Page 1 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Avian Flu Baseline...

PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006

Avian FluAvian FluBBaselineaseline S Surveyurvey

Backyard PBackyard Poultry oultry Farmers Farmers Of VietnamOf Vietnam

Key RKey Results Presentationesults PresentationHa Noi, Ha Noi, 2222ndnd February 200 February 20066

Replace with VN Map

www.indochinaresearch.com Indochina Research Ltd [email protected]


Objectives Objectives

IntroductionIntroduction

& Methodology& Methodology


The Academy for Educational Development (AED), on behalf of USAID, is

conducting behaviour change communications (BCC) activities on Avian

Influenza in Laos, Cambodia, and Viet Nam.

The main target group of these activities are rural backyard poultry farmers.

To plan these BCC activities, AED is conducting three successive surveys. The

presentation reports on the Vietnam Baseline Survey. The aims of study are to...

Constitute a KAP (knowledge/ attitudes/ practices) baseline of the rural

backyard poultry farmers relating to the prevention and containment of Avian

Influenza – a set of research tools and parameters which can be repeatedly

applied in order to monitor trends;

Provide insights into Vietnam farmers’ culture, and derive strategies capable

of influencing behavioural and cultural patterns in order to contain the

spread of AI in each country.

IntIntroductionroduction Research Background & ObResearch Background & Objjeectivective


Data collection

Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire, during Dec 2005.

Post-fieldwork, 30% of the interviews were randomly selected and re-conducted.

Interviewees were rural backyard poultry farmers (defined as having 10 to 100

adult poultry, excl. fighting cocks).

Main decision-makers in buying, selling and raising poultry were interviewed.

Sample selection

3 Communes purposively selected in each of the 2 survey provinces.

3 communes with AI outbreaks were purposively chosen in each province

In each commune, 3 villages were randomly selected - 10 interviews per village.

Locations

2 provinces selected in consultation with MARD/DAH: Bac Ninh &Tien Giang

Sample of N=300 in each province

Methodology Description Methodology Description IntIntroductionroduction


Sample - DemographicsSample - Demographics

Backyard Farmer Decision makers are....

Both Male & Female – on par with the general population profile.

Mostly more than 35 years old (80%) – this is in contrast to the general population of these two provinces with only 30% in this same age range.

Nearly two-third households earn less or around 100$ per month – this would indicate that poultry proobably constitutes an important part of the family budget and a valuable source of nutrition.

Educational levels are low – two-third have completed either primary / secondary

From a demographic viewpoint, there are no major differences between Bac Ninh and Tien Giang

S4b, D2, D5, Region, D3

Gender (N=600 )Male 51%

Female 49%

Age (N=600)18-25 3%25-34 15%35-44 26%45-54 33%

55 and over 23%

Household Monthly income (N= 600)less than $50 22%

$50 - $100 37%$101 - $150 22%

More than $150 19%

Education (N=495)

No formal schooling 14%Some primary school 24%

Completed primary school 25%Some secondary school 31%

Completed secondary, etc 6%

IntIntroductionroduction


Vast majority raised less than 20 poultry with the average being 5 head per farm.

Bac Ninh has a more “agricultural” profile than Tien Giang in that the typical farm raises many more breeds of animal...this no doubt contributes to a comparatively higher revenue per month.

Raising poultry is primarly for reasons of Subsistence & Nutrition. 65% in Bac Ninh and 93% in Tien Giang don’t sell poultry.

For those who do sell poultry, sales tend not to be on a regular basis – rather the main motivation is that poultry is sold “when they mature”(67%) and are mostly sold to larger poultry collectors/farms.

S2, Q2a,b, Q3a, MD8, MD13

FARMING ACTIVITIES Bac Ninh (N=300) Tien Giang (N=300)

Growing rice 96% 54%Raising pigs 74% 39%

Raising poultry 97% 97%Raising others 20% 49%

Growing vegetables 52% 37%Avge revenue pm $55 $44

Adult Poultry Chicken Duck Other

20 or less 80% 89% 90%21 to 50 18% 8% 10%

51 to 100 2% 3% 0%

Sample – Raising ProfilesSample – Raising ProfilesIntIntroductionroduction

SELLING POULTRY Bac Ninn (N=300) Tien Giang(N=300)

Regularly 19% 3%Occasionally 16% 4%

Never 65% 93%


Among all media options available, television is the favoured medium.

Radio listenership is 3 times higher in Tien Giang than in Bac Ninh.

Bac Ninh farmers tend to watch TV for longer durations than those in Tien Giang.

S2, Q2a,b, Q3a, MD8, MD13

BROADCAST MEDIA Bac Ninn (N=300) Tien Giang(N=300)

Radio everyday 12% 37%TV 1-2 hrs pd 16% 26%TV 2-3 hrs pd 17% 31%TV 3-4 hrs pd 23% 17%TV >4 hrs pd 41% 17%

Sample – Media ProfilesSample – Media ProfilesIntIntroductionroduction


Poultry Raising Poultry Raising

HabitsHabits


63%

77%

36%

36%

61%

26%

66%

37%

76%

64%

29%

29%

All ducks kept inbuilding/ fenced

All chickens keptin building/

fenced

Free poultry cango outside

Poultry faecesoutside poultry

area

Poultry manurecomposting pit

Contact withother animals (eg

pigs)

Bac Ninh

Tien Giang

Interviewers’ Interviewers’ OObservationsbservationsPoultry Raising Poultry Raising HHabitsabits

Q1

3 key issues demonstrate that Bac Ninh farmers tend to have better poultry raising practices than farmers in Tien Giang.

It needs to be acknowledged when formulating national campaigns that this imbalance among provinces is likely to be replicated in other parts of country.


Reasons for not keeping poultryReasons for not keeping poultrycaged all the timecaged all the time

Q 9b

71%

11%

10%

4%

9%

2%

89%

8%

4%

4%

0%

0%

Chicken / Duck have to find food

Not many poultry, pen not needed

Meat of roaming free poultry is moredelicious

Can't buy feed

No space

Material are too costly

Chickens Ducks

A major common reason is to let the poultry (especially ducks) find their own feed – due to farms’s financial inability to buy food.

Poultry Raising Poultry Raising HHabitsabits


Q10a, Q10c by location

71%

92%84% 88%

29%

8%16% 12%

BAC NINH NO

BAC NINHOB

TIEN GIANGNO

TIEN GIANGOB

Yes No Don't know

Keeping chickens & ducks separateKeeping chickens & ducks separateall the timeall the time

In outbreak areas, past experience seems to have taught a lesson on the importance of seperating chickens to ducks.

For those not separating poultry – the main reason is because of lack of space available to do so – thus the financial reasons seen before are not the only barrier to best practice for AI prevention.

Do you keep chickens separate from ducks all the time? (N=153)



Q13a, b

51%

22%

9%

10%

8%Everytime

Frequently

Sometimes

Rarely

Never

Personal precautionsPersonal precautionsafter handling poultryafter handling poultry

Only 51% respondents wash their hands with soap everytime after handling poultry while around 1-in-4 never change clothes

95% of those who don’t wash their hands and 90% don’t change clothes regularly say such practices are “not important” or “not necessary”

18%

19%

29%23%

11%

How often…. Wash hands with soap

How Often…Change clothes after handling poultry



Awareness Awareness of Avian Fluof Avian Flu


90%

56%

46%

17%

2%

Contact with infected/sick birds

Contact with infectedmanure

Contact withcontaminated

environment, feed

Contact with virusbrought in by people

Don't know

Ways of spreading AI in poultryWays of spreading AI in poultry

Q16a

Answers are quite similar across locations More than half farmers are aware of at least 2

ways in which AI can be spread in poultry.

Number of answers# %

1 answer 138 23%2 answers 317 53%3 answers 80 13%

More than 4 answers 61 10%TOTAL N = 600

Ways to Spread

AIAI Awareness Awareness


76%

9%

7%

4%

2%

2%

TV

Paravet or village animalhealth workers/vet

Loudspeakers

Radio

Neighbour/friend

Pamphlets/Brochure

Most important source of AI infoMost important source of AI info

Q16c

Mostly TV has played a major source in making farmers aware of AI.

All other sources have contributed little

It should be noted that some FGDs conducted in these locations confirm that AI leaflets / brochures provide access to very detailed information on AI and have proven to be quite useful.



6.8

6.96

6.97

6.9

1 3 5 7

Chickens are infectedwith AI

Ducks are infectedwith AI

People in general areinfected with AI

You & your family areinfected with AI

Q18a1 &2

Perception of Perception of SSeriousness of AI eriousness of AI Poultry Poultry Outbreak .v. Human InfectionOutbreak .v. Human Infection

AI is clearly perceived as a serious threat to human beings as it can potentially cause death and spread among communities.

The vast majority (90%+) take AI quite seriously in regards to poultry...because AI spreads from poultry to human (77% chickens & 65% ducks) AI spreads among poultry and causes massive death (38% chickens & 49% ducks) AI causes financial damage (14% chickens and 16% ducks)

Only those farmers who raise very few poultry view AI with the minimum of worry – as they perceive that financial impact of AI outbreak would be limted – perhaps these smaller farms not seeing the full ramifications of AI.

How serious is Human Infection

Not serious at all = 1; Very serious = 7


How serious is Poultry Outbreak


Q19a1 &2 by location, Q19c,d

Can you always see when CHICKENS get AI? (N=596)

17%32% 26% 20%

82%67% 74% 80%

1% 1%

BAC NINHNO

BAC NINHOB

TIENGIANG NO

TIENGIANG OB

Yes No Don't know

Awareness of AI & its symptomsAwareness of AI & its symptomsDucks .Ducks .v. Chickensv. Chickens

The vast majority of farms in both locations lack knowledge in recognizing AI symtoms – this is particulalrly true in relation to ducks.

Most symptoms raised (with possible exceptions of sudden deaths (45%) and death in large numbers (32%) are not AI-specific.


Can you always see when DUCKS get AI? (N=596)

12%24% 20% 19%

87%73% 80% 81%

1% 3%

BAC NINHNO

BAC NINHOB

TIENGIANG NO

TIENGIANG OB

Yes No Don't know


Q21a by location, Q21b

Awareness that AI is a danger to humans is nearly universal in both outbreak and non-outbreak areas.

Knowledge of the methods by which AI can be contracted are well understood for the most common cause - human contact.

Farmers are less aware of others causes of AI such as Contact with Feces and Eating of inflected poultry.

How can humans get AI? (N=585)

92%

50%

54%

35%

Contact withinfectedpoultry

Contact withinfected

poultry feces

Eatingundercooked

infectedpoultry

Eating raw poultry

product

Awareness of AI & its symptomsAwareness of AI & its symptomsin humansin humansAIAI Awareness Awareness


Current AI Current AI Specific Specific PracticesPractices


79%

12%

11%

11%

6%

Animal HealthWorker

Agr. Extensionworker

People'scommitee

Head of village

Local Authority(Village Chief,

Police etc.)

Q23a & Q23b

Almost 100% of all farms in all areas claim they would report AI outbreaks.

Willingness to report is most likely to initally be to the local animal health worker.

To whom most likely? (N=574)

Reporting an AI outbreak Reporting an AI outbreak in one’s own poultryin one’s own poultryCCurrent urrent AIAI Practices Practices


Things done/ doable toThings done/ doable toprotect protect poultrypoultry from AI from AI

Q 24a, b

94%

74%

69%

64%

39%

8%

8%

6%

5%

11%

9%

11%

11%

15%

15%

11%

Vaccinate poultry

Keep in a protectedenvironment

Wash hand with soap

Separate chickensfrom ducks

Keep poultry in goodcondition

Changeclothes/shoes/sandals

Restrict entries intothe farm

Keep all poultrybrought to the farm

separate from others

Done Could do

Number of answers

# % # %1 answer 16 3% 456 76%

2 answers 84 14% 102 17%3 answers 148 25% 33 6%4 answers 186 31% 3 1%5 answers 125 21%


DONE COULD DO

CCurrent urrent AIAI Practices Practices


Things done/ doable toThings done/ doable toprotect protect yourself & your familyyourself & your family from AI from AI

Q 25a, b

87%

85%

72%

50%

45%

29%

20%

6%

10%

20%

9%

14%

16%

15%

Wash hand with soap before &after taking care

Wash hand with soap beforehandling/ preparing food

Change & wash clothes aftertaking care of poultry

Do not let children handle poultryeggs

Do not eat duck or geese bloodpudding

Do not eat under cooked poultryand egg

Don't eat birds that fall dead;bury or burn them

Done Could do

Number of answers

# % # %1 answer 18 3% 435 73%

2 answers 46 8% 112 19%3 answers 155 26% 39 7%4 answers 164 27% 10 2%5 answers 108 18%


DONE COULD DO

Respondents state they are taking many precautions to protect themselves and their family from AI – but earlier data (re washing hands & changing clothes before & after handling poultry) raise questions about the frequency of these practices. Further investigation & monitoring is required in these areas



60%

40%

0.7%

0.3%

0.2%

60%

Follow Animal HealthDept instructions

Kill them and burythem

Keep them in a closedbuilding

Sell them

Kill them and throwthem away in the

river/pond

Eat them

Dealing with AI-suspected poultryDealing with AI-suspected poultry

Q26a

Following the instruction of Animal Health Dept., Killing & burying them or keeping them under surveillance are the key ways AI suspected poultry are dealt with currently.



What to do if there is What to do if there is an AI outbreak in the areaan AI outbreak in the area

Q27

71%

56%

32%

18%

15%

4%

Follow AnimalHealth Deptinstructions

Keep the poultry inan enclosed space

Clean the farmyard,the animalbuildings

Do not allow otherpeople to come

into the farm

Do not buy oraccept new animals

into the farm

Store the manure

Animal Health Workers appear to be the key external influence in how backyard famers deal with cases of AI outbreak

Number of answers# %

1 answer 208 35%2 answers 258 43%3 answers 82 14%


WHAT TO DO



1.6 1.4 1.3 1.41.21

3

5

Perceived poultry risk

BAC NINH NO BAC NINH OB TIEN GIANG NO TIEN GIANG OB TOTAL

Q29a by location, Q30 by location

Own poultry’s risk ofOwn poultry’s risk ofbeing infected by AIbeing infected by AI

A key finding is that on the whole, backyard farmers find the risk of their own poultry contracting AI as very low. The result of this may be...

May not motivate farmers to be continually vigilant & proactive in preventing AI.

Current widespread vaccination may be leading to a “false sense of security”

Creates a challenge for BCC to emphasise that Vaccination alone does not replace the need to implement other preventative measures.

How likely you think it is …. Very unlikely = 1; Very likely = 7



Past AI Past AI ExperienceExperience


Q34a by location, Q33b

Compensation Received? (N=90)

48%

76% 72% 77%

19%

4% 8%33%

20% 23%20%

BAC NINHNO

BAC NINHOB

TIEN GIANGNO

TIEN GIANGOB

Yes No Don't know

For poultry culled because of AI…For poultry culled because of AI…Compensation FeedbackCompensation Feedback

Except BN (Non Outbreak Areas) farmers, more than 2 in 3 received compensation after culling of their own poultry.

Additionally there was a common dissatisfaction (seen from FGD conducted in these areas) about the amount of compensation provided.

The fact that some farm decision makers were unaware of whether or not compensation had been made indictates possible confusion in the compensation process.

Past AIPast AI Experience Experience


Q33c, d, e

Overall 67% sample would want compensation – not real difference between outbreak/non outbreak areas – and Interestingly 1-in-4 were unsure

Almost everybody wanted monetary compensation, on average they asked for 17,330VND ($1.1) per bird and were prepared to wait only about 2 weeks before getting compensation.

For those not culled….For those not culled….Compensation ExpecCompensation Expectations (1)tations (1)

Compensation Wanted (N=375)

67%9%

24%

YesNoDK

Type of Compensation Preferred

95%

5%

MoneyPoultry

Past AIPast AI Experience Experience


Past AI Past AI VaccinationVaccination


96%

4%

Yes No

Have your poultry been vaccinated? (N=596)

50%

23%

14%

9%

5%

5%

Vaccinator did not come

Chickens are not oldenough at time of

vaccination

Not home whenvaccinators came

Can not catch chicken tovaccinate

Did not know vaccinatorswere coming

Not necessary, raising notmany poultry

Why not vaccinated? (N=22)

Have Have PoultryPoultry been vaccinated? been vaccinated?Past AIPast AI Vaccination Vaccination


29%

6%

71%

94%

Ducks Chickens

Only one shot 2 shots

How many have been vaccinated? Chickens (N=582) Ducks (N=170)

Why not vaccinated the 2 nd shot? Chickens (n=32) Ducks (N=50)

VVaccination by Poultry Typeaccination by Poultry TypePast AIPast AI Vaccination Vaccination

38%

25%

28%

6%

3%

20%

70%

4%

4%

2%

The 2nd campaign ofvaccination hasn't come yet

Not home when vaccinatorscame

Did not know vaccinatorswere coming

Can't eat chickens for longtime after shot

Poultry were vaccinated oneshot, then were healthy

ChickensDucks


Conclusions Conclusions & &

ImplicationsImplications


Q33c, d, e

Summary CommentsSummary CommentsConclusions & ImplicationsConclusions & Implications

Farm Profiles & Poultry Raising Habits

Backyard farms are typically very small in nature poultry only sold rarely – with their livestock being a main source of nutrion. Implication – this may make many farms hesitant to any cull poultry without swift & appropriate levels of compensation.

Animals mix freely, foraging for food and farms are constrained by physical size & finances in their ability to pen, house & separate poultry. Implication – the impact of BCC alone on long term behaviour will be limited unless these underlying factors are recognised and initiatives launched to resolve.

Few wash their hands with soap after handling poultry and even fewer change clothes regularly saying such practices are “not necessary”. Implication – continued emphasis the basic AI prevention practices must be core to any communication campaigns.

Awareness & Knowledge

A significant proportion of farms believe that it is possible to recognise birds that are sick with AI - as well as being generally unaware that other birds could get AI. Implication – the educational nature of BCC needs focus in this area.

Knowledge of contracting AI via human contact is well understood but lesser causes of contagion are less understood. Implication - Broadening of the education message may be required so that all possible ways of contagion are covered & emphasised.


Q33c, d, e

Summary CommentsSummary CommentsConclusions & ImplicationsConclusions & Implications

AI Practices & Perceptions

Local Animal Health Workers appear to be the main reporting & support mechanism and as such are a distinct medium / channel to backyard farmers in Vietnam and should not be ignored in BCC planning. Implication – the institutional questions regarding the number of AHW (are there enough?) and the support (resources, education, information) provided to them by government need some careful consideration in planning AI prevention.

Most farms can mention only 1 additional practical AI prevention measures that they can do. Implication – farmers may feel that they are limited in what they can do. Thus to prevent relapse to old practices over time – consistent re-inforcement of key AI prevention messages is required

Despite the perceived seriousness of AI, backyard farmers see the risk of their own poultry contracting AI as very low. This sentiment has the following implications.... May not motivate farmers to be continually vigilant & proactive in preventing AI. Current widespread vaccination may be leading to a “false sense of security” Creates a challenge for BCC to emphasise that Vaccination alone does not replace the

need to implement other preventative measures.Compensation Compensation has not been universal, some dissatisfaction exists with the amount of

compensation provided – thus there may be some confusion in the compensation process. Implication – with farm wanting monetary compensation from local authorities the onus is to co-ordinate & facilitate the compensation process as this should assit with backyard farmer compliance in AI prevention activities.

Thank YouThank You

HanoiHanoi2222ndnd February 2006 February 2006

www.indochinaresearch.com Indochina Research Ltd [email protected]

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