extinction

Carboniferous crisisAmniote diversification

Early tetrapods on land

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Hallam, 1984. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 12: 205-243.

First deuterostome and vertebrate fossils

Harding Sandstone vertebrates

Cono

dont

s

Astra

spid

s, H

eter

ostra

cans

,Th

elod

onts

, Ost

eost

raca

ns

Gna

thos

tom

es

Carboniferous crisisAmniote diversification

Early tetrapods on land

Global Sea Level

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana

Geol G-308

(c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html)

Early Paleozoic (542- 359 Ma)

•Continent grows

•Sea level high, extensive shallow seas

•Taconic and Acadian orogenies form older parts of the eastern mountains

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana

Geol G-308

Silurian Paleogeography

(c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html)

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Gnathostomes

Osteostr

aci

Theolodonti

Anaspida

Heterostraci

Myxinoidea

(hag!sh)

Conodonta

Petromyzo

nitida

(lampreys)

Myllokunmingiida

Astrasp

ida

Vertebrata

Craniata* eye muscles* symmetrical gills* 2 semicircular canals

Unnamed* calci!ed dermal skeleton

Unnamed* trunk dermal skeleton

Unnamed* paired !ns or !n folds

Unnamed* sensory line enclosed in canals* opercular "aps

Unnamed* neurocranium (braincase) closed dorsally

* jaws

Pteraspidomorphi* oak-leaf shaped dermal tubercles

Pteraspidomorphi* oak-leaf shaped dermal tubercles

Agnatha, “jawless !sh” (paraphyletic) “jawed !sh”

Phylogeny of early vertebrates

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

A living lamprey, Geotria australis. (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Living agnathans (jawless fish)

Hagfish (Acraniates)

A living hagfish, Myxine glutinosa. (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Lampreys (Craniates)

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

ConodontsCambrian to Triassic

Tiny early vertebratesPhosphatic tooth elements are what are normally preserved as fossilsChange in color of phosphatic material used as “paleothermometer” to study past temperature of the rock

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

(Dzik, 1991, Evolution of oral apparatuses in the conodont chordates. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 36: 265-323)

Conodont elements (“teeth”) in life positionPandorinellina

remscheidensis elements and reconstruction their

position in a living animal

Manticolepis subrecta apparatus in life position

(Aldridge and Purnell, 1996. The conodont controversies. TREE, 11: 463-468)

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Astraspis from the Late Ordovician, Colorado (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Astraspids and Heterostracans

Astraspis, Late Ordovician

Liliaspis, heterostracan from the Early Devonian, Russia (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Errivaspis waynensis from the Early Devonian, United Kingdom (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

AstaraspidsSmall Ordovician fishMobile tailCovered in bony plates made of bone, dentine, and enameloid

HeterostraciSilurian and Devonian radiation

More than 300 speciesHead shields with upper and lower plates

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Sphenonectris turnerae, Early Devonian of Canada (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Theolodonts

Furcicauda, Early Devonian of Canada (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

ThelodontsSmall, nearly unarmored fishOrdovician through Devonian

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Cephelaspis pagei from Early Devonian of Britain (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Osteostracans

Zenaspis selwayi(from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Meteoraspis , an osteostracan (by John A. Long, from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Major group of fishes, more than 300 species in three subcladesMassive dorsal head shieldGill openings on ventral sideRadiated Ordovician through Devonian

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

(from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Heterostracan versus osteostracan agnathans

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Gnathostomes: jawed “fishes”Includes tetrapods

Sarcopterygia

(lobe-!nned !sh

...

paraphyletic w

ith re

spect

to tetra

pods)

Actinopterygia

(ray-!nned !sh

)

Chondricthyes(sharks and relatives)

* loss of bone* specialized tooth

replacement

Placoderm

i

Gnathostomes* jaws derived from palatoquadrate (upper) and Meckel’s (lower) cartilages* endoskeletal pectoral and pelvic girdles

Unnamed* teeth erupt from dental lamina* nasal capsule attached to rest of chondrocranium

Osteichthyes (bony !sh)

Euselach

ia

(sharks a

nd rays)

Chimaeroidea

(chim

aeras, rat!sh

)

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Incisoscutumm, a placoderm from Late Devonian of Australia (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Placodermi - early gnathostomesLatocamurus, a placoderm from Late Devonian of Australia

(from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Dunkleosteus, a placoderm from Devonian of Ohio (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Campbellodus decipiens, Devonian of Australia (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Live birth in placodermsMaterpiscis attenboroughi, Devonian from Gogo, Australia

Materpiscis attenboroughis, Devonian of Australia (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Materpiscis attenboroughi, Devonian of Australia (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Chlamydoselache teeth (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Chondrichthyes - sharks, rays and chimeras

Acmonistion, stethacanthid shark from the Early Carboniferous(from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Falcatus, stethacanthid shark from the Early Carboniferous(from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Helicoprion, shark from the Permian(from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

(c) David Fleetham

Holocephalia: Chimaeras, ratfish

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

(from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Actinopterygia - ray-finned fish

Living wrasse, a teleost (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Cheirolepis, early actinopterygian (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Howqualepis rostidens, Late Devonian, Australia (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Polypterus, ray-finned fish from Africa (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Protopterus, African lungfish (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes)

Sarcopterygia - lobe-finned fishParaphyletic group of fishes that are most closely related to tetrapods

Coelacanthus, living coelacanth (from Hans Fricke)

Left: tooth plate of fossil lungfish Arganodus from Early Cretaceous of Africa. Right: Mouth of living lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri showing tooth plates (from Long, 2011, The Rise of

Fishes)

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Timing of major fish events

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly

G404 Geobiology

Scientific papers for further reading

Aldridge, R. J. and M. A. Purnell. 1996. The conodont controversies. TREE, 11: 463-468.

Carr, R.K. and G. L. Jackson, 2008. The vertebrate fauna of the Cleveland Member (Famennian) of the Ohio Shale. Ohio Geological Survey Guidebook 22: 1-17.

Long, J.A., K. Trinajstic, G.C. Young, and T. Senden. 2008. Live birth in the Devonian. Nature, 453: 650-653.

Sansom, R. S. 2009. Phylogeny, classification, and character polarity of the Osteostraci (Vertebrata). Journal of Systematic Paleontology, 7: 95-115.