J.c

il

THE BOOK or

ARDA YIRAX.THE PAHLAYI TEXTPREPARED BY

DESTUR HOSHANGJI JAMASPJI ASA,REVISED AND COLLATED WITH FURTHERMSS.,

WITH AN ENGLISH

TRANSLATION AND IJ^TRODUCTION, AND AN APPENDIX CONTAINING THE TEXTS AND TRANSLATIONS OF THE

GOSHT-I FRYAIS'O, AiST HADOKIIT-MSK

MARTIN HAUG, PH.ASSISTED BY

D.,

UOrE&SOK OF SANSCIUT AM) CuXPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AT THE UNIVEKSITV OF MUNICH,

E.

W.

WEST,

PIT. D.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE GOVERNMENT OF BOMBAY.

BOMBAY,GOVERNMENT CENTRA). BOOKDEPOT.

1872.

LONDON,MESSRS. TRUBNERCO,

AND

CO.

PATERNOSTER ROW.

0-

C^-./^^C.'-w-c--^-C..'Kt-*

A-A^^^^

TDE BOOK OF

ARDA

VIRAF.

liJHjJO^

a^uL^^C

crfU^i^

SuUs^

^^^^^^^yf

^

THE BOOK OF

ARDA YIRAFTHE PAHIAYI TEXTPREPARED BY

DESTUR IIOSIIANGJI JAMASPJI ASA,REVISED AI^D COLLATED WITH FURTHERMSS., WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION AND INTRODUCTION, AND AN APPENDIX CONTAINING THE TEXTS AND TRANSLATIONS OF THE

G08IIT-I

IRYANO, AiSD HADOKHT-NASKBY

MARTIN

IIAUG,

PIT.

D.,

PROFESSOR OF SANSCRIT AND COMPARATIVE I'lIlLOLOUY AT THE UXIVERSITV OF MU.MCII,

ASSISTED BY

E.

W.

WEST,

ril. D.

PDBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE GOVERNMENT OF BOMBAY.

-^jxa^ -

BOMBAY, GOVERNMENT CENTRAL BOOKDEPOT.

1872,

LONDON,MESSRS. TRUBNER60,

AND

CO,

PATERNOSTER EOW.

PRINTED AT THE

K.

HOFBUCHDRUCKEREl ZU GUTTENBERG

(CARL ORUNINGER)AT STUTTGART, WURTEMBERG.

Preface,The bookof Arda-Virafasit

is

one of the mostaccount

interesting-

works

of Pahlavi literature,

contains the}3riesl

of an

imaginaryhell,ils

journeyofleniiave

of a pious Parsi

Ihrouffh

heaven andSince

vvliich

reminds one of Dante's Divina Conimedia.

conlenis

been

iiitherlo

very imperfectly kno\\

n in

Europe

throug-h Pope's

Eng-Ilsh

translationI

which was based only on modern Persian and

Gujarati versions, fore

recommended

the

Governme,nt of Bombay, be-

my

departure from India, in the year 18G6, to intrust Destur

floshang^ji Jamaspji

Asa, among- other works, wilh the prepariilionorig-inal

of an

edition

of the

Pahlavi

text

of thisto,

work with

a

g-lossary.

My

request

was

readily accededto

and the MS. whichearly in 1870, by

the Destur h'^d prepared,

was forwarded

me

the Director of Public Instruction,

for revision

and publication.beforeit

As

it

will

probably

be

a

very

long-

timeI

anotheradvisable

edition ofto

the orig-inal text willedifioto

come out,

thought

make

this

princeps as correct asa

possible,

by

subjectingall

the Destur's

MS,

thorough revision, and making use ofavailable in

the

materials which

were

Europe,

but inaccessible to the

Destur,

He

had used live MSS., besides several Pazand versions, Pahlavi text,but none of them

in preparing- theold.

was

particularly

And

as the

two

oldest and most valuablethe

MSS.

of the Arda

Viraf namak are in Europe,versity Libraryal

one

being- deposited in the

Uni-

Copenhagen (Xo.

20),

the

other

being

in

my

IV

Preface.possession (He),carefully.,

ownthem

it

was incumbent on anaccomplish this

editorI

to

collatein

In order toin

task,

wentE,

the

autumn of 1871to

company with my

friend Dr.

W.

West,in

Copenhagen, wherecollection

we

found further useful materials

the

splendid

of

Zand and Pahlavi MSS. which hadat

been

made by E, Rask

during- his stay

Bombay.complicated

To

facilitate

the

reading

of

the

and

ambiguous

Pahlavi character, a complete transliteration of the whole text has

been added, which

we

have based on

a

kind of regular system, asintroductory Essays.hisIt

may be

learnt from the second

of the

is

true, Destur Iloshangji had sent, along withtransliteration

text,

a complete

which was of great usein

to

us;that

but as the text

we

prepared,as well as

differed

manyof

points

from

which he hadthat

sent,

our system

transliteration

from

which he had

followed,

weourtheI

thought

it

expedient,

for the sake of uniformity, to

adhere

to

own

system.lang-uag-eis

AsEurope,

Pahlaviit

but

very

little

understood

in

deemed

advisableIt

tois

add a complete

translation with

notes for the general reader.

as literal as possible, and sinceit,

great care has been bestowed on

it

may be

relied upon.

The Arda-Yiraf namak being,to

in the

two oldest MSS., joinedtale

the G6sht-i

Fryano,in

which interestingI

bas

been as

yet

wholly unknownit,

Europe,

resolved upon adding an edition ofin the

with a transliteration and translation,

form of an appendix.usual care.

This has been prepared by Dr.

West withthe

his

Since several longthe fate of the soultexts,

passages inarein

Book of Arda Viraf, onfromoriginal

after death,to

taken

Avesta

such as are

be

foundI

the fragmentsit

of

theto

HadCkhlin

Nask which arc

still

extant,

Ihouglit

expedient

add,

a

e f a c e.

secondof those

appendix,frag-menls

an edition of bolh(the latterbeing-

Ihe

Zand and Pahlavipublishedfor

textsfirst

here

the

time), with a transliteration of

the Pahlavi, an Eng-lish translation

of the Zand text, and notes.

For the introductory Essaysand remarksang-ji

T

made

largely use of the notesto

which had been forwardedbest thanks are due.

me by

Destur Hosh-

to

whom my

During- theassistance

preparation of this work, Dr. E.

1

have receiv:ed greatwhichits

from

W. West,

without

publication

wouldfor hisI

have been much delayed.most valuable services.

My

best thanks are due to him

have

also to

acknowledgeat

the great liberality

and friendliness

with which the librarians

the University Library at

Copenhagen

allowed us free accessduring our stayin

to

their valuable

Zand and Pahlavi MSS.

thattoall

city.

The Glossary

the

texts

contained

in

this

volume

will

be published separately, next year.

Munich,

8th

September 1872.

M.

Haug.

Introductory Essaysby

M.

Haug,and

Ph. D.

E.

W. West,

Ph. D.

I.

The MSS. used in preparing theof the versions of the

texts, "with

an account

Arda-Yiraf naniak.

The

text of the

Arda-Viraf namak, origmally prepared by Destur

Hoshangji from the Pahlavi MSS. B., X., P. and some Pazand MSS.hereinafter described, has been carefully collated with Dr. Hang's

MSS.

He, Hi

7,

Hi 8 and the Kopenhagen MSS. K20 and K26, and several

additions and corrections have been derived from these sources.

The

text

of the

tale

of G6sht-i

Fryano has been prepared from,

three of the

same MSS., He, K20 and K26

and collated with H? and

a copy of Li5.

While theIv2o;

text of the

Hadokht Nask has been taken

from He and

with, a

few various readings of the Zand versioninis

from P-

,

which are given by Westergaard

hisa

notes to

the Yasht

Fragments XXI. andall

XXH. The

following

detailed description of

the

MSS.is

used.

He

a very old and correct codex in Dr. Haug's collection, care-

fully written,

very legible, and

in

good preservation.

It

contains the

series of

Pahlavi works commonly knownin

to the desturs as the 'greater

Bundehesh',

two volumes, large octavo,or bundles,

comprising,

respectively,

17 and 13 clastak, jCizu,linesto

of eight folios each, of

written 17

the

page,

except the

last 5 folios

the

first

volume,

and

the last 32 of the second,

which are writtenfolios

closer.

The

first

volume has 13 extrato

of

equally old paper,

but

more carelessly written, prefixedthree

the 136

already mentioned;

and

more

of the extra fohos (Nos. 12, 13

and 16) are missing.

The

contents of these extra folios are: the

Khurshed Ny^yish and Khurshed

:

:

iv

Introductory Essays.

Yasht

in

Zand and Pahlavi,

the gifts and qualities of the thirty

Yazads

(imperfect), thetlie

Zand alphabet, and a fragmentI.

of the first chapter of

Arda-Yiraf namak,

138, which

is

designated Hea in the notes

to the text.

And,

the

contents of the 136 folios, properly belonging to

the

first

volume

are as follows,

1.

Visparad, Z.-Pahl.

with a colophon dated theto the 1^* of

29^i>

of the ninth

month A.Y. 766 (corresponding2./i/7(^,

October A. D. 1397).

Selections from the Gathas

(Cludak avistdk-i gdsdn-i afzumi-c.

Z.-Pahl., comprising28,1,

Yasna45,33,

46, 6,7,17. 48,3. 51,8-9. 52, 1-4,8, 10.

53,

1, 2, 8.

30,

1.

31,

G, 21.

u. 34,

and

59, 30, 31. either wholly,

or in part.3.

Three fargards of the Hadokht Nask, Z.-Pahl, as publishedp.

in

this

volume,4.

269300.v.

Auharmazd Yasht,,

31,

preceded by the sentence: ahc narshin

ashaono .... fravareta5.

mentionedI.;

Westergaard's note

;

Z.-Pahl.this is

Pahlavi Rivayat, partis

Destur Hoshangji states that

the

work which6. 7. 8. 9.

also called Shayist-la-shayist.in 1867.

Zand-Pahlavi Glossary, as publishedPahlavi Rivayat, partII.

Patit-i khiid, in Pahlavi.

The

duties of the seven

Ameshaspends,

in Pahlavi.

10.11.

Valuation of sins, in Pahlavi.Miscellaneous passages,;

in

Pahlavi,,

as to

when meat mustthereis

not be eaten

the three heinous sinners

for

whom

no resur-

rection; the respect due to a

man who knows

the scriptures by heart;isif

and the place where aon which he died,

man

will risefirst

from the dead, whichcorpse touched,

the spot

or the

spot his

he died

suspended in the

air.

The12.

contents of the 104 folios of the second volume, are as follows

The bookp. 3

of

Arda Yiraf,

in

Pahlavi,

as

published in this

volume,13.latest of

138.tale of Gosht-iis

The

Fryano, in Pahlavi, with colophons, the

which

dated the 19"' day of the eleventh month A. Y. 766

Introductory Essays.

v

(corresponding to thelished in this14.in

20^''

of

November A. D.

1397).

This tale

is

pub-

volume,

p.

207

24G.auzdtrmd gah;

The

lengths of shadows at noon, and at the

Pahlavi.15.

Bundehesh

in Pahlavi, containing 30 of Anquetil's chapters in

the following order: ch.16.

1523, 114, 2427,v.

31, 33

and

34.

Yasht of the seven Ameshaspends

II

15, in

Zand.

17.18.

Khurdad YashtAkharman's

in

Zand.to

directions;

Aeshm, regarding the Gahanbars,

Myazd and Khvaetvadath19.

in Pahlavi.

When

the formula

Yathd aha

imirijo

is

to

be recited, from

once

to thirteen times; in Pahlavi.

20. Miscellaneous sentences, in Pahlavi, containing advice

on

reli'.

gious subjects, and breaking off incomplete, at the end of the volume

Thefollow,

texts in this

MS.

are

more

correct than in any of those which

and supply many omissionsit

in the other old

codex K20.

In the

Arda-Viraf namak,in all

supplies a sentence

in ch. 53,itself;

whichbutit

is

missing

other MSS., including those copied from

also omits

sentences in ch. 5,32 and 34, which are found in K20, K26 and His.

There

is

every reason to believe, from the apparent age of the paper,relative positions

and the

and dates of the colophons, that these

latter

have not been copied from an older MS., as sometimes happens, butthat this

codex was actually writtenoccursin

in A.

D. 1397, by the Peshyotan colophons;

Ram Kamdin whose nameintervene between them.Iv2o is also a

the

the 50 days

dif-

ference in their dates, being necessary for writing the 151 folios which

very old codex,

No. 20 of Rask's collection in theit

university library at

Kopenhagen

;

is

a contemporary of

He

,

but

is

not so well preserved; several folios being lost, and

many

others torn

and much worn.

It is

a large octavo, written 20 lines to the page, of

>

A Pazand

version of tliese sentences, and of article 18,library,

occurs in the Lou-

don MS., India

office

Z.is

and P. XXII., appendedderived from Hj.

to the

Bundehesh,

fol.

105110; and most of

that

MS.

vj

Introductory Essays.

which 173

folios remain, the last

one being blank

;

the folios supposed

to be missing are fol. 1, 121, 145, 154,

155 and several which followed:

177.

TheI,

contents of this codex are as follows

2.

The same

as 12 and 13 inIS***

Hg, with a colophon (see notes

on

p.

245) dated the

of the

tenth

month A, Y. 690 (correspondingfirst foliois

to the 8th Qf

November A.D. 1321);6.

the

"missing.a

3, 4, 5,

The sameIS^i^

as 14, 3, 4 and 18 in

He, followed by

colophon dated theto the 2d of7.

of the

ninth

month A. Y. 720 (corresponding

October A. D. 1351).as 5 in

The sameof the

He, followed by a Persian colophon datedto

the

9^''

seventh

month A.Y. 700 (corresponding

the

30*''

of

July A. D. 1331).8.

The sameBundehesh1851;

as G in He.in

9.

Pahlavi, as published,is

in fac-simile,is

by Wester-

gaard

in

one

folio

missing.

This

the text translated by

Anquetil, and differs in arrangement from that in He, besides supplying the extra matter contained in Anquetil's ch. 2810.

30

and 32.

Bahman YashtAnswersof

in Pahlavi.

II.

3)^^,

the

sage,i.

to his pupil, in

Pahlavi; of

which one or two12.13.

folios are

missing

The

tale of the accursed Abalish, in Pahlavi.

Replies of Ataropad-i Marspendan, a Greek and a Hindil, to;

the Persian king14.

in Pahlavi.

Yasht fragment

XXH. 39 42

of Westergaard, Z.-Pahl.,folio,

whichlost.is

breaks

off

incomplete at the end of av.

the next two being;

15.

Srosh Yasht Hadokht,folios.

022, Z.-Pahl.

the beginning

lost

with the missingIG.

Selections from the Yasna, Z.-Pahl., comprising

Yasna I1,i7.

13,8.

and part of 29,6.

'

This part of the codex wants re-arrangement

;

the proper order of the folios

(as they were

numbered

last year)

seems

to

be as follows: 142, 147, 146, then pro-

bably two missing folios, 143, 144, 148 and thence onwards.

Introductory Essays.

vii

17,

18, 19.

The same

as 19,7

and 8

inis

Hg; but thelost.

latter portion

(about one-seventh) of the concluding PatitIt

appears from the abovecontainsarticles

lists

of contents,in

that each of the old

codexes

which are not

the other, although nearlyto

three-fourths of their contents are1,'2,

common

both

;

thus

,

the articles

9, 10, IJ, 16, 17

and 20

in

He are wantingin

in K20,

and the

ar-

ticles

10

16

in

K20 are wantingin

He

,

while the Bundehesh in K20

differs

from that

He.the

The

three dates, found in

codex

K2(),

follow one another in

the irregular

order A. Y. 690, 720, 700;

and although extending overof

a period of thirty years,

they occur

within a space

36 folios, in

which every fresh

article

begins on the same page as that on which

the preceding one ends, with hardly any interval and no change in the

handwriting.

The colophons must,

therefore,

have been copied, by thecopying.

writer of this codex,

from the original

MSS. which he waspaper,the

Judging,

however, from the,

state of the

codex must beIt is

about 500 years oldof notice that

or

nearly contemporary with He.

worthy

Mihrban Kai-Khusru, the writer of the original MSS.,articles1

from which the

7

were copied

,

appears

to

have been a

great grand-nephew of

Rustam Mihrban,

the writer of the originalthis

MS.

whence the

articles

12

13

in

He were copied;

may be

clearly

inferred from the genealogies given in the colophons (see p. 245, 266).

Furthermore,

it

appears from their colophons, that the same Mihrban,

Kai-Khusro copied the old Yasna and Vendidad, K5 and Ki

now

at

Kopenhagen, from MSS. written by the same Rustam Mihrban,great grand-uncle.

his

The

actual writer of K20,

whose name

is

unknown,

isit

probably

responsible for the numerous omissions of words with which

abounds

;

and he must, therefore, have been a rather careless copyist.trivial

But

his

blunders are thrown altogether into the shade by those of the,

writer of K21

which

is

a copy of K20

made about

a century ago, in

the handwriting of Destur Darab, as

Rask

believed, but this is doubtful,

as the writer often

makes nonsense

of his text

by misreading the

ori-

viii

Introductory Essays.

ginal.first),

K21 contains 158

folios written 17 lines to the

page (except theof part oflegible,

followed by 14 extra folios which contain a repetition

the text.

As

it

very rarely supplies anything more thanit

is

now

in the defective parts oflv2o,

must have been written when that MS.;

was, very nearly, infolios

its

present state

it

omits words, phrases and even

(such as

fols,still

133 141,

146

and 147 of K20), and misreads

words which are

plainly legible.

Another copyP7,

of

K20, written by Kaus Fredun

in A.

D. 1737,

is

No. 7 in Anquetil's collection at Paris.as

This seems to contain the

same matter

K20

in its present state,

with the addition of thePatit.

Nam-

stayishni and Sirozah,

which follow the

N. represents two MSS. used by Destur Hoshangji, which agreevery closely in the text of the Arda-Viraf namak, and have both beenchiefly derived

from He.

One was

written by Destur Asaji Noshirwanji,fifty

of the family of Desturis

Jamasp Asa, some

or sixty years ago, butin He.

not dated;

it

consists of the articles 2

13

The

other was

written by Destur Noshirwanji Jaraaspji Asaji Fredunji Bagarya^, andconsists of the following treatises:article 1

from He, four ISirangsPatit-i

in

Pazand,stayishni,

articles 2, 3, 4, 15

and G from He,

pashimani,in

Nam-

Kar-namak-i Ardashir Papakan

(all three

Pahlavi), and

articles 12, 13, 5

and 9 from He.portion

According

to a

colophon at the end"^^^

of article

6,

that

was completed on theto the29^''

day of the

third

month A. Y. 1108 (correspondingK2eis

of December A. D. 1738).

an imperfect, but very carefully written, MS. of the Pah-

lavi tales of

Arda Viraf and G6sht-i Fryano, No. 26;

in the

university

library

at

Kopenhagen

its

date

is

lost

with

its

last

folios,

but thefolios re-

paper seems more than two centuriesmain, written 15 lines to the page;

old.

Only 53 octavo1

the missing folios are

7,

41

48,

5154 andch.

those which followed 72, and the missing text6.

is

Ard. Vir.

1,1. 4,

64,8.-83,8. 89,10.-100,4. and

Go. Far. ch. 4,23. to end.

1

Bagaryft, or Bhagadyii,

is

the

surname of

all

the Parsi priests having their[Dest,]

share in thQ panthak, or diocese, of Nausari.

It is

from bhdga, Z. bagha.

Introductory Essays.

ix

This MS. has not been derived from either He, or K20, but

is

probably

descended from the same original as the very old Pazaud MS. His,hereafter described.

That

it

has not come from

Pis

,

is

proved by

its

supplying the phrases omitted by

He

in

Ard. Yir. ch. 4,35. 5,4-5. 32,2-6.is

and

34,5-6.

And

that

it

has not come from K20,

pretty clear from1.

the variations18,3,8.

noted in Ard. Vir. ch. 8,4. 10,2. 11,3. 12,

14,3. 17, is.

and

54,

n.

While some connection with Hisfrom the others.

is

proved by that

MS. sharingB.is

in all these differences

a;

Pahlavt MS.

of

the

Arda-Viraf namak,is

used by Desturnot dated, but

Hoshangjiis

theto

name

of

its

writer

unknown, and

it is

supposed

be about a century old, having been corrected throughin the

out,

and interlined with Persian,

handwriting of Destur Bahmanji

Jamshedji Jamasp Asa.P.ranjiis

This MS. omits ch. 41 and 42.

another Pahlavi MS. of the same, belonging to Destur Peshohis ancestor

Behramji Sanjana of Bombay, and written by;

Mobad

Nawrozji Sanjana at Surat

it

has been corrected by Destur Peshotanji,

and a copy of Hi7collection;is

it

seems

to

have been used by Destur Hoshangji.in Dr.

ait

modern MS. on European paper. No. 17is

Haug's

hastily written, but tolerably correct,

and contains the

Pahlavi texts of the Pand-namak-i Ataropad Maraspend, and the'ArdaViraf namak, ch. l,i.revision of the textlike those in ch.7, 1.

44,

3.

The

latter

seems

to

be copied from

a

in

He, as many small alterations are introduced,and 17,9., which are often judicious, but

8,1,2.

must be received with caution, being merely modern guesses of someone well-versedin

Pahlavi; asit

it

closely resembles P., in ch. 12,ii-is.

15,9. 16,9,10. etc.,

may

possibly be a copy of the revised text in

that

MS.;Lis

it

also agrees with B. in omitting ch. 41,

is

the

London MS., India

office library, Z.

and P. XV.; conits

taining 119 folios,

octavo, written 10 to 12 lines to the page;:

con-

tents are as follows1.

Rules regarding the Dron ceremonial,

in

Pahlavi; being the

conclusion of article 7 in He.b

:

1

X

Introductory Essays.

2,

3, 4.

The same

as ^, 9

and 13

in

Hb

,

and evidently derived

from that codex.5.

Patit-i

Ataropad Maraspend;

in

Pazand, by another hand, andevening of

on different paper

with a Persian

colophon dated on theis

the b^^ of the tenth month, but no year

mentioned, and the writer's

name has been6.

carefully blotted out.in Pahlavi,

Shikand-gumani

by the same writer as

the

first

four subjects, but containing only the first three-eighths of the text.

This MS. was one of the collection of Dr. Samuel Guise, and

its

age can be approximately ascertained from the fact that the MS. L26 (whichis

in the

same peculiar handwritingfol.

as

theIT*'"

Pahlavi portion ofof the tenth

Lis) contains a colophon on

62,

dated theof

month

A. Y.

HOG

(corresponding

to

the ^^^

August A, D. 1737); but the

name

of the writer is not mentioned.

His

is

a very old Pazand-Sanskritcollection.It

MS.

of the Arda-Viraf

namak,of

No. 18 in Dr. Ilaug'sfolios,

is

a square

duodecimo

1031

the

first

98 containing the alternating Paz. -Sans, text, writtenthe page,

to

17 lines to

and concluding with the following Sanskrit

colophon

Sanvat

1466 varsJie

Chaitras'udi 13

hhaume

navma ArdddsimIS'''

Viraya-ndma pustakam ervada-Rdmena crvada-Kdmdina-sutenadareaa samddhdnena likhitam: 'In the Samvat year 1466, on theof thelight

half of Chaitra,

early on

Tuesday

(?)

,

the book,

of the

Arda-Viraf namak was written, with suitable devotion

by the herbad

Ram,

the sou of herbad Kamdin'.to the

This date correspondswriter

18'^ of

March A. D. 1410

i;

and the

may

possibly have been

the

Ram Kamdin who

was the father

uf Peshyotan, the writer oflater

He, although

his writing is dated 12 1/2 years

than that of his son.

The Pazand

text of this

MS. corresponds

pretty

closely with the

1

It

must be obberved that the Samvat year,

ia

Gujarat and the Konkan,

be-

gins with Karttik s'ud, or seven months later than in northern India.

Introductory Essays.

xi

Pahlavi of the old codexes, and especially with K26 as already noticed;butit

differs

from them,to

in

supplying a passage, in Ard. Vir. ch. 87,

1-5.,

which seems necessarylastis

complete the sense,;

and some others

in the

two chapters, which are not so requisiteits

its

orthography, moreover,

bad, and

misreadings numerous.

AmongSanskrit,

the

Pazand MSS. used by Destur Hoshangji,closely

is

one without

which also corresponds veryin

with the Pahlavi text,details.tlie

though very corrupt

orthography

and minor

It is

neatly

written and partially interlined with Pahlavi, and has

following date

appended: Sanvat 183S, S'ake 1704 pravartrndfte, Phdlgunavadi chatwdas't: 'Thein the

fourteenth of the dark half of Phalgun,'

SamvatIS**'

1838,

course of S'aka 17041782).

(corresponding to about the

of

March

A.D.

A

third

Pazand version

of the Arda-Viraf

namak

is

accompanied

by a translation both in Sanskrit and old Oujarati, the three versions of each sentence being written successively.angji possesses

Ofis

this version,

Destur Hosh-

two copies.

The

first

in a

very old MS., containing

the Khurshed, Mihir,

Mah

and Atash ^Nyayishes, the Auharmazd Yasht, and Gahanbar Afringans, the Dhup Nirang,with a Sanskrit versionSanskrit;

the Dahraan, Ardafravasha Patit

and Ashirvad,

all

also the Arda-Viraf

namak and Bahman Yasht, both withThe date A. Y. 784 (A.D. 1415)is

and Gujarati versions.Ashirvad, and the

appended

to the:

Arda - Yiraf namak has the following colophondrishtantddris'au

yddris'am pustake

likhitamdtyate;

mayd;

yadi

s'uddham

as'uddhanvd

mama

dosho

na

ervada-Rdnd (Rdmena?) ervada-Kdmit

dinasuta likhitam:

'As seen in the book, sois

was written by me;

whether correct, or incorrect, no blame

attributable to

me;

written

by herbad

Ram

(?) son of herbad Kamdin'five

(probably the same as he

who wrote His

years before).

'

This can be correct only

if

Chaitra vad of the 8'aka year (whichto the

is

the

same as Phalgun vad of the Samvat year) be taken as belongingas

same year

Chaitra s'ud

;

which

is

not the general rule.

:

xii

Introductory Essays.

The other copy

is

described

by Destur Hoshangji as being wellbut the copyist seems to havewith two

written, and exactly similar

to the first,It

been unaccustomed

to Sanskrit.

concludesit

colophons in

Prakrit, one from the original

MS. whence

was copied, and the other

mentioning the actual writer of the copy;follows:1.

these

may be

translated as

'Written by the priest Bahiram,

son of the priest Laksh12*11 Ix^i^^y

midhar;

in the

Samvat year 1507, on Monday, the

day of

Margas'irsh, in the course of the Variyan yoga, in the As'vini nakshatra

(corresponding to about the 16*^ of ISovember A. D. 1450); in the landsof

Nagasaraka

(the old

name

of Nausari)'.

2.

'On Wednesday the

4*''

of the dark half of S'ravan in the

Samvat year 1844 (correspondingU^'^

to

the 21* of

August A.D. 1788) the

day of theis

11*''

[Parsi];

month;

on

this

day the book of Arda-Gvira-namaof]

made completethe

written by

herbad Shapurji [son

Fr^dunji [son

of]

heaven-residing

mobad

Manekji Homji Kekabad Kavasji Ilirarana of

Surat'.

This third Pazand version commences with a Pazand transliteration of the following couplets

from the Shahnamah

It

is

also

remarkable

for

great alterations in

the introduction, which

make Arda Virafa translation

a contemporary of king Gushtasp.introduction,;

The

following

is

of this

prepared from a copy of the textlate

supplied by Destur Hoshangjithe

its

date

is

proved by the use of

word khashm^ Ar.Tn the

fv-ais.

,

for 'husband'.

name and honor

of the good creator of all those

who behave

well (vasam vazdvand),

and with the assistance and blessing of the goodthis

pure religion of the Mazdayasnians, the \Yords of

narrative

of

ArdS

Viraf

'

are recounted.the

At the time when king Uushiasp receivedMazdayasnians from Auharmazd, the lord;

good religion of the

and the pious Zaratl\sht Spitama

Written

Ardd

Vird, Sans.

Arddd Gvird punisha,

throughout.

;

Introductory Essays.

xiii

vrn9

gone

to glory;

as rrushtasp,

Dalag, Gospadasht, Frashoshtar, Maidy6-

mah aud

other Mazdayasnians were seated together, and happily influenced,'Let us select,

they said thus:'free

from the Mazdayasnians, one who

is

very

from

sin;

and

let,

us give him a narcotic to eat, so that his soulthatit

may

'go to the other world

mayit

see the soul of the descendant of Spi-

'tama,'the

the pious Zaratusht;;

that

may

see the thrones of

Auharmazd andEashnhell.

archangels

thatit

it

may

see heaven, and the Chinvat bridge, andhell,

'the just;

and that

may

see

and the souls of the wicked

in

'And

it

will

know whether

these good works, which

we Mazdayasniansif

per-

'form, are effectual,

or not;effectual,

and

it

willif

bring us intelligence,

the endeaineffectual'.is

'vours

we make be

audit,

those

we dont make be

And

they were unanimous aboutbest of us

aud said thus: 'Arda Viraf[Then as in

the most

'innocent andJ.

Mazdayasnians'.

the Pahl. text

of

ch.

36

41:

nearly verbatim.]the other

Then king Gushtasp and

Mazdayasnians arose, and went into

the abode of the sacred fires; and they cast lotslot

among

themselves, and the

came

to

Arda

Viraf.

Afterwards,

aeYen sisters,

the seven wives

of

Arda Viraf

(as

all

of

them were

his wives,

and had learnt the religion by heart, and recited thethey were as grievous to them as;

prayers), Avhen they heard those tidings,if

they had come

upon them most severely

and they went before king

Gushtasp aud the other Mazdayasnians,feet,

and bowed and stood upon theirPahlavi version,II.

and they spoke thus:

[as

in

the

8

12;

nearly

verbatim.]

Then king Gushtasp,said to

when he heard those words, became angry and

them thus: 'May the wind carry you away, and the wolf devour youoff"

'and tear

your bones'.Viraf, as he

Then Arda

saw that Gushtasp was angry, appeased thempaid his re-

and he went before Gushtasp, joined his hands on his breast,spects,

and said thus

:

'If it

be customary,will

let:

me

eat food, and pray to the

'departed souls,'narcotic'.

and make a

(andarz):

and afterwards, give me the

Then king Gushtasp

said thus

'Act accordingly'.

Afterwards, Arda Viraf went to histhe Yazishn ceremony,

own sacreddeparted

fire,

and performed

and prayed

to

the

souls,

and ate food.

;

xiv

Introductory Essays.

And

the sisters prepared a narcotic, and flavored

it

with a cup of wine, andto

dressed

Arda Viraf with other

clothes,

and gave notice

king Kai Gush-

tasp and the other Mazdayasnians.

Then king Gushtasp andArda Viraf thenarcotic,

the other Mazdayasnian?* came, and they gave

and he slept upon the carpet.

And

they instructed

the herbads, intrusted with the place,

that they should protect the body ofrecite

Arda Viraf, by watching, and shouldsisters sat

the Nasks.

.And those seven

around the carpet of Arda Viraf, and repeated the Avesta during[Then a$in the

seven days and nights.

Pahlavi version,

III. 1

4.]

And

those sisters, as they saw that Arda Viraf looked up,

became

as

joyful as if they were intationto

heaven during

life

;

and the herbads offered

salu-

Arda Viraf, and went before king Gushtasp, Dalag, Gospadasht,

Frashoshtar, Maidyoniah and the other Mazdayasnians, and gave them notice;

and they went towards Arda Viraf.to

And Arda

Viraf, as he saw king[as in the

Gushtasp, wentPahlavt version,

meet him, and spoke thus: 'A blessing from

III.

8 11;

nearly verbal im,]:

Then king Gushtasp'who'tell

said thus

'A perfect heart hast thou, Arda Viraf,

art the

messenger of us Mazdayasnians, and may the blessing be thine

us truly about that which thou hast seen'.

And having

taken his hand,

all

the Mazdayasnians sat

downhell,

together,

and spoke thus:

'Say what thouof these speak

'hast seen in'truly,

heaven and

and. at the Chinvat bridge;of those'1

so that

we

also

may know

who have possession

of Garodman'.is

Then Arda Viraf'be given to the body,

said thus:

am hungry and

thirsty; first foodto

to

and afterwards questions are

be asked, and workfor

'appointed'.

Then king Gushtasp ordered

that they should bring,

Arda

VirM, nice food, woll-cooked and savory broth, and cold water, and pleasantwine.

Then Arda Viraf consecrated

the

Dron and Baresman, and

ate the

food, and completed

tho sacred repast with sweet basil (ocymuni) and wine,III.21,etc.]

and said grace.

[Then as in the Pahlavi version,

J3estur Hoshangji

observesit

that

the Pazandso

orthography of

this

introduction

is

'horrible';

is

however scarcelyofthis

bad as that of sometextcertaindiffers

otherlittle

modern MSS.

The remainder

Pazandin

but

from the Pahlavi version, and that chieflyin the order of the chapters.

omissions,

and alterations

:

Introductory Essays.

xt

Besides the Pahlavi, Pazand,of the

Sanskrit

and old Gujarati versionsin

Arda-Viraf namak, there exist versions

Persian prose andmaterially from theis

verse,

and

in

modern Gujarati, which

all

differ

original Pahlavi, especially in the

introduction which

referred to theis

time of Ardashir Papakan.tainedin H28, Xo.

Of the Persian prose versions, onecollection,

con-

28

in

Dr. Hang's

an incomplete octavofolios,

MS., apparently more than two centuries old, consisting of 91written7

and 8 from 3

lines to

the

page,

and mostly

in a

very large handfol.

writing

;

to

o

other folios

are missing (viz. either9(i},

48

,

90

and

94, or fol. 48, 49, 91, 95

and

which must have contained the

text corresponding to the Pahlavi ch. 14, 19-21. 50,4.to end.

51,5.

and i01,2u

The

introduction,

which forms about one-eighth of the whole,refor

combines the Pahlavi account of Arda Yiraf, as Destur Hoshangjimarks, with the earlier tradition of Ardashir Papakan's proceedingsre-establishing the religion.this introduction

The following

is

a complete translation of

I

maintain praise for

tlie

One God

wiio

oreatod

us just as he wilU-d

and

wills,

and unto our prophet.that

They sayself in the

when Ardashir Babagan was king,

as he settled him-

monarchy, he slew ninety kings (some say he slew ninety-sixand restoredit

kings), and olfared the world of enemies,

to tranquilhty.

He

summoned

before him:

all

the Dcsturs and

Mobads who

existed at that time,

and said thus'to

'The true and correct religion which Almighty God revealed

Zaratusht {peace be unto him), and Zaratusht made current in the world,

'no longer remains with

me, so that

I

would make a

collection of tenetsin

and

'assertions

and sayings, from the world, and place confidence

only one'.

And he

sent people through all the provinces, and every place

where learnof

ing and priestcraft existed, andforty

summoned

all

to bis court.

A multitude

thousand

men went up

to court.

Afterwards,'wisest of these?'

he demanded and

said:

'Which are those whoselected four thousand

are theof the

Then they inquired, and

wisest, cut of that assembly,

and informed the king of kings.

And

he said,

a second time:

'Be careful a seoond time, and separate from that assembly,

;

xvi

Introductory Essays.

'such persons as areof the

discerning and wise,

and possess a better recollection

Avesta and Zand'.

Four hundred men appeared who possessed aAnother time they were care-

better recollection of their Avesta and Zand.ful,

and from the midst of these, they selected fortyAgain,

men, who possessed athese select, were

recollection of the whole of their Avesta.

among

a certain seventill

men,

in

whom

no sin had appeared, from their earliest years;

the age at which they had arrivedin

and they were excessively

careful,

and pure -heartedunto God.

thoughts and words and deeds, and their hearts clave

Afterwards, they conducted the whole seven to king Ardashir.the king directed tlms:

Then'suspicions

'It

is

necessary that

I

should dispel thesereli-

and doubts from the

religion,

and

all

men

should be of the

'gion of

Auharmazd and Zaratusht, and adoptit

the assertions and sayings of

jthe religion; so that

may become

clear to

me and

the learned and wise,

'what the religion'fi'om the religion'.

is,

and that these suspicions and doubtsreplied thus:

may

disappear

Then they

'No onesin,

is

able to give this

'information, except one'eight years,

who has committed no;

from the early age ofthis

unto the time which has arrivedis

and

man

is

Viraf, than

'whom there'speaking;

no one purer, orthis account,

moreit

spiritually enlightened, or

more

true-

and on

is

necessary toplace,

make

choice of him.

And

'we six others will

carry

on,

in

some

the

Yazishn ceremonies andall

'Nirang prayers which are appointed, in the religion, for'until

such matters;

God,

the revered and

glorious,

shall reveal the

facts to Viraf,

andfree

'Viraf shall give us information of them, so that everyone

may become

from doubts about Ailharmazd andViraf himself undertookwords.

Zaratusht'.;

this affair

and king Ardashir welcomed those

Then they

said, this aifair

would not be rightly accomplished, unlesssacredfire.

they went into the precincts of the

Then they arose and

per-

formed their design and went away.Afterwards, those six men, who were desturs, pei'formed the Yazishnceremonies on one side of the place offorty,fire,

and on the other sides

,

those

with the forty thousand

imm

of the desturs wlio

had come into thehis

precincts, all performed the Yazishn ceremonies.

And Viraf washed

head

and body, and put on cleanhe stood before thefire,

clothes,

and perfumed himself with sweet scentall

and repented of

sins.

;

Introductory Essays.

xvii

Virfif liad

seven

s^isters,

and as they received those and said thus:this

tidings,

all

the

seven came, weeping and lamenting,'heads at

'We

are

seven veiledis

home, and have no brother butto

one;

and our trust

all in

'him;

now you wish

send

him

to

the otheror not, for

world, and

we know not

'whether we shall see his face again,'teeted;

you

will

leaye us unproalso

we are without father and mother,

and youit,

will

leave our

'home without a brother.'brother;

Weelse,

shall

not permitlet

for

we have only one

choose some oneas

and

this

brother remain with us\'Suffer

Th(^ desturs,'anxiety,for

they heard these words, said:deliver Viraf to

and fancy no,

we

will

you again,

safe

and soundthe

in

the

'course

of

seven days'.

And

they swore an oath;

and

sisters

were

satisfied,

and returned.with horsemen clothedin

Afterwards, Ardashir, the king of kings,

armor,

kept watch around the

place of

fire,

so that

no heresy should do

anytliing, with concealed enmitj, against Viraf;

and that no danger shouldmidst of the Yazishn cere-

approach him, nor anything occasion

evil in the

mony, during which prayers were offered up.Afterwards,in

the

midstit

of the place of fire,;

they placed a throne,

and threw clean clothes uponandlet

and they seated Viraf upon that throne,

down a

face-veil

upon him.

And

those

forty

thousand men stood

peifoi'ming

the Yazishn ceremony,fat

and consecrated the Dron cakes,

and

placed a

little

upon oneof wine

of those

Drons, as they consecrated the whole.thoughts, and they

They gave one cup

to Viriif with well-thought

gave him one cup with well-spoken words, and they gave him one cup withwell-done deeds'.

Afterwards, Viraf,

when he had drunk

the three cups,

dropped

his

head. on to the cushion at once, and slept.the Yazishn cere-

Then during seven nights and days they performed

mony on

the spot.

Those

six desturs

were seated by the cushion of Viraf

and those thirty-three other men, who were selected, performed the Yazishn

ceremony around the throne

;

and those three hundred and sixty additional

men who were

selected,

performed the Yazishn ceremony around these; and

those thirty- six thousand performed the Yazishn ceremony around the cupola

'

This sentencethe

is

abbreviated,

as well as the two which follow,

owing

to a

tulio being- torn in

-M.S.

e

;

xviii

Tntrorlnctory Essays.

of the place of

tire

'.

And

the king of kings

,

clothed in armor and seated

on horseback, with his troops, encircled the outside of the cupola, and allowed no passage there for the air;

and

in

every place where they sat per-

forming the Yazishn ceremony,

a company of people were stationed within

drawn swords and clothedevery place,

in

armor, so that the troops themselves were

and no one

else

mingled with them;

and

at that

place

where

the throne of Viraf was, infantry in armor were stationed around the throne,

and allowed no passage,

to the throne, toin,

anyone else but those

six desturs.

Whilst the king of kings went

and came out of that place, and keptthis

watch around the place of

fire

and disturbed with

responsibility

,

he

remained watching Viraf whilst seven nights and days elapsed.After the seven nights and days, Virafsat up.

moved again and revived andthat Yiraf returned

And

the people and desturs,

when they saw

from

sleep, w^ere glad

and joyful,said:

and received pleasure;

and standing on;

their feet, they

bowed andis

'Thou

art;

welcome, Arda Viraf

look back?

'again at that which'didst

the

holy heaven

howtell

hast thou

come

and howalso

thou go?

and what didst thou see?

us too,

that

we

may

'know the description of the other world'.

Arda Viraf'seven nights

said:

'First bring

something,

that

I

may

eat;

forI

it

is

and days,

since this one

has obtained anything, andI

am

'hungry.

Afterwards, ask whatever you wish, so thatthe

may inform

you'.

Immediately,

desturs

consecrated a Dron cake:

and Arda Viraf

muttered grace,

ate a little,

with water,so

and said grace.relate

Then heI

said:

'Now'and

fetch a

skilful Avriter

thatinto

I

may

whateversoto

have seen

you

will

send

it,

early,

the

world,

that

a

knowledge ofand they

'spiritual matters

and heaven andof virtuous

hell

may extend

everyone,

may know

the value

actions,

and may abstain from bad ac-

>

It

is

evident that the text has omitted the 3600It will

who must have been

sta-

tioned between the 360 and the 36,000.others

be observed that Viraf and the 6first

are

the

7

last;

selected;

tliese

and the 33 of theof the secondtlio

ch'cuit,

are the 40

proviouHJy Hclcctcdearlier solcii ionarttliL';

these and

the 360

circuit,

are

tlie

400 of the

these

and the 3600 ofselection;

tiiird

circuit,

which have been omitted,

4(MK)

of the

first

anil tiicsc,

with the 36,000 of the outer circuit,

tuufctituto the

whole

4(M)(l() priests.

Introductory Essays.

xix

tions'.

Then they broughtVtraf.

a skilful writer, and ho sat

down

in tlie

presence

of

Arda

This introduction, which corresponds

to the first three

chapters ofi,

the Pahlavi text, closely resembles Pope's English translation

p. 1

0,

but

gives

more

details.

The same resemblance,

continues throughout,

the remainder of this Persian prose versionor less, to the Pahlavi text of ch.

which corresponds34, 35,

more

433, 4448,in

3841, 4952,p.

101

;

it

omits

the

additional details given

Pope's translationp. 41is

14,

15, 37

40,states,

butin

containsliis

the longthat

homily

in

48

of the same.

Pope

preface,first in

his translation

made from;

three

Persian versions, the

prose, by ^'oshirvan Kirmaniwill

the second

inverse,

by Zaratusht Bahirara (whichin

be shortly mentioned);

and the thirdHas).

prose, by the same,all

(whichis

mayH28

possible be that in

His translation containsi-G, 19-21.),

that

in

(except the equi-

valent of ch. 14,

in a rather

condensed form, together with93

the additional matter in his p. 14, 15,

3740 and

101.

Destur Hoshangji mentions another Persian prose version, withoutan introduction, whichis

contained in the Rivayat of Earaa Khambayati,difl'er

and

in other respects,

does not

much from

those in verse.

Of the versions

of the Arda-Yiraf

namak

in Persian verse,is

men-

tioned by Destur Hoshangji,tusht

the principal onein

that

by destur Zara-

Bahiram, which was composed

A.Y. 900 (A. D. 1530

1531)

from an anonymous prose version (possibly that in H28), which desturZaratusht states he has closely ff)llowed.

A

second version

in

Persian verse was written, in A.Y. 902 (A.D.

15321533), by the celebrated Parsi traveller Kaiis2, who had come

'

The Ardai Viraf Nameh,

or the Revelations of Ardai Viraf, translated fromJ.

the Persian'

and Guzeratee versions, bytlie

A. Pope.

London

1816.

It

appears from

story of

Kaus and Afshad

(translated from Persian into1831),

Gujarati, in the

Hadesa Xamu, by Framji Aspendiarji, Bombay, A.D.

that

they were two Parsi merchants of

Yazd

in

i'ersia,

who made a

trading voyage to

India in A.Y. 900 (A.D. 1531), and were wrecked near Div, losing all their goods,

XX

Introductory Essays,

from Persia,

withlight

his

companion Afshad,religious matters.

to

KauaAri, where he hadis

thrown much

upon

His workto

more condensed

than that of destur Zaratusht, but appearssources,asit

be derived from the sameintroductionto the time

agrees with

it

in referring the

of Ardashir Papakan.

A

third version in Persian verse

was composed by desturit

ISoshir-

van Marzban Kirmani, and a copythe Rivayat No. 29ainit

of

is

contained in

fol.

46

,jO

of

in

the

collection

of the

Bombay

Govt.,

written

A.Y. 1048

(A. D. 1679)

by herbad Darab Hormazyar, who extractedit

from the Rivayat of Bahman Punjyah, who brought

from Iran.

It consists of

398 couplets, of which 32 are introductory, 110 are descriptivehell,

of

heaven, 286 of

and 20 contain the author's peroration;of which

ii

is

preceded by a treatise,

only the

last

187

couplets

remain,

giving a tedious explanation of his reasons for undertaking the woik.

The

introduction

merely mentions that Arda Yiraf wasto

sent to

the

other world by Ardashir Papakan, and refers

Zaratusht Bahiram's

work

for further particulars

;

the author further states that, on readingit

a prose version of Zaratusht Bahiram's verses, and comparingthe xavdrish, in

with

company with two

desturs,visionp. 14

he determinedis

to write his

poem.gosh,

In this version, Viraf'sas givenin

first

that

of the

dog Zariudoes nota

Pope's translation

15,

but which

occur in the Pahlavi and Pazand versions, nor in 1128;short general description of heaven,into

then follows

and an account

of hell

condensedIn

fourteen visions, all differingfol.

considerably from the original.

the same Rivayat No. 29 a,

275

276,

is

a repetition of 30 of the

except a few pearls. At Div they received an invitation from iViunekshali Changashali,

an influential Pars! of Nausarireligious customs.

,

then 70 years old,

who wanted

information ahout

They travelled by the circuitous landat all of

route, through

Khambayat,very ig-

Bhroch,

Oklasir and Surat,

which places they found the

I'arsis

norant of their religious customs.

Arriving at Nausari, they were entertained byseveral religions observances which

Manekshah who consulted them aboutinto disuse,

had

fallen

and especially about building a new

dakhma

for the dead.

Finally,

these two Iranian Parsis quarreled and separated.

Introductovy Essays.

xxi

couplets referring; to Zarin-gosh, with an additiuii of 58 couplets aboutthe duty of well-trcatiiio; dogs, otters and hedgcliogs.

Besides the old (iujarati translation attached to the third Pazandversion of the Arda-Viraf

namak, Destur Hoshangji mentions another,based upon Zara-

which

is

separate and by an anonymous translator,;

tusht Babiram's Persian text

judging from

its

language, this translationtranslation of

mast bethe

fully

loO yearstext,

old.

A

free

modern Gujaratiinit

same Persian

was published

Bombay, some twenty yearshas been re-published since.to

ago, at the 'Jam-i

Jamshed' press; and

The only other MS. which remainsParsi '-Persianin

be mentioned

is

H?, a

MS. No.

7 in Dr.

Hang's

collection,

which has been usedIt consists ofIT)

preparing the text of the tale of Gosht-i Fryano.octavo, neatly

235

folios,

written by Darashah Mihrbanji,

lines to the

page, the Persian equivalent of the Pars! texts being often interlined;

and

its1.

contents are as follows:

Minokhird.things

'2.

Risalah-i

Minokhird-iin

digar,

in

Persian4.

only.

3.

The seven

made by .lamshed

Pars, Persian only.

Bun.'U,

dehesh, parti., containing AnquetH's ch. 18with a colophon dated Wednesday the7'''^

2o,

114,24

2?5.

and

of the twelfth

month A.Y. 1178Questions

qadtm (corresponding

to

the

0*''

of

August A. D.

1809).

and answers, with the names

of the twelve beings to,

be honored, the

namesthem,15

of the ten species ofin

men

and of the ten demons who troubleII.,

Persian.7. 9.

6.

Bundehesh, part

containing Anquetil's ch.8.

17.

Divers statements from the Avesta and Din.

Jamasp

namah.gujastah

The

story of Akhd-i Jadu and G-osht-i Paryan.11.in

10. Risalah-

Abahsh ba mobad.

Risalah-i herbadan herbad u dastur-i

an ayam ba 'ulama-i Islam,

Persian.

12.

Discussion

between13.

a

Destur and Musulman, regarding

God and Ahriman,

in Persian.

The

book of Dadar bin Dad-dukht,day afternoon the 2^of the

in Persian,

with a colophon dated Frior the27*1*

first

month A.Y. 1179,

of the

'

By

'Parsi' is liere

meant what Parsi writers

call

'Pazand' written

in the

Persian character.

3pEU

Introductory Essays.

seventh month A.H. 1224, (corresponding to the1809).religion,14.

S^^ of

September A.D.

Conversation between Auharmazd and Zaratusht regarding

lo.

A17.

repetition

of part of article

6.

10.

Yasna

4'), 2, n, 5, e.

Zand-Parsi.

Short fragments18.

about religious customs, and Zara-

tusht's genealogy, in Persian.

Vendidad20.

1,3-6. Zand-Gujarati.

10.

Part of Yasht 17,2,16. Zand-Persian.

Yasna

30,3.

Z.-Pahl.-Parsi;

and a few miscellaneous sentences.

II.

The system of

transliteration adopted for the Paliiavi texts.

Although the correct reading of the words may be the mostcult task of

diffi-

an editor of a Pahlavi text, the most perplexing questionsystem of transstrictly to the

for his consideration is the settlement of a satisfactory

literation,

and his most troublesome duty

is

to

adhere

system he has adopted.

How

far these difficulties

have been overcome,he has

in the present instance, the reader will

be able

to judge, after

carefully considered

the rules which the editors have adopted and entogether with their reasons for adopting such

deavouredrules.

to carry out,

"With regard to the correct reading of texts,to

it

is

only necessary

mention that the

difficulty

of

identifying

Pahlavi

words rapidly

diminishes as the student extends his reading and enlarges his vocabulary.

The numberis

of

words

which really admit of more than oneis

identification

small,

and Pahlavi orthography

quite

ashis

fixed

as

that ofto old

modern Persian.

So long as the reader confinesserious

attention

MSS., he seldom meets withdifficulties;

grammatical,

or

ortho-

graphical,

the old copyists often omit words andsatisfied

phrases,

by mistake, but they areit,

with copying the text as they find

to the best of their ability,

and very rarely insert emendations ofdiffer

their

own

;

so

their

language does notis

much from

that of the

original writer,

and

generally grammatical and inteUigible.

Modern

Introductory Essays.

xxiii

copyists

,

including most of those of the last two

centuiies and

many

of the present day, are generally

more ambitiousas

;

they are not satisfied,

with simply copying the old copieslimit their errorsto

they find them

which would

a few omissions

and miswritings, but they makeal-

numerous emendations, which are rarely improvements, but almost

ways corruptions of the

text.

That

this

is

no

exaggeration,

may

be

inferred from the fact that the editors

of the

Arda-Viruf ISamak haveof difficult

hadand

to consider

many such modern emendations

passages,

in nine cases out of ten

they have foun

\'h^

Om,

^ w,

^

s

and /

s

can be transliterated with certainty.

As compared with

the Pahlayi ambiguities,of distinguishing

however, the Sasaninn readings afford means

between m

i z=

y

g and d

^

1

d and

= ^ 3 =

a and m

= ^j

h^

kh;(?i

between

9 y; between

=

and

)

=

2

y, M, r;

between the Semitic

suffix

^c/f,

rt

man^

and the ordin-

ary syllable

^ iOt^^c/?,

man; and between

such compounds as

^ =

f^^^

az, or.'7'^ J

and Qy2/5

===

Q-^"^

or orp;^^*^'

^

=

^3

t7a,

^=words,

-^0

=

"^^

-O

*^''

The words alreadythetransliteration

identified in theto

Sasanian inscriptions, confirm

attached

each of the following Pahlavi

subject to such ambiguities as are mentioned above;

the vowels being

supplied in accordance with rule 2:

3a^

akhar.hat.

^J!^

hattmim.afash.

^J^^tV1

^0

khitayd.

^^

afam.

Mr. Thomas, in his latest remarks on thisstill

letter (Journal

R.A.

S. n.i,

s.

vol.

V.

p.

410

413),

adheres to his opinion thati

it

represents the sound

becausealso

Ct resemblesin

the

in the

Phoenician and some otlier old alphabets,in

and

^cor-

Zand and Pazand, and becauseto ^~)n

one word (out of tweh'e identified)

tt^'^i

respondsif

hari in Chaldfeo-Pahlavl.facts to contradictn.s.

These arguments would have some weight;

there

were no

themIV.

but

it

has been shown

,

with tolerable

Certainty,

(Journal R. A.S.the

vol.it

p.

364368) that the Sasanian nf corres-

pondslavi, p.

to

Pahlavi

j^

and

has also been shown, in Hang's Essay on Pah-

112-114, that the pronunciation

man

can be etymologically explained, andactually occurs in Chaldee, inParsia.

the

word fx!^j[^ (llajiabad

inscrip. lin. S. 9, C. 8)

the form j^pi which fully confirms the reading

taniman of the

,

.

,

Introductory Essays.

))r^3i)

khazUCui.acltn

^^3

ragdman.zak.

^jj^*

tS

amat.hankhetdn.

j3Ki K3

;;t

.

zija

^)^^3p^V0iJ^^)^y^

yadman.fjadman.shapir,ycJicvdn.

ArfaJihshatar. homcin.

i^^jQhomanam.))>*0

^^yoy^j5y^yoJiit

Amrdn.Alrdn.yjOA^jA

kardakun.malku.

-^

hahci.

.M^^_u)i

6ra.hukJtt.

^^^^*if

ma num.min.

^uv^^ji

minam.tnadam.magopat.va.

henafshma?i.

^u))^

harman.IKivan.

^^y^)

^^

tamman.

w.^)

nafshman.

^))y^)yov^rnhcui.f)

valmati.L-adtin.

y^A>k))i>

ycktihun.

^>1

lanman.

)

yckavlmun.

It will

be explained, hereafter, that

r?

is

used

to

express a Pahlavi

^

whenletter.

it

has, probably, the sound of

d;

therefore,

t

and d express the same Pahlavi

xxviii

IntBodnetory Essays.

The

correct transliteration of the following Pahlavi words can alsois

be easily settled from that of the Sasanian equivalent, whichto each,

attached

although the latter differs slightly from the Pahlavi orthograis

phy, and

subject to the ambiguities mentioned above:

^a(ynvtv

Sas.

Akharmani.

^))^-^^

Sas. sazUimt.

Introductory Essays.

xxix

final

)

u,

6; but closer investigation does not quite confirm this suppoin

sition.

Of the 22 Sasanian words endingfive

9

^tXxxi.s.;

Tdkhmorapo,sa/jar

Z.

Takhmo-urupa

^^jj^o

chdshtd

3a(^3;

^\;Z.

J^O*-^

zdkham

^y^

^^w^ii sdhmgimZ.6V'o>

JI'I^OO

^li(^(tveru,

^)^

kard, ))^)') ka fit fin, _uu^ kird,

^)^^y^Andkai,

Mdrspend^ l)^-^ Mitro,,

-u)^ mar and,(ianrdk,

-*^)^ marantd,drust, )y (jiird,fJ^K^ff

-u)o (jabrd)

)ugji

dapiro^

^u)y

^^)y

etc.

stands for /in S)^ pdag,

^)*0

sI'Jufii'i

)^_

(C'hahhco-Pahl.

a harsher(jamld,)))

pronunciation of

L) t/}, -u)^ kola,written

-\^^ mdayd, -u u

w ycmalelun

(also

)pV)j ^f

J^^^'h ^^^

See Thomas's Notes on Pehlvi coins,

etc.

Journal R.A.

S. vol,

XIIl, p. 377379,

Introductory Essays.

xxxvii

Whencannot

medial

)

is

a vowel,

it

may be readthus

either , orit

o,

accord-

ing to the etymology of theit

word

;

we read

u

in all cases in

where

be traced

to

any other vowel but u, or u,thosein

the

cognateis

languages,uncertain;

as well as in

cases

where the etymologyit

quite

a

few instances,

which

corresponds

to

ii^

arc)Y

))J^khiui,

khefvCui and other Huz. verbs,

^)^

This

is

the

general rule

of theits

Pazand

writers,

so

far as

can be judged

from their very irregular readings;

adoption, therefore, prevents any very wide;

departure from the Pdzand, with regard to this vowelto the similar rule

and the same remarks apply

regarding the vowel ^

c.

;

.

xxxviii

Introductory Essays.

The

transliteration of finalto

)

is

complicated with a question of orcareful consi-

thography which leadsderation.in the

much

uncertainty and requires

There

is

no

difficulty

when

the final

)

is

clearly w, or v, as

examples already givenin)

(p.

xxxv), to which

may be added suchlevin ^

words ending

as )^Ji harijan,in

)^ lajcm,diij

yy-

^y

min and,

mw, and many words endingalso such))(o

yo -

y{^

isJm and))i

- in

-

cw

words ending)I00 shtvan,))

in

))

as

)J^0

op']ju?ijkCin,

bun^ ))^ pavan^

chiin^

))j

kevan and

)^ mun, )y^in

dron^

all

crude Huz. verbs in

- i7n,

and many words ending)

)y -run^to

\\

-un, and

)%t

-gun.

In a few words, the final

appears

beviu,

ii,

as in

y^

ahu^

UJJ

aha, ))^

ta?m,

)y^} RashuUj

y

ru,

^

)*00)Jijj,

dusJiaha; but of these

we

also find the forms ^yQ*, a final)

liJ,

^),

3^

and ^yfj^y.with a Zandace. dtaru),

And

in

some cases,

can

be

readily

identified

4

o,

or

^

tto,

as in ))^(y

Ataro

(Z. gen. uthro, pi.

nom.and

)f^ dtno(Z.

(Z. pi.

nom.

ace.

dacndo)^

D^OOis

shatro

))^^ Mitru

nom. Mithro)] butsuffixis

this explanationto

not applicable

to the infinitive

))^

,

which seems

be the only remaining case

where the

final

\)

constant.

The

chief difficulty, however, in transliterating a final ), arises init

those cases where

seems

to

be an optional

final

,

either

added

,

or

omitted, by the writer, without any apparent reason, but according to

some vagueFirst, the

rule

which practically divides the MSS.init

into three classes.

modern MSS.,

which the writer

is

not satisfied with copy;

ing his text, but revises

with doubtful success)

such writers generally

add an extra

)

to

every

final

w,

except that of the Semitic suffix

^ man

and often

to the syllables

yt dn,

y{^ shn and y in^ when they arcfinal^

medial; but they rarely add the optionalletter.

to

^,

or

any otherin

Second,^

the very "old

MSS., which arc much more sparing

the use ofit

after ),

and^

after

^

they generally separatethe next sentence;

it,

and read

as the conjunction

va beginning

from a careful

examination of 3 chapters of the Bundehesh and IG of the Arda-Viraf

Introductory Essays.

xxxix

numak

in

the

MSS. He and K20 (which

are nearly 500 years old),final)

it

appears that the old writers used the optional

only once in anthe pronom-

average of nine occurrences of the pluralinal suffixes

suffix

y^

d?i,

yo^ -tan, )*00 -shun,it

yAy^

-man, and most words endsuffix

ing

in

Y>i

-an; while they used

after the abstract

y^it.

-ishnThird,

and the wordthe

^ly

riibdn,

nearly as often as they omitted

MSS. which seem

to luive

been rarely copied, such as the Din-kard

and Jsirangistan, but of which only modern copies have been examined;these add the extraalso addit)

to a final

)

n oftener thani'^

tliey

omit/",

it,

but they(o

to

most words ending

^

^,

A

/i",

^

p,

and

ch

^

j.

AVhenfinal) 5

a suffix is

added

to

the word,

it

generally

elides the

optionalall class-

but there are

manyto

exceptions to this general rule, in

es

of

MSS.

Turning)

the Pahlavi legends

on coins', we

find the

optional final

sparingly used

on the coins of the Arab governors ofshortlyis

Persia,the

and the rulers of Tabaristan,in

after

the downfallto

ofin

Sasanian dynasty

A. D.

(loi

;

it

added occasionally^))

^

several numerals ending inthe

^-i^JO

sJiast,

navad and ^ii sad,,

inetc-

names ^j}j>^in

cXJli*

,

^J-i^J^ Khurshcdaddedto

^JJ^-^i

^py.^,,

and

^p^y

afzud ;

it

is

^

in

^)a^^ V'^^

^0

(O

in

^^jy^mdn and

^j^ju'ftXjf,

and

to final yt in

yoyoy^ Marvthidn,;

yo-^A Kir-

other more)

doubtfulis

readings

but the merely optional cha-

racter of this final

as evident on the coins as in the books,it

by the

numerous instancesthatit

in -which

is

omitted

;

it

is

also),

worthy of notein

is

added

to the

same

letters,

^, ^,

(^

and

both

cases,

while the remaining letter a, wdiich takes the extra

)

in

some books,

does not occur as a

final

on these coins, so

far asin

has been observed;

and the only certain instance of a plural

u) -dn (which occurs in

'

See Mordtmann's essays in the Zeitsclirift der D. M. G., and Thomas's in

the Journal of the R. A. S.

XL

Introductory Essays.

the khalifs

title

y^^^jy^^^y)

"^^^if

fimtr-i

varoWimkdn, 'commanderfinal,

of

the beheving')several times.

does not

take

the

optional

although

it

occurs

If this finalin the

j

were a consonant,it

or indicated a change

of sound

preceding consonant,

would be so essential a part of the word,;

that

its

frequent omission would be difficult to explain

and

if it

merely

indicated the end of a word, or the suppression of a final short vowel,it

ought to be much more frequently used.it

But

its

optional character

indicates that

is

no

essential

part of the word.

Destur Hoshangji

considersf

it

as a representative of any final vowxl, in theinitial

same way

as

and X are representatives of a shorthypothesis to

vowel,

and he extends

thisi

many

cases where medialthis

j

takes the place of a andof

in the

cognate languages;

was evidently the "opinion of most

the writers of

modern MSS.,

in

many

cases;

and also of the older

writers, with regard to

)^.9/

That certain Pahlavi words retained anform,

original final

vowel

,

in a modified in the

is

evident from the frequent

occurrence of theto

final

Sasanian inscriptions, which seemsfinalit)

be used

in

a similar manner to the

in

Pahlavi

,

although

it

cannot be shown to be quite equivalent tois

(see p. xxix).

And

there

nothing impossible in the hypothesis that the Pahlavi, whilst generallyit

dropping the complex terminations of the languages whenceits

derivedin fact,

words,

maythis

occasionally have retained such a tetmination;in

we know

was done

such cases as the termination

))

-Cm of the

crude Iluzvaresh verbs, the word

-^JJ^^

atusJi

{'/j.

nom.

dtarsJi), etc.;

and we have only

to

extend this hypothesis,

by supposing

that

some

writers rejected all vowel terminations, while others occasionally retained

a vowel to represent them,tional use of a final vowel.

and

we

obtain an explanation of the op-

That the Zand terminations

4

^ andis

^

do often become

)

in

Pahlavi, instead of being dropped,

proved by the compound words

.^^^iS^u; amcshospendpfirijo-ilkcsli^

.,

Z.

pi.

nom.]

ace.

amcshdo spcntapcslnjotanu^

:,

^^^^H^)^7j.

Z. paoii\ij6-dka(1slta

))^KH3^^-

peshutanu]

)6^ tjiy^

Tdkhmorapo,

Z.

Takhmo

uriipa

;

J*'V(2>*0r'^

srosho-cha-

Introductory Essays.

XLi

ratidm, Z. sraosho-charana;"K^y^TO)**) vdstrijosh,

^-OOOZ.

GuTjomarcl^ Z. gayo -f mareta;

Z, vdstry6-fshuyas;*:ijOyh)

Ncry6sang,Z. Nairetc.

yo-safiha;fore,

y^^y^

garddmdn,

garo-demdna ;final,

We

are, there-

prepared to find that the optional

) ^

as well as the constant

final (in the

words quoted

in p. xxxviii)

sometimes represents the sameo,

Zand terminations, and mayarashko, Z. arasko] )^iy

therefore be read

as in

j^)^ dfrtnoace.

;

)^^)ii))HdYsriibo,

riibdno,)\iJ^

Z.

pi.

nom.

iirvdno;

roshanO^

Z.

raochanho;ace..

zartno

,

Z.

zairino?]

[\y^

'horn', Z. pi.

srvdo ; )^^y{^ ycdato^ Z. yazato] j^OO-"^

vahishtO;

)^ey^^^yoi) 7iahdnazdisht6; ))yi)i^\>

dram;

^ytl)^ dasto

;

))(j^

daslnno;

dumbo;;

all

past participles ending ina due consideration

)^

- to^ as,

)^)a karto,

Z. kereto

etc.

With

for these facts

and

for the

obscurity in which

the identification of this letter still lies, the followingforits

general rule has

been adoptedto

transliterationfinal)

;

while caretexts,

has

been taken not

admit

this optional

into

the

except

where

it

occurs in the oldit

MSS.)

5) ^yhenever

is

possible that the optional finalor do,in

may beword

thein

equivalent of the termination d,

some form

of theit

Zand,

it

should be transliterated by o; in

all

other cases

is

supposedu.

to represent

some obscure vowel sound which can be represented byo

The same obscure vowelinfinitive suffixis

can also be used for the

final of thefinal

))^ -tano, and of a few other words,6,

where theit.

)

constant, but cannot be traced to an original

do, u, or

Thetimes j;

letter

3 often represents the consonantsinitial it

?/,

d and

g,

and someand

when

seems

to

be always a consonant, like ^^

\ exceptyin

in the doubtful

instances

mentioned

in p.

xxxv.

It

stands for

yi^^

yazislin,

^y yam: yf^y ruyin, f^-^ ziydn,in

Ji)^ muyak,

etc.; it

stands for

d

^f^i

dasto,

^y

denman;it

^^iiystands for'S)^

andcshkl,,9

a(j(X) shcdd; t^yo homand, 5->^ pazd, etc.;gahrd, -^3 garm; )yyi dngun,

in

-Aiy)ta-

J^^Jtl) sadtgar;

pelag,f

^3^^

XLii

Introductory Essays,

fcar

,

which

corresponds tot^"**shorti

^, in the

cognate languages, are^'^'^j

dfrlnoIt cor-

Y>iJ^^ avirdn,respondsto a

^^^^j i'tin

-"H^,

ti?id,

niz, etc.

other

languages

in

such words

as

3^it)H^^^

Mkhar, J-^i^)** hu-chthar, ^^OO-^^ Tishtarttshn, )Ji^S chtgiiii,k)(o

,

^^^^

tishgd,

cJiim,

^)W(

ChinCivat,

V^jC^S)^ rapituvin,

^^^^3

ztsht,

Jii

dil,

MJ^M) nuirik,

y(Ji^) nihdii,

^^)

nihtp,

etc.

The medial vowel 3orc,

is

transliterated c,in

when

it

corresponds to ae^

f,

in

Zand, or Chaldee, as

c^y-0 dkhezid^ ^-WCOO-^^"** ^^^'andcslud^

tcshtdr,

C^^))^

khurshcd,

^^iiy^

^5a)c^^-"^l

khvebefd,

tukdas, -H^^y) khvcsh,

^^-b-u aerpat^

-^^^

khcshm,pcstd^

J^Mgcs,wia/c,

hesli^

Jjji

hevar,

))^j^ Fredimmczid,

,

^^^^

^3

zcn^

-^

-O^^

fc(Vt,

^^.^etc.;

^^^ m^sh,writers

.M^^) neshman,

^aj) ?^c-

Y{)0^ fjchdn,)f(^

an exception has been madethe

in the case of topi.

the word

dino,

as

Pazand

adhere

strictly

that

Arabic pronunciation, although the original Zand word dacna,ace.

nom.

daaido,

indicates that deno

ought

to

be the old Persian pronun-

ciation.

The medial vowel

5

is

also transliterated c,

when

it

appears

to

correspond to any other vowel, or diphthong, in the same languages,asin )*>JtJ)-^^

besides those already mentioned,

pcstdn,kef,

-^^^^ pesh,kcshvar,

^^

^^^''i

I^OO

?/(?^

vazurg and

vaziirg

,

9t>*r^

drukht and ^(yj^rost

gazdum and _^3jJ gazdum;mtzhdem) and^Jiiiyiir/.vi,

f^y

and fQ)3avistdk

rost,

53^

mozd

(Z.

d^^

mozd]

^ufQ)3^,

and

AiifQ)0* avistdk,irista)

harvtsp and ^iiy^ harvisp

ftl)"^^ ^^^^ C'^-

and jiQ)3

^^O-^-^)

dahisJm and

)Hd^

dahishn,

^OO"^"")

XLiv

Introductory Essays.

vahtsht and ^OO''') vahisht,

y(_)0) W'/^-ic/j

^^^

)0)(O

? lih

an

,

J^j^i

dilir

and Ji35 diUr, the and .^-u kheshm,

suffix-J(^33

y

(Z. c/?a) andres/?,

-/c/i;

J^^^

kheshm

rcs/i

and jf^)

w^

fecm and

^a Aem,

^TtD^O

gcJcstak and

^f^DO

gajestak, etc.

But besides

these, there are

many

other words in which the same,

short vowels occur in the cognate languages

and may thereforesuch arehurid,

,

be

reasonably inserted inafsurd,

the transliteration

of Pahlavi;

^-^0*

yny^f^^

astukhvan, ^^rCJ))** austurdak,

^Ji

yo^^

pasukho, -u)5

stih,

JtD^'-'O ^'"^'^^^' ^^^ abstracts in y^^

kirm,

/^^)^ kirfak,

))^^ Mitro,

^

min, ^fy{^^) nipisht,))i^)

fiJ^-w^OO) Vishtdsp,

f^^)nishast, H^^^^)yiy'S

nikds^

nikun, y{yi^^\

niMrishn,

^3

gird',

gh'ydn,

y^^^

dashiii,

u

Yim; ^o^jj^Keresdspo,

aperendyik, ^)^j lekum, 3j^ kahed, ^J^ kcrp

^^AdJjJdJ^,

^yGtY"^

^ncii'cnchinidetc.

,

\Y) v arena

,

-^y^

daregush,

^)^^y gospend^

^y denman,the present,

As many Zand verbs have a

different

vowela

in the

crude form of

to that in the past participle,

difficulty arises in deter-

mining,

according to rule 4, whether the vowel of the Pahlavi verbt

should beto

or c,

u

or

6.

The simplest

solution of this question,is

is

adopt the Zand practice, and use both forms, as4>fc>

already done in

Persian in other instances, such as^yoyi

and

,

Oyijuj

and JuU*w,

and tXjLcvi

,

C>yX

and Ov-yo,

t>^

and JoL^i,

etc.

Thus wertkht and

read

^OO^^^rfjcd,

pdhrikht andsiikht

^O^J^(y^ pdhrcjcd, ^^O^

^^3

9g>j^

and c^(;0 ^^jcd)

^OO-^f* gumikht and

^O"0*

fjumcjcd,to the

etc.

Next

vowels, one of the most uncertain points

in

Pahlavi

,

Iqtrodu6tH7 Essays.

xLv

is

the sound of

^

in

many words

;

and the confusion of

its

two sounds,

t

and d, dates from Sasanian times, as the inscriptions have both yaz-

tdn and yazddn, vazlunt and vazlimd,

havmt and havind^ hattmimtcannot be justifiedin

and hattmund.'earth',

The sound^ruler',

of

t

for

^

~u^i}'third',

-ui^^

-uc^^^

'teacher',

^p

'river',

3i3yi^

-juu^)^ 'mule', -MOU)

'rose',

3-^^

'second', -^{^w 'wheat', etc.

As two

sounds of this

letter must, therefore,

be admitted, they are representedit

by

t

and d\ the

latter

being used whenever

is

deemed

best (in acj>,

cordance with rule 4) to trace thein all

^

no further than a Persianto, to,

as

verbal suffixes ending

in

^

(those ending in \^

being tracgenerallyit

ed

to

Zand).

It

is

worthy of notice that though)

Pahlavi

retains aif

Zand

^

unaltered, yet after

n

it

always changes,

into 5

the orthography be correct; thus

^p

zud, Pers. J.\

must not be

confounded with

^pis

za7id.

Ashown

final

^

fc

always retained

in the transliteration, asin

it

can beit

that

it

was formerly pronounced

Persian

',

althoughlater

has

generally been softened into ,

or dropped altogether, in

times.

Thefind

old sound of k

is

still

retained in a few Persian words,^r^-i

thus

we

both

(ilK^ and K^^,suffixes

and Svaxo,

etc.;

andin

the

Persian

plural

and abstract

^\^ gdn

and

^-gi,suffixis

which (Stakes

the place of 5 in the original word, can only

be explained by assuming

an original sound of k for the 5.lavi

"When ais

added

to a

Pah-

word ending

in

^-j^^^is

fc,

the

letter

rarely

alteied,

but sometimesetc., asetc.; in

Y>i^

becomesfind

)*(5,

becomes J(j^

,

3^

becomes J3,^

weall

also

that

.j3

the usual form ofis

^3

D

of

4.5,

such cases, the k soundthe

retained, to avoid unnecessary confusion, as

change of form

is

only partially

adopted, probably to expedite

the writing, and the rare occurrence oftions, indicates that

>M.

gf

in

the Sasanian inscripin Pahlavi.

the sound of g

was not very common

'

This subject was

fully

discussed

in

J. Muller's

'Essai sur la langue

pehlvie', published in the

Journal Asiatique for April 1839.

XLvi

Introductory Essays.

In a fewasin

cases,

the

termination

y{^

-gdn

is

added,

to