Pain management Danlos Syndrome · PDF fileDanlos Syndrome Pradeep Chopra, MD, MHCM Director,...

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Pain management in Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Pradeep Chopra, MD, MHCM Director, Pain Management Center, Assistant Professor, Brown Medical School, Rhode Island Assistant Professor (Adjunct), Boston University Medical Center [email protected] [email protected] Pradeep Chopra, MD 1

Transcript of Pain management Danlos Syndrome · PDF fileDanlos Syndrome Pradeep Chopra, MD, MHCM Director,...

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Pain management in Ehlers Danlos Syndrome

Pradeep Chopra, MD, MHCMDirector, Pain Management  Center, 

Assistant Professor, Brown Medical School, Rhode IslandAssistant Professor (Adjunct), Boston University Medical Center

[email protected]@yahoo.com

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Disclosure and disclaimer

• I have no actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this presentation or program

• This presentation will discuss “off‐label” uses of medications

• Discussions in this presentation are for a general information purposes only. Please discuss with your physician your own particular treatment. This presentation or discussion is NOT meant to take the place of your doctor. 

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Introduction

• Training and Fellowship, Harvard Medical school

• Pain Medicine specialist

• Assistant Professor – Brown Medical School, Rhode Island

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Pain in EDS by body parts

• Head and neck • Shoulders• Jaws• Chest• Abdomen• Hips• Lower back• Legs• Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – CRPS or RSD

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Pain in EDS

• From nerves – neuropathic• From muscles – Myofascial • From Joints – nociceptive pain• Headaches

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Muscle pain

Myofascial pain

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Muscle Pain

• Muscles are held together by fascia – ‘saran wrap’ which is made of collagen

• Muscle spasms or muscle knots develop to compensate for unbalanced forces from the joints

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Muscle pain 1

• Most chronic pain conditions are associated with muscle spasms

• Often more painful than the original pain• Muscles may tighten reflexively, guarding of a painful area, nerve irritation or generalized tension

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Muscle pain 2

• Myofascial pain syndrome is a chronic form of muscle pain. 

• Myofascial pain syndrome centers around sensitive points in your muscles called trigger points

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Treatment of muscle pain

• Treat the cause – joint pain, repetitive use • Trigger point injections• Stretching • Relaxation techniques

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Trigger Points

• When muscles are in chronic spasm they stay taut – ‘knots’. 

• They develop trigger points which trigger the muscle in to a constant state of spasm

• The trigger points can be painful when touched. 

• The pain can spread throughout the affected muscle and other parts

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Manual Techniques

• Myofascial release: Gentle techniques to improve the mobility of the muscles by mobilizing the tissue around the muscle

• Muscle energy technique: Utilizes positioning of the body and using active muscle contraction to relax muscles and align joints

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Manual Therapy Techniques

• Strain‐Counterstrain: A positional technique to help relax tight muscles

• Craniosacral Therapy: A gentle technique to help balance the nervous system

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Muscle Relaxants

• Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)• Carisoprodol (Soma)• Tizanidine (Zanaflex)• Baclofen• Benzodiazipine (Valium)

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Muscle relaxants

• Not true muscle relaxants

• Decrease tone

• Lethargy – good for bedtime dosing to sleep

• Approved for long term use: Baclofen, tizanidine

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Risk Factors

• Muscle injury. Stress on your muscles can cause trigger points to form.. Repetitive stress also may increase your risk.

• Inactivity. If you've been unable to use a muscle, such as after surgery or after a stroke, you may experience trigger points in your muscle as you start to move it during your recovery.

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Nerve pain

Neuropathic pain

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Nerve pain in Connective tissue disorder / EDS

• Nerve connective tissue is more fragile• Fragile nerves get over stretched when crossing or associated with hypermobile joints

• Small Fiber neuropathy• Neuropathic pain, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) or Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)

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Nerve pain in EDS ‐Mitochondria

• Is it Mitochondrial disorder ? • Mitochondria found in cells of the human body

• They produce energy • Suspect, if the pain is widespread and involves nerves

• Exercise intolerance, muscle weakness, seizures, developmental delays etc. 

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Neuropathic pain medications

• Gabapentin (Neurontin®)• Pregabalin (Lyrica®)

• Duloxetine (Cymbalta®)• Milnacipran (Savella®)

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Gabapentin and pregabalin• Promising results have been shown.

• Gabapentin – go up to 900mg, then 1800mg. Slow acting drug. 

• Pregabalin – 150mg to 300mg. Faster acting drug. 

• The difference may not be obvious at first but when they come off it, they notice an increase in pain

• Chance of increased dizziness in POTS ‐ usually stops after being on the drug for sometime. 

• Start low, go slow

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SNRI (selective nor‐epinephrine release inhibitors)

• Duloxetine (Cymbalta®)• Milnacipran (Savella®)

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SNRI (selective nor‐epinephrine release inhibitors)

• Increase nor ‐ epinephrine levels in the central nervous system

• Increased nor‐epinephrine levels help in modulating pain signals

• Milnacipran increases nor‐epinephrine by 3 times as compared to duloxetne

• May increase blood pressure and heart rate 

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Antidepressants

• Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) well studied in neuropathic pain 

• Reuptake blockers of serotonin and noradrenaline (Amitrityline, nortriptyline) –work well

• SSRI (Prozac, Zoloft) – do not work well for pain

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Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)

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Common clinical features of RSD

• Continuous burning pain• Pain disproportionate in intensity to the inciting event

• Pain to touch – Allodynia• Pain not in any specific nerve distribution or even to the site of injury

• Swelling• Increased / decreased sweating

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Symptoms of CRPS / RSD

• Pain – severe, constant• Temperature difference• Hypersensitivity • Tremor, Involuntary movements, muscle spasms, atrophy (weakening of the muscle)

• Increased sweating• Color difference• Bone thinning• Swelling• Hair and nail changes

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Headaches and Neck pain

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Headaches

• Mostly unknown cause• Cerebrovascular reactivity • Prone to migraines and Tension Type Headaches

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Headaches and neck pain

• Headaches may be caused by neck pain• Headaches may be from 

– inside the head (Migraines) or – outside (chronic daily headaches or tension type headaches)

• Treatment for both is different

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Headaches and Neck pain

• C1‐C2 instability• Kyphosis (Bent backwards) of neck spine• Degeneration of neck disks (especially C4‐C5, C5‐C6)

• Cranio‐cervical instability (junction between head and neck not stable)

• Chiari malformation

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Symptoms of neck (C1‐C2) instability

• Neck pain • Headaches in the back of the head (occipital headaches)

• Fainting sensation with rotating head to the side

• Choking sensation• Treatment – surgical fusion, strengthening of neck muscles, try bracing for flare ups

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Migraines• Treatment depends on the frequency – if they are occasional, do not treat

• Abortives for infrequent migraines• Prophylactic for frequent migraines• Triptans (Rizatriptan ‐Maxalt®, Sumatriptan ‐ Imitrex®, etc – very effective as abortive, not prophylactic)

• Triptans not approved for children under 12 years • Prophylactic in children – Cyprohetadine ‐ Periactin® Improves appetite also

• Other prophylactics – amitriptyline, nortriptyline, topiramate

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Red Flags

• Acute (sudden) abdominal or flank pain may be due to a ruptured uterine, intestine or twisted intestine

• Bleeding in the head may present with sharp pain in head, change in mental status or seizure

• Emergency

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TMJ Pain

Temporo Mandibular Joint Dysfunction

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TM Joint pain 

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Temporo‐mandibular joint dysfunction (TMJ) 

• Present in 70%• Clicking sound• Grinding at night or clenching teeth• Joint pain, chewing muscle pain• Treatment: avoid excessive mouth opening, caution when yawning, orthodontist specializing in TMJ 

• Avoid over the counter mouth guards

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Arm and leg pain

• Brachial plexus neuropathy• Lumbosacral neuropathy• Mechanical pressure due to dislocations and subluxations

• Nerve disorders in EDS make them prone to damage

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Spine pain

• Facet joint instability• Sacroiliac joint pain• Muscles around the spine• Degenerative disc disease

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Spine pain

• Steroid injections • Core strengthening exercises• Temporary brace if flare up

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Tendons and Ligaments

• Ligaments and tendons are made of connective tissue

• Ligaments connect bone to bone• Tendons connect muscle to bone• Tendons are an extension of the strong connective tissue that surrounds all muscles – the fascia

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Tendon and ligament pain

• Bracing or spica• Topicals• Preventive measures

–Avoid overstretching or hyperextending joints 

–Avoid high impact activities

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Prevention

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Preventing pain

• Do not stand on one hip or sway at hips

• Do not stand on the outside of your feet

• Do not sleep on your stomach, head turned to one side for a prolonged period

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Preventing pain

• Do not sit with legs outstretched, or with legs tucked under the buttocks ‘W’ position

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Preventing pain

• Do not hyperextend knees when standing

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Preventing pain

• Do not sit kneeling with buttocks resting on ankles

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Preventing Pain – working at home

• Avoid repetitive activities – vacuuming, raking, filling dish washer, stirring. Change activity frequently. 

• Work surface (kitchen counter, sink etc.) should be at appropriate height. Use blocks to raise your work surface

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Preventing pain ‐ sleeping

• EDS patients wake up with pain and stiffness• Use a soft mattress• Prefer using separate mattresses for partner and yourself

• Feather pillow or memory foam pillows

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Preventing pain ‐ shopping

• Do not carry a heavy or light bag hanging from a shoulder

• Do not carry grocery bags in hand, especially heavy one. Keep them light. 

• Use shopping trolley.  Use wheels wherever you can

• Keep handbags light

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Preventing pain – clothes

• Keep clothes loose and light• Women – bra with wide straps and possibly cross‐over straps

• Wear light and soft shoes. Use well balanced orthotics

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Preventing pain – going to the dentist

• EDS’ers wind up making more trips to the dentist

• Talk to dentist about EDS• Numbing medicine may not work or you maybe too sensitive to them

• TMJ – not to keep mouth open too long• Position of neck – prefer being in a more flat position with neck supported

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Medications

• Opioid or narcotics• NSAID’s (non steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs)

• Acetaminophen / paracetamol• Anti‐depressants• Anticonvulsants• Other

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LDN

Low Dose Naltrexone

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Low Dose Naltrexone (LDN)

• Naltrexone blocks the effect of opioids. • Approved 30 years ago by the FDA for opioid and alcohol addiction

• In the late 1980’s it was discovered that at low doses it helped patients with immune disorders. 

• Since then, LDN has been used extensively by patients with immune disorders like Multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s disease, Rheumatoid arthritis

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Low Dose Naltrexone (LDN)

• There are several theories as to how LDN may work

• Low side effect profile• Inexpensive• Useful for chronic pain • Useful for symptoms of EDS

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Low Dose Naltrexone (LDN)

• Good experience with using in EDS and chronic pain

• Unsure as to how it helps EDS. • Most patients with EDS report improvement in function 

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Acetaminophen / Paracetamol

• One of the safest analgesics• By itself is good for mild to moderate pain• Potentiated effect when combined with other analgesics such as NSAIDS (Naproxen, Ibuprofen) or opioids (Codeine, Oxycodone). 

• Potentiating effect helps lower the need to take NSAIDs and Opioids. 

• Keep an eye on maximum dose – 3000gms/ day ( 9 regular Tylenols®)

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NSAID (Non steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs)

• Naproxen, Ibuprofen etc

• Good analgesics. Better if combined with acetaminophen/paracetamol

• Significant side effects – gastric irritation, kidneys• Avoid in Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Ulcerative Colitis

• Not useful in neuropathic pain 

• May be used in joint pain 

• Better off using it as a topical for superficial joints (Shoulder, knee, ankles, hands)

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Topicals

• NSAID’s are commonly effective

• Avoids the side effects of oral medicines 

• Far more effective locally at the site of pain

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Topicals – ointment, lotions, patches

• Compounding pharmacies can make a compound with NSAID’s

• DMSO and Active Max® – use as additive to help better peneration

• Diclofenic acid with DMSO (Pennsaid®)• Diclofenac acid (Voltaren® gel)• Flector® patch helpful• Lidocaine patch not helpful

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Opioids

• Counterproductive for chronic pain• Mild doses for a short term are good for acute pain

• Safer than using NSAID’s (ibuprofen, naproxen)

• Maybe combined with NSAID’s or acetaminophen for better effect and lower dose

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64Webster LR, Webster RM. Pain Med. 2005;6(6):432-442.

Prevalence of Addiction

Total PainPopulation

Addiction: 2% to 5%

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Gluten free diet

• Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye, barley and other grains

• One can develop an intolerance at any age. • Gluten as a protein can cause an inflammatory response in the body.

• Migraines, chronic body ache, abdominal pain,  Fibromyalgia, hypermobility syndromes (EDS), multiple joint pains

• Hold off on gluten foods for 8 weeks to see if it makes a difference. 

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Starting treatment ‐medicines and exercise

Start low, go slow

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Service Dogs

• Trained to each person’s physical impairments• help with functioning and independence• Constant companion, will often sense its owners pain and will comfort them both physically and emotionally

• Can sense distress and call for help• Service dogs give patients a feeling of security allowing them to be more active physically and socially 

• Provide stability while walking, open and close doors, switch on and off lights

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Service Dogs

• POTS – they can sense when their owner is having an episode of dizziness or seizure

• EDS and pain ‐ they protect the limb from being injured or touched

• Helps boost confidence in their owners. 

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Watson and Usher

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Exercise and Physical Therapy

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EDS – Exercise and Physical Therapy Goals

• Restore function

• Learn how to properly adjust limb movements

• Muscle strengthening

• Aqua therapy

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Physical Therapy ‐ two types

• Patients who have recently developed pain –PT should focus more on pain

• Patients who have had for a while (Chronic) –PT should be more time based

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Physical Therapy – Pain focused

• The level and progression of exercise is determined by the intensity of the pain. 

• The intensity of the exercise should be low in cases of (or days of) highly intense pain. 

• Similarly, the intensity of exercise should be high if the pain is relatively low. 

• Its not harmful if there is an increase in pain for a short duration (approx. 1 to 2 hours) after exercise

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Physical Therapy – Pain Focused

• A program is designed based on the patients limitations 

• Patient exercise within those limits. • It builds confidence and increases confidence in using their limbs

• Pain focused PT has been shown to decrease considerably symptoms of recent onset RSD

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Physical Therapy – Time focused

• The level of exercise is built over time unrelated to intensity of pain

• Preferred approach in cases of long standing

• Pain focused PT can give way to Time Focused PT and vice versa

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