Paleolithic Era to Agricultural Revolution Migration from ... · Paleolithic Era to Agricultural...
Transcript of Paleolithic Era to Agricultural Revolution Migration from ... · Paleolithic Era to Agricultural...
Paleolithic Era to Agricultural
Revolution
Hominids Neolithic Era
Migration from Africa
Places
Science
Paleolithic Era
“Prehistory” – time before writing
Homo Habilis
Homo Erectus
Homo Sapiens
o Neanderthal
o Cro-Magnon
“Old Stone Age”
Nomadic
o Followed migrating
animals in search of
food
Small Clans
Hunter-Gatherers
Make Fire
Simple Tools
“New Stone Age”
Agricultural Revolution Stable, permanent Communities
Domestication
o Plants
o Animals
Advanced Tools
Archaeologists
Anthropologists
Paleontologists
Artifacts
Fossils
Carbon Dating
Louis & Mary Leakey
Olduvai Gorge – East Africa (Tanzania)
o Oldest hominid discoveries
Neolithic Settlements
o Aleppo (Syria)
o Çatalhӧyük (Turkey/Anatolia Peninsula)
o Jericho (Eastern Mediterranean
Stonehenge
o England
Caves at Lascaux.
France
Ancient River Valley
Civilizations
Economic Patterns Characteristics of Civilization
Locations Law Codes
Written Language
Governments & Religions
Literature
Division of Labor
Complex Social Institutions
o Ex. Government, Religion
Advanced Technology
Calendar
Written Language
(Last Aspect to develop)
Use of new metals
o Bronze & Iron
Increased Agricultural Production
o Use of Irrigation Systems & Plows
Trade begins
World’s 1st
Cities Develop - Sumer
Use of Slaves for Labor
Monarchy
Empires
Dynasties
Polytheism
Monotheism
o Judaism
Mesopotamia
o Tigris & Euphrates
Egypt
o Nile
Indus River Valley
o Indus
China
o Huang He
Pictograms
Cuneiform
o Sumer
Hieroglyphics
o Egypt
Alphabet
o Phoenicia
Hammurabi’s Law Code
o Unified Babylonian Society
o Harsh Laws
o Strict class distinctions
“The Firsts of Everything”
The Epic of Gilgamesh
o World’s 1st Epic
Ancient River Valley Civilizations -
Mesopotamia
Civilizations Terms Judaism
Geography
Hebrews
o 1st
Monotheistic Religion – Judaism
Sumer
o World’s 1st
City-States
o 1st
Written Language - Cuneiform
Phoenicia
o 1st
Mediterranean Traders
o 1st
Alphabet
Akkadians
o 1st
Empire – Sargon
Babylonians
o 1st
Law Code – Hammurabi
Hittites
o Anatolia Peninsula – 1st
Ironworkers
Assyrians
o Military Supremacy
Chaldeans
o Advances in Astronomy
o Hanging Gardens of Babylon –
Nebuchadnezzar
Lydians
o 1st
Coins – Replaces Barter
Hebrews
1st
Monotheistic Religion
Abraham – “Father” of Judaism
Moses – Led Hebrews on Exodus
Solomon – King unites 12 Tribes
Torah – Holy Book
Ten Commandments – Moral Law
Code
Exile – Jews enslaved in Babylon
Diaspora – Dispersal of Jews around
the World – Cultural Diffusion
Ziggurat
Stylus
Flax
City-State
Ancient River Valley Civilizations
Egypt
Geography Religion
People
Kingdoms & Government
Nubia
Nile River – Flows North
The Delta – Rich Soil
Cataracts - Rapids
Upper Egypt
Lower Egypt
Sinai Peninsula – connected
Africa to Asia (Mesopotamia)
Sahara – Barrier to the West
Thebes – last capital of Egypt
Kingdom in Upper Nile Region
Also known as the Kush
Thriving Trade - Trading partner
to Egypt
Will be ruled by and will rule
over Egypt
Capital Merӧe – Known for Iron
deposits & production
Pharaoh – god-king
Pyramids – tombs for the
Pharaohs
Book of the Dead – guides
souls through Afterlife
Menes/Narmer
o Unites Upper & Lower Egypt
Ahmose
o Queen who defeats Hyksos
Hatshepsut
o Queen who proclaims
herself Pharaoh
Thutmose III
o Egypt’s 1st Empire
Amenhotep IV
o One god – Aton
o Changes name – Akhenaton
o Queen Nefertiti
History
o Hieroglyphs record history
o Old Kingdom
Pyramid Age
o Middle Kingdom
Transitional period
o New Kingdom
Age of Pharaohs
Government
o Theocracy – Ruler is political &
religious leader
o Pharaoh – god-king
Ancient River Valley Civilizations
China
Geography
Contributions
Dynasties
Confucianism
Buddhism
Daoism
Terms
Population in East –
Isolation due to Geography
Huang He Valley
o Yellow River
Other Rivers
o Yangtze (Chang
Jiang)
o Xi Jiang
Gobi Desert
Yellow Sea
The “Dynastic Cycle”
Xia – Legendary 1st Dynasty (?)
o Yu the Great
o Irrigation System
Shang
o Capital – Anyang
Zhou
o Feudalism
Qin
o 1st Emperor –
Qin Shi Huang di
o The Great Wall
o Terra Cotta Warriors
Han
o Pax Sinica
o Silk Roads
Confucius – Kongzi
Humans good & bad
Filial Piety – respect for
parents & elders
Code of Politeness
Emphasis on Education
Ancestor Worship
The “Old Master” –
Lao tze
Harmony w/ Nature
Simple Life/Inner Peace
Humility
Spread along trade routes
Appealed to those suffering at
the end of Han Dynasty
Cultural Diffusion results in many
different sects of Buddhism
Mandate of Heaven
Loess
Oracle Bones
Civil Service System
Paper
Porcelain
Silk
Gunpowder
Ancient River Valley Civilizations
India
Harappan Civilization Geography
Mauryan Empire
Gupta Empire
Buddhism
Aryans
Hinduism
Indus River Valley
Planned Cities
o Harappa
o Mohenjo-Daro
Declined due to Natural
Disaster
Indo-Europeans
Migrate through Khyber Pass of
Hindu Kush Mountains
Dominate native Dravidians
Introduce:
o Caste System
o Vedas (Holy Books)
o Sanskrit (language)
Indian Subcontinent
o Isolated by Mountains
Hindu Kush in West
Himalayas in East
River Systems
o Indus & Ganges
Monsoons
o Seasonal Winds bring rains
Aryan influences
Caste System
Belief in Reincarnation
o Role of Karma
Holy Books
o Vedas
Brought by Aryans
o Upanishads
Spread along trade routes to other
parts of Asia
Dominant religion of India today
Siddhartha Gautama
Founded in area of present-day Nepal
Four Noble Truths
Eight-fold Path
Emperor Asoka
o Converts & Spreads through
Missionaries
Politically
unifies India
Greatest leader
– Asoka
Spread of
Buddhism
Free Hospitals
“Golden Age”
Mathematics
o Zero
o Decimals
Medical Advances
o Set bones
Literature
o Mahabharata
o Ramayana
Persia Mesopotamia's greatest empire
Zoroastrianism
Greece & Alexander the Great
Geography
Contributions
People
Founded by the prophet, Zoroaster
Belief in 2 opposing forces in the
Universe – Good & Evil?
o Ahuramazda – Supreme Being
o Ahriman – opposing force
Worshipped forces of nature
Shared elements with 3 Monotheistic
faiths – Judaism, Christianity & Islam
Cyrus the Great
o Known for Tolerance
Darius I
o Royal Road
o Introduces Imperial
Bureaucracy
Xerxes
o Fails in his attempt to conquer
Greece
Imperial Bureaucracy
Zoroastrianism
The Royal Road
Defeated by the United
Greek city-states in
Persian Wars
Ultimately taken over by
the forces of Alexander
the Great
Territory divided into
separate kingdoms
Ancient Greece
Geography
Greek Wars
Greek Golden Age
Roots of Democracy
Religion
City-States Governments
Mountainous terrain
Lack of arable land
Located on Balkan
Peninsula
Aegean Sea at heart of
civilization
Black & Med. Seas –
colonization
Dardanelles – access to
the Black Sea
Individual cities = Individual
Governments
Monarchy: Aristocracy: Tyranny
Oligarchy – Sparta
Direct Democracy - Athens
The Polis
Athens o Education o Government o Economy o Democracy
Sparta o Militaristic o Oligarchy
Tyrant Reformers
o Draco – Law Code
o Solon – Outlaws debt
slavery
Pericles – extends citizenship
Citizens
o Male-landowners
o Responsibility of civic
participation
DIRECT DEMOCRACY
“United we stand, divided we fall”
Persian Wars
Greek city-states united
Battles o Marathon o Salamis
Athens becomes dominant city-state
Peloponnesian Wars
Greek Civil War
Delian League vs. Peloponnesian League
Sparta victorious
Weakens Greek City-states
Hellenic Culture
“Golden Age of Pericles”
Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles
Poetry: Homer
o Iliad, Odyssey
History: Herodotus,
Thucydides
Sculpture: Phidias
Philosophy: Socrates, Plato,
Aristotle
Medicine: Hippocrates
Polytheistic
Explained natural
phenomena
Expressed human
frailties/emotions
The Parthenon
The Roman Republic
Geography Punic Wars
Roman Mythology
Representative Democracy
Social Structure
The First Triumvirate
Decline of the Republic
Italian Peninsula
centrally located in
Mediterranean Basin
Protected by Alps
Sea provides protection
and access to sea-borne
trade.
www.mitchellteachers.
Fought against Carthage for control
of Med. Sea Trade.
Hannibal – led Carthage in 2nd Punic
War – invaded Italian Peninsula
3 Wars end with Roman victory &
destruction of Carthage
Based on Greek mythology
Integral to Culture, Politics, &
Art
Explained natural phenomena,
human qualities, life events
Res Publica – a “Republic”
Overthrow of Etruscan Rulers
Power divided among 3 branches
1. Executive
a. Consuls
2. Judicial
a. Praetors
3. Legislative
a. Senate
i. REAL POWER
b. Assemblies
Law Code – The Twelve Tables
Patricians
Noble Class
Plebeians
Merchants, Artisans,
Farmers
Demand Changes Julius Caesar,
Crassus, & Pompey
Caesar conquers
Gaul; attempts
seizure of power.
Caesar assassinated-
March 15, 44 BCE
Civil War follows
1. Spread of Slavery into
Agricultural System
2. Migration of farmers into
cities; unemployment
(Proletariat)
3. Civil War over power of
Julius Caesar
4. Devaluation of Roman
Currency; Inflation
Roman Pantheon
Roman Forum
Russia
Mongols
Growth of Russia
The Mongol Conquest
Location of Russia Viking influence in Russia
Mongol Empire
largest contiguous land empire
Byzantine Influence on
Russia
Slavic regions
north of the
Black Sea
Access to Black
Sea along
Dnieper, Don, &
Volga Rivers
The Steppes of
Russia
Cyrillic Alphabet created by
Eastern Orthodox Missionaries
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
adopted by Prince Vladimir
Architectural Influence – The
Onion Dome
Religious Art – Mosaics & Icons
Kievan Rus
Vikings (the Rus), under the
leadership of Rurik, establish
the 1st State in Russia w/ Kiev
as its capital.
Vikings use Russian rivers as
highways to travel to warm-
weather ports of Black & Baltic
Seas
Vladimir adopts Eastern Orthodox
Christianity
Yaroslav creates an effective law code
Ivan III (the Great) refuses to pay Mongol
Tribute; Unites Russian Principalities
Ivan begins to call himself Czar (Tsar) –
Russian for Caesar
Genghis Khan invades Russia creating the Khanate of the
Golden Horde
Mongols demand Tribute from Russian principalities
Russia becomes isolated from Western European States
Mongols keep open trade routes between China & Eastern
Europe – Trade increases
Kublai Khan creates Yuan dynasty in China; fails to take Japan
Italian Marco Polo sits in Kublai’s court; reports of China
reach Europe.
Islamic Civilization
Muhammad
Contributions
Sunni-Shi'a Split Beliefs & Traditions
Geography - Spread of Islam
Monotheistic – 1 God – Allah
5 Pillars
o Faith, Hajj (Pilgrimage), Prayer,
Alms (Charity), Fasting
Ramadan – Holy Month
Qur’an (Koran) – Holy Book
Acceptance of Judeo-Christian
Prophets (Abraham, Moses, Jesus)
People of the Book – Jews/Christians
Muhammad - Last & Greatest of the
Prophets
The Revelations – delivered by the
Angel Gabriel
Begins preaching in Mecca
The Hijrah (Heigra) migration to
Yathrib (Medina – City of the Prophet)
Muhammad returns to Mecca;
declares a Jihad (Holy War)
Destroys idols at Ka’aba
Split occurs after the
death of Ali – last of
the Rightly Guided
Caliphs
Sunni & Shi’a (Shi’ite)
Sufis –Mystical Sect
Architecture – Dome of the Rock:
Minarets
Mosaics - borrowed from Byzantine
Empire
Translation of Ancient Texts into
Arabic
Arabic Numerals (Adapted from
India)
Al-Jabr – Algebra
Advances in Medicine
Literature
o Thousand and One Nights
o The Rubiyat – Omar Khayyam
Calligraphy
Advances in Cartography (map
making)
Universities (House of Wisdom)
Begins on Arabian Peninsula
Mecca – Holiest City
Medina – “City of the Prophet”
Jerusalem – 3rd Holiest City
Rightly Guided Caliphs – spreads
Islam to Persia & North Africa
Umayyad Dynasty – capital
Damascus – spreads to Spain &
India
Battle of Tours (732 CE) – stops
expansion into Europe.
Abbasid Dynasty – capital moves to
Baghdad
Mongols attack Baghdad (1258)
Sunni Shi’a
Caliph? Any Righteous Muslim
Descendant of Ali & Fatima
Majority Minority
The Eastern Hemisphere
Trade Routes East African Kingdoms
West African Kingdoms
Japan
Aided diffusion & exchange of culture/technology
Silk Routes across Asia to Mediterranean Basin
Maritime Routes across Indian Ocean
Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa
Western European sea & river trade
South China Sea & lands of Southeast Asia
Axum
o Location near Ethiopian
Highlands & Nile River
o Christian Kingdom
Zimbabwe
o Near Zambezi & Limpopo
Rivers; Indian Coast
o City of “Great Zimbabwe”
capital of prosperous
empire
Importance of Gold & Salt to trans-Saharan trade
1. Ghana
o 1st Great Kingdom
2. Mali
o Mansa Musa
o Islam
o Timbuktu becomes key Islamic City
3. Songhai
_____________________________________
Animism
o Belief in nature spirits
o Most common African Religion
Bantu Migrations o Population shifts
o Bantu languages basis of most African
languages
Geography o Mountainous Archipelago
o 4 main islands
o Proximity to China & Korea
o Sea of Japan/East Sea separates
archipelago from Asian mainland
Chinese Influence o Writing
o Architecture
o Buddhism
Shinto o Unique to Japan
o Importance of natural features, forces
of nature, ancestors
o State Religion; worship of Emperor
Development of Feudalism o Samurai Warriors
Torii Gate (Shinto)
Europe
Early Medieval Period
Influence of Christianity
Vikings
Other Invaders
Feudalism & Manorialism Solution to new invasions
Charlemagne & the Frankish Kingdom
Age of Faith
As Secular authority declined,
Church authority grew
Monasteries preserve Greco-Roman
cultural achievements
o St. Benedict – Benedictine Monks
o Sister – Scholastica – creates
women’s order
Missionaries carry Christianity to
Germanic tribes
o Patrick – Ireland
Pope anoints Charlemagne Emperor
Parish priests see to the needs of the
people
Church controls Papal States –
territories in Italy
2 Dynasties – Merovingian & Carolingian
Clovis converts to Christianity
Charles Martel stops Muslim onslaught
at Battle of Tours
Pepin the Short expands Frankish
kingdom
Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman
Emperor – Christmas Day, 800 CE
Age of Charlemagne –revives Education,
Roman culture
o Missi Dominici – Court officials
Treaty of Verdun splits Charlemagne’s
empire among 3 grandsons
Originate in Scandinavia
Use Longboats to navigate
Rivers/Seas
Create settlements in
Ireland & Iceland
Eric the Red
o 1st European in
Greenland
Leif Ericson
o 1st European to land in
North America
Magyars
o Originate Central
Asia, settle
Hungary
Muslims
o Impact Sea Trade
Angles, Saxons, Jutes
o Migrate to British
Isles
Late Medieval Period
Emergence of Nation-States
Hundred Years War
Black Death
Church Scholars
Crusades
New Invasions I. England
a. William the Conqueror (1) wins Battle of
Hastings, 1066; (2) unites England
b. Henry II establishes Common Law
c. King John signs Magna Carta
d. Henry VII unifies after War of Roses
e. Evolution of Parliament (legislature)
II. France
a. Hugh Capet establishes French throne in Paris
b. Philip II & Philip IV establish strong central
government
c. Charles VII establishes military & taxes
d. Joan of Arc becomes unifying factor
III. Spain
a. Ferdinand & Isabella unite country
b. Reconquista
i. Inquisition used to expel Jews & Muslims
IV. Germany
a. German Princes remain stronger than king –
fails to unify as early as other nations
V. Russia
a. Ivan the Great (1) throws off “Mongol Yoke”;
(2) Centralizes power in Moscow
b. Power centralized in hands of Tsar (Czar)
c. Eastern Orthodox Church influences
unification.
France v. England
Peasants with longbows
replace knights
Joan of Arc turns war in
France’s favor
Both countries
experience a new sense
of Nationalism
Mongols
o Russia – Khanate of
the Golden Horde
Ottoman Turks
o End Byzantine
Empire (1453)
o Create Ottoman
Empire
Clergy very often the only
literate members of society
Translated Greek & Arabic
works into Latin
Made new knowledge
available in W. Europe
Laid foundation for the rise
of Universities
Gothic Cathedral
Key Events o Pope Urban calls for 1
st Crusade
o Jerusalem is captured in 1st
o Crusader States established
o Jerusalem is lost to Saladin
o Constantinople sacked by Western
Crusaders
Effects o Weakened Pope & Nobles
o Strengthened Kings
o Stimulated Trade
o Left legacy of bitterness between
monotheistic faiths
o Weakened Byzantine Empire
Bubonic Plague
Spread along Trade Routes
Impact
o Decline of Population
o Scarcity of Labor
o Towns freed from feudal obligation
o Decline of Church influence
o Disruption of Trade
The Renaissance Rebirth of arts and sciences
Economic Foundations Italian City-States
Northern Renaissance
Art & Literature Machiavelli
Crusades lead to an increased demand in
Middle Eastern goods
More European goods produced for trade to
Middle Eastern markets
Credit & Banking develop to aid long-distance
trade – Letters of Credit
o New Accounting/Bookkeeping methods
adopted (Arabic Numerals)
Disagreements between Church & Northern
Italian city-states over usury (lending money
w/ interest) leads to more secularization
Florence, Genoa, & Venice grow wealthy:
o proximity to trade routes
o distribution centers
o independent; governed as Republics
Wealthy merchants become active civic
leaders
Medici
o Wealthy Florence family
Patrons of the Arts
The Prince
Early modern treatise (written work dealing formally and
systematically with a subject) on Government
Supports Absolute Power of rulers
“End justifies the means”
Advises that one should not only do good if possible, but
do evil when necessary
Focus on individuals & worldly matters in addition
to Christianity
Humanism
o Celebrated the Individual
o Renewed interest in Greek/Roman works
o Supported by wealthy patrons
Francesco Petrarch
o “Father “ of Humanism
o Writer of Sonnets
Leonardo DaVinci
o Mona Lisa & The Last Supper
Michelangelo
o Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel & David
Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas.
Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with
Christianity = Christian Humanism
The movable type printing press and the production and sale
of books (e.g., Gutenberg Bible) helped disseminate ideas.
Northern Renaissance Writers
o Desiderius Erasmus – The Praise of Folly (1511)
o Sir Thomas More – Utopia (1516)
Northern Artists
o Dürer, Van Eyck, Hans Holbein the Younger, Bruegel
Maya, Aztec, & Inca
Geography Early Civilizations in North America Maya
Aztec Common Achievements Inca
Migration from Asia across Bering Strait
Olmecs
“Rubber People”
“Mother” Civilization of Mesoamerica
Traders
Played pok-a-tok games
Temples/Pyramids
“Colossal Heads”
Located primarily on Yucatan Peninsula
Economy = Agriculture
Govt. = City-states ruled by Kings
Premier cities = Chichén Itzá, Tikal
Strict social classes
o Priests, Nobles, Warriors – Upper class
Polytheistic Religion
o Human Sacrifices
o Pyramid temples
Achievements
o Hieroglyphics
o 365-day Calendar
o Number system
o Astronomy
Pyramid at Chichén Itzá
Located in Central Mexico
Economy = Agriculture
o Chinampas – floating gardens
Government = Empire
o Trade & Tribute from conquered
peoples
Premier City = Tenochtitlan
o Located on Lake Texcoco
Religion = Polytheistic
o Chief god – Sun god
o Rituals based on warfare
Achievements
o Causeways, Aqueducts, Dams,
Canals, Pyramids
Developed in Andes Mountains
Economy = Agricultures
o High-Altitude Farming; Terrace Farming
Government = Emperor
o Socialized Economy; Govt. controlled
Premier Cities = Cuzco; Machu Picchu
Religion = Polytheistic
o Chief god – Sun god
Achievements
o Quipus (Record-keeping); Engineering;
o Vast Road network
Alpaca looking over Machu Picchu
Chinampas
Spanish invade
Aztecs and Inca