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Transcript of Page 1 of 318 - CAA Documents/SA-CATS Full/SA-CATS 2-2015.pdf · Page 2 of 318 ―fireproof...
Page 1 of 318
Page 2 of 318
―fireproof material‖ means a material capable of withstanding heat as well as or
better than steel when the dimensions in both cases are appropriate for the specific
purpose;
―heavier-than-air aircraft‖ means any aircraft deriving its lift in flight mainly from
aerodynamic forces;
―lighter-than-air aircraft‖ means any aircraft supported mainly by its buoyancy in
the air.
―historic aircraft‖ means an aircraft that has been preserved beyond its normal life
for historic purposes and where the aircraft type has a clear relevance related to: - a
participation in a noteworthy historical event; or- a major step in the development of
aviation; or- a major role played in the air force of a country.
2. Allocation of marks
(1) South African nationality marks are the capital letters ZS, ZT and ZU and the
registration mark is a group consisting of three letters appearing after and separated
from the nationality marks by a hyphen, for example, ZS-AAA.
(2) No combination shall be used which might be confused with:
(a) the five-letter combinations used in the International Code of Signals, Part II
(b) the three-letter combinations beginning with Q used in the Q Code, and
(c) the distress signal SOS, or other similar urgent signals, e.g XXX, PAN, and
TTT
(3) No nationality marks containing the letter Quebec (Q) may be allocated
3. Identification plate
(1) Every South African registered aircraft must have affixed to it an identification
plate stamped or engraved with its nationality and registration marks.
(2) The identification plate must be –
Page 3 of 318
(a) made of fireproof metal or other fireproof material of suitable physical
properties; and
(b) affixed to the aircraft in a prominent position near the main point of entrance
to the aircraft.
4. Display of marks
(1) The nationality and registration marks must be –
(a) painted on the aircraft or affixed by any other approved means ensuring a
similar degree of permanence;
(b) legible;
(c) displayed to the best possible advantage having regard to the construction or
features of the aircraft; and
(d) kept clean and visible at all times.
(2) The letters and hyphen must be formed by solid lines and must be of a colour
which contrasts clearly with the background on which they are painted.
5. Location of marks: Lighter-than-air aircraft
5.1 Airships
The marks on an airship must appear –
(1) lengthwise on each side of the hull near the maximum cross section of the
airship and on the upper surface on the line of symmetry; or
(2) on the following stabilisers:
(a) the horizontal stabiliser on the right half of the upper surface and on the left
half of the lower surface with the tops of the letters towards the leading edge;
(b) the vertical stabiliser on each side of the bottom half stabiliser, with the letters
placed horizontally.
Page 4 of 318
5.2 Spherical balloons
The marks on a spherical balloon must appear in two places diametrically opposite
and be located near the maximum horizontal circumference of the balloon.
5.3 Non-spherical balloons
The marks on a non-spherical balloon must appear on each side of the balloon and
must be located near the maximum cross-section of the balloon immediately above –
(1) the rigging band; or
(2) the point of attachment, of the basket‘s suspension cables.
5.4 All lighter-than-air aircraft
The side marks on all lighter-than-air aircraft must be visible both from the sides and
from the ground.
6. Location of marks: Heavier-than-air aircraft
(1) The marks on aeroplanes and gliders must appear –
(a) except as provided in subparagraph (4), once, on the lower left surface of the
wing structure; and
(b) on both sides of the fuselage between the wings and tail surfaces, or on the
upper halves of the vertical tail surfaces.
(2) If the marks are confined to the outer half of the wing structure, they must be
located on the left lower surface.
(3) The tops of the letters must be towards the leading edge of the wing and as
far as possible, be equidistant from the leading and trailing edges of the wing.
Page 5 of 318
(4) Marks on a single vertical tail surface must appear on both sides of the tail
surface.
(5) Marks on multi-vertical tail surfaces must appear on the outboard sides of the
outer surfaces.
(6) The marks on a rotorcraft (other than a rotorcraft which is a gyrocopter) must
appear:
(a) on the bottom surface of the fuselage or cabin with the top of the marks
towards the front side of the fuselage; and
(b) on both sides of the fuselage or cabin or tailboom in a prominent place not
obstructed in normal use.
(7) The marks on a rotorcraft which is a gyrocopter must appear on both sides of a
vertical surface.
(8) Marks on multi-vertical surfaces must appear on the outboard sides of the outer
surfaces.
(9) If a heavier-than-air aircraft does not possess parts corresponding to those
mentioned in the appropriate subparagraph of this paragraph, the marks must
appear in such a manner that the aircraft can be readily identified.
7. Specification of marks
(1) The nationality and registration marks must consist of capital letters in Roman
characters without ornamentation
(2) The width of each letter (except letter ―I‖) and the length of the hyphen must
be two-thirds of the height of the letter.
(3) Each letter must be separated from the letter which immediately precedes or
follows it by a space equal to one quarter of the width of the individual letters,
the hyphen being regarded as a letter for this purpose.
(4) The lines forming the letters and hyphen must be solid and the thickness of
those lines must be one-sixth of the height of the letter.
Page 6 of 318
8. Measurement of marks
(1) The nationality and registration marks must be formed of letters of equal
height, and must be so situated as to leave a margin of at least 50 mm along
each edge of any surface to which they are affixed.
(2) The height of the marks on lighter-than-air aircraft must not be less than
500 mm.
(3) The height of the marks on aeroplanes and gliders must be –
(a) on the wings, not less than 500 mm; and
(b) on the fuselage or equivalent structure and on the vertical surfaces, not
less than 300 mm, except that where the surface is not large enough to
accommodate full-size marks the Director may approve marks of a lesser
measurement provided they are not less than 150 mm in height and can
be readily identified.
(4) The height of the marks on rotorcraft must be –
(a) on the bottom surface of the fuselage or cabin, not less than 500 mm
high; and
(b) on the sides of the fuselage or cabin, not less than 250 mm high,
except that where the surface is not large enough for full-size marks
the Director may approve marks of a lesser measurement provided
they are not less than 150 mm in height and can be readily identified.
(5) If an aeroplane or glider does not possess parts corresponding to those
mentioned in the appropriate subparagraph of this paragraph, the marks must
appear in such a manner that the aircraft can be readily identified.
9. Break-in-area markings on aircraft
(1) If areas of the fuselage suitable for break-in by rescue crews in an emergency
are marked on an aircraft, such areas must be marked as per Figure1.
Page 7 of 318
(2) The colour of the markings must be red or yellow, and, if necessary, they
must be outlined in white to contrast with the background.
(3) If the corner markings are more than 2 m apart, intermediate lines of 90 mm x
3 mm must be inserted so that there is not more than 2 m between adjacent
marks.
Figure 1
1: Break-in-area markings on aircraft
10 Historic aircraft
Special markings for historic aircraft bearing unique and historic markings, insignia,
colours, and paint configurations may be preserved on such aircraft provided that:
(1) the aircraft is to be preserved for historic purposes to enable future
generations to view these aircraft in displays, airshows and other such events.
(2) the markings will be maintained in a manner true to their history as far as is
reasonably possible
(3) no heritage aircraft will be permitted to operate outside the border of South
Africa unless the relevant permissions are granted by the state over which the
aircraft flies.
Page 8 of 318
(4) The location, specification and measurement of registration marks for historic
aircraft and rotorcraft must be as specified in Sections 6, 7 and 8 of SA-CATS
47.
11 Classification of Aircraft
(1) Aircraft shall be classified in accordance with Table 1 below.
(2) An aircraft which is intended to be operated with no pilot on board shall be
further classified as unmanned.
(3) Unmanned aircraft shall include unmanned free balloons and remotely piloted
aircraft.
Table 1. Classification of aircraft
(i) Generally designated ―kite-balloon‖.
(ii) ―Float‖ or ―boat‖ may be added as appropriate.
(iii) Includes aircraft equipped with ski-type landing gear (substitute ―ski‖ for ―land‖).
(iv) For the purpose of completeness only.
Page 9 of 318
SCHEDULE 2
11. INSERTION OF APPENDIX 2.0A TO DOCUMENT SA-CATS 61 OF THE CIVIL AVIATION
REGULATIONS, 2011
1.1 Appendix 2.0A is hereby inserted after Appendix 2.0:
APPENDIX 2.0 A TO SOUTH AFRICAN CIVIL AVIATION
TECHNICAL STANDARDS (SA-CATS)
SYLLABUS OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
FOR THE COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE
(AEROPLANE AND HELICOPTER).
IMPORTANT NOTES TO THIS SYLLABUS:
1. This appendix specifies the theoretical aspects required to be known for the CPL
theoretical knowledge examinations.
2. Candidates may be examined on any of the elements included in this appendix
that are applicable to the aircraft category licence sought and should be aware
especially of the requirements of SA-CATS 61.01.10 (11)(d) and (e).
3. All compulsory aspects applicable to the respective aircraft category are marked
with an ―X.‖
A mark in the category column ―A‖ represents an aspect applicable to the
aeroplane examination and a mark in the category column ―H‖ represents an
aspect applicable to the helicopter examination.
4. The column marked ―REFERENCE‖ refers to the applicable section or part in the
Regulations (CAR) or source document, when applicable. When a Technical
Standard is referred to, this is indicated by the use of the acronym ―CATS‖ or
―TS.‖ When a source document other than the Regulations is referred to in this
column, this is indicated in plain words as a heading.
5. Candidates are expected to be familiar with all acronyms and abbreviations
Page 10 of 318
contained in Subpart 1.01.2 of the Regulations prior to attempting any of the
subjects listed in this appendix, but will not be directly evaluated on this aspect in
the examinations.
6. Candidates are to ensure that they use the most recent amendments to the
Regulations, Technical Standards and other technical documentation when
preparing for the examinations.
7. The suggested study material to use for preparation for this examination is
communicated by Aeronautical Information Circular (AIC) and also posted on the
Authority‘s website where deemed appropriate. This study material is assumed to
be the default source material used by candidates and is therefore not referred to
in this syllabus. Where reference material clarity is required or additional source
material is to be used for specific syllabus aspects, this is stipulated in the
relevant portion of the syllabus. Candidates are nevertheless free to use any
material they wish in order to ensure their comprehension of the mandated
subject matter and to comply with the prescribed theoretical knowledge
requirements.
8. Candidates should note that some of the suggested study material might refer to
foreign operational, certification and legislative requirements e.g. EU-OPS, JAA-
OPS, CS 23 and CS 25. Except where specifically indicated, candidates will not
be assessed on such aspects during this examination. The underlying theory,
however (which in most cases is identical in South African and other international
legislation), should be known and understood. In this regard, candidates are
expected to differentiate between the underlying theoretical concepts which need
to be known and the foreign requirements themselves, which need not be known.
Such non-compulsory information might nevertheless still be interesting to a
candidate for the purposes of personal enrichment and as an aid to general
knowledge of aviation developments.
9. For examination study purposes, where any discrepancy exists between the
information provided in the RSA AIP and the Regulations, the provisions of the
latter shall be regarded as correct. Such a situation may occur naturally due to
the delay present in the AIRAC cycle. Similarly, it may also occasionally occur
that changes in the AIP are not reflected immediately in this Technical Standard
due to the stringent time requirements involved in legislative changes. Such
situations can be expected as the natural consequence of the SACAA‘s attempt
Page 11 of 318
to define the syllabus as closely as possible. In these circumstances (for example
in the case of numbering changes), candidates are expected to resolve the
temporary discrepancy by appropriate, logical cross-referencing between the
syllabus and the AIP.
10. Refer to Appendix 2.0 C for the Syllabus of Theoretical Knowledge for the
Instrument Rating.
SUBJECT:
AIRCRAFT TECHNICAL AND GENERAL
(AEROPLANE)
ASPEC
T
NUMB
ER
SYLLABUS ASPECT
CATEGORY
APPLICABILI
TY
Aeroplane
A.1.1 AIRCRAFT ELEMENTS
a. Valves X
− check valves, pressure release valves, selector valves,
restrictors, thermal relief valves X
b. Bearings X
− plain bearings, split bearings, bushes, ball bearings,
roller bearings X
c. Pumps X
− gear type, diaphragm type, vane type, piston type,
centrifugal type X
- pump drives X
d. Filters X
− strainers, sediment traps X
A.1.2 AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS
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a. Fuselage X
− types of construction X
− structural components and materials X
− stress X
b. Cockpit and cabin windows X
− construction (laminated glass) X
− structural limitations X
c. Wings and stabilising surfaces X
− types of construction and materials X
− structural components and materials X
− stress X
− vertical, horizontal and V-tail surfaces X
d. Landing gear X
− types X
− construction X
− locking devices and emergency extension systems X
− accidental retraction prevention devices X
− position, movement lights and indicators X
− nosewheel steering X
− wheels and tyres (construction, markings, limitations) X
− braking systems X
− construction X
− parking brake X
- Anti-skid system X
e. Hydraulics X
Basic principles of hydromechanics X
− hydraulic fluids X
− components and operation of basic hydraulic system X
Hydraulic systems X
− main, standby and emergency systems X
− operation, indicators and warning systems X
− ancillary systems X
Page 13 of 318
f. Air driven systems X
Pneumatic systems X
− power sources X
− components, construction and operation of basic
system X
− potential failures, warning devices, indicators X
Air conditioning system X
− heating and cooling X
− construction, functioning and controls X
− warning devices X
Pressurisation X
− cabin altitude, maximum cabin altitude X
− differential pressure X
− pressurised zones in the aircraft X
− operation and indicators X
− safety devices and warning systems X
− rapid decompression, cabin altitude warning X
− emergency procedures X
De−ice systems X
− pneumatic leading edge de-icing of wings/control
surfaces X
− components, construction and operation X
− use and operational limitations X
Anti-ice systems X
− aerofoil, control surfaces, powerplant, air intakes,
windshield X
− components, construction and operation X
− use and operational limitations X
− ice warning system X
g. Non-pneumatic operated de-ice and anti-ice
systems X
Components, construction and operation of: X
Page 14 of 318
− air intake X
− propeller X
− pitot, static pressure sensor and stall warning devices X
− windshield X
h. Fuel system X
Fuel tanks X
− structural components and types X
− venting and drains: purpose X
− unusable fuel X
Fuel feed X
− gravity feed X
− pressure feed, type of pumps X
− primer system, manual/electric X
− crossfeed X
Fuel system monitoring X
− operation, indicators, warning systems X
− fuel management X
Fuel jettison X
A.1.3 ELECTRICS
a. Direct current X
General X
− electric circuits and the electrical field X
− voltage, current, resistance X
− Ohm‘s law X
− resistive circuits X
− resistance as a function of temperature X
− electrical power and electrical work X
− protection devices: fuses, circuit breakers, switches X
− function, type and operation X
− the capacitor: function X
Batteries X
− theory, types and characteristics X
Page 15 of 318
− capacity X
− hazards X
Magnetism X
− permanent magnetism X
− electromagnetism X
− relay, circuit breaker, solenoid valve: principle, function
and applications X
− electromagnetic power X
− electromagnetic induction X
Generators X
− principle, function and applications X
− monitoring devices X
− starter generator X
Current distribution X
− buses X
− ammeter and voltmeter X
− annunciators X
− inverter X
b. Alternating current X
− single and multi-phase AC X
− frequency X
− phase shift X
− AC components X
Alternators X
- principle, function and applications X
- starter generator X
AC power distribution X
− construction, operation and monitoring X
− protection circuits, paralleling of AC generators X
Transformers X
− function X
− types and applications X
Page 16 of 318
A.1.4 POWERPLANT − Piston engine
− General X
− principle of the 4-stroke internal combustion engine X
− components, design types and cylinder numbering X
− definitions X
− bore, stroke, swept volume, compression ratio X
− cylinder construction: X
− barrel, cylinder head, valves, valve operating
mechanism X
− valve timing, valve clearances, valve lead/lag/overlap X
− pistons, piston rings, connecting rods X
− crank shafts, dynamic dampers, bearings, camshafts X
− crankcase construction, accessories, breather systems X
− supercharging and turbo-charging X
− detonation and pre-ignition X
− contributing factors, effect and indications, recognition,
stopping and prevention X
a. Engine power X
− indicated horsepower (IHP) X
− friction horsepower (FHP) X
− brake horsepower (BHP) X
b. Lubrication system X
− wet sump and dry sump principles and components X
− oil pressure and scavenge pumps, pressure relief valve X
− oil cooling system, temperature regulation X
− oil grades X
c. Air cooling X
− fins, baffles and cowl flaps X
− cylinder head temperature X
d. Ignition system X
Components, construction and operation X
− HT magnetos, LT magnetos X
Page 17 of 318
− impulse coupling, booster coil and induction vibrator X
− spark plugs, ignition harness and shielding X
− magneto serviceability checks X
e. Engine fuel supply X
− fuel, types, grades X
− detonation characteristics, octane rating X
− colour coding X
− carburettor components, construction and operation X
− fuel injection system components, construction,
operation X
− priming system, manual and electric X
− icing, carburettor heat and alternate air X
− air/fuel ratio, mixture control X
− maximum power and fuel economy mixture settings X
f. Engine handling X
Limitations X
− power and mixture settings, use of EGT X
− correct use of throttle (MAP), propeller control (RPM)
and X
mixture X
Faults X
− identification of engine problems X
− rough running X
− vibration X
− loss of power X
A.1.5 POWERPLANT − Turbine engine
a. Principle of operation X
b. Types of construction X
− centrifugal X
− axial flow X
c. Engine construction X
Air inlet X
Page 18 of 318
− function X
Compressor X
− function X
− construction and mode of operation X
− effects of damage X
− compressor stall and surge (cause, recognition,
avoidance) X
− compressor characteristics X
Combustion chamber X
− function X
− mixing ratios X
− fuel injectors X
Turbine X
− function, construction and working principles X
− thermal and mechanical stress X
− effects of damage X
− monitoring of exhaust gas temperature X
Jet pipe X
− function X
− different types X
− noise silencing devices X
d. Pressure, temperature and airflow in a turbine
engine X
e. Reverse thrust X
− function, type and principles of operation X
− use and monitoring X
- failure X
f. Turbine engine systems X
Ignition X
− function, types, components, operation, safety aspects X
Starter X
− function, type, construction and mode of operation X
Page 19 of 318
− control and monitoring X
− self-sustaining and idle speeds X
Engine start malfunctions X
− types, cause and avoidance X
Fuel system X
− construction and components X
− operation and monitoring X
− malfunctions X
Lubrication X
− construction and components X
− operation and monitoring X
− malfunctions X
Fuel X
− effects of temperature X
− impurities and additives X
Engine operating and monitoring X
A.1.6 EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
a. Smoke detection X
− location, indicators, function test X
b. Fire detection and fire fighting X
− location, warning mode, function test X
c. Oxygen systems X
− types of systems, principles of operation X
− use and safety measures X
A.1.7 SPECIAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND
HAZARDS
a. Bird strike risk and avoidance X
b. Fire/Smoke X
− carburettor fire X
− engine fire X
− fire in the cabin, cockpit, freight compartment X
− selection of appropriate fire extinguishing agents with X
Page 20 of 318
respect to fire classification
− actions in case of over-heated brakes after aborted
take-off and landing X
− smoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and actions
taken) X
c. Windshear, microburst X
− effects and recognition during approach/departure X
− actions to avoid and actions taken during encounter X
d. Wake turbulence X
− cause X
− influence of speed and mass, wind X
− actions taken during approach, landing, take-off,
crossing behind X
e. Contaminated runways: X
SA CAR Part 1.01.1 Definitions: X
- damp runway X
- dry runway X
- wet runway X
- contaminated runway X
Types of contamination X
Hydroplaning / Aquaplaning X
- types X
- critical speed formula X
- reducing the effects of hydroplaning X
A.1.8 SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS
a. Laws and definitions X
− units of measurement X
− Newton‘s Laws of Motion X
− mass and weight X
− inertia X
− velocity X
− temperature and density X
Page 21 of 318
− static and dynamic pressure X
− momentum X
− acceleration X
− equilibrium X
− motion on a curved path X
− work, power and energy X
b. Airspeeds X
− Indicated Airspeed (IAS) X
− Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) X
− Equivalent Airspeed (EAS) X
− True Airspeed (TAS) X
− Mach number X
c. Lift X
− equation of continuity X
− Bernoulli‘s theorem and the venturi effect X
Aerofoil definitions X
− relative airflow X
− camber and mean camber line X
− chord line X
− angle of attack X
− centre of pressure X
− pressure distribution around an aerofoil X
− lift formula and lift curve X
− lift/drag ratio X
Shape of an aerofoil X
− symmetrical aerofoils X
− thickness to chord ratio X
− root chord, tip chord and mean aerodynamic chord X
− aspect ratio, angle of sweepback X
d. Drag X
Profile drag X
− form drag X
Page 22 of 318
− skin friction X
− causes, variation with speed, methods of minimising X
Induced drag X
− causes, vortices, variation with speed/angle of attack X
− design methods used to minimise X
Drag formula X
Drag curves, total drag curve and factors
affecting X
e. Thrust X
− thrust curve X
− thrust horse power (THP) X
f. Ground effect X
− definition X
− effect during take-off X
− effect during landing X
g. Flying controls X
Elevator, ailerons, rudder X
− primary effects X
− secondary effects X
− stabilator X
− combined primary control surfaces X
Control balancing X
− aerodynamic balance X
− tabs X
− mass balancing X
Trimming control systems X
− fixed tabs, balance tab, anti-balance tab, servo tab X
− spring tab X
− variable incidence tailplane X
Adverse aileron yaw X
− cause X
− principle of operation of differential and frise ailerons X
Page 23 of 318
h. Lift augmentation X
Trailing edge flaps, types and method of operation X
− effect on stalling angle X
− effect on stalling speed X
− use during take-off, approach and landing X
Leading edge flaps, types and method of
operation X
− effect on stalling angle X
Slats and slots X
i. Stalling X
Boundary layer definitions X
− laminar flow layer X
− turbulent flow layer X
− transition point X
− separation point X
Influence of angle of attack X
− on pressure distribution X
− on centre of pressure X
Symptoms of the stall X
− power off X
− power on X
− with and without flaps X
− stall warning indications X
− typical aural or visual indication X
Method of recovery X
− use of controls and engine power or thrust X
The stall speed X
Influence of: X
− the centre of gravity X
− power setting X
− wing loading X
Wing tip stalling X
Page 24 of 318
− design methods to minimise X
− washout X
− boundary layer fences X
− vortex generators X
− sawtooth leading edge X
j. Spinning X
The incipient spin (autorotation) X
− development, recognition and recovery X
The full developed spin X
− forces, development, recognition and recovery X
k. Forces acting on an aeroplane X
Straight and level flight X
− balance of couples X
− relationship between power available and power
required X
− range and endurance and factors affecting X
Climbing X
− steady straight climb X
− balance of forces X
− maximum rate of climb X
− best angle of climb X
− factors affecting X
− use of power curves X
- cruise climb X
Descending X
− without power X
− balance of forces X
− effect of weight, wind, configuration X
− gliding for range X
− gliding for endurance X
− effect of power X
Turning X
Page 25 of 318
− balance of forces X
− centrifugal and centripetal forces X
− load factor X
− turn rate and turn radius X
− effect of weight, power and speed X
− climbing and descending turns X
− steep turns X
l. Stability X
− axes and planes of rotation X
− static stability X
SUBJECT:
AIRCRAFT TECHNICAL AND GENERAL
(HELICOPTER)
ASPEC
T
NUMB
ER
SYLLABUS ASPECT
CATEGORY
APPLICABILIT
Y
H
A.2.1 AIRCRAFT ELEMENTS
a. Valves X
− check valves, pressure release valves, selector valves,
restrictors, thermal relief valves X
b. Bearings X
− plain bearings, split bearings, bushes, ball bearings,
roller bearings X
c. Pumps X
− gear type, diaphragm type, vane type, piston type, X
Page 26 of 318
centrifugal type
- pump drives X
d. Filters X
− strainers, sediment traps X
A.2.2 AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS
a. Fuselage X
− types of construction X
− structural components and materials X
− stress X
b. Cockpit and cabin windows X
− construction X
− structural limitations X
c. Landing gear (helicopter) X
− types: floats, skids, wheels X
− construction X
d. Helicopter configurations X
− single rotor X
e. Helicopter controls and rotors X
Control systems X
− types, components, adjustments X
− primary controls (cyclic, collective, directional) X
f. Rotorheads X
− types, components, operation X
g. Tail rotors X
− types, components, operation X
- NOTARS X
h. Helicopter blades X
− types, construction, material, adjustment, balancing X
i. Helicopter control surfaces X
− vertical and horizontal stabilisers, construction,
material X
j. Transmission systems X
Page 27 of 318
Drive shafts X
− types, components, materials X
Gearboxes X
− types, construction, material, lubrication, indications X
- limitations X
- chip detector X
Clutches X
− types, components X
Freewheeling X
− types, components X
k. Rotor brake X
− components, construction X
l. Inspection X
− vibration, balancing, tracking X
m. Hydraulics X
Basic principles of hydromechanics X
− hydraulic fluids X
− components and operation of basic hydraulic system X
Hydraulic systems X
− main, standby and emergency systems X
− operation, indicators and warning systems X
n. Air driven systems X
Air conditioning system X
− heating and cooling X
− construction, functioning and controls X
− warning devices X
- ram air ventilation X
o. De−ice and anti−ice systems (helicopter) X
− components, construction and operation of: X
− air intake, rotors (main and tail rotor) X
− pitot, static pressure sensor X
− windshield X
Page 28 of 318
p. Fuel system X
Fuel tanks X
− structural components and types X
− venting and drains: purpose X
Fuel feed X
− gravity feed X
− pressure feed, type of pumps X
− primer system, manual/electric X
− crossfeed X
Fuel system monitoring X
− operation, indicators, warning systems X
− fuel management X
A.2.3 ELECTRICS
a. Direct current X
General X
− electric circuits and the electrical field X
− voltage, current, resistance X
− Ohm‘s law X
− resistive circuits X
− resistance as a function of temperature X
− electrical power and electrical work X
− protection devices: fuses, circuit breakers, switches X
− function, type and operation X
− the capacitor: function X
Batteries X
− theory, types and characteristics X
− capacity X
- uses X
− hazards X
Magnetism X
− permanent magnetism X
− electromagnetism X
Page 29 of 318
− relay, circuit breaker, solenoid valve: principle, function
and applications X
− electromagnetic power X
− electromagnetic induction X
Generators X
− principle, function and applications X
− monitoring devices X
− starter generator X
Current distribution X
− buses X
− ammeter and voltmeter X
− annunciators X
− inverter X
Alternators X
- principle, function and applications X
- starter generator X
b. Alternating current X
− single and multi-phase AC X
− frequency X
− phase shift X
− AC components X
AC power distribution X
− construction, operation and monitoring X
− protection circuits, paralleling of AC generators X
Transformers X
− function X
− types and applications X
Transformer/rectifier units X
A.2.4 POWERPLANT − Piston engine
a. General X
− principle of the 4-stroke internal combustion engine X
− components, design types and cylinder numbering X
Page 30 of 318
b. Definitions: X
− bore, stroke, swept volume, compression ratio X
c. Engine and cylinder construction and operation: X
− barrel, cylinder head, valves, valve operating
mechanism X
− valve timing, valve clearances, valve lead/lag/overlap X
− pistons, piston rings, connecting rods X
− crank shafts, dynamic dampers, bearings, camshafts X
− crankcase construction, accessories, breather systems X
− supercharging and turbo-charging X
d. Detonation and pre-ignition: X
− contributing factors, effect and indications, recognition,
stopping and prevention X
e. Engine power X
− indicated horsepower (IHP) X
− friction horsepower (FHP) X
− brake horsepower (BHP) X
f. Lubrication system X
− wet sump and dry sump principles and components X
− oil pressure and scavenge pumps, pressure relief
valve X
− oil cooling system, temperature regulation X
− oil grades X
G. Air cooling X
− fins, baffles X
− cylinder head temperature X
H. Ignition system X
Components, construction and operation X
− HT magnetos, LT magnetos X
− impulse coupling, booster coil and induction vibrator X
− spark plugs, ignition harness and shielding X
− magneto serviceability checks X
Page 31 of 318
i. Engine fuel supply X
− fuel, types, grades X
− detonation characteristics, octane rating X
− colour coding X
− carburettor components, construction and operation X
− fuel injection system components, construction,
operation X
− priming system, manual and electric X
− icing, carburettor heat and alternate air X
− air/fuel ratio, mixture control X
− maximum power and fuel economy mixture settings X
j. Engine handling X
Limitations X
− power and mixture settings, use of EGT X
− operational limitations X
Faults X
− identification of engine problems X
− rough running X
− vibration X
− loss of power X
A.2.5 POWERPLANT − Turbine engine
a. Principle of operation X
b. Types of construction X
− centrifugal X
− axial flow X
c. Engine construction X
Air inlet X
− function X
Compressor X
− function X
− construction and mode of operation X
− effects of damage X
Page 32 of 318
− compressor stall and surge (cause, recognition,
avoidance) X
− compressor characteristics X
Combustion chamber X
− function X
− mixing ratios X
− fuel injectors X
Turbine X
− function, construction and working principles X
− thermal and mechanical stress X
− effects of damage X
− monitoring of exhaust gas temperature X
d. Pressure, temperature and airflow in a turbine
engine X
e. Turbine engine systems X
Ignition X
− function, types, components, operation, safety aspects X
Starter X
− function, type, construction and mode of operation X
− control and monitoring X
− self-sustaining and idle speeds X
Engine start malfunctions X
− types, cause and avoidance X
Fuel system X
− construction and components X
− operation and monitoring X
− malfunctions X
Lubrication X
− construction and components X
− operation and monitoring X
− malfunctions X
Fuel X
Page 33 of 318
− effects of temperature X
− impurities and additives X
Engine operating and monitoring X
A.2.6 EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
a. Fire detection and fire fighting X
− location, warning mode, function test X
A.2.7 SPECIAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND
HAZARDS
a. Ground de-icing X
− icing conditions X
− de-icing, anti-icing, types of fluids X
b. Bird strike risk and avoidance X
c. Noise abatement X
− influence of the flight procedure (departure, cruise or
approach) X
− influence by the pilot (power setting, track of
helicopter) X
d. Fire/Smoke X
− carburettor fire X
− engine fire X
− fire in the cabin or cockpit X
− selection of appropriate fire extinguishing agents with
respect to fire classification X
− smoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and actions
taken) X
e. Windshear, microburst X
− effects and recognition during approach/departure X
− actions to avoid and actions taken during encounter X
f. Wake turbulence X
− cause X
− influence of speed, mass and wind X
− actions taken during approach, landing, take-off,
crossing behind X
Page 34 of 318
g. Rotor downwash X
h. Emergency procedures X
Influence by technical problems: X
− engine failure X
− tail rotor/directional control failure X
− ground/resonance X
− blade/stall X
− settling with power X
− overpitch X
− overspeed X
− sudden stoppage X
− dynamic rollover/mast bumping X
A.2.8 SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS
a. Laws and definitions X
− units of measurement X
− Newton‘s Laws of Motion X
− mass and weight X
− inertia X
− velocity X
− temperature and density X
− static and dynamic pressure X
− momentum X
− acceleration X
− equilibrium X
− motion on a curved path X
− work, power and energy X
b. Airspeeds X
− Indicated Airspeed (IAS) X
− Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) X
− True Airspeed (TAS) X
c. Lift X
− equation of continuity X
Page 35 of 318
− Bernoulli‘s theorem and the venturi effect X
Aerofoil definitions X
− relative airflow X
− camber and mean camber line X
− chord line X
− angle of attack X
− centre of pressure X
− pressure distribution around an aerofoil X
− lift formula and lift curve X
− lift/drag ratio X
Shape of an aerofoil
- types of aerofoils X
− aspect ratio X
d. Drag X
Profile drag X
− form drag X
− skin friction X
− causes, variation with speed, methods of minimising X
Induced drag X
− causes, vortices, variation with speed/angle of attack X
− design methods used to minimise X
Drag formulas X
Drag curves, total drag curve and factors
affecting drag X
Rotor drag X
e. Distribution of forces – balance of couples X
− lift/weight and thrust/drag couples X
A.2.9 HELICOPTER AERODYNAMICS
a. Definitions: X
− axis of rotation X
− rotor shaft axis X
− tip path X
Page 36 of 318
− tip path plane X
− rotor disc X
− disc loading X
− blade loading X
b. The forces diagram and associated terminology X
− pitch angle (blade angle) X
− rotational airflow X
− induced airflow X
− lift blade X
− drag blade X
− total reaction – blade X
− rotor thrust X
− rotor drag X
− torque X
c. Uniformity of rotor thrust along the blade X
− blade twist X
− taper X
− coning angle X
− centrifugal force X
− limits of rotor RPM X
− centrifugal turning moments X
d. Helicopter controls X
Collective lever X
− collective pitch changes X
− relationship with rotor thrust and rotor drag X
Cyclic stick X
− cyclic pitch changes X
− rotor disc attitude X
− rotor thrust tilt X
Yaw pedals X
− fuselage torque X
− tail rotor drift X
Page 37 of 318
− tail rotor roll X
− fenestron tail X
- Tail rotor failures X
- Other methods of anti-torque X
e. Rotor blade freedom of movement X
− the feathering axis X
− pitch angle X
f. Flapping X
− the flapping hinge X
− flapping to equality X
g. Dragging X
− the drag hinge X
− drag dampers X
− leading/lagging X
− periodic drag changes X
− blade CG (conservation of angular momentum) X
− hookes joint effect X
h. Phase lag and advance angle X
− the control orbit X
− pitch operating arm movement X
− rate of pitch change X
− rate of blade flapping X
− resulting disc attitude X
− phase lag definition X
− advantage angle – definition X
i. Vertical flight X
− take-off X
− vertical climb X
− vertical descent X
− hover outside ground effect X
− ground effect X
− factors affecting ground cushion X
Page 38 of 318
- limitations on vertical flight X
− avoidance of dynamic roll-over X
j. Force in balance X
− at the hover X
− in forward flight X
− influence of CG X
− influence of rotor shaft tilt X
k. Translational lift X
− effect of horizontal airflow on induce flow X
− variation of total flow through the disc with forward
flight X
− the relationship between pitch angle and angle of
attack X
l. Power requirements X
− rotor profile power X
− power absorption – tail rotor and ancillary equipment X
− rotor profile power variation with forward speed X
− induced drag X
− parasite drag X
− total power required X
− power available X
m. Further aerodynamics of forward flight X
− transition to and from the hover X
− symmetry and asymmetry of rotor thrust X
− main rotor flapback X
− tail rotor flapback and methods of removal X
− factor affecting maximum forward speed X
− design limits of cyclic stick X
− airflow reversal X
− retreating blade stall X
− symptoms and recovery actions X
− compressibility X
Page 39 of 318
− flow separation X
− inflow roll X
n. Factors affecting cyclic stick limits X
− density altitude X
− CG position X
o. The flare – power flight X
− thrust reversal X
− effect on helicopter attitude X
− increase in rotor thrust X
− decrease in rotor drag X
− increase in rotor RPM X
− effect of deceleration X
p. Settling with power (vortex ring) X
− tip vortices X
− comparison between induced flow and external flow X
− development X
− change in relative airflow along blade span X
− root stall and turbulence X
q. Blade sailing X
− rotor RPM and blade rigidity X
− effect of adverse wind X
− minimising the danger X
r. Autorotation − vertical X
− rate of descent airflow X
− effective airflow X
− relative airflow X
− inflow and outflow angle X
− autorotative force X
− rotor drag X
− effect of mass and altitude X
− control of rotor RPM X
− rotor RPM stability X
Page 40 of 318
s. Autorotation – forward flight X
− factors affecting inflow angle X
− effect of forward speed on rate of descent X
− asymmetry of autorotative disc area in forward flight X
− turning X
− the flare X
− rotor RPM increase from movement of autorotative
section X
− increase in rotor thrust X
− reduction in rate of descent X
− range and endurance X
− autorotative landing X
− height/velocity avoidance graph X
t. Stability X
− hover X
− forward flight X
− rearward flight X
− stability aids X
− stabilisers and effects of CG X
− gyro controlled stabiliser system X
− stabiliser bars X
− delta hinge effect X
− effect of lever application on attitude in translational
flight X
u. Control power X
− the teetering head X
− fully articulated head X
− the rigid rotor X
− effect on stability X
− effect on dynamic/static rollover X
v. Power requirements − graphs X
− power required/power available graph X
Page 41 of 318
− maximum rate of climb speed X
− operating with limited power X
− best angle of climb speed X
− maximum speed X
− range and endurance X
− overpitch X
− overtorque X
− turning X
w. Stability X
− helicopter axes and planes of rotation X
− static stability X
− dynamic stability X
− static and dynamic longitudinal stability X
− lateral directional stability X
− static and dynamic directional stability X
− effects of design features on stability X
- Helicopter stability augmentation systems X
x. Blade stall X
− stalling angle of attack X
− boundary layer flow X
− variation of lift and drag at the stall X
y. Transonic effects on blades X
− shock waves X
− formation and effect on helicopter handling X
SUBJECT:
AIR LAW
(AEROPLANE AND HELICOPTER)
ASPEC SYLLABUS ASPECT
Page 42 of 318
T
NUMB
ER
REGULATIO
N
REFERENCE
CATEGORY
APPLICABILI
TY
A H
A.3.1
SOUTH AFRICAN CIVIL AVIATION
REGULATIONS & TECHNICAL
STANDARDS
CAR Part
1.01.1 Definitions and abbreviations
- Accident X X
- Active flight deck duty X
- Acts of unlawful interference X X
- Advisory airspace X X
- Aerial work X X
- Aerobatic flight X X
- Aerodrome X X
- Aerodrome operating minima X X
- Aerodrome traffic zone X X
- Aeronautical information circular
(AIC) X X
- Aeronautical information
publication X X
- Aeroplane X X
- AIP Supplement X X
- Airborne collision avoidance
system X X
- Aircraft X X
- Aircraft category X X
- Aircraft certificated for single-pilot
operation X X
- Aircraft flight manual X X
Page 43 of 318
- Aircraft operating manual X X
- Aircraft type X X
- Aircraft variant X X
- Airmanship X X
- Air operator certificate X X
- Air side X X
- Air-taxiing X
- Air traffic advisory service X X
- Air traffic control service X X
- Air traffic service X X
- Air traffic service unit X X
- Airworthy X X
- Alerting service X X
- Alternate aerodrome/ heliport X X
- Altitude X X
- Approach and landing phase
helicopters X
- Approved training X X
- Apron X X
- ATS surveillance service X X
- Authority to fly X X
- Automatic dependent surveillance
— broadcast X X
- Ceiling / Cloud ceiling X X
- Certificate of airworthiness X X
- Child X X
- Communication failure procedure X X
- Competency X X
- Configuration X X
- Contaminated runway X X
- Control area X X
- Controlled flight X X
Page 44 of 318
- Control zone X X
- Co-pilot X X
- Corporate aviation operation X X
- Crew member X X
- Cargo X X
- Carry-on baggage X X
- Congested area X
- Congested hostile environment X
- Critical phase of flight X X
- Cross country flight X X
- Current flight plan X X
- Danger area X X
- Date of application X X
- Day X X
- Defined point X
- Designated flight examiner X X
- Electronic flight bag X X
- En-route alternate aerodrome
- En-route safe altitude X X
- Estimated time of arrival (VFR) X X
- Extended range operations X X
- First aid X X
- Flight X X
- Flight crew member X X
- Flight duty period X X
- Flight information region X X
- Flight information service X X
- Flight level X X
- Flight plan X X
- Flight simulator training device X X
- Flight time X X
- General aviation operation X X
Page 45 of 318
- Full flight simulator X X
- GNSS X X
- Hazard X X
- Helicopter X X
- Helicopter load combination X
- Incident X X
- Infant X X
- Integrated aeronautical
information package X X
- Instrument meteorological
conditions X X
- International flight X X
- Landing distance available X X
- Large aircraft X X
- Maneuvering area X X
- Master minimum equipment list X X
- Minimum equipment list X X
- Maximum certificated mass X X
- Meteorological service X X
- Night X X
- Operator X X
- Passenger X X
- Pilot X X
- Pilot in command X X
- Pilot in command under
supervision X X
- Psychoactive substances X X
- Receiver Autonomous Integrity
Monitoring X X
- Rejected take-off distance
required X
- Release to service X X
Page 46 of 318
- Restricted area X X
- Runway-holding position X X
- Safety pilot X X
- Serious injury X X
- Skills test X X
- Special rules areas X X
- Student pilot in command X X
- Suitable aerodrome X X
- Take-off and initial climb phase X
- Take-off distance available X X
- Take-off run available X X
- Taxi X X
- Terminal control area X X
- Threat X X
- Threat management X X
- Threshold X X
- Transition altitude X X
- Transition level X X
- Tug X X
- Tow X X
- Visual approach X X
- Visibility X X
- Visual meteorological conditions X X
- Wet runway X X
A.3.2 CAR PART
12
AVIATION ACCIDENTS AND
INCIDENTS
Subpart 1: General
12.01.1 Applicability X X
12.01.9 Powers of the Investigator in Charge or
an Investigator X X
Subpart 2: Accident or incident notification
procedures
Page 47 of 318
12.02.1 Notification of accidents X X
12.02.2 Notification of incidents X X
12.02.3 Notification of accidents or incidents
outside the Republic X X
12.02.4 Particulars of notification X X
12.02.5 Notification of hazards X X
Subpart 4: Scene of an accident
12.04.1 Guarding of aircraft involved in accident X X
12.04.2 Access to the scene of accident X X
12.04.3 Control of evidence X X
12.04.4 Interference with objects and marks at
scene of accident X X
12.04.5 Removal of damaged or disabled aircraft X X
A.3.3 CAR PART
43 GENERAL MAINTENANCE RULES
43.01.1 Applicability X X
43.01.2 Falsification, reproduction or alteration of
maintenance documents X X
43.01.3 Logbooks X X
43.01.5 Entries in logbooks X X
43.02.2 (2) Persons to carry out maintenance X X
CATS
43.02.2 Persons to carry out maintenance X X
43.02.7 (1) Mass and balance X X
43.02.18 Aircraft compass requirements X X
CATS
43.02.18 Aircraft compass requirements X X
43.04.1 Persons to certify release to service X X
A.3.4 CAR PART
61 PILOT LICENSING
61.01.1 Applicability X X
61.01.2 Pilot licences X X
61.01.3 Ratings for pilots X X
Page 48 of 318
61.01.5 Maintenance of competency and Skills
Test X X
61.01.6 Medical requirements and fitness X X
61.01.7 Language X X
61.01.8 Logging of flight time
(excl (13) – (16)) X X
61.01.9
Crediting of flight time and theoretical
knowledge
(excl (9) – (27))
X X
61.01.11 Curtailment of privileges of licence
holders aged 60 years or more X X
61.01.12 Flight simulation training device X X
61.01.14 Register of licences X X
61.01.15 Training for acquiring licence, rating or
validation X X
61.01.16 Payment of currency fee X X
61.01.18 Endorsements and record keeping X X
61.05.1 Requirements for Commercial Pilot
Licence (Aeroplane) X
61.05.3 Theoretical knowledge examination for
Commercial Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) X
61.05.4 Skills test for Commercial Pilot Licence
(Aeroplane) X
61.05.5 Privileges and limitations of Commercial
Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) X
61.05.6 Period of validity of a Commercial Pilot
Licence (Aeroplane) X
61.05.7 Maintenance of Competency for a
Commercial Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) X
61.05.8 Ratings for special purposes for a
Commercial Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) X
61.06.1 Requirements for Commercial Pilot
Licence (Helicopter) X
Page 49 of 318
61.06.3 Theoretical knowledge examination for
Commercial Pilot Licence (Helicopter) X
61.06.4 Skills test for Commercial Pilot Licence
(Helicopter) X
61.06.5 Privileges and limitations of Commercial
Pilot Licence (Helicopter) X
61.06.6 Period of validity of a Commercial Pilot
Licence (Helicopter) X
61.06.7 Maintenance of Competency for
Commercial Pilot Licence (Helicopter) X
61.06.8 Ratings for special purposes for
Commercial Pilot Licence (Helicopter) X
61.09.1
Requirements for issue of class and type
ratings
(excl (11), (12))
X X
61.09.1
Requirements for issue of class and type
ratings
(excl (8) – (10))
X X
61.09.2 Training
(excl (5)) X X
61.09.3 Skills test X X
61.09.4 Circumstances in which type or class
ratings are required X X
61.09.7 Type and class ratings: Privileges and
variants X X
61.09.8 Type and class ratings X X
A.3.5 CAR PART
67 MEDICAL CERTIFICATION
67.00.2 Classes of medical certificates X X
67.00.3 (2) Functions of Director regarding medical
examinations X X
67.00.6 Period of validity of medical certificates
(excl (4)) X X
Page 50 of 318
67.00.8 Issuing of medical certificate X X
67.00.9 Duties of holder of medical certificate X X
67.00.13 Substance abuse X X
67.00.14 Suspension or cancellation of medical
certificate X X
A.3.6 CAR PART
91
GENERAL AVIATION AND
OPERATING FLIGHT RULES
91.01.1 Applicability X X
91.01.2 Authority of PIC and crew members X X
91.01.3 Authorisation of personnel to taxi
aeroplanes X
91.01.6 Method of carriage of persons X X
91.01.7 Admission to flight deck X X
91.01.9 Portable electronic devices X X
91.01.10 Endangering safety X X
91.01.12 Use of time X X
91.01.13 Additional flight crew member equipment X X
91.01.14 Carriage of dangerous goods X X
91.01.15 Passenger intoxication and unruly
behaviour X X
91.01.16 Psychoactive substances X X
91.02.1 Crew composition and qualifications X X
91.02.3 Crew member responsibilities X X
91.02.4 Recency X X
91.02.5 Crew members at duty stations X X
91.02.6 Laws, regulations and procedures X X
91.02.7 Duties of pilot-in-command regarding
flight preparation X X
91.02.8 Duties of pilot-in-command regarding
flight operations X X
91.03.1 Documents to be carried on board X X
91.03.2 Aircraft flight manual X X
91.03.3 Aircraft checklists X X
Page 51 of 318
91.03.4 Air traffic service flight plan and
associated procedures X X
91.03.5 Flight folio X X
SACATS
91.03.5 Flight folio X X
91.03.6 Fuel record X X
91.03.7 Certificate of release to service X X
91.03.9 Logbooks X X
91.04.1 Use and installation of instruments and
equipment X X
91.04.2 Circuit protection devices X X
91.04.3 Aircraft operating lights X X
91.04.4
Flight, navigation and associated
equipment for aircraft operated under
VFR
X X
91.04.6 Additional equipment for single-pilot
operation under IMC or at night X X
91.04.8 Radio altimeter X
91.04.11 Seats, seat safety belts, harnesses and
child restraint devices X X
91.04.13 First aid and universal precaution kits X X
91.04.16 Supplemental oxygen in case of non-
pressurised aircraft X X
91.04.18 Hand-held fire extinguishers X X
91.04.23 Emergency locator transmitters X X
91.04.24(1)(a
) Life jackets and other flotation devices X
91.04.24(1)(c
) Life jackets and other flotation devices X
91.04.25 Life jackets and other flotation devices X X
91.04.28 Airborne collision avoidance system X X
91.04.30 Terrain awareness and warning systems
(TAWS) X X
Page 52 of 318
91.05.1 Communication equipment X X
91.05.2 Navigation equipment X X
CATS
91.05.3 Use of global navigation satellite system X X
91.06.1 Landing on roads X X
91.06.2 Dropping objects, spraying or dusting X X
91.06.3 Picking up objects X X
91.06.6 Proximity and formation flights X X
91.06.7 Right of way X X
91.06.8 Following line features X X
91.06.9 Aircraft speed X X
91.06.10 Lights to be displayed by aircraft X X
91.06.11 Taxi rules X X
91.06.12 Operation on and in vicinity of
aerodrome X X
91.06.13 Signals X X
SACATS
91.06.13 Signals X X
91.06.15 Reporting position X X
91.06.16 Mandatory radio communication in
controlled airspace X X
SA-CATS
91.06.16
Mandatory radio communications in
controlled airspace X X
- Radio communication failure (RCF)
procedures – General X X
- RCF procedures – VFR X X
- Appendix 1 Standard Radio
Communications Failure Procedure –
VFR Arrivals
X X
91.06.17 Mandatory radio communication in
advisory airspace X X
91.06.18 Compliance with rules of air and air
traffic control clearances and instructions X X
Page 53 of 318
91.06.19 Prohibited areas X X
91.06.20 Restricted areas X X
91.06.21(1)(a
), (2) Visibility and distance from cloud X
91.06.21(1)(b
), (2) Visibility and distance from cloud X
91.06.22(1) Special VFR weather minima X
91.06.22(2) Special VFR weather minima X
91.06.23 VFR flight determination and weather
deterioration X X
91.06.24 Compliance with IFR X X
91.06.25 Aircraft equipment X X
91.06.29 Identification and interception of aircraft X X
SACATS
91.06.29 Identification and interception of aircraft X X
91.06.30 Air traffic service procedures X X
91.06.31 Priority X X
91.06.32
(excl (2) Minimum heights X
91.06.32 Minimum heights X
91.06.33 Semi-circular rule X X
SACATS
91.06.33 Semi-circular rule X X
91.07.1 Routes and areas of operation X X
91.07.2 Minimum flight altitudes X X
SACATS
91.07.2 Minimum flight altitudes X X
91.07.3 Use of aerodromes X X
91.07.4 Helicopter landings and take-offs X
91.07.10 VFR operating minima X X
91.07.12 Fuel supply X X
SACATS
91.07.12(1) Fuel supply X
Page 54 of 318
SACATS
91.07.12(2) Fuel supply X
91.07.13
Refuelling or defuelling with passengers
on board X X
91.07.18 Seats, safety belts and harnesses X X
91.07.19 Passenger seating X X
91.07.20 Passenger movements and briefing X X
91.07.21 Passenger health and safety X X
91.07.24 Use of supplemental oxygen X X
91.07.25 Approach and landing conditions X X
91.07.28 Turning helicopter rotors X
91.07.29 Starting and running of engines X X
91.07.30 Acrobatic flights X X
91.07.31 Simulated instrument flight in aircraft X X
91.07.32 Aeroplane operating procedures X
91.07.34 Electronic flight bags X X
91.07.35 Extended twin engine operations X
A.3.7 CAR Part 92 Conveyance of dangerous goods
92.00.1 Applicability X X
92.00.8 Training X X
92.00.18 Loading restrictions in cabin or on flight
deck X X
92.00.21 Loading in cargo aircraft X X
92.00.27 Dangerous goods carried by passengers
or flight crew members X X
A.3.8 CAR Part 93 Corporate operations
A.3.9 93.01.1 Applicability X
93.02.2 Extended twin engine operations X
93.02.10 Fatigue management program X
A.3.10 CAR Part
121
Air transport operations – carriage on
aeroplanes of more than 19
passengers or cargo
Page 55 of 318
121.01.1 Applicability X
A.3.11 CAR Part
127
Commercial air transport and general
aviation operations: helicopters
127.01.1 Applicability X
127.02.1(8)(9
)(6) Composition of flight crew X
127.07.8 Offshore operations X
A.3.12 CAR Part
135
Air transport operations – carriage of
less than 20 passengers or cargo
135.01.1 Applicability X
135.01.2 Admission to flight deck X
135.02.2 Minimum requirements for assignment
as pilot-in-command X
SACATS
135.02.2
Minimum requirements for assignment
as pilot-in-command X
135.07.5 Single-engine aeroplane IMC and night
operations X
SACATS
135.07.5
Single-engine aeroplane IMC and night
operations X
135.07.8 IFR or night flight without second-in-
command X
SACATS
135.07.8
IFR or night flight without second-in-
command X
135.08.7 Dispatch limitations: landing at
destination and alternate aerodromes X
A.3.13 CAR Part
139 Aerodromes and heliports
139.01.1(2) Applicability X X
139.04.1 Approval and operation of non-licensed
helicopter sites X
A.3.14 SA-CATS
172 Airspace and Air Traffic Services
SA-CATS Classification of airspace and level of X X
Page 56 of 318
172.02.2 service provision
A.3.15 CAR Part
185 Enforcement
185.00.1 Offences X X
A.3.16 RSA Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)
ENROUTE
ENR 1.4.1 Classification of airspace X X
ENR 1.5.1 General X X
ENR 1.5.2 Arriving flights X X
ENR 1.5.10 Departing flights
General X X
ENR 1.5.10.1 Noise abatement procedures X
ENR 1.6.1 Primary radar X X
ENR 1.6.2 Secondary surveillance radar
(Excluding 1.6.2.3.4 & 1.6.2.3.5) X X
ENR 1.7 Altimeter setting procedures (excluding
1.7.3b) X X
AERODROM
ES
AD section
Interpretation of aerodrome information
on AIP charts
(Candidates should take note of the
information in RSA AIP GEN section 2.2
for AIP abbreviations and section 2.3 for
Chart symbols)
X X
A.3.17 JEPPESEN HIGH / LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE
CHARTS
a. Recognition and knowledge of: X X
- Air route structure X X
- airspace structure and classification X X
- communication frequencies X X
- chart symbols X X
- danger, restricted and prohibited airspace X X
Page 57 of 318
- aerodrome information X X
- radio navigation facilities and frequencies X X
A.3.18 ICAO ANNEX 14 – AERODROMES Vol 1
a. Definitions
- Aerodrome beacon X X
- Aerodrome elevation X X
- Barrette X X
- Clearway X
- Declared distances
(Take-off run available (TORA); Take-off distance
available (TODA); Accelerate-stop distance available
(ASDA); Landing distance available (LDA))
X X
- Displaced threshold X X
- Holding bay X
- Instrument runway (All types are to be known) X X
- Landing area X X
- Manoeuvring area X X
- Marking X X
- Movement area X X
- Primary runway(s) X X
- Runway X X
- Runway-holding position X X
- Runway strip X X
- Runway turn pad X X
- Shoulder X X
- Sign X X
- Stopway X X
- Taxiway X X
- Threshold X X
- Touchdown zone X
b. Chapter 2 Aerodrome data
- 2.2 Aerodrome reference point X X
Page 58 of 318
- 2.6 Strength of pavements X X
- 2.8 Declared distances X X
c. Chapter 3 Physical characteristics
- 3.6 Clearways X
- 3.7 Stopways X
- 3.14 Isolated aircraft parking position X X
d. Chapter 5 Visual aids for navigation
5.2 Markings
- 5.2.1 General X X
- 5.2.2 Runway designation marking X X
- 5.2.3 Runway centre line marking X X
- 5.2.4 Threshold marking (including displaced
threshold marking) X X
- 5.2.5 Aiming point marking X
- 5.2.6 Touchdown zone marking X
- 5.2.7 Runway side stripe marking X X
- 5.2.8 Taxiway centre line marking X X
- 5.2.10 Runway-holding position marking X X
- 5.2.11 Intermediate holding position marking X X
- 5.2.16 Mandatory instruction marking X X
- 5.2.17 Information marking X X
5.3 Lights
- 5.3.5 Visual approach slope indicator systems X X
- 5.3.8 Runway threshold identification lights X X
- 5.3.9 Runway edge lights X X
- 5.3.10 Runway threshold and wing bar lights X X
- 5.3.11 Runway end lights X X
- 5.3.12 Runway centre line lights X X
- 5.3.15 Rapid exit taxiway indicator lights X X
- 5.3.16 Stopway lights X X
- 5.3.17 Taxiway centre line lights X X
- 5.3.20 Stop bars X X
Page 59 of 318
- 5.3.21 Intermediate holding position lights X X
- 5.3.23 Runway guard lights X X
5.4 Signs
5.4.2 Mandatory instruction X X
5.4.3 Information signs X X
e. Declared Distances
- Runway length X X
- Landing distance available (LDA) X X
- Clearways and stopways X X
- Accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA) X X
- Take-off run available (TORA) X X
- Take-off distance available (TODA) X X
A.3.19 ICAO ANNEX 14 − AERODROMES Vol ll Heliports
a. Chapter 1 - 1.1 Definitions X
- Declared distances — heliports
(Take-off distance available (TODAH); Rejected take-off
distance available (RTODAH); Landing distance
available (LDAH).
X
- Dynamic load-bearing surface. X
- Elevated heliport. X
- Final approach and take-off area (FATO). X
- Helicopter air taxiway. X
- Helicopter clearway X
- Helicopter ground taxiway X
- Helicopter stand. X
- Helideck X
- Heliport X
- Protection area. X
- Rejected take-off area X
- Safety area X
- Shipboard heliport X
- Static load-bearing surface X
Page 60 of 318
- Surface-level heliport X
- Taxi-route. X
- Touchdown and lift-off area (TLOF) X
- Winching area X
b. Chapter 2 Heliport data X
- 2.2 Heliport reference point X
- 2.3 Heliport elevation X
- 2.5 Declared distances X
c. Chapter 3 Physical characteristics X
3.1 Surface-level heliports X
- Final approach and take-off areas X
- Helicopter Clearways X
- Touchdown and lift-off areas X
- Safety areas X
- Helicopter ground taxiways and ground taxi-
routes X
- Helicopter air taxiways and air taxi-routes X
- Air transit route X
- Aprons X
- Location of a final approach and take-off area in
relation to a runway or taxiway X
3.2 Elevated heliports X
- Final approach and take-off areas and touchdown
and lift-off areas X
- Helicopter clearways X
- Touchdown and lift-off areas X
- Safety areas X
- Helicopter ground taxiways and ground taxi-
routes X
- Helicopter air taxiways and air taxi-routes X
- Aprons X
Page 61 of 318
SUBJECT:
FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING
(AEROPLANE)
ASPECT
NUMBER SYLLABUS ASPECT
CATEGORY
APPLICABILI
TY
A
A.4.1 AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION
South African Civil Aviation Regulations
a. Part 91.08 Performance Operating Limitations: X
- Part 91.08.1 General provisions X
- Part 91.08.4 Aeroplane performance
classification X
- Part 91.08.5 Performance limitations Class A
and Class C aeroplanes X
- SACATS 91.08.5 Performance limitations Class
A and Class C aeroplanes X
b. Part 135.08 Aeroplane Performance Operating
Limitations X
- Part 135.08.1 General requirements X
- Part 135.08.2 Take-off mass limitations X
- Part 135.08.3 Net take-off flight path X
- Part 135.08.7 Dispatch limitations: landing at
destination and alternate aerodromes X
- Part 135.08.8 Dispatch limitations: wet runway –
turbojet- or turbofan-powered aeroplanes X
A.4.2 CERTIFICATION
a. South African Civil Aviation Regulations
Page 62 of 318
Part 1.01.1 Definitions X
- Type certificate X
- Type of aircraft X
Part 21: Certification procedures for products
and parts X
- Part 21.01.1 (a) to (f) Applicability X
- Part 21.01.2 (1)(c) - (d) & (2) Types of aircraft X
- Part 21.02.3 (1) (a) Airworthiness design
standards X
b. South African Civil Aviation Technical
Standards X
SA-CATS 21.02.3 Airworthiness design
standards X
- SA-CATS 21.02.3 (3) Aeroplanes: Normal,
utility, acrobatic and commuter category X
- SA-CATS 21.02.3 (4) Aeroplanes: Transport
category X
A.4.3 STAGES OF FLIGHT
- Take-off X
- Climb X
- Level Flight X
- Descending X
- Approach and landing X
A.4.4 AIRSPEED TERMINOLOGY AND SYMBOLS
a. IAS, RAS (CAS), TAS X
b. VA, VNO, VNE, VX, VY, VS, VSO, VFO, VFE, VLO,
VLE, VMO, VS1g, VSR, VSR0, VSR1 X
c. VMCG, VMCA, VMC, V1, VR, V2, VREF, VLOF,
VMBE X
A.4.5 METEOROLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY
a. International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) X
b. OAT, IOAT, TAT, SAT, RAT X
c. Temperature deviation from ISA X
Page 63 of 318
d. Pressure altitude, Density altitude X
e. QNH, QFE, QNE X
A.4.6 AERODROME TERMINOLOGY
- Runway length X
- Take-off run available (TORA) X
- Take-off run required (TORR) X
- Take-off distance available (TODA) X
- Take-off distance required (TODR) X
- Landing distance available (LDA) X
- Landing distance required (LDR) X
- Clearway, stopway X
- Displaced thresholds (permanent/temporary) X
- Accelerate-stop and accelerate-go X
- Runway slope X
- Runway strength (ACN/PCN) X
- Balanced and Unbalanced Field Lengths X
- WAT limits X
A.4.7 PERFORMANCE TERMINOLOGY
a. Define ―steady‖ flight X
b. The forces during steady climbing and
descending flight X
c. The opposing forces during horizontal steady
flight X
d. The ―thrust/power required‟ and ‟thrust/power
available‖ curves X
e. The effect of excess thrust and power on speed
and/or climb performance X
f. Climb angle and climb gradient X
g. Flight path angle and flight path gradient X
h. Descent angle and descent gradient X
i. Service and absolute ceiling X
j. Range and Endurance X
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k. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) X
l. Specific range (SR) X
A.4.8 FACTORS AFFECTING AEROPLANE
PERFORMANCE
- Temperature X
- Air density X
- Aeroplane mass X
- Aeroplane configuration X
- Aeroplane antiskid system status X
- Aeroplane centre of gravity X
- Aerodrome runway surface X
- Aerodrome runway slope X
- The effect of flap settings X
- The effects of different recommended power
settings on range and endurance X
- The effect of wind and altitude on range and
endurance X
A.4.9
USE OF AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE DATA CAP
697&698 - PERFORMANCE - SINGLE-ENGINE
AEROPLANES
a. Variables on single-engine aeroplane
performance X
The effect of the wind component on take-off
and landing performance X
The effect of temperature, wind and altitude on
climb performance X
The effects of altitude and temperature on
cruise performance X
The effect of mass, wind and speed on descent
performance X
b. Use of aeroplane performance data SEP X
Take-off X
- Find the minimum or maximum wind component X
Page 65 of 318
- Find the take of distance and ground roll
distance X
- Find the maximum allowed take-off mass X
- Find the take-off speed X
Climb X
- Find the maximum rate of climb speed X
- Find the time, distance and fuel to climb X
- Find the rate of climb X
Cruise X
- Find power settings, cruise true airspeed (TAS)
and fuel consumption X
- Find range and endurance X
- Find the difference between still air distance
(NAM) and ground distance (NM) X
Landing X
- Find the minimum or maximum wind
component X
- Find the landing distance and ground roll
distance X
A.4.10
USE OF AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE DATA CAP
697&698 - PERFORMANCE - MULTI-ENGINE
AEROPLANES
a. Define and explain the following terms: X
Critical engine X
The effect of the critical engine inoperative on
the power required and the total drag X
The effect of engine failure on controllability
under given conditions X
Effect of Variables on Multi-Engine Aeroplane
Performance X
b. Take-off and landing X
The effect of flap setting on the ground roll
distance X
Page 66 of 318
For both fixed and constant speed propellers,
explain the effect of airspeed on thrust during
the take-off run
X
The effect of pressure altitude on performance
limited take-off mass X
The effect of runway conditions on the take-off
distance X
The percentage of accountability for head and
tailwind components during take-off and landing
calculations
X
Interpret obstacle clearance at take-off X
The effect of selected power settings, flap
settings and aeroplane mass on the rate of
climb
X
The effect of engine failure on take-off climb
performance X
c. Climb, cruise and descent X
The effect of mass on the speed for best angle
and best rate of climb X
The effect of temperature and altitude on the
fuel flow X
The effect of wind on the maximum range speed
and speed for maximum climb angle X
The effect of mass, altitude, wind, speed and
configuration on the glide descent X
Describe various cruise techniques X
The effect of loss of engine power on climb and
cruise performance X
d. Landing X
The effect of runway conditions on the landing
distance X
A.4.11 USE OF AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE DATA MEP
a. Take-off X
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- Find take off field length data X
- Calculate the field length limited take off mass X
- Find the accelerate go distance as well the
accelerate-stop distance data X
- Find the ground roll and take off distance X
- Calculate maximum effort take off data X
- Calculate all engine and critical engine out
take-off climb data X
- Calculate obstacle clearance take off climb data X
b. Climb X
- Find rate of climb and climb gradient X
- Calculate single engine service ceiling X
- Calculate obstacle clearance climb data X
- Find the time, distance and fuel to climb X
c. cruise and descent X
- Find power settings, cruise true airspeed (TAS)
and fuel consumption, normal and one engine
inoperative
X
- Calculate range and endurance data X
- Find the time, distance and fuel to descent X
d. landing X
- Find landing field length data X
- Find landing climb data in the event of balked
landing. X
- Find landing distance and ground roll distance X
- Find short field landing distance and ground roll
distance X
A.4.12 MASS AND BALANCE
a. Terminology X
- Define and explain the meaning of centre of
gravity X
- CG limits − forward and aft X
Page 68 of 318
- Define datum (reference point), arm and
moment X
- Conditions of equilibrium (Balance of Forces and
Balance of Moments) X
- Mean aerodynamic chord (MAC), (LEMAC) X
- Maximum Zero Fuel Mass X
- Maximum Ramp/Taxi Mass X
- Maximum Take-off Mass X
- Empty Operating Mass X
- Maximum Landing Mass X
- Use of cargo pallets X
- Maximum floor load X
- Define the following load terms: Payload, Taxi
Fuel, Take off X
- Fuel, Trip Fuel/ Burn off, Reserve Fuel
(Contingency, X
- Alternate, Final Reserve and Additional Fuel)
and Extra Fuel. X
- Calculating payload without exceeding mass
limitations X
b. Mass limitations X
- The relationship between aircraft mass and
structural stress X
- The relationship between aircraft mass and
performance X
- Centre of gravity (CG) limitations X
- The relationship between CG position and
stability/controllability of aircraft X
- The effects if CG is in front of the forward limit
and if CG is behind the aft limit X
- Describe the relationship between CG position
and aircraft performance X
Page 69 of 318
- Calculate maximum allowed payload and fuel
load not to exceed given Allowed Mass for Take-
off, Zero Fuel and Landing.
X
c. Calculation of CG X
- The principle of calculating the aircraft‟s CG
position X
- Calculating CG for SEP CAP 696 X
- Calculating CG MEP CAP 696 X
- The principle of using % MAC for the description
of the CG position X
- Calculate the CG position as % MAC X
- Loading of aircraft not exceeding CG limitation X
- Maximum load at station not exceeding CG
limitation X
- Movement of CG in flight X
- Influence of weight shift on CG X
- Influence of weight loss on CG X
A.4.13 FLIGHT PLANNING GENERAL
a. PET and PNR X
- PET (point of equal time) X
- CP (critical point) X
- PNR (point of no return) X
- PSR (point of safe return) X
b. Specific performance X
- Fuel weight and Performance X
- Specific weight X
- Specific gravity X
- Fuel consumption, fuel used, fuel flow,
endurance X
- ANM/fuel ratio X
- GNM/fuel ratio X
Page 70 of 318
SUBJECT:
FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING
(HELICOPTER)
ASPECT
NUMBER SYLLABUS ASPECT
CATEGORY
APPLICABILI
TY
H
A.5.1 HELICOPTER PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION
a. South African Civil Aviation Regulations X
Part 1.01.1 Definitions X
Operations in performance Class 1 X
Operations in performance Class 2 X
Operations in performance Class 3 X
Part 91: General Aviation and Operating Flight
Rules X
Part 91.08.1 General provisions X
Part 91.08.2 Helicopter operating limitations X
Part 91.08.3 Helicopter performance
classification X
Part 127.08 Helicopter Performance Operating
Limitations X
- Part 127.08.1 Classification X
- Part 127.08.2 General provisions for all classes
of helicopters X
A.5.2 CERTIFICATION
a. South African Civil Aviation Regulations X
Part 1.01.1 Definitions X
- Type certificate X
Page 71 of 318
- Type of aircraft X
Part 21: Certification procedures for products
and parts X
- Part 21.01.1 (a) to (f) Applicability X
- Part 21.01.2 (1)(e) - (f) & (2) Types of aircraft X
- Part 21.02.3 (1) (a) Airworthiness design
standards X
b. South African Civil Aviation Technical Standards X
SA-CATS 21.02.3 Airworthiness design
standards X
- SA-CATS 21.02.3 (5) Rotorcraft: Normal
category
(maximum certificated mass 2 700 kg or less)
X
- SA-CATS 21.02.3 (6) Rotorcraft: Transport
category X
A.5.3 AIRSPEED TERMINOLOGY AND SYMBOLS
a. IAS, RAS (CAS), TAS X
b. VA, VNO, VNE, VX, VY, X
A.5.4 METEOROLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY
- International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) X
- OAT, IOAT, TAT, SAT, RAT X
- Temperature deviation from ISA X
- Pressure altitude, Density altitude X
- QNH, QFE, QNE X
A.5.5 AERODROME TERMINOLOGY
- Runway length X
- Helipads X
A.5.6 HELICOPTER PERFORMANCE OPERATING
LIMITATIONS
a. Take-off, take-off flight path X
b. En route with one or more engines inoperative X
c. Approach and landing X
A.5.7 USE OF BELL 206L HELICOPTER MANUAL:
Page 72 of 318
- Operating limitations X
- Basic Power Check Chart X
- Airspeed Correction Table X
- Height Velocity Diagram X
- Altitude Vs Gross Weight Limits X
- Hovering IGE − Take-off Power X
- Hovering IGE − Maximum Continuous Power X
- Hovering OGE − Take-off Power X
- Hovering OGE − Maximum Continuous Power X
- Maximum Rate of Climb − Take-off Power X
- Maximum Rate of Climb − Maximum Continuous
Power X
- Density Altitude Chart X
- Fuel Loading Table 1 − ASTM TYPE JET B (JP-
4) X
- Fuel Loading Table 2 − ASTM TYPE JET A & A-
1 (JP-5) X
- Cabin and Baggage Compartment Table of
Moments X
A.5.8 MASS AND BALANCE
a. Terminology: X
- Arm, moment, reference datum, station, centre
of gravity (CG) X
- CG limits − forward and aft X
- CG limits − lateral X
- Maximum ramp mass X
- Maximum zero fuel mass X
- Empty operating mass X
- Maximum floor load X
b. Calculation of CG X
c. Movement of CG in flight X
d. Maximum load at station X
Page 73 of 318
e. Ballast X
A.5.9 PET AND PNR
a. PET (point of equal time) X
b. PNR (point of no return) X
- with/without fuel reserve X
c. Fuel weight and Performance X
- specific weight X
- specific gravity X
- fuel consumption, fuel used, fuel flow,
endurance X
- ANM/fuel ratio X
- GNM/fuel ratio X
SUBJECT:
HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
(AEROPLANE AND HELICOPTER)
ASPE
CT
NUMB
ER
SYLLABUS ASPECT
CATEGORY
APPLICABILITY
A H
A.6.1 BASIC PHYSIOLOGY
a. The atmosphere X X
− composition and structure X X
− the gas laws X X
− oxygen requirement of tissues X X
b. The Circulation System X X
− composition and function of the blood X X
− the heart and circulation system X X
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− blood pressure X X
− pulse rate X X
− blood donation X X
− ailments, recognition and treatment X X
c. The lungs X X
− basic anatomy X X
− breathing drive, gas transfer X X
− ailments, recognition and treatment X X
− partial pressure and effects of increasing altitude X X
− hypoxia, types, symptoms and prevention X X
− time of useful consciousness X X
− effects of rapid decompression and decompression
sickness X X
− entrapped gases, barotrauma X X
− hyperventilation, symptoms and treatment X X
d. High altitude environment X X
− ozone X X
− radiation X X
− humidity X X
- effects of pressurisation X X
- oxygen masks and regulators X X
e. Vision X X
− basic physiology of the eye X X
− visual field, foveal and peripheral vision, the blind
spot X X
− monocular and binocular vision X X
− visual defects and methods of correction X X
− night vision X X
− optical illusions X X
− ailments and treatment X X
f. Hearing X X
− basic physiology X X
Page 75 of 318
− measurement of and effect sound, noise and
hearing loss X X
g. Equilibrium X X
− vestibular system, function X X
− detection of rotary, angular and linear acceleration X X
− motion sickness, causes, symptoms and prevention X X
− entrapped gases, barotrauma, valsalva X X
h. Integration of sensory inputs X X
− spatial disorientation X X
− types of illusions X X
− prevention X X
- the senses X X
i. Acceleration X X
− effects of positive and negative acceleration on:
cardio-vascular
system, vision, limbs and lungs
X X
A.6.2 HEALTH AND HYGIENE
a. Personal hygiene X X
− colds X X
− influenza X X
− gastro-intestinal upset X X
b. Problem areas for pilots X X
− hearing loss X X
− defective vision X X
− hypotension, hypertension, coronary disease X X
− obesity X X
− nutrition X X
− tropical climates, epidemic diseases X X
− diabetes, hypoglycaemia X X
c. Intoxication X X
− tobacco X X
− alcohol X X
Page 76 of 318
− drugs and self−medication X X
− various toxic materials X X
d. Incapacitation X X
− symptoms and causes X X
− gastro-intestinal X X
− cardio-vascular X X
− side effects of drugs and medication X X
− epilepsy, faints X X
− carbon monoxide poisoning X X
e. Stress X X
− categories: acute , chronic X X
− stages X X
− causes, stressors X X
− anxiety X X
− identification and management X X
− defence mechanisms X X
f. Fatigue X X
− definition X X
− types: acute, chronic X X
− causes X X
− symptoms X X
− prevention and treatment X X
- tiredness X X
g. Body rhythm and sleep X X
− circadian rhythms, disturbances X X
− causes X X
− symptoms X X
− treatment X X
h. Sleep X X
− types and functions X X
− patterns X X
− disturbances and treatment X X
Page 77 of 318
A.6.3 BASIC AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY
a. The central and peripheral nervous system X X
- General adaptation syndrome X X
− sensory threshold, sensitivity, adaptation X X
− habituation X X
− reflexes and biological control systems X X
b. Human information processing X X
Attention and vigilance X X
− selective attention X X
− divided attention X X
− perception X X
− confirmation bias X X
b. Memory X X
sensory memory X X
working (short term) memory X X
- general X X
- methods of increasing short term memory
(chunking, association, mnemonics) X X
long-term memory X X
- episodic memory X X
- semantic memory X X
- procedural memory X X
− environment capture X X
− factors affecting memorization and long term
memory X X
− amnesia X X
− motor skills X X
− action slips X X
- learning and learning styles X X
- motivation and perception X X
- insight X X
- arousal X X
Page 78 of 318
- cognition X X
c. Human behaviour X X
Personality X X
− characteristics X X
− individual differences in personality X X
− self concept X X
− attitude development X X
− identification of hazardous attitudes X X
Behaviour and skills X X
− categories:, skill based, rule based, knowledge
based X X
− errors X X
− situational awareness X X
- human behaviour X X
Human factors, errors and reliability X X
- SHELL model X X
− human error model X X
− types of errors X X
- error chains X X
− prevention and counter-measures X X
Judgement and decision making X X
− decision making process X X
− making and taking decisions X X
− group versus individual decision making X X
− influences on decision making X X
− pilot judgement X X
− perceptual judgement X X
− cognitive judgement X X
Cockpit management X X
− crew co-ordination X X
− crew co-operation X X
- Automation X X
Page 79 of 318
- complacency X X
-ergonomics X X
- cockpit lighting X X
- checklists (use and design philosophy) X X
Leadership X X
− leadership style X X
− democratic versus autocratic style X X
− cockpit gradient X X
Communication X X
− verbal communication X X
− non-verbal communication X X
− one-way and two-way communication X X
− conflict management and resolution X X
- feedback X X
A.6.4 First aid and survival
a. First Aid X X
- First aid X X
- Fainting X X
- Nose bleeds X X
- Food poisoning X X
- Dehydration X X
- Head injuries X X
- Bleeding X X
- Fractures X X
- Burns X X
- Shock X X
b. Survival X X
- Body temperature X X
- Survival equipment X X
- Survival at sea or in water X X
- Survival in very cold climates X X
- Survival in very hot, arid climates X X
Page 80 of 318
- Survival in a jungle X X
SUBJECT:
INSTRUMENTS
(AEROPLANE AND HELICOPTER)
ASPEC
T
NUMBE
R
SYLLABUS ASPECT
CATEGORY
APPLICABILIT
Y
A H
A.7.1 AIR DATA INSTRUMENTS
a. Pitot and static system X X
− pitot tube, construction and principles of operation X X
− static source X X
− malfunction X X
− heating X X
− alternate static source X X
b. Altimeter X X
− construction and principles of operation X X
− simple, sensitive and servo assisted altimeters X X
− errors and tolerances X X
− settings, QNH, QFE, QNE X X
− pressure, true and absolute altitude X X
− altitude alert X X
c. Airspeed indicator (ASI) X X
− construction and principles of operation X X
− meaning of coloured sectors X X
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− maximum speed indicator X X
− errors, blockages and leaks X X
d. Vertical speed indicator (VSI) X X
− construction and principles of operation X X
− aneroid and instantaneous VSI (IVSI) X X
− errors X X
A.7.2 GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS
a. Gyroscopic fundamentals X X
– theory of gyroscopic forces (stability, precession) X X
– types, construction and principles of operation: X X
– vertical gyro X X
– rate gyro X X
− tied gyro X X
– apparent wander/drift X X
− real wander/drift X X
− mountings, gimbals X X
– drive types: electrical, vacuum system X X
b. Directional gyro (DG) X X
− construction X X
− principle of operation X X
− limitations X X
− calculation of drift X X
c. Remote indicating compass X X
− construction and principle of operation X X
− components X X
− modes of operation X X
− mountings, gimbals X X
– drive types: electrical, vacuum system X X
− application, uses of output data X X
d. Artificial horizon (AH) X X
− construction and principle of operation X X
− turn and acceleration errors X X
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− application, uses of output data X X
e. Turn and slip indicator X X
− construction and principle of operation X X
− errors X X
− Turn Co-ordinator X X
− rate of turn and angle of bank X X
f. Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) X X
- construction and principle of operation X X
- information displayed X X
A.7.3 ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT SYSTEM (EFIS)
- design and operation X X
- Flight Management Systems (FMS) X X
- Primary Flight Display (PFD) and information displayed X X
- Navigation Display (ND) / Multi-function Display (MFD)
and information displayed X X
- Mode Control Panel (MCP) X X
− information display types and colours X X
− data input X X
− typical aircraft installation X X
- propulsion system displays X X
- crew alerting display X X
A.7.4 FLIGHT DIRECTOR SYSTEM
− principle of operation X
− input sources X
− operation of attitude director indicator (ADI) X
− operation of horizontal situation indicator (HSI) X
A.7.5 AIR TEMPERATURE INDICATORS
− sensors X X
− ram rise, recovery factor X
− SAT, RAT AND TAT X
A.7.6 AUTOPILOT
− general principles of operation X X
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− types: single axis, two axis, three axis X X
− lateral modes (pitch) X X
− longitudinal modes (roll) X X
− combined modes (roll and pitch) X X
A.7.7 MAGNETISM
a. Terrestrial magnetism X X
− resolution of the earth‘s magnetic field into vertical and X X
horizontal components X X
− the effects of change of latitude on these components X X
− directive force, isodynes X X
− magnetic dip, isoclinals X X
− variation, isogonals, agonic line X X
− changes of the earth‘s magnetic field, secular, periodic X X
b. Aircraft magnetism X X
− horizontal hard iron, components P and Q X X
− compass swing, calculation of coefficients A, B and C X X
− correction of coefficients A, B and C X X
− deviation on any heading X X
− change of deviation with change of latitude and aircraft X X
heading X X
− turning and acceleration errors X X
c. Magnetic compass X X
− components and principle of operation X X
− serviceability tests X X
− adjustment and compensation of direct reading
compass X X
A.7.8 STALL WARNING
a. types of basic stall warning devices X
- basic (pneumatic) X
- electric X
b. Advanced stall warning systems and stall
protection X
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- components and principle of operation X
- protection provided X
A.7.9 POWERPLANT AND SYSTEM MONITORING
INSTRUMENTS
a. Principles, presentation and operational use of: X X
− pressure and temperature sensors X X
− pressure and temperature indicators X X
− RPM indicator, piston and turbine engines X X
− fuel gauge and fuel flow indicators X X
− Torque meter X X
− Vibration monitors X X
− Chip detection X X
SUBJECT:
METEOROLOGY
(AEROPLANE AND HELICOPTER)
ASPE
CT
NUMB
ER
SYLLABUS ASPECT
CATEGORY
APPLICABILITY
A H
A.8.1
CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY
- Difference and definitions. X X
A.8.2
THE ATMOSPHERE
- Properties, composition and structure. X X
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− ICAO International standard atmosphere (ISA). X X
− ISA deviation. X X
A.8.3
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
a. General X X
- Definition. X X
- Measurement and units in use:
Pa, hPa/ Mb /inches mercury/ millimetres mercury X X
- Conversion between units. X X
− Mercury barometer. X X
− Aneroid barometer. X X
- Pressure altitude. X X
− QNH, QFE, QFF and QNE/1013.25 hPa. X X
− Pressure variation with height and diurnal variation. X X
− Isobars. X X
- Pressure gradient. X X
b. Low-pressure systems: X X
- Characteristics and related terminology. X X
- Thermal lows. X X
X X
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− Troughs.
- Cut-off lows. X X
- Typical cyclonic weather. X X
c. High-pressure systems. X X
- Characteristics and related terminology. X X
- Thermal highs. X X
− Ridges. X X
− Typical anti-cyclonic weather. X X
Cols and associated weather. X X
Synoptic charts. X X
A.8.4
TEMPERATURE
a. General: X X
− Measurement and units
in use: Celsius scale,
Fahrenheit, Kelvin
X X
- Conversion between units. X X
b. Heating of the atmosphere and heat transfer
processes:
X X
- Insolation. X X
- Radiation, conduction, convection. X X
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- Advection. X X
c. Diurnal variation of temperature. X X
d. Specific heat. Land and sea heating and
cooling.
X X
e. Atmospheric greenhouse effect. X X
A.8.5
HUMIDITY
a. Atmospheric water and changes of state: X X
- Latent heat. X X
− Evaporation, condensation, freezing, melting. X X
- Sublimation and deposition. X X
b. Saturation, vapour pressure and dew point
temperature.
X X
c. Wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. The
psychrometer.
X X
d. Atmospheric humidity and measurement of
humidity:
X X
− Absolute humidity. X X
− Relative humidity. X X
A.8.6
DENSITY
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a. The gas laws and the compressibility of air. X X
− Boyle‘s law. X X
− Charles‘s law. X X
− The ideal gas equation (Boyle‘s and Charles‘s
laws).
X X
b. Factors affecting density: X X
− Temperature. X X
− Pressure. X X
− Altitude and latitude. X X
− Humidity. X X
c. Density altitude: X X
- Definition. X X
- Calculating density altitude. X X
- Effect of density altitude on aircraft performance. X X
d. The dangers of flight operations in hot, high
and humid conditions. X X
A.8.7 ALTIMETRY
a. Variation of atmospheric pressure levels with
changing pressure and temperature. X X
b. Calculations involving pressure and
temperature corrections. X X
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c. Calculating true altitude. X X
A.8.8
WIND
a. Definitions and terminology: X X
− Veering and backing. X X
− Gust, squall, lull, gale, hurricane, gust factor. X X
b. Measurement of wind: X X
- Wind direction and speed. X X
- Wind vane and anemometer. X X
c. Formation of wind: X X
− Pressure gradient force. X X
− Coriolis effect. X X
− Geostrophic wind and Buys Ballot‘s law. X X
− Gradient wind. X X
− Surface wind. X X
− Diurnal variation of wind. X X
d. Global circulation patterns: X X
- General global pressure distribution. X X
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- General surface winds and circulation patterns
(Trade winds, prevailing westerlies, polar easterlies). X X
e. Local winds: X X
− Land and Sea breezes. X X
− Katabatic and anabatic winds. X X
− The Föhn wind. X X
− The Berg wind. X X
- The Sirocco. X X
- The Khamsin. X X
- The Simoon. X X
- The Shamal. X X
- The Haboob. X X
- The Harmattan. X X
A.8.9
LAPSE RATES, ADIABATIC PROCESSES, AND
STABILITY
a. The theory of adiabatic processes. X X
b. Lapse rates: X X
− Environmental lapse rate (ELR). X X
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− Dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR). X X
− Saturated adiabatic lapse rate (SALR). X X
c. Atmospheric stability: X X
− Absolute stability. X X
− Absolute instability. X X
− Conditional instability. X X
− Neutral stability. X X
Inversions. X X
Isothermal layers. X X
A.8.10
CLOUDS
a. Cloud observations and measurement: X X
- Cloud amount. X X
- Definitions of cloud ceiling and cloud base. X X
- Methods of measuring cloud base and ceiling. X X
b. Cloud formation: X X
− Convective. X X
X X
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− Orographic.
− Frontal. X X
− Convergent. X X
− Turbulent. X X
c. Cloud classification. X X
d. Cloud types. X X
A.8.11
PRECIPITATION
a. Condensation nuclei. X X
b. Precipitation processes: X X
− Bergeron theory (ice particle theory). X X
− Collision and coalescence theory. X X
c. Types of precipitation. X X
d. Intensity of precipitation. X X
e. Continuity of precipitation. X X
A.8.12
THUNDERSTORMS
a. Formation: X X
− Conditions for development. X X
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b. Thunderstorm classification: X X
− Convective. X X
− Orographic. X X
− Convergent. X X
− Frontal. X X
− Nocturnal. X X
c. Additional classifications: X X
- Ordinary and severe. X X
- Line storms (squall lines). X X
d.The three stages of thunderstorm development. X X
e. The gust front and related phenomena. X X
f. Hazards: X X
− Windshear and turbulence. X X
− Microbursts. X X
− Hail. X X
- Icing. X X
- Lightning X X
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- Tornadoes. X X
g. Avoidance and penetration. X X
A.8.13
ICE ACCRETION
a. Dangers. X X
b. Airframe icing: X X
− Conditions for formation. X X
- Kinetic heating formula. X X
c. Types: X X
− Clear (glaze) ice. X X
− Rime ice. X X
− Mixed ice. X X
− Freezing precipitation and rain ice. X X
− Hoar frost. X X
d. Engine icing: X X
e. Piston engine icing. X X
− Impact icing. X X
− Fuel icing. X X
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− Carburettor icing: cause, recognition, prevention. X X
f. Gas turbine engine icing. X X
g. Factors affecting the severity of icing. X X
h. ICAO definitions for levels of icing: X X
- Light, moderate, severe. X X
i. Ice protection: X X
- Anti-icing and de-icing. X X
A.8.14
WINDSHEAR AND TURBULENCE
a. Windshear: X X
− Definition of windshear. X X
- Causes. X X
− Low-level windshear. X X
− Effect on aircraft in flight. X X
- Approach techniques. X X
b. Turbulence: X X
− Definition of turbulence. X X
− Types and causes. X X
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c. Mountain waves and associated turbulence: X X
- Conditions for formation and dangers. X X
− Visual detection of mountain waves. X X
d. Wake turbulence: X X
- Cause. X X
- Dangers. X X
- Conditions affecting its severity. X X
- Wake turbulence weight categories. X X
- Avoidance during crossing traffic, take-off and
landing.
X X
A.8.15
VISIBILITY
a. Visibility: X X
- Definition and measurement. X X
- Types of visibility restrictions and their definitions:
mist, fog, haze, glare, smog, dust and sand. X X
- Slant visibility. X X
b. Runway visual range (RVR): X X
- Definition and measurement. X X
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c. Fog: X X
− Radiation fog. X X
− Advection fog. X X
− Frontal fog. X X
− Orographic (upslope). X X
− Steam fog. X X
A.8.16
AIR MASSES
- Definition of an air mass. X X
- Classification. X X
− Modification. X X
− Air masses affecting South Africa. X X
A.8.17
FRONTS
a. Mid-latitude (temperate) cyclones. X X
b. Cold fronts: X X
− Formation, characteristics and weather. X X
− Changes with the passage of the front. X X
X X
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− Flying conditions and penetration procedures.
c. Warm fronts: X X
− Formation, characteristics and weather. X X
− Changes with the passage of the front. X X
− Flying conditions and penetration procedures. X X
A.8.18
HURRICANES (TROPICAL CYCLONES)
- Development and characteristics. X X
- Associated weather. X X
- Commonly occurring regions. X X
A.8.19
CLIMATOLOGY AND WORLD WEATHER
a. General world climatic zones. X X
b. ITCZ: characteristics, weather and seasonal
movement.
X X
c. Regional climatology: X X
- General African climate and significant weather. X X
- Mediterranean climate, weather. Significant
weather.
X X
A.8.20
SOUTH AFRICAN WEATHER
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a. South African climate and climatic regions. X X
b. South African summer patterns. X X
c. South African winter patterns. X X
d. South African weather phenomena: X X
- Mid-latitude (temperate) cyclones (frontal systems). X X
- Hurricanes (Tropical cyclones). X X
- Coastal lows. X X
− the South Westerly Buster X X
- Easterly weather (the Guti). X X
− The Cape Doctor X X
− Cut-off lows and the Black South Easter X X
A.8.21
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
a. SAWS aviation website –
www.aviation.weathersa.co.za:
X X
- Basic layout. X X
- Information obtainable. X X
b. Weather analysis and forecasting: X X
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− Synoptic weather charts and symbols. Station
decode.
X X
− Significant (prognostic) weather charts. X X
− Upper winds and temperatures charts. X X
c. Weather information for flight planning: X X
d. Interpretation of: X X
- METAR. X X
- TAF. X X
- SPECI. X X
- SIGMET/ AIRMET/ SPECIAL AIR REPORT. X X
e. Meteorological broadcasts for aviation: X X
- ATIS. X X
SUBJECT:
NAVIGATION
(AEROPLANE AND HELICOPTER)
ASPE
CT SYLLABUS ASPECT
CATEGORY
Page 101 of 318
NUMB
ER
APPLICABILITY
A H
A.9.1 THE EARTH
a. Form of the earth X X
- polar axis, direction and rate of rotation X X
- great circles, small circles and rhumb lines X X
- meridians of longitude, limits east/west, prime
meridian X X
- difference of longitude X X
- convergency and conversion angle X X
- latitude, limits north/south, equator X X
- difference of latitude X X
- use of co-ordinates to fix position X X
A.9.2 DIRECTION
- true north X X
- magnetic north X X
- isogonals and variation east and west X X
- compass north X X
- application of compass deviation X X
- radio bearings: QTE, QDR, QDM, QUJ X X
A.9.3 DISTANCE
- units of distance: nautical and statute miles,
kilometres, metres, feet X X
- conversion from one unit to another X X
- relationship between nautical miles and
minutes of latitude X X
A.9.4 THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND TIME
- seasonal and apparent movements of the sun X X
- apparent solar day X X
- mean solar day X X
- sidereal day X X
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- Equinox, solstice, aphelion, perihelion X X
- Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn X X
- Local mean time (LMT), zone time and
standard time X X
- conversions of arc to time X X
- co−ordinated universal time (UTC) X X
- time conversions X X
- international date line X X
- determination of sunrise, sunset, civil twilight X X
- variation of time with sunrise, sunset, latitude
and altitude X X
A.9.5 CHARTS
a. Chart projection theory X X
- types of projection: Azimuthal/Plane,
cylindrical, conical X X
- orthomorphic/conformal charts X X
- scale, representative fraction, scale factor and
calculations X X
b. Mercator chart X X
- method of construction and properties X X
- representation of great circle, rhumb lines,
meridians and X X
- parallels of latitude X X
- plotting radio bearings X X
- scale variation and calculations X X
- measurement or calculation or tracks and
distance X X
c. Lamberts Conformal Conic X X
- method of construction and properties X X
- representation of great circle, rhumb lines,
meridians and parallels of latitude X X
- plotting radio bearings X X
- scale variation and calculations X X
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- measurement or calculation or tracks and
distance X X
A.9.6 RELATIVE VELOCITY X X
- speed of opening and closing X X
- aircraft separation X X
- controlled time of arrival by changing speed X X
A.9.7 DEAD RECKONING (DR) NAVIGATION X X
a. Use of the navigation computer/calculator X X
- speed, distance, time, EET and ETA X X
- fuel consumption and endurance X X
- RAS, TAS compressibility correction X X
- conversions X X
b. Triangle of velocities, determination of: X X
- heading, track X X
- TAS, groundspeed X X
- wind velocity X X
- drift X X
A.9.8 NAVIGATION PLOTTING
a. Use of South African Plotting chart (1: 5 000
000) X X
b. Navigation during climb and descent X X
- constant RAS X X
- constant rate of climb X X
- mean climb wind velocity X X
- groundspeed/distance covered during climb
and descent X X
c. Navigation in cruising flight X X
- heading and TAS vector since last confirmed
position X X
d. Use of various fixes to revise navigation data X X
- plotting of co-ordinates X X
- use of single position lines (QTE) to confirm X X
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GS
- radial and DME distance X X
- combination of NDB/VOR bearings X X
- determination of track, distance and EET/ETA
for destination X X
e. Track corrections X X
- use of 1 in 60 rule X X
SUBJECT:
RADIO AIDS & COMMUNICATION
(AEROPLANE AND HELICOPTER)
ASPECT
NUMBER SYLLABUS ASPECT
CATEGORY
APPLICABILI
TY
A H
A.10.1 BASIC RADIO THEORY
a. Electromagnetic waves X X
− frequency, wave length, cycle, phase, amplitude X X
− frequency bands X X
− sidebands, double sideband, single sideband, X X
− band width X X
− carrier wave, modulation, demodulation X X
− amplitude modulation X X
− frequency modulation X X
− pulse modulation X X
− designation of emission X X
− signal/noise ratio X X
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b. Antennas X X
− characteristics X X
− polarisation X X
− polar diagram X X
− types of antennas X X
c. Wave propagation X X
− ground waves X X
− direct waves X X
− sky waves X X
− ionosphere, critical angle, skip distance X X
− dead space, refraction X X
− fading X X
− factors affecting propagation (reflection, X X
− absorption, attenuation, coastline, mountain, static) X X
A.10.2 AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER (ADF)
a. ADF loop theory, rotating and fixed loop
antennas X X
− principles X X
− presentation and interpretation X X
− coverage X X
− range X X
− errors and accuracy X X
− factors affecting range and accuracy X X
− RBI and RMI X X
A.10.3 VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL RANGE (VOR)
− principles X X
− presentation and interpretation X X
− coverage X X
− range X X
− errors and accuracy X X
− factors affecting range and accuracy X X
− CDI and RMI X X
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− Doppler VOR X X
A.10.4 DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME)
− principles X X
− presentation and interpretation X X
− coverage X X
− range X X
− errors and accuracy X X
− factors affecting range and accuracy X X
A.10.5 BASIC RADAR PRINCIPLES
− pulse techniques and associated terms X X
A.10.6 GROUND RADAR
− principles X X
− presentation and interpretation X X
− coverage X X
− range X X
− errors and accuracy X X
− factors affecting range and accuracy X X
− errors and accuracy X X
− factors affecting range and accuracy X X
− application for navigation X X
C.10.7 SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR (SSR)
− principles X X
− presentation and interpretation X X
− modes and codes, including mode S X X
A.10.8 AIRBORNE WEATHER RADAR
− principles X X
− presentation and interpretation X X
− coverage X X
− range X X
A.10.9 RADIO ALTIMETER
− principles X X
− frequency band X X
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− presentation and interpretation X X
− errors and accuracy X X
A.10.10 EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT)
− principles X X
− frequencies X X
− testing X X
A.10.11 AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV)
VOR/DME area navigation X X
− principle of operation X X
− advantages and disadvantages X X
− accuracy, reliability and coverage X X
− flight deck equipment X X
A.10.12 SATELLITE ASSISTED NAVIGATION: GNSS /
NAVSTAR GPS
− system Components and principle of operation X X
− advantages and disadvantages X X
- navigation system performance requirements X X
− reliability/integrity X X
- authorisation and documentation X X
- errors and limitations X X
- human Factors and GNSS X X
2. INSERTION OF APPENDIX 2.0C TO SA-CATS 61 OF THE CIVIL
AVIATION REGULATIONS, 2011
2.1 Appendix 2.0C is hereby inserted after Appendix 2.0B:
Page 108 of 318
APPENDIX 2.0 C TO SOUTH AFRICAN CIVIL AVIATION
TECHNICAL STANDARDS (SA-CATS)
SYLLABUS OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
FOR THE INSTRUMENT RATING
(AEROPLANE) AND (HELICOPTER).
IMPORTANT NOTES TO THIS SYLLABUS:
11. This appendix specifies the theoretical subject matter required to be known for
the Instrument Rating theoretical knowledge examinations.
12. Candidates may be examined on any of the elements included in this appendix
that are applicable to the aircraft category licence sought and should be aware of
the requirements of SA-CATS 61.01.10 (11)(d) and (e).
13. All compulsory aspects applicable to the respective aircraft category are marked
with an ―X.‖
A mark in the category column ―A‖ represents an aspect applicable to the
aeroplane examination and a mark in the category column ―H‖ represents an
aspect applicable to the helicopter examination.
14. The column marked ―REFERENCE‖ refers to the applicable section or part in the
Regulations (CAR) or source document, when applicable. When a Technical
Standard is referred to, this is indicated by the use of the acronym ―CATS‖ or
―TS.‖ When a source document other than the Regulations is referred to in this
column, this is indicated in plain words as a heading.
15. Candidates are expected to be familiar with all acronyms and abbreviations
contained in Subpart 1.01.2 of the Regulations, but will not be directly evaluated
on this aspect in the examinations.
16. Candidates are to ensure that they use the most recent amendments to the
Regulations, Technical Standards and other technical documentation when
preparing for the examinations.
17. The suggested study material to use for preparation for this examination is
Page 109 of 318
communicated by Aeronautical Information Circular (AIC) and also posted on the
Authority‘s website where deemed appropriate. This study material is assumed to
be the default source material used by candidates and is therefore not referred to
in this syllabus. Where reference material clarity is required or additional source
material is to be used for specific syllabus aspects, this is stipulated in the
relevant portion of the syllabus. Candidates are nevertheless free to use any
material they wish in order to ensure their comprehension of the mandated
subject matter and to comply with the prescribed theoretical knowledge
requirements.
18. Candidates should note that some of the suggested study material might refer to
foreign operational, certification and legislative requirements e.g. EU-OPS, JAA-
OPS, CS 23 and CS 25. Except where specifically indicated, candidates will not
be assessed on such aspects during this examination. The underlying theory,
however (which in most cases is identical in South African and international
legislation), should be known and understood. Candidates are expected to
differentiate between the underlying theoretical concepts which need to be known
and the foreign requirements themselves, which need not be known. Such non-
compulsory information might nevertheless still be interesting to a candidate for
the purposes of personal enrichment and as an aid to general knowledge of
aviation developments.
9. For examination study purposes, where any discrepancy exists between the
information provided in the RSA AIP and the Regulations, the provisions of the
latter shall be regarded as correct. Such a situation may occur naturally due to
the delay present in the AIRAC cycle. Similarly, it may also occasionally occur
that changes in the AIP are not reflected immediately in this Technical Standard
due to the stringent time requirements involved in legislative changes. Such
situations can be expected as the natural consequence of the SACAA‘s attempt
to define the syllabus as closely as possible. In these circumstances (for example
in the case of numbering changes), candidates are expected to resolve the
temporary discrepancy by appropriate, logical cross-referencing between the
syllabus and the AIP.
10. Refer to Appendix 2.0 A for the syllabus of theoretical knowledge for the
commercial pilot licence.
Page 110 of 318
CATS 61.11.3 TOPIC (i):
METEOROLOGY
SYLLAB
US
ASPECT
NUMBER
SYLLABUS ASPECT
AIRCRAFT
CATEGORY
APPLICABILI
TY
A H
C.1.1 THE ATMOSPHERE:
a. Properties, composition and structure. X X
b. ICAO International standard atmosphere (ISA). X X
c. ISA deviation. X X
C.1.2 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE:
a. Definition X X
b. Measurement and units in use
(Pa, hPa/mb/inches mercury/millimetres mercury) X X
c. QNH, QFE, and QNE/pressure altitude X X
d. Pressure variation with height and diurnal
variation X X
e. Isobars X X
f. Pressure gradient X X
g. Low-pressure systems:
Characteristics and related terminology X X
Typical cyclonic weather X X
h. High-pressure systems:
Characteristics and related terminology X X
Typical anti-cyclonic weather X X
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i. Cols and associated weather X X
C.1.3 TEMPERATURE
a. Units in use and conversion between units X X
b. Heating of the atmosphere and heat transfer
processes:
Insolation X X
Radiation, conduction, convection X X
c. Advection X X
d. Diurnal variation of temperature X X
C.1.4 HUMIDITY
a. Atmospheric water and changes of state X X
b. Latent heat X X
c. Saturation, vapour pressure and dew point
temperature X X
d. Measurement of humidity:
Absolute humidity X X
Relative humidity X X
C.1.5 DENSITY
a. Definition X X
b. Factors affecting density:
Temperature X X
Pressure X X
Altitude X X
Humidity X X
c. Density altitude:
Definition X X
Calculating density altitude X X
C.1.6 ALTIMETRY
a. Variation of atmospheric pressure levels
with changing pressure and temperature. X X
b. Calculations involving pressure and
temperature corrections. X X
Page 112 of 318
c. Calculating true altitude. X X
C.1.7 WIND
a. Veering and backing. X X
b. Wind direction and speed X X
c. Formation of wind:
Pressure gradient force X X
Coriolis effect X X
Geostrophic wind and Buys Ballot‘s law X X
Gradient wind X X
Surface wind X X
Diurnal variation of wind X X
d. Upper winds:
General global upper air circulation X X
Thermal winds X X
Jet stream winds X X
CAT (Clear Air Turbulence) X X
C.1.8 CLOUDS
a. Cloud observations and measurement:
Cloud amount X X
Definitions of cloud ceiling and cloud base X X
b. Cloud formation:
Convective X X
Orographic X X
Frontal X X
Convergent X X
Turbulent X X
c. Cloud classification X X
d. Cloud types X X
e. Flying conditions in the different types of
clouds X X
C.1.9 PRECIPITATION
a. Types of precipitation X X
Page 113 of 318
b. Intensity of precipitation X X
c. Continuity of precipitation X X
d. Flying conditions in the different types of
precipitation X X
C.1.10 THUNDERSTORMS
a. Formation conditions for development X X
b. Classification:
Convective X X
Orographic X X
Convergent X X
Frontal X X
Nocturnal X X
c. Severe thunderstorms and Squall lines X X
d. The three stages of thunderstorm
development X X
e. Hazards:
Windshear and turbulence X X
Microbursts X X
Hail X X
Icing X X
Lightning X X
f. Avoidance and penetration. X X
C.1.11 ICE ACCRETION
a. Airframe icing:
- Condition for formation and factors affecting
its severity X X
- Kinetic heating formula X X
b. Types of icing:
Clear (glaze) ice X X
Rime ice X X
Mixed ice X X
Freezing precipitation and rain ice X X
Page 114 of 318
e. Piston engine icing:
Impact icing X X
Fuel icing X X
f. Carburettor icing: cause, recognition,
prevention X X
g. Gas turbine engine icing. X X
h. ICAO definitions for levels of icing:
Light X X
Moderate X X
Severe X X
i. Ice protection:
Anti-icing and de-icing X X
Hazards X X
C.1.12 TURBULENCE
a. Definition, types and causes X X
b. Mountain waves and associated turbulence:
Conditions for formation and dangers X X
Visual detection of mountain waves X X
C.1.13 VISIBILITY
a. Definition and measurement X X
b. Types of visibility restrictions and their
definitions:
mist, fog, haze, glare, smog, dust and sand
X X
c. Slant visibility X X
d. Runway visual range (RVR): X X
e. Definition and measurement X X
f. Fog:
Radiation fog X X
Advection fog X X
Frontal fog X X
Orographic (upslope) X X
Steam fog X X
Page 115 of 318
C.1.14 FRONTS
a. Mid-latitude (temperate) cyclones. X X
b. Cold fronts:
Formation, characteristics and weather X X
Changes with the passage of the front X X
Flying conditions and penetration procedures X X
c. Warm fronts:
Formation, characteristics and weather X X
Changes with the passage of the front X X
Flying conditions and penetration procedures X X
C.1.15 REGIONAL CLIMATOLOGY
a. ITCZ: characteristics, weather and seasonal
movement. X X
b. General African climate and significant
weather X X
C.1.16 SOUTH AFRICAN WEATHER
a. South African climate and climatic regions X X
b. South African summer patterns X X
c. South African winter patterns X X
d. South African weather phenomena: X X
Mid-latitude (temperate) cyclones (frontal
systems) X X
Hurricanes (Tropical cyclones). X X
Coastal lows X X
The South Westerly Buster X X
Easterly weather (the Guti) X X
The Cape Doctor X X
Cut-off lows and the Black South Easter X X
C.1.17 METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
a. Weather analysis: X X
Synoptic weather charts and symbols X X
Significant (prognostic) weather charts X X
Page 116 of 318
b. Upper winds and temperatures fixed time
prognostic charts
(South African and international)
X X
c. Interpretation of:
METAR X X
TAF X X
SPECI X X
SIGMET/ AIRMET/ SPECIAL AIR REPORT X X
d. Meteorological broadcast for aviation:
ATIS X X
CATS 61.11.3 TOPIC (ii):
RADIO NAVIGATION
SYLLAB
US
ASPECT
NUMBER
SYLLABUS ASPECT
AIRCRAFT
CATEGORY
APPLICABILI
TY
A H
C.2.1 VHF DIRECTION FINDER (VDF) / GROUND
DIRECTIONAL FINDER:
a. Principles X X
b. Coverage and range X X
C.2.2 NDB/ADF:
a. Principles X X
b. Presentation and interpretation X X
c. Coverage and range X X
d. Errors and accuracy X X
e. Factors affecting range and accuracy X X
Page 117 of 318
C.2.3 VOR AND DOPPLER VOR
a. Principles X X
b. Presentation and interpretation X X
c. Coverage and range X X
d. Errors and accuracy X X
C.2.4 DME
a. Principles X X
b. VOR/DME X X
c. VORTAC X X
d. Presentation and interpretation X X
e. Coverage and range X X
f. Errors and accuracy X X
g. Factors affecting range and accuracy X X
C.2.5 ILS
a. Principles X X
b. Presentation and interpretation X X
c. Coverage and range X X
d. Errors and accuracy X X
e. Factors affecting range and accuracy X X
C.2.6 AIRBORNE WEATHER RADAR
a. Principles X X
b. Presentation and interpretation X X
c. Coverage and range X X
d. Errors, accuracy and limitations X X
e. Factors affecting range and accuracy X X
f. Application to navigation X X
C.2.7 SECONDARY RADAR AND TRANSPONDER
a. Principles X X
b. Modes and codes X X
c. Presentation and interpretation X X
d. Errors and accuracy X X
Page 118 of 318
C.2.8 GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM
a. Principles X X
b. Operation of NAVSTAR GPS X X
CATS 61.11.3 Topic (iii)
AIR LAW AND ALL WEATHER OPERATIONS
SYLLAB
US
ASPECT
NUMBER
SYLLABUS ASPECT
AIRCRAFT
CATEGORY
APPLICABILI
TY
A H
C.3.1 SOUTH AFRICAN CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS
a. Part 1.01.1 Definitions
- Adequate aerodrome X X
- Aerodrome X X
- Aerodrome operating minima X X
- Aeronautical information publication X X
- Aircraft flight manual X X
- Aircraft operating manual X X
- Airmanship X X
- All weather operations X X
- Alternate aerodromes X X
- Altitude X X
- Approach and landing operation with vertical
guidance X X
- BARO VNAV system X X
- Category I (CAT I) operation X X
- Category II (CAT II) operation X X
Page 119 of 318
- Category IIIA (CAT IIIA) operation X
- Category IIIB (CAT IIIB) operation X
- Category IIIC (CAT IIIC) operation X
- Ceiling X X
- Circling approach X
- Class A, B, C, D, E, F, G airspace X X
- Cloud break procedure X X
- Cloud ceiling X X
- Communication failure procedure X X
- Competency X X
- Controlled flight X X
- Critical phase of flight X X
- Current flight plan X X
- Decision altitude/height X X
- Electronic flight bag X X
- En-route safe altitude X X
- Estimated off-block time X X
- Estimated time of arrival (IFR) X X
- Expected approach time X X
- Extended range operations X
- Final approach X X
- Final approach and take-off area X
- Final approach fix X X
- Flight X X
- Flight level X X
- Flight time X X
- General aviation operation X X
- Full flight simulator X X
- GNSS X X
- GNSS incident X X
Page 120 of 318
- Ground visibility X X
- Hazard X X
- Height X X
- Heliport operating minima X
- Human factors principles X X
- Human performance X X
- Initial approach fix X X
- Initial approach segment X X
- instrument approach and landing operation X X
- Instrument approach procedure X X
- Instrument flight time X X
- Instrument ground time X X
- Instrument time X X
- Instrument meteorological conditions X X
- Integrated aeronautical information package X X
- Isolated aerodrome X X
- Lateral navigation X X
- Level X X
- Low visibility procedures X X
- Low visibility take-off X X
- Manoeuvring area X X
- Meteorological information X X
- Meteorological service X X
- Minimum descent altitude / height X X
- Missed approach point X X
- Missed approach procedure X X
- Movement area X X
- Navigation specification X X
- Night X X
- Non-precision approach X X
- Notice to airmen X X
- Obstacle clearance altitude / height X X
Page 121 of 318
- Operator X X
- Owner X X
- Performance based navigation X X
- Precision approach X X
- Precision approach and landing operation X X
- Pressure altitude X X
- Primary-means navigation system X X
- Problematic use of psychoactive substances X X
- Psychoactive substances X X
- RAIM warning X X
- Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring X X
- Required navigation performance X X
- RNP Type X X
- RNAV/BARO VNAV procedures X X
- RNAV specification X X
- RNP specification X X
- RNP type X X
- Runway X X
- Runway-holding position X X
- Runway incursion X X
- Runway visual range X X
- Safety pilot X X
- Separate runways X X
- SIGMET information X X
- Special VFR flight X X
- Suitable aerodrome X X
- Supplemental-means navigation system X X
- Take-off alternate aerodrome X X
- Terminal arrival altitude X X
- Threat X X
- Threat management X X
- Total estimated elapsed time X X
Page 122 of 318
- Total vertical error X X
- Track X X
- Traffic alert and collision avoidance system X X
- Traffic avoidance advice X X
- Transition altitude X X
- Transition level X X
- Vertical navigation X X
- Visibility X X
- Visual approach X X
- Visual flight rules flight X X
- Visual meteorological conditions X X
b. PART 61: PILOT LICENSING
SUBPART 1: GENERAL
- 61.01.8 Logging of flight time
(Paragraphs: 9, 11, 12, 17, 18) X X
- 61.01.9 Crediting of flight time and theoretical
knowledge
(Paragraphs: 12, 14, 15, 25)
X X
- 61.01.12 Flight simulation training device X X
- 61.01.15 Training for acquiring licence, rating
or validation X X
SUBPART 11 INSTRUMENT RATING
- 61.11.1 General X X
- 61.11.2 Requirements X X
- 61.11.4 Skills test X X
- 61.11.5 Privileges and limitations of an
instrument rating X X
- 61.11.6 Period of validity X X
- 61.11.7 Revalidation X X
c. PART 91: GENERAL AVIATION AND
OPERATING FLIGHT RULES
- 91.01.1 Applicability X X
Page 123 of 318
- 91.01.12 Use of time X X
- 91.01.16 Psychoactive substances X X
- 91.02.1 Crew composition and qualifications X X
- 91.02.3 Crew member responsibilities X X
- 91.02.4 Recency X X
- 91.02.6 Laws, regulations and procedures X X
- 91.02.7 Duties of PIC regarding flight
preparation X X
- 91.02.8 Duties of PIC regarding flight
operations X X
- 91.03.4 Air traffic service flight plan and
associated procedures
(Paragraph: 7)
X X
- 91.04.1 Use and installation of instruments and
equipment X X
- 91.04.5 Flight, navigation and associated
equipment for aircraft operated under IFR X X
- 91.04.6 Additional equipment for single-pilot
operation under IMC or at night X X
- 91.04.9 Equipment for operations in icing
conditions X X
- 91.04.15 Supplemental oxygen in case of
pressurized aircraft X X
- 91.04.28 Airborne collision avoidance system X X
- 91.04.30
- Terrain awareness and warning systems
(TAWS)
X X
- 91.04.31 RVSM operations X
- 91.05.1 Communication equipment X X
- 91.05.2 Navigation equipment X X
- 91.05.3 Use of global navigation satellite
system X X
Page 124 of 318
- 91.05.4 Operational criteria for use of
RNAV/BARO VNAV systems X X
- 91.06.9 Aircraft speed X X
- 91.06.18 Compliance with rules of air and air
traffic control clearances and instructions X X
- 91.06.21 Visibility and distance from cloud
(Paragraphs: 1a, 2) X
- 91.06.21 Visibility and distance from cloud
(Paragraph: 1b) X
- 91.06.22 Special VFR weather minima
(Paragraph: 1) X
- 91.06.22 Special VFR weather minima
(Paragraph: 2) X
- 91.06.23 VFR flight determination and weather
deterioration X X
- 91.06.24 Compliance with IFR X X
- 91.06.25 Aircraft equipment X X
- 91.06.26 Change from IFR flight to VFR flight X X
- 91.06.27 IFR procedures X X
- 91.06.32 Minimum heights
(Paragraph: 3) X X
- 91.06.33 Semi-circular rule X X
- 91.06.34 Aerodrome approach and departure
procedures X X
- 91.07.2 Minimum flight altitudes X X
- 91.07.3 Use of aerodromes X X
- 91.07.5 Aerodrome operating minima X X
- 91.07.6 Threshold crossing height X X
- 91.07.7 Pre-flight selection of aerodromes X X
- 91.07.8 Planning minima for IFR flights X X
- 91.07.9 Meteorological conditions X X
- 91.07.12 Fuel supply X X
Page 125 of 318
- 91.07.15 Instrument approach and departure
procedures X X
- 91.07.25 Approach and landing conditions X X
- 91.07.26 Approach ban X X
- 91.07.31 Simulated instrument flight in aircraft X X
C.3.2 SOUTH AFRICAN CIVIL AVIATION TECHNICAL
STANDARDS
SA-CATS 91 General Aviation and Operating
Flight Rules
- TS 91.03.3 Aircraft Checklists X X
- TS 91.04.28 Airborne Collision Avoidance
System X X
- TS 91.05.1 Communication equipment
- Paragraph: 5 X X
- TS 91.05.2 Navigation equipment
(Paragraph: 1) X X
- TS 91.05.3 Use of global navigation satellite
system X X
- TS 91.06.16 Mandatory radio
communications in controlled airspace
(Radio communication failure (RCF)
procedures – General)
(RCF procedures – IFR)
X X
- TS 91.07.2 Minimum flight altitudes X X
- TS 91.07.5 Aerodrome operating minima X X
- TS 91.07.7 Preflight selection of aerodromes X X
- TS 91.07.8 Planning Minima for IFR flights X X
- TS 91.07.12 Fuel supply X X
C.3.3
ICAO Document 8168 Procedures for Air
Navigation Services –
Volume I Flight Procedures
a. Part I FLIGHT PROCEDURES — GENERAL
Page 126 of 318
Section 1, Chapter 1 Definitions:
- Aerodrome elevation X X
- Airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS) X X
- Altitude X X
- Area navigation (RNAV) X X
- Base turn X X
- Circling approach. X X
- Continuous descent final approach (CDFA) X X
- Decision altitude (DA) or decision height (DH) X X
- Descent fix X X
- DME distance X X
- Elevation X X
- Final approach segment (FAS) X X
- Flight Level (FL) X X
- GBAS landing system (GLS) X X
- Height X X
- Holding fix X X
- Holding procedure X X
- Hot Spot X X
- Initial approach fix (IAF) X X
- Initial approach segment X X
- Instrument approach procedure (IAP) X X
- Intermediate approach segment X X
- Intermediate fix (IF) X X
- Localizer performance with vertical guidance
(LPV) X X
- Minimum descent altitude (MDA) or minimum
descent height (MDH) X X
- Minimum en-route altitude (MEA) X X
- Minimum obstacle clearance altitude (MOCA). X X
- Minimum sector altitude (different from the SA
MSA) X X
Page 127 of 318
- Missed approach holding fix (MAHF) X X
- Missed approach point (MAPt) X X
- Missed approach procedure X X
- Obstacle clearance altitude (OCA) or obstacle
clearance height(OCH) X X
- Procedure turn X X
- Racetrack procedure X X
- Reference datum height (RDH) X X
- Required navigation performance (RNP) X X
- Reversal procedure X X
- Standard instrument arrival (STAR) X X
- Standard instrument departure (SID) X X
- Terminal Arrival Altitude (TAA) X X
- Transition altitude X X
- Transition layer X X
- Transition level X X
- Vertical path angle (VPA) X X
- Visual manoeuvring (circling) area X X
- Waypoint X X
PART I Section 2
General principles
Chapter 1 General Information
Paragraphs: 1.1, 1.2 X X
PART I Section 3
Departure procedures
Chapter 1 General criteria for
departure procedures X X
Chapter 2 Standard instrument
departures X X
Chapter 3 Omnidirectional
departures X X
Page 128 of 318
Chapter 4 Published information for
departures X X
PART I Section 4
Arrival and approach procedures
Chapter 1
General criteria for arrival
and approach
procedures
X X
Chapter 2 Arrival Segment X X
Chapter 3 Initial Approach Segment X X
Chapter 4 Intermediate Segment X X
Chapter 5 Final Approach Segment X X
Chapter 6 Missed Approach
Segment X X
Chapter 7 Visual (Circling)
Manoeuvring Area X X
PART I Section 6
Holding procedures
Chapter 1 Holding Criteria X X
Chapter 2 Obstacle Clearance X X
PART I Section 8
Procedures for use by helicopters
Chapter 1 Introduction X
Chapter 2 X
Chapter 3 X
b. PART II - FLIGHT PROCEDURES — RNAV AND
SATELLITE-BASED
Section 1 GENERAL
Chapter 1 General information for
RNAV systems X X
Page 129 of 318
Chapter 2 Terminal arrival altitude
(TAA) X X
Chapter 3 General information for
basic GNSS X X
Chapter 4 (4.1 to 4.2.3.1,
4.3.1)
General information for
satellite-based
augmentation system
(SBAS)
X X
Chapter 5
General information for
ground-based
augmentation system
(GBAS)
X X
Section 2 DEPARTURE PROCEDURES
Chapter 1
Area navigation (RNAV)
departure procedures for
navigation systems using
basic GNSS receivers
X X
Chapter 2
Area navigation (RNAV)
departure procedures for
satellite-based
augmentation system
(SBAS)
X X
Chapter 4
Area navigation (RNAV)
departure procedures
and RNP-based
departure procedures
X X
Section 3 ARRIVAL AND NON-PRECISION
APPROACH PROCEDURES
Page 130 of 318
Chapter 1 (1.1 to 1.4)
Area navigation (RNAV)
arrival and approach
procedures for navigation
systems using basic
GNSS receivers
X X
Chapter 2
Area navigation (RNAV)
arrival and approach
procedures based on
DME/DME
X X
Chapter 3
Area navigation (RNAV)
arrival and approach
procedures based on
VOR/DME
X X
Chapter 5
Area navigation (RNAV)
arrival and approach
procedures based on
GBAS
X X
Section 4 APPROACH PROCEDURES WITH
VERTICAL GUIDANCE
Chapter 1
(Tables II-4-1-1 & Table
II-4-1-2 not required to be
memorized)
APV/BARO-VNAV
approach procedures X X
Chapter 2 (2.1.1, 2.2,
2.4.2)
Area navigation (RNAV)
arrival and approach
procedures based on
SBAS
X X
Section 5 PRECISION APPROACH
PROCEDURES
Chapter 1 GBAS precision
approach procedures X X
Section 6 RNAV HOLDING
Page 131 of 318
Chapter 1
(only 1.1) General X X
Section 7 EN
ROUTE
Chapter 1
(1.2 only)
Area navigation (RNAV)
and RNP-based en-route
procedures
X X
c. PART III
Aircraft operating procedures
Section 1 Altimeter setting
procedures X X
C.3.4 RSA Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)
ENR 1.4 ATS Airspace
classification X X
ENR 1.5 1.5.1 General X X
1.5.2 Arriving Flights X X
1.5.10 Departing flights
General X X
1.5.10.1 Noise
abatement
procedures
X
ENR 1.6 1.6.1 Primary Radar X X
1.6.2 Secondary
Surveillance Radar
(excl 1.6.2.3.4 &
1.6.2.3.5)
X X
ENR 1.7 South African AIP
ALTIMETER SETTING
PROCEDURES
(excl 1.7.3 b.)
X X
Page 132 of 318
ENR 1.8
Regional Supplementary
Procedures
(excluding Example
table under 1.8.1.2.7;
Table 2 under 1.8.3;
Minima under Tables 4
(Notes should be known);
Minima under Table 5
(Notes should be known);
Minima under Table 6
(Notes should be known);
Table 7; Paragraph
1.8.4.5 Responsibility of
Duty Airport Manager)
X X
Page 133 of 318
AD section
Interpretation of
information provided by
the AIP Aerodrome (AD)
section:
AERODROME
SID
STAR
ILS approach
VOR approach
NDB approach
RADAR TERRAIN
CLEARANCE
RNAV / GNSS
(Candidates should take
note of the information in
RSA AIP GEN section
2.2 for AIP abbreviations
and section 2.3 for Chart
symbols)
X X
C.3.5 JEPPESEN MANUAL
Interpretation of information provided by the
JEPPESEN manual:
AIRPORT
SID
STAR
ILS approach
VOR approach
NDB approach
AREA
RADAR MINIMUM ALTITUDE
X X
C.3.6 JEPPESEN HIGH / LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE
CHARTS
Page 134 of 318
a. Recognition and knowledge of:
- Air route structure X X
- MEA, MOCA, MORA, Grid MORA X X
- airspace structure and classification X X
- communication frequencies X X
- chart symbols X X
- danger, restricted and prohibited airspace X X
- en route holding patterns X X
- aerodrome information X X
- radio navigation facilities and frequencies X X
C.3.6 ICAO ANNEX 14 – AERODROMES
Volume I Aerodrome Design and Operations
a. Definitions
- Barrette X X
- Instrument runway (All types are to be known) X X
- Primary runway(s) X X
f. Chapter 2 Aerodrome data
- 2.2 Aerodrome reference point X X
- 2.3 Aerodrome and runway elevation X X
g. Chapter 5 Visual aids for navigation X X
5.2 Markings
- 5.2.1 General X X
- 5.2.2 Runway designation marking X X
- 5.2.3 Runway centre line marking X X
- 5.2.4 Threshold marking (including displaced
threshold marking) X X
- 5.2.5 Aiming point marking X X
- 5.2.6 Touchdown zone marking X X
- 5.2.7 Runway side stripe marking X X
- 5.2.8 Taxiway centre line marking X X
- 5.2.10 Runway-holding position marking X X
- 5.2.11 Intermediate holding position marking X X
Page 135 of 318
5.3 Lights
- 5.3.4 Approach lighting systems X X
- 5.3.5 Visual approach slope indicator systems X X
- 5.3.7 Runway lead-in lighting systems X X
- 5.3.8 Runway threshold identification lights X X
- 5.3.9 Runway edge lights X X
- 5.3.10 Runway threshold and wing bar lights X X
- 5.3.11 Runway end lights X X
- 5.3.12 Runway centre line lights X X
- 5.3.13 Runway touchdown zone lights X X
- 5.3.16 Stopway lights X X
- 5.3.17 Taxiway centre line lights X X
- 5.3.20 Stop bars X X
- 5.3.21 Intermediate holding position lights X X
CATS 61.11.3 Topic (iv):
FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING
SYLLAB
US
ASPECT
NUMBER
SYLLABUS ASPECT
AIRCRAFT
CATEGORY
APPLICABILI
TY
A H
C.4.1 BASIC AERODYNAMIC THEORY:
a. Definitions, terminology and concepts:
- Wing characteristics: Angle of attack, chord line,
camber X X
- Lift, weight, thrust X X
- Graph: Coefficient of lift/ Angle of attack X X
Page 136 of 318
- Drag types: induced, profile, form, parasite, skin
friction, interference X X
- Ground effect X X
C.4.2 PERFORMANCE TERMINOLOGY AND THEORY
- Define ―steady‖ flight X X
- The forces during steady climbing and
descending flight X X
- The opposing forces during horizontal steady
flight X X
- The ―thrust/power required‟ and ‟thrust/power
available‖ graph curves X X
- The effect of excess thrust and excess power on
speed and/or climb performance X X
- Climb angle and climb gradient X X
- Flight path angle and flight path gradient X X
- Descent angle and descent gradient X X
- Service and absolute ceiling X
C.4.3 RANGE AND ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE
a. Range and endurance
Flying for range X
- Propeller propulsion X
- Jet propulsion X
- Helicopters X
Flying for endurance
- Propeller propulsion X
- Jet propulsion X
- Helicopter X
C.4.4 AIRSPEED TERMINOLOGY AND SYMBOLS
d. IAS, RAS / CAS), TAS, GS (groundspeed) X X
e. VA, VNO, VNE, VX, VY X X
f. VS, VS1, VSO, VFO, VFE, VLO, VLE, VMO,
VS1g, VSR, VSR0, VSR1 X
Page 137 of 318
g. VMCG, VMCA, VMC, V1, VR, V2, VREF, VLOF,
VMBE X
C.4.5 METEOROLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY
f. International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) X X
g. OAT, IOAT, TAT, SAT, RAT X X
h. Temperature deviation from ISA X X
i. Pressure altitude, Density altitude X X
j. QNH, QFE, QNE X X
C.4.6 FACTORS AFFECTING AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
- Temperature X X
- Air density X X
- Aircraft mass X X
- Aeroplane configuration X
- Aeroplane antiskid system status X
- Aircraft centre of gravity X X
- Aerodrome runway surface X
- Aerodrome runway slope X
- The effect of flap settings X
- The effects of different recommended power
settings on range and endurance X X
- The effect of wind and altitude on range and
endurance X X
- The effect of the wind component on take-off
and landing performance X
- The effect of mass, wind and speed on descent
performance X
C.4.7 AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION
South African Civil Aviation Regulations
c. Part 91.08 Performance Operating Limitations:
- Part 91.08.1 General provisions X
- Part 91.08.4 Aeroplane performance
classification X
Page 138 of 318
- Part 91.08.5 Performance limitations Class A
and Class C aeroplanes X
- SACATS 91.08.5 Performance limitations Class
A and Class C aeroplanes X
C.4.8 HELICOPTER PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION
a. South African Civil Aviation Regulations
Part 1.01.1 Definitions
- Operations in performance Class 1 X
Operations in performance Class 2 X
Operations in performance Class 3 X
Part 91: General Aviation and Operating Flight
Rules
- Part 91.08.1 General provisions X
- Part 91.08.2 Helicopter operating limitations X
- Part 91.08.3 Helicopter performance
classification X
C.4.9 STAGES OF FLIGHT
- Take-off X X
- Climb X X
- Level Flight X X
- Descending X X
- Approach and landing X X
C.4.10 CALCULATION OF PET and PNR
- PET (point of equal time) X X
- CP (critical point) X
- PNR (point of no return) X X
- PSR (point of safe return) X
C.4.11 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE
a. Fuel weight and Performance X X
- Specific fuel weight (AVGAS and Jet A-1) X X
- Specific gravity X X
b. Specific endurance X X
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- Explain specific endurance X X
- Calculation of specific endurance X X
c. Theory and calculation of specific range:
Explain specific range X X
Calculation of specific endurance X X
- ANM/fuel ratio X X
- GNM/fuel ratio X X
d. Specific fuel consumption (SFC):
Theory of SFC X X
Effect of the following on SFC X X
- Engine power / thrust X X
- Altitude X X
- Weight X X
Calculation of SFC X X
C.4.12 FUEL PLANNING
a. Fuel requirements of South African legislation:
- CAR 91.07.12 Fuel supply X X
- CATS 91.07.12 Fuel supply (1. Planning
criteria for aeroplanes) X
- CATS 91.07.12 Fuel supply (2.. Fuel and oil
supply for helicopters) X
b. In-flight fuel management and fuel state
awareness X X
- Importance of fuel state awareness and log-
keeping X X
- Unplanned events that could affect fuel state X X
C.4.13 DOCUMENTATION AND SOURCES OF PREFLIGHT
INFORMATION
a. CAR 91.03.1 Documents to be carried on board X X
Aircraft flight manual (AFM):
- Layout of an AFM X X
- CAR 91.03.2 Aircraft flight manual X X
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Checklists
- CAR 91.03.3 Aircraft checklist X X
ATS Flight plan
- CAR 91.03.4 Air traffic service flight plan and
associated procedures X X
Flight folio
- CAR 91.03.5 Flight folio X X
b. Fuel record
- CAR 91.03.6 Fuel record X X
c. Certificate of release to service
- CAR 91.03.7 Certificate of release to service X X
d. Notice to airmen (NOTAM)
- Types X X
- Classification X X
e. Minimum equipment list (MEL)
- Definition X X
- Master minimum equipment list (MMEL) X X
- Operational use of MEL X X
f. RSA AIP & AIP Supplements
- Purpose of AIP and supplements X X
g. Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC’s)
- Purpose X X
C.4.14 IFR ALTITUDES
Explain the following altitudes / heights:
- MEA X X
- RNAV MEA X X
- MRA X X
- MAA X X
- MOCA X X
- MORA X X
- MTA X X
- MCA X X
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- Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RSVM) X X
- Height above ground (QFE) X X
- Barometric Pressure for Standard Altimeter
Setting (QNE) X X
- Barometric Pressure for Local Altimeter Setting
(QNH) X X
C.4.15 AERODROME TERMINOLOGY (AEROPLANE)
- Runway length X
- Take-off run available (TORA) X
- Take-off run required (TORR) X
- Take-off distance available (TODA) X
- Take-off distance required (TODR) X
- Landing distance available (LDA) X
- Landing distance required (LDR) X
- Accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA) X
- Accelerate-go X
- Clearway, stopway X X
- Displaced thresholds (permanent / temporary) X X
- Runway slope X X
- Runway strength (ACN/PCN) X X
- Balanced and Unbalanced Field Lengths X
- WAT limits X X
- Pre-flight altimeter check location X X
C.4.16 AERODROME TERMINOLOGY (HELICOPTER)
a. Declared distances — heliports X
- Take-off distance available (TODAH) X
- Rejected take-off distance available (RTODAH) X
- Landing distance available (LDAH) X
C.4.17 MASS AND BALANCE
Mass limitations X X
- The relationship between aircraft mass and
structural stress X X
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- The relationship between aircraft mass and
performance X X
- Centre of gravity (CG) limitations X X
- The relationship between CG position and
stability / controllability of aircraft X X
- The effects of a CG in front of the forward limit
and a CG behind the aft limit X X
- Describe the relationship between CG position
and aircraft performance X X
CATS 61.11.3 Topic (v):
SPECIAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND HAZARDS
SYLLAB
US
ASPECT
NUMBER
SYLLABUS ASPECT
AIRCRAFT
CATEGORY
APPLICABILI
TY
A H
C.5.1 GROUND DE-ICING
a. icing conditions X X
b. ground de-icing, X X
c. de-icing and anti-icing fluids X X
d. holdover times X X
C.5.2 BIRD STRIKE RISK AND AVOIDANCE X X
C.5.3 FIRE AND SMOKE
a. engine fire X X
b. fire in the cabin, cockpit, freight compartment X X
c. selection of appropriate fire extinguishing
agents with respect to fire classification X X
d. actions in case of over-heated brakes after
aborted take-off and landing X X
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e. smoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and
actions taken X X
C.5.4 WINDSHEAR, MICROBURST
a. effects and recognition during approach/departure X X
b. actions to avoid and actions taken during encounter X X
C.5.5 WAKE TURBULENCE:
a. cause X X
b. influence of speed and mass, wind X X
c. actions taken during approach, landing, take-
off, crossing behind X X
C.5.6 CONTAMINATED RUNWAYS:
a. SA CAR Part 1.01.1 Definitions: X
- damp runway X
- dry runway X
- wet runway X
- contaminated runway X
b. Types of contamination X
c. Hydroplaning / Aquaplaning X
- types X
- critical speed formula X
- reducing the effects of hydroplaning X
C.5.7 CFIT
a. Definition X X
b. Avoidance X X
C.5.8 STABILIZED APPROACH
a. Requirements for a stabilized approach X X
b. Advantages X X
CATS 61.11.3 Topic (vi):
INSTRUMENTS
SYLLAB SYLLABUS ASPECT
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US
ASPECT
NUMBER
AIRCRAFT
CATEGORY
APPLICABILI
TY
A H
C.7.1 AIR DATA INSTRUMENTS
a. Pitot and static system X X
- pitot tube, construction and principles of
operation X X
- static source X X
- malfunction X X
- heating X X
- alternate static source X X
b. Altimeter X X
- construction and principles of operation X X
- simple, sensitive and servo assisted altimeters X X
- errors and tolerances X X
- settings, QNH, QFE, QNE X X
- pressure, true and absolute altitude X X
- altitude alert X X
c. Airspeed indicator (ASI) X X
- construction and principles of operation X X
- meaning of coloured sectors X X
- maximum speed indicator X X
- errors, blockages and leaks X X
d. Vertical speed indicator (VSI) X X
- construction and principles of operation X X
- aneroid and instantaneous VSI (IVSI) X X
- errors X X
C.7.2 GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS
a. Gyroscopic fundamentals X X
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- theory of gyroscopic forces (stability,
precession) X X
- types, construction and principles of operation: X X
- drive types: electrical, vacuum system X X
b. Directional gyro (DG) X X
- construction X X
- principle of operation X X
- limitations X X
c. Remote indicating compass X X
- construction and principle of operation X X
- components X X
- modes of operation X X
- drive types: electrical, vacuum system X X
- application, uses of output data X X
d. Attitude Indicator / Artificial horizon (AI / AH) X X
- construction and principle of operation X X
- turn and acceleration errors X X
- application, uses of output data X X
e. Turn and slip indicator X X
- construction and principle of operation X X
- errors X X
- turn co-ordinator X X
- rate of turn and angle of bank X X
f. Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS) X X
- Micro-electro-mechanical sensors (MEMS)
accelerometers X X
- basic principle of operation X X
- typical aircraft application X X
C.7.3 HORIZONTAL SITUATION INDICATOR (HSI)
- construction and principle of operation X X
- information displayed X X
C.7.4 ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT SYSTEM
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(EFIS)
- design and operation X X
- Primary Flight Display (PFD) and information
displayed X X
- Navigation Display (ND) / Multi-function Display
(MFD) and information displayed X X
- typical aircraft installation X X
- crew alerting display X X
C.7.5 FLIGHT DIRECTOR SYSTEM (FD)
- design and principle of operation X
- FD displays and interpretation X
- input sources X
- integration with attitude director indicator (ADI) X
- FD mode of operation X
- autoflight guidance X
C.7.6 AUTOPILOT
- general principles of operation X X
- types: single axis, two axis, three axis X X
- lateral modes (pitch) X X
- longitudinal modes (roll) X X
- combined modes (roll and pitch) X X
C.7.7 RADIO ALTIMETER
- principles X X
- frequency band X X
- presentation and interpretation X X
- errors and accuracy X X
C.7.8 PROXIMITY AND WARNING SYSTEMS
a. Ground proximity warning system (GPWS) X X
- design and principle of operation X X
- GPWS indications and warnings X X
b. Terrain Avoidance Warning System (TAWS) or
Enhanced GPWS X X
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- design and principle of operation X X
c. Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System
(TCAS / ACAS) X X
- principles of operation X X
- displays and traffic indications X X
- Traffic advisory (TA) X X
- Resolution Advisory (RA) X X
- TCAS commands X X
- responsibility of flight crew X X
- Principle of reduced surveillance X X
d. Altitude alert system X X
- function X X
- altitude approach alert X X
- altitude deviation alert X X
C.7.9 AIR TEMPERATURE INDICATORS
- sensors X X
C.7.10 MAGNETISM
Magnetic compass X X
- components and principle of operation X X
- serviceability tests X X
- turning and acceleration errors X X
C.7.11 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICAL INSTRUMENT
FLYING
a. Control instruments X X
b. Performance instruments X X
c. Relationship between power / thrust and
attitude and resultant performance X X
d. Instrument cross-check (scan) and scanning
techniques: X X
- Selected radial cross-check X X
- Inverted-V cross-check X X
- Rectangular cross-check X X
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- Common cross-check errors X X
- Instrument Interpretation X X
e. Implication of failure of instruments X X
C.7.12 AEROPLANE INSTRUMENT FLYING USING
ANALOG INSTRUMENTATION
a. Full panel manoeuvres and common errors: X
Straight and level flight X
Straight climbs and descents X
Turns X
- Standard rate turns X
- Timed turns X
- Turns to predetermined headings X
- Compass turns X
Steep turns X
Climbing and descending turns X
Change of airspeed during turns X
Unusual attitudes and recovery X
- Recognizing unusual attitudes X
- Recovery from unusual attitudes
- (nose-high and nose-low) X
- Common errors in unusual attitudes X
Instrument take-off X
b. Limited (partial) panel manoeuvres and
common errors: X
Straight and level flight X
Straight climbs and descents X
Turns X
- Standard rate turns X
- Timed turns X
- Compass turns X
- Climbing and descending turns X
C.7.13 AEROPLANE INSTRUMENT FLYING USING AN
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ELECTRONIC FLIGHT DISPLAY
a. Scanning Techniques: X
- Selected radial cross-check X
- Common errors (fixation, omission, emphasis) X
b. Basic manoeuvres and common errors: X
- Straight and level flight X
- Straight climbs and descents X
- Standard rate turns X
- Turns to predetermined headings X
- Timed turns X
- Compass turns X
- Steep turns X
- Instrument take-off X
C.7.14 HELICOPTER FLIGHT MANOEUVRES:
a. Basic manoeuvres: X
Straight and level flight X
- Common errors during straight and level flight X
- Power control during straight and level flight X
- Common errors during airspeed changes X
Straight climbs (constant airspeed and constant
rate) X
- Entry X
Straight descents (constant airspeed and
constant rate) X
- Entry X
- Level off X
- Common errors during straight climbs and
descents X
Turns X
- Turn to a predetermined heading X
- Timed turns X
- Change of airspeed in turns X
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- Compass turns X
- Climbing and descending turns X
- Common errors during turns X
b. Unusual attitudes X
- Common errors during unusual attitude
recoveries X
c. Emergencies X
- Autorotations X
- Servo failure X
d. Instrument take-off X
- Common errors during instrument take-offs X
CATS 61.11.3 Topic (vii):
HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
SYLLAB
US
ASPECT
NUMBER
SYLLABUS ASPECT
AIRCRAFT
CATEGORY
APPLICABILI
TY
A H
C.7.1 MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT: THE SENSORY
SYSTEM
- The senses X X
C.7.2 CENTRAL, PERIPHERAL AND AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
a. Parts of the central nervous system X X
b. Basic functions X X
c. Transfer of information X X
d. Division of the peripheral nerves into sensory
and motor nerves X X
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e. Sensitivity X X
f. Sensory adaptation X X
C.7.3 VISION
a. Functional anatomy X X
b. Parts of the eye and the pathway to the visual
cortex X X
c. Functionality and components X X
d. Accommodation X X
e. Rod and cone cells X X
f. Foveal and peripheral vision X X
g. Visual acuity, visual field, central vision,
peripheral vision, fovea and explain their
function in the process of vision
X X
h. Factors degrading visual acuity X X
i. Night vision limitations X X
j. Adapting from day to night X X
k. Adaptation time X X
l. Colour blindness X X
m. Binocular and monocular vision X X
n. Depth perception and flight performance X X
o. Monocular depth perception X X
C.7.4 HEARING
a. Components of the human ear X X
b. Basic functions of the different parts of the
auditory system X X
c. Function of the cochlea X X
d. Equilibrium X X
e. Functional anatomy X X
f. Functions of the vestibular apparatus on the
ground and in flight X X
g. Semi-circular canals X X
C.7.5 INTEGRATION OF SENSORY INPUT
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a. Spatial orientation X X
b. Illusion X X
c. Approach and landing illusion X X
d. Flicker vertigo X X
e. Vestibular illusions X X
f. Seat-off-the-pants senses X X
g. Spatial disorientation X X
h. Prevention X X
C.7.6 HUMAN ERROR AND RELIABILITY
a. Reliability of human behaviour X X
b. Mental models and situational awareness X X
c. The theory and models of human error X X
d. Error generation X X
e. Decision-making X X
f. Decision-making concepts X X
C.7.7 HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
a. Personality, Attitude and behaviour X X
b. Individual differences in personality and
motivation X X
c. Identification of hazardous attitudes (error
proneness) X X
C.7.8 HUMAN OVERLOAD AND UNDERLOAD
a. Arousal X X
b. Stress X X
c. Fatigue and stress management X X
3. SUBSITUTION OF DOCUMENT SA-CATS OF APPENDIX 12.0 TO SA-
CATS 61
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3.1 Appendix 12.0 to SA CATS 61 is hereby substituted by complete deletion of
Appendix 12.0 to SA CATS 61 of the 2011 Regulations and by replacement
with the following:
Appendix 12.0
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Performance Based Navigation
(PBN)
A. GNSS theoretical training syllabus
1. Different satellite systems
(a) (NAVSTAR) GPS
(b) GLONASS
(c) Galileo
(d) Beidou-2 (Compass).
2. World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84).
3. Components of the GNSS
(a) Space segment
(i) Satellites and orbits
(b) Control segment
(i) Master control station
(ii) Monitoring stations
(iii) Data uploading stations.
(c) User segment
(i) GNNS receiver
(aa) TSO-C129 / C146
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(bb) Displays.
(ii) GNNS antennas.
4. GPS satellite signals
(a) Frequency band (L-band)
(b) Almanac
(c) Ephemeris data.
5. How the GPS receiver determines position
(a) Minimum number of satellites required
(b) Propagation time
(c) Pseudorange
(d) Trilateration
(e) Errors
(i) Ephemeris error
(ii) Ionospheric error
(iii) Multipath
(iv) Dilution of precision (DOP)
6. Augmentation systems
(a) Satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS)
(i) Wide area augmentation system (WAAS)
(ii) European geostationary navigation overlay service (EGNOS)
(b) Aircraft-based augmentation system (ABAS)
(i) Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM)
(aa) Fault detection (FD)
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(bb) Fault detection and exclusion (FDE)
(ii) Aircraft Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (AAIM)
(c) Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS)
(i) Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS).
B. PBN theoretical training syllabus
1. Describe the performance based navigation (PBN) concept.
2. Describe area navigation (RNAV).
3. Describe required navigational performance (RNP).
4. Navigation inputs to an on-board RNAV system (ground, airborne (e.g. INS) and
space based).
5. Required and recommended on-board RNAV system functions and displays.
6. RNAV and RNP navigation specifications used in South Africa
(a) En-route oceanic
(b) En-route continental
(c) Departure.
(d) Arrival
(e) Approach
(I) Initial approach
(ii) Intermediate approach
(iii) Final approach
(iv) Missed approach.
7. The advanced RNP (A-RNP) navigation specification.
8. Lateral and vertical GNSS based approach guidance
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(a) Lateral navigation (LNAV)
(i) Approach minima
(b) Approach with Vertical Guidance (APV)
(i) Barometric vertical navigation (BARO VNAV)
(aa) Approach minima
(bb) Effect of temperature
(ii) Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance (LPV) – requires SBAS.
9. System performance requirements for PBN operations
(a) Lateral accuracy
(i) Total system error (TSE)
(b) Integrity
(c) Continuity
(d) Availability of systems
10. Initial approach fix (IAF) layout
(a) T-bar
(b) Y-bar.
11. Terminal arrival altitude (TAA)
(a) Reference points
(b) Clearance provided.
12. RNAV waypoint types
(a) Fly-by waypoint
(b) Fly-over waypoint.
13. Segment minimum altitudes in the final approach segment (shaded boxes).
14. Convention of naming approach fixes in South Africa.
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C. Flight training
1. Single pilot operations
(a) At least three approaches, one from each IAF.
(b) At least two missed approaches.
2. Multi-pilot operations
(a) At least two approaches per pilot (i.e. four approaches in total) from different
IAFs.
(b) At least one missed approach per pilot.
3. The flight training may be conducted:
(a) at a single aerodrome with an RNAV(GNSS) approach.
(b) in an aircraft or FSTD approved for the purpose.
SCHEDULE 3
1. AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA CATS 65 OF THE TECHNICAL
STANDARD
1.1 Technical Standard 65.02.2 is hereby amended by the substitution in part 2
for subpart 3 with the following subpart:
―(3) Language
(a) The candidate must have sufficient ability in reading, speaking and
understanding the English language to enable them to adequately
carry out their responsibilities as air traffic service personnel and must
have attained a minimum of ICAO level 4 in their English language
proficiency examination.
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(b) Air traffic controllers and aeronautical station operators who
demonstrate proficiency below the Expert Level (Level 6) should be
formally evaluated at intervals in accordance with an individual‘s
demonstrated proficiency level, as follows:
(i) those demonstrating language proficiency at the Extended Level
(Level 5) should be evaluated at least once every six years; and
(ii) those demonstrating language proficiency at the Operational
Level (Level 4) should be evaluated at least once every three
years.‖.
SCHEDULE 4
1. AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA CATS 66 OF THE TECHNICAL
STANDARD
1.1 Technical Standard 66 is hereby amended by the insertion of the following:
TS 66.01.4
INTRODUCTION
Definitions used for the purpose of this section:
―Series‖ means a series of aircraft designated with the same ICAO designator.
―Family‖ means a collection of aircraft with similar characteristics.
―Flagship‖ model means the aircraft model that is considered representative of a
defined family of aircraft.
―Group ―means aircraft group as defined in Part 66.01.4 of Regulations
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1. Principles applicable to the issue of series family and group licenses for aircraft in
groups 1 to 5, rotorcraft in groups 7 and 9, engines in groups 01 to 04 and
propellers are as follows:
(a) Use of ICAO designator
For aircraft and helicopters in these groups the ICAO designator will be used as the
primary element for the granting of an AME license and not the individual model
within the designator.
As example: A Cessna 182 license will be issued as Cessna 182 series, and not at
individual model level.
The interpretation of the CATS 66 in this regard will be as follows:
CATS 66.02.4 1.1 Issue or addition of different types of category ‗A‘
―An applicant for the issuing of a licence in Category A, or for the addition of
Category A to an existing licence, must have two years aeronautical engineering
experience after qualifying on relevant trade including 6 months experience to the
type for which application is made‖
In terms of the Cessna 182 example: The six months experience to be on any
combination of Cessna 182 aircraft, not necessarily one specific model of 182.
CATS 66.02.4 1.2 Extension of category A (all types within the same data
specification)
―An applicant for the extension of Category A of his or her licence must have had a
total amount of six months experience of practical maintenance and inspection of
airframes on type or six months within the same type data specification of which a
minimum of thirty days spent solely on the type for which the extension is desired‖
When applying for an additional series within the same type certificate the
―additional‖ experience required will be thirty days and not 6 months
Example: The holder of the C182 series desiring to obtain the R182 series (code
C82R) needs only 30 days experience.
(b) Families of aircraft
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In addition to the series associated with a single type designator, various families of
aircraft may be defined for the purpose of granting a family license. (The basic
principle is similarity of the aircraft and their systems)
Examples:
Cessna 100 family
Cessna 200 family
Beech Debonair/Bonanza/Baron family
The definition of a family is not necessarily limited to the same manufacturer.
The families that have been defined are listed in this document with the group
definitions.
Typically, a flagship model has been selected for each of the defined series. The
candidate will target the flagship model to attain an AME license on that model.
Provision was made for the candidate who is not in a position to gain 6 months
experience on the flagship model, by allowing the granting of a series of the lesser
models based on the seniority of the license held by the candidate.
When upgrading from a lesser model to a more senior model in the series 2 months
experience on the senior model will be considered acceptable.
(c) Groups of aircraft
A group license may be granted to an applicant who holds 60% of the aircraft (by
ICAO code) in the qualifying group.
Examples:
Aircraft in group 4
Rotorcraft in group 7
The Director reserves the right to exclude any particular aircraft from a defined series
or group on the grounds of dissimilarity from the other aircraft in the group. Any such
identified exclusion will be published.
A person shall hold a group license from issuance and it shall be applicable to all
aircraft within a group, as per the latest revision of aircraft within a group published.
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The Director shall not list individual aircraft within a group on a license, once a group
license has been issued. Only those aircraft listed individually prior to issuance of a
group license may be considered for separate listing on an AME license.
(d) Experience requirement
A family license may only be granted to an applicant who has five year uninterrupted
experience as licensed AME since the first A rating was issued to the holder. The
experience need not be limited to aircraft in the series or group for which the license
is sought.
GROUPS OF AIRFRAMES AND ENGINES
66.01.4 (1) for the purposes of licensing AMEs, airframes are classified into the
following groups
(a) GROUP 1 - AEROPLANES OF
WOODEN CONSTRUCTION, WITH
A MAXIMUM CERTIFICATED MASS
OF 5700KG OR LESS.
(i) When reference is made in a licence to this group, the privileges of the
licence may be exercised in respect of the following airframes:
MANUFACTURER MODEL ICAO
CODE
DE HAVILLAND DH-87 Hornet Moth DH87
DE HAVILLAND DH-89 Dragon Rapide DH89
Eligibility for a group license.
(ii) The holder of any rating in group 1 who has more than 5 year
uninterrupted experience as AME, since the first AME license with a cat A
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rating was granted to the holder, is eligible to apply for the issue of a group
1 license.
(b) GROUP 2 - AEROPLANES CONSTRUCTED OF COMPOSITES, WITH A
MAXIMUM CERTIFICATED MASS OF 5700KG OR LESS.
(i) When reference is made in a licence to this group, the privileges of the
licence may be exercised in respect of the following airframes:
MANUFACTURER MODEL ICAO CODE
CIRRUS SR20/SR22 SR20/SR22
DIAMOND DA-20 Katana DV20
DIAMOND DA-40 DA40
DIAMOND DA-42 DA42
EXTRA 300,350 E300
EXTREMEAIR XA42 XA42
GROB G-103C Twin 3SL G103
GROB G-109, Ranger (Vigilant) G104
STEMME S-10 S10S
Eligibility for a group license.
(ii) The holder of a rating in group 2 who has more than 5 year uninterrupted
experience as AME, since the first AME license with a cat A rating was granted to
the holder, and who holds 60% of the aircraft (ICAO designator) in group 2, at the
date of application, is eligible to apply for the issue of a group 2 license.
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(c) Group 3 - Aeroplanes of fabric covered tubular metal construction, with a
maximum certificated mass of 5700kg or less.
(i) When reference is made in a licence to this group, the privileges of the
licence may be exercised in respect of the following airframes:
MANUFACTURER MODEL ICAO CODE
AERONCA 15 Sedan AR15
ANTONOV AN-2 AN2
AUSTER J-5 Adventurer ADVE
AUSTER Auster AOP6 (K,6A) AUS6
BEECH 17 Staggerwing (UC-43 Traveler) BE17
BELLANCA 7 Champ, Citabria AR7
BELLANCA 8 Decathlon, Scout BL8
BELLANCA 17 Viking, Super Viking, Turbo
Viking B L17
BOEING 75 Kaydet (PT-13, PT-17, PT-18,
PT-27, N2S) ST75
CHRISTEN A-1 Husky HUSK
DE HAVILLAND DH-82 Tiger Moth DH82
FAIRCHILD F-24 (UC-61, JK, Forwarder, Argus) FA24
MAULE M-4 Bee Dee, Jetasen, Rocket,
Astro Rocket, Strata Rocket M4
MAULE M-5, Strata Rocket, Lunar Rocket,
Patroller M5
MAULE M-6 Super Rocket M6
Page 164 of 318
MAULE
M-7-235, MT-7, MX-7-160/180/235,
MXT-7-160/180 Super Rocket, Star
Rocket
M7
PIPER J-3 Cub J3
PIPER PA-12 Super Cruiser PQ12
PIPER PA-14 Family Cruiser PA14
PIPER PA-17 Vagabond PA17
PIPER PA-18 Super Cub variants PA18
PIPER PA-20 Pacer PA20
PIPER PA-22 Tri-Pacer, Caribbean, Colt PA22
PIPER PA-25 Pawnee PA25
PITTS S-2 Special PTS2
STINSON 108 Voyager, Station Wagon S108
TAYLORCRAFT BC, BF, BL, Ace, Sportsman,
Traveller TAYB
TAYLORCRAFT Plus C/D (Auster 1) PLUS
(ii) In group 3, as a build-up to a complete group 3 license, a candidate may
qualify for the issue of a license for a ―family‖ of aircraft of similar
construction.
(iii) The holder of a rating in group 3 who has more than 5 year uninterrupted
as AME, since the first AME license with a cat A rating was granted to the
holder, is eligible to apply for the issue of a ―family‖ license for any of the
defined ―families‖ as follows:
(a) The Maule family in group 3 if the candidate holds a rating for the
Maule M7.
(b) The Piper family aircraft in group 3 if he holds a rating for either of the
PA-18, 20, 22 or 25
Page 165 of 318
Description of the Piper family in group 3
The numbering of the pipers represents the order in timeline of manufacture.
All these aircraft show the horse power of the engine by the dash number, after the
model type. For example, J3C-65 means it is a J3 the C is for continental engine and
the 65 is the horse power. There are others like J3L (L for Lycoming) and J3F (F for
Franklin). According to Type Certificates most of Piper aircraft in group 3 have
Lycoming engines only.
In this Piper family (fabric covered aircraft), the J3 is lowest form with no electrics, no
flaps, two seats and engines from 40 hp to 90 hp. (not listed above is the PA11
which is a J3 with larger engine electrics and full engine cowling) (Type certificate
still owned by Piper)
PA 12 is larger with electrics, Flaps optional, 3 seats and engines from 108 hp to 125
hp (most are STC'd to 150 hp)
PA 14 is a slightly wider body version of the PA 12 with flaps, 4 seats, full electrics
and same engines as PA 12 (also most STC'd to 150 hp, NOTE both PA 12 and 14
type certificates do not belong to piper).
PA 17 is listed above but is not owned by Piper and most are now NTCA.
PA 18 is a slightly larger version of the J3, still with 2 seats but has full electrics,
flaps and engines from 125 hp to 150 hp.
The PA 18 series also has an agricultural version, called a PA 18A. (TC owned by
Piper and supported)
The PA 20 is essentially a shorter version of the PA 12 / 14, shorter fuselage and
wings. 4 seats, full electrics, pretty much the same as PA 12/14, including the
engines. (NOTE all above aircraft are tail wheel types)
The PA 22-135 / 150 / 160 aircraft are identical to the PA 20, except they were
converted to tricycle gear and engine options up to 160 hp.
PA 22 -108 is a downgraded version of the above aircraft, with only 2 seats and 108
hp engine, no flaps.
Page 166 of 318
NOTE PA 20 & 22 are still owned by Piper but not really supported in terms of
updated publications.
PA 25 is a crop sprayer and not owned by Piper any longer. The PA 25 would be
considered the flagship of the group 3 Piper, as it has the largest engine in the group
up to 260 hp.
Summary: The PA 22 would be the flagship for the J3 through PA 18.
The PA 25 would be the overall flagship for the group.
The Aeronca, Auster, Bellanca 7/8, Stinson and Taylor Craft are so similar to the PA-
12, 14, 18, 20 or 22 that they can be combined with the Pipers into a series of similar
monoplane aircraft.
The holder of the Piper series and any of the Aeronca, Auster, Bellanca 7/8, Stinson
or Taylor Craft ratings qualifies to apply for a group 3 monoplane family rating.
The Boeing Stearman, Pitts series and DH82 are biplanes that require much rigging
experience.
The Boeing Stearman is the top of the range in this Biplane group and the holder of
this license may be granted the Pitts series and the DH82.
An applicant who holds 60% of the aircraft in group 3, at the date of application, is
eligible to apply for the issue of a group 3 license.
(d) Group 4 - Unpressurised aeroplanes of all-metal construction, with a
maximum certificated mass of 5700kg or less.
Page 167 of 318
(i) When reference is made in a licence to this group, the privileges of the licence
may be exercised in respect of the following airframes:
MANUFACTURER MODEL ICAO
CODE
AERO 45 AE45
AERO
COMMANDER
100 Commander 100 VO10
AERO
COMMANDER
500 Commander 500 AC50
AERO
COMMANDER
680F, Commander 680F AC68
AERO
COMMANDER
S-2 Ag Commander SS2P
AEROSTAR 600, 601 AEST
AIR TRACTOR AT-301/401 AR3P
AIR TRACTOR AT-302/400/402 AT3T
AIR TRACTOR AT-502/503 AT5T
AIR TRACTOR AT-602 AT6T
AIR TRACTOR AT-802 AT8T
ALLISON 36 Turbine Bonanza B36T
AMERICAN AG-5 Tiger AA5
ALPHA AVIATION R2160i (Robin) R200
AYRES S-2R-600/R1340/R1820/R3S Thrush, Bull
Thrush
SS2P
Page 168 of 318
AYRES S-2R-T11/T15/T34/T65/G6/G10 Turbo Thrush,
V-1 Vigilante
SS2T
BEAGLE B-121 Pup PUP
BEECH 18 (C-45, RC-45, TC-45, UC-45, AT-7, AT-11
Kansan, SNB, JRB ,Expeditor, Navigator)
BE18
BEECH 19 Musketeer Sport, Sport BE19
BEECH 23 Musketeer, Sundowner BE13
BEECH 24 Musketeer Super, Sierra BE24
BEECH 33 Debonair, Bonanza (E-24) BE33
BEECH 35 Bonanza BE35
BEECH 36 Bonanza BE36
BEECH 55 Baron (T-42 Cochise, C-55, E-20) BE55
BEECH 56 Baron BE56
BEECH 58 Baron BE58
BEECH 65 Queen Air (U-8F Seminole) BE65
BEECH 76 Duchess B BE76
BEECH 95 Travel Air The Travel Air is considered as a
subset of the B55 and may be awarded to the
holder of a B55
BE95
BRITTEN-NORMAN BN-2, BN-2A/B Islander, Defender, Maritime
Defender
BN2P
BRITTEN-NORMAN BN-2T BN-2T
CESSNA 120 C120
CESSNA 140 C140
Page 169 of 318
CESSNA 150, A150, Commuter, Aerobat C150
CESSNA 152, A152, Aerobat C152
CESSNA 170 C170
CESSNA 172, P172, R172, Skyhawk, Hawk XP, Cutlass
(T-41,Mescalero)
C172
CESSNA 172RG Cutlass RG C72R
CESSNA 175, Skylark C175
CESSNA 177, Cardinal C177
CESSNA 177RG Cardinal RG C77R
CESSNA 180, Skywagon 180 (U-17C) C180
CESSNA 182, Skylane C182
CESSNA R182, TR182(Turbo) Skylane RG C82R
CESSNA 185, A185 Skywagon,Skywagon 185,
AgCarryall (U-17A/B)
C185
CESSNA 188, A188, T188 AgWagon, AgPickup,
AgTruck, AgHusky
C188
CESSNA 195 (LC-126) C195
CESSNA 206, P206, TP206, U206, TU206, (Turbo)
Super Skywagon, (Turbo) Super Skylane,
(Turbo) Skywagon 206, (Turbo) Stationair,
(Turbo) Stationair 6
C206
CESSNA 207 (Turbo) Skywagon 207, (Turbo) Stationair
7/8
C207
CESSNA 208 Caravan 1, (Super) Cargomaster, Grand
Caravan (U-27)
C208
Page 170 of 318
CESSNA 210, T210, (Turbo) Centurion C210
CESSNA 310, T310 (U-3, L-27) C310
CESSNA 320 (Executive) Skyknight C320
CESSNA 335 C335
CESSNA 336 C336
CESSNA
337, M337, MC337, T337B/C/D/E/F/H (Turbo)
Super Skymaster (O-2)
C337
CESSNA 401, 402, Utililiner, Businessliner C402
CESSNA
CESSNA
404 Titan
F406 Caravan 2
C404
CESSNA T303 Crusader C303
DE HAVILLAND DHC-1 Chipmunk DHC1
DE HAVILLAND
CANADA
DHC-2 Mk1 Beaver (U-6,L-20) DHC2
DE HAVILLAND
CANADA
DHC-6 Twin Otter (UV-18,CC-138) DHC6
DORNIER DO-27 (Fpl53) DO27
DORNIER 228-100/200 D228
EMBRAER 110 E110
ERCO 415 Ercoupe ERCO
Fuji FA200-180 SUBA
GIPPSLAND GA8 GA8
GIPPSLAND GA200 GA20
Page 171 of 318
GLOBE GC-1 Swift GC1
GRUMMAN G-164 Ag-Cat,Super Ag-Cat G164
GRUMMAN
AMERICAN
AA-1 Trainer,Tr2,T-Cat,Lynx AA1
GRUMMAN
AMERICAN
AA-5 Traveler,Cheetah,Tiger AA5
GRUMMAN
AMERICAN
G-164 Ag-Cat,Super Ag-Cat G164
GRUMMAN
AMERICAN
G-164 Turbo Ag-Cat G64T
HELIO H-391/392/395/250/295/700/800, HT-295
Courier, Strato-Courier, Super Courier (U-10)
COUR
MOONEY M-20, 201, 205, 231, 252, ATS, MSE, PFM,
TLS, Mark 21,
Super 21, Ranger, Master, Chaparral,
Executive, Statesman,
Ovation
M20
MOONEY M22, Mustang M22
MORANE-
SAULNIER
MS-880 to 893 Rallye, Rallye Club, Super
Rallye, Rallye Commodore
RALL
PAKISTAN Mushshak MF17
PACIFIC
AEROSPACE
750XL P750
NAVION Rangemaster RANG
PARTENAVIA P-64/66 Oscar, Charlie OSCR OSCR
PARTENAVIA P-68, Victor, Observer P68 P68
Page 172 of 318
PARTENAVIA AP-68TP-600 Viator VTOR VTOR
PIAGGIO P-166, P-166A/B/C/DL2/M/S, Portofino,
Albatross
P66P
PILATUS PC-6A/B/C Turbo-Porter (UV-20 Chiricahua) PC6T
PIPER PA-23-150/160 Apache PA23
PIPER PA-23-235/250 Aztec, Turbo Aztec (U-11,E-
19,UC-26)
PA27
PIPER PA-24 Comanche PA24
PIPER PA-28-140/150/151/160/161/180/181
Cherokee, Archer, Cadet, Dakota, Turbo
Dakota, Warrior, Cherokee Archer/ Challenger/
Charger/ Chief/ Cruiser/ Flite
Liner/Pathfinder/Warrior
PA28
PIPER PA-28R-180/200/201 Cherokee Arrow, Arrow
2/3, Turbo Arrow 3
P28R
PIPER PA-28RT-201/201T Arrow 4, Turbo Arrow 4
P28T
P28T
PIPER PA-30/39 Twin Comanche, Twin Comanche
CR, Turbo Twin Comanche
PA30
PIPER PA-31 Navajo, Piper, Chieftain PA31
PIPER PA-32 Cherokee Six, Six, Saratoga, Turbo
Saratoga
PA32
PIPER PA-32R Cherokee Lance, Lance, Saratoga SP,
Turbo Saratoga SP
P32R
PIPER PA-32RT Lance 2, Turbo Lance 2 P32T
Page 173 of 318
PIPER PA-34 Seneca PA34
PIPER PA-36 Pawnee Brave PA36
PIPER PA-38 Tomahawk PA38
PIPER PA-44 Seminole,Turbo Seminole PA44
PIPER PA-60, Aerostar AEST
PZL-MIELEC M-18 Dromader M18
PZL-OKECIE PZL-106AT/BT Turbo Kruk PZ6T
PZL-OKECIE PZL-104 Wilga PZ04
REIMS F172, FP172, FR172, Skyhawk, Reims Rocket,
Hawk XP
C172
REIMS F182 C182
REIMS F406 Caravan II F406
ROCKWELL 112, 114 Commander 112/114, Alpine
Commander, Gran Turismo Commander
CM11
SCHWEIZER G-164 Ag-Cat, Super Ag-Cat G164
SCHWEIZER G-164 Turbo Ag-Cat, Ag-Cat Turbine G64T
SIAI-MARCHETTI S-205-18F/20F S05F
SIAI-MARCHETTI S-205-18R/20R/22R S05R
SIAI-MARCHETTI S-208 S208
SIAI-MARCHETTI SF-260A/B/C/D/M/W, Warrior F260
SHORTS SC-7 Skyvan SC7
SOCATA MS-880 to 894, Rallye, Rallye Club/ Minerva/
Commodore, Gabier, Gaillard, Galérien,
Galopin, Garnement, Gaucho, Guerrier
RALL
Page 174 of 318
SOCATA TB-10/20 Tobago, GT TOBA
SOCATA TB-20/21 Trinidad, GT, Pashosh TRIN
TECNAM P2002-JF SIRA
TRANSAVIA PL-12 Airtruk, Skyfarmer PL12
ROBIN HR-100 Royal, Safari, Tiara, President HR10
ROBIN HR-200, R-200, Acrobin HR20
ROBIN DR-400 Cadet, Chevalier, Dauphin 4/80/2+2,
Earl, Major, Major 80, Petit Prince, Regent,
Remo 180/200/212, Remorqueur, 2+2
DR40
ZLIN Z-42/142/242 Z42
ZLIN Z-50 Z50
(ii) In group 4, as a build-up to a complete group 4 license, a candidate may
qualify for the issue of a license for a ―family‖ of aircraft of similar
construction.
(iii) The holder of a rating in group 4, who has more than 5 year uninterrupted
experience as AME, since the first AME license with a cat A rating was
granted to the holder, is eligible to apply for the issuance of a ―family‖
license for any of the defined ―families‖ as follows:
Ayres/Rockwell/Aerocommander/Air Tractor/Piper PA 36 Agricultural aircraft.
Although these are produced by different manufacturers they have been designed by
the same person using the same principles and can be dealt with as a family of
Agricultural aircraft.
The holder of the Ayres S-2R (piston) rating qualifies to apply for the Rockwell
commander, The Air Tractor AT 301/401 AT 302/400/402 the Aero Commander S-2
as well as the PA 60.
Page 175 of 318
The holder of the Ayres S-2R-T (turbine) rating qualifies to apply for the Air Tractor
AT 502/503 and AT 602 ratings. The new AT 801 will become the senior in this
family.
BEECH AIRCRAFT
The Beech 19, 23, 24 and 76 represent a family of aircraft
The Beech 24 is a retractable version of the 23 while the 76 is a twin engine version
of the 24.
The holder of the Beech 76 (the flagship) qualifies to apply for the 19, 23, 24 and 76
as a family.
The Beech 33/35/95/36/55/58/58P family
The B58 is the flagship in group 4, while the 58P (in group 5) is the overall senior
aircraft for this family.
The holder of the B58 or the B58P qualifies to apply for the issue of the above family
of Beech aircraft in group 4
The holder of any of the other aircraft in this family qualifies to apply for the issue of
the ratings of the lesser aircraft in this family
A description follows of the aircraft in this group:
B35 under type cert A-77 are the very early versions of the Bonanza beginning
1947 through 1955. They are the entire ―V‖ tail configuration and all use the same
control systems, pedals, control column and bell cranks. They all use the same
electro mechanical undercarriage and flap system. Variations are engine related
beginning with Continental E-185 Series through to Continental E-225 Series. It is
considered that as this aircraft is virtually obsolete, including the engines, it is
unlikely that any person would actually apply to write an examination on this aircraft.
Page 176 of 318
However this series should be included with the successful completion of
examination or approved technical course mentioned on type certificate 3A15.
B33 covers the Bonanza/Debonair series from 1956-2005 under type cert 3A15
and is follow on from TCA-777) This includes the 35-33 series.
The holder of any of the E, F or G33 should be granted all the B33 aircraft series.
B35 is also under Type cert 3A15.
The holder of any of the V35 models should be granted the entire B35 and B33
series.
B36 series is also under the type cert 3A15.
The holder of any of the A or B36TC series should be granted the entire
B36/B35/B33 series licenses.
B95 Travel Air series
This series begins with the model 95 through B95 / B95A / D95A / E95 known as the
travel air beginning 1957 through to 1960. This is a smaller version of what became
the Baron and the engines are Lycoming O-360 series. The Travel Air uses
essentially the same fuselage as the early 35 Debonair Series. They are basically
the same aircraft using Conventional Control surfaces and Stabilizers.
It is considered that as this aircraft is virtually obsolete, it is unlikely that any person
would actually apply to write an examination on this aircraft.
B55 series
From 1960 on, the Travel Air became known as the Baron with designation 95 -55.
At the D55 the 95- designation was discontinued, and these models are now
commonly known as the 55 Baron. The 55 Series uses essentially the same
Page 177 of 318
fuselage as the 33 Bonanza series. The main variation from the Travel Air series is
the size of fuselage and the engines changed to Continentals (with the exception of
the 56TC and A56TC)
The B55 and B95 should be seen as one series and the holder of an E55 license
should be granted the entire B55/B95/B35/B33 series.
B56 series aircraft are turbocharged version of the B55 and appear on the same
type cert.
The holder of a B56 license should be granted the B55 and aircraft below
B58 series is a larger version of the 55 and is on the same type cert. This is the
senior model in the B58/B55/B95/B35/B33 series. Although the B58TC is on a
different type cert (A23CE) it is still in the Baron series and should be included in the
B58 series.
CESSNA AIRCRAFT
Cessna 100 family
This family includes 120, 140, 150, 152, 170, 172, 175, 177, 180, 182, 185, 190,
195.
Retractable versions are the Cessna 172RG & 182RG (virtually same undercarriage
and hydraulic system as Cessna 210N and 210R).
The holder of any license in this family qualifies to apply for the lesser aircraft in the
family (with the exception of the retractable undercarriage versions unless an RG
version is held). The 180, 182 or 185 are seen as the senior models in the family.
The 190 and 195 are radial engine versions and may be granted to the holder of the
appropriate radial engine licenses.
Page 178 of 318
When upgrading from a lesser model to a more senior model in the family 2 months
experience on the senior model will be considered acceptable.
Cessna 120, 140 have some fabric covered surfaces
Cessna 190, 195 have radial engines.
Cessna 200 family
The 210 is the highest order in the 200 family. Any person holding the Cessna 210,
qualifies to apply for the remainder of the 200 family i.e. Cessna 207, 206 and 205.
This is based on the 210 being the first design in the 200 Series followed by the 205,
206 and 207. All Cessna 210 series are retractable undercarriage types. A fixed
gear version was designated 210-5 and 210-5A which became the Cessna 205 and
later Cessna 206 with Cessna 207 being a stretched version of the same aircraft.
Cessna 210/210A through to 210J shared essentially same fuselage as the 205 and
206 series.
From 210K onwards, the fuselage was shortened. The only significant variation
would be turbo charging.
Cessna 210 Series up to T210J had more complicated undercarriage and hydraulic
system and should possibly be seen as a series within a series. With successful
passing of exam on Cessna T210J, the candidate should be granted the entire 210
Series from 210, 210A through to T210R. This is based on the more complicated
undercarriage and hydraulic system incorporated on these aircraft. The candidate
should also be granted 205, 206 and 207 series aircraft. Therefore, the above
aircraft are actually of the highest order within the range as they are more
complicated than the aircraft described below.
Page 179 of 318
From the 210K through to 210L and 210M, the undercarriage and hydraulic system
is simplified but still more complicated than the 210N and 210R. Successful
candidate for 210M exam should be given 210K and 210L but not necessarily the
series 210/A through 210J. However, Cessna 205, 206 and 207 should be granted.
Cessna 210N and 210R have even more simplified hydraulic system.
The holder of any 210 license should be granted the remainder of the 200 series as
well as the 100 series.
The Cessna 208 is a very large fixed gear turbine version of the Cessna 206 /207
and has many similarities to the 200 series. However, turbine and piston engine
aircraft will be considered separately.
CESSNA 300 FAMILY
The 337 is the highest order in the 300 family
Any person holding the Cessna 337 qualifies to apply for the remainder of the 300
family.
The holder of any other rating in the 300 family qualifies to apply for the ratings of the
lesser aircraft in the family
The holder of the Cessna 337 rating also qualifies to apply for the Cessna 100 and
200 families
Common types in RSA are Cessna 303, 310, 320, 335, 340, 336 & 337. All are
retractable twin-engine except fixed gear 336. Cessna 310, 320 and 335 are almost
identical and should be put together under one series license (electro-mechanical
undercarriage system). Cessna 340 is pressurized version of 335.
Page 180 of 318
Cessna 303 is the simplest version in the 300 series (hydraulic system similar to
Cessna 210N & 210R) and should be a separate examination with consideration for
granting of 100 series.
Cessna 336 and 337 are almost identical apart from 337 being retractable.
Successful passing of examination on 335, candidate should be granted 320 and
310 and 303.
Successful Cessna 337 candidate should be granted 336. Consideration should be
given here for granting of Cessna 200 and 100 Series with passing of 337 as this
aircraft is of the highest order in the 300 series (non pressurized).
CESSNA 400 SERIES (non pressurized) - Cessna 401, 402A & 402B are almost
identical. Successful candidate for 402B qualifies to apply for the 402A & 401 as well
as Cessna 310, 320, 335.
Cessna 402C candidate should be granted the above aircraft.
The rest of the 400 series are mainly pressurized and treated under group 5
MOONEY M20 FAMILY
The holder of the M22 qualifies to apply for the money Family in group 4
Mooney M20 series Type Certificate 2A3 (includes M20A, B, C, etc. through S and
TN).
M20A through M20G are virtually identical with mechanically operated undercarriage
system and hydraulic flap actuation. M20J and on have electrically actuated
undercarriage and flap system. Successful candidate for M20G should be granted all
Page 181 of 318
models below. Successful candidate for M20S and TN should be granted entire
series.
PIPER FAMILY AIRCRAFT
The holder of any fixed gear rating in the Piper family qualifies to apply for the lesser
fixed gear aircraft in the family.
The progression of fixed gear aircraft in this family is, from lesser aircraft to flagship:
PA 38, 28, 32, 36,
The holder of any retractable rating in the above family qualifies to apply for the
lesser fixed and retractable aircraft in the family
The progression of retractable gear aircraft in this family is, from lesser aircraft to
flagship:
PA 28R, 32R ,24, 46
The holder of any retractable rating in the above family qualifies to apply for the
equivalent fixed gear aircraft in the family
The holder of any twin rating in the above family qualifies to apply for the
lesser fixed and retractable aircraft in the family
The progression of twin engined aircraft in this family is, from lesser aircraft to
flagship:
PA 44, 30/ 39, 34, 23, 31 31T.
The holder of any twin rating in the above family qualifies to apply for the
single engine versions based on the same design
Page 182 of 318
Description of the Piper aircraft in group 4
PA 23 is an obsolete aircraft in terms of spares and support. It is a twin engine, 4-6
seater with engine variations from 180 hp - 260 hp, hydraulic retractable
undercarriage.
PA 24 is also virtually obsolete in terms of spares and support. It has electrically
operated retractable undercarriage, it is a 4 seater with engines from 180 hp- 400 hp.
PA 28 series is a far simpler aircraft to the PA 24 in terms of structures and systems,
2-4 seats with engines from 150 hp - 235 hp. (has normally aspirated and turbo
charged versions)
PA 28R series is the retractable version of the PA 28, virtually identical structure and
systems, with engines from 180 hp - 200 hp. (has normally aspirated and turbo
charged versions)
PA 30 / 39 this is a twin engine version of the PA 24, identical in structure except for
the twin engines. The PA 39 is simply a turbo charged version of the normally
aspirated PA 30. Engines are 180 hp only.
PA 31 commonly known Navajo / Chieftain, this is a 6-8 seater with horse power
from 300-350. It is the largest of the twin piston engine Pipers.
PA 31 T&P series, these are pressurized versions of the same aircraft. The PA31 P
are still piston powered. The PA 31 T turbo propeller. (different type certificate)
PA 32 this is essentially a large version of the PA 28 series, with virtually identical
structures on a larger scale. They are 6 seaters, with fixed gear and retractable
versions. With horse power from 260-300 in turbo charged and normally aspirated
versions.
PA 34 is a twin engine version of the PA 32, virtually identical in structure, only
comes in retractable version. With horse power from 200-220.
PA 36 is a crop sprayer and much larger version of the PA 25. With 400 hp engine.
And all metal construction.
Page 183 of 318
PA 38 this is the smallest of the group 4 Piper, it is a training aircraft, with 2 seats
and 115 hp only. It is probably the most simple of the group, except that it has a T
tail configuration.
PA 44 is essentially a twin engine retractable version of the PA 28 series.
PA 60 is actually not a Piper, although listed in AICs as a Piper. The type had a brief
history with Piper but is actually an Aerostar. This aircraft beares no structural
similarity to the other Pipers and has more in common with AeroCommander as they
were both designed by Ted Smith.
An applicant who holds 60% of the aircraft in group 4, at the date of application, is
eligible to apply for the issue of a group 4 license.
(e) Group 5 - Pressurised aeroplanes of all-metal construction, with a maximum
certificated mass of 5700kg or less.
(i) When reference is made in a licence to this group, the privileges of the
licence may be exercised in respect of the following airframes:
MANUFACTURER MODEL ICAO
CODE
AERO
COMMANDER
680F, 680FP Commander 680F/680FP AC68
AERO
COMMANDER
680FL Grand Commander AC6L
AEROSTAR 601P AEST
BEECH 58P Baron (Pressurised) BE58
BEECH 60 Duke BE60
BEECH 90, A90 to E90 King Air (T-44,VC-6) BE9L
Page 184 of 318
BEECH F90 King Air BE9T
BEECH 100 King Air (U-21F Ute) BE10
BEECH 200, 300, Super King Air, Commuter (C-12A to
F, C-12L, UC-12, RC-12, Tp101, Huron)
BE20/B30
CESSNA P210 Pressurised Centurion P210
CESSNA 340 C340
CESSNA 414, Chancellor C414
CESSNA 421, Golden Eagle, Executive Commuter C421
CESSNA 425 Corsair, Conquest 1 C425
CESSNA 441 Conquest, Conquest 2 C441
CESSNA 500, 501 Citation, Citation 1/1SP C500
CESSNA 510 Mustang C510
CESSNA 525 CitationJet, Citation CJ C525
CESSNA 525A Citation CJ2 C25A
EMBRAER 500 (Phenom 100) E50P
FAIRCHILD-
SWEARINGENS
SA226 Merlin SW4
GULFSTREAM -
AEROSPACE
690, 695 Jetprop Commander
840/900/980/1000
AC90/95
LEAR JET 23 LJ23
MITSUBISHI MU-2, Marquise, Solitaire (LR-1) MU2
PILATUS PC-12 PC12 PC12
PIPER PA-31P Navajo, Pressurised Navajo, Mojave,T-
1020 (E-18)
PA31
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PIPER PA-31T Cheyenne, Cheyenne 1/2, T-1040 (E-
18B)
P31T
PIPER PA-42 Cheyenne 3/400/1000 PA42
PIPER PA-46 Malibu, Malibu Mirage PA46
PIPER PA-60, Aerostar (Pressurised) AEST
RAYTHEON 390 Premier 1 PRM1
ROCKWELL 690, 695 Turbo Commander, Jetprop
Commander 840/980/1000
AC690/95
SOCATA TBM 700/850 TBM7
(f) Group 6 - Unpressurised aeroplanes of all-metal construction, with a
maximum certificated mass exceeding 5700kg.
(i) Certification of these aircraft is subject to valid company certification held,
and will be granted on individual aircraft types only.
MANUFACTU
RER
MODEL ICAO
CODE
BASLER Turbo 67 DC3T
CASA 352L, C-212, CN-235 JU52/ C212/CN35
DORNIER 228-201/202 D228
DOUGLAS DC-3, DST (C-47, C-47A to J, AC-47, EC-47, HC-
47, LC-47, RC-47, TC-47, VC-47 Skytrain, C-53
Skytrooper, C-117A/B/C, R4D-1 to 7, Dakota)
DC3
DOUGLAS DC-4 (C-54, EC-54, HC-54, TC-54, VC-54, R5D
Skymaster)
DC4
LET L-410/420 Turbolet L410
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SCHAFER DC-3-65TP DC3T
SHORTS SD3-60 SH36
(g) Group 7 - Rotorcraft powered by reciprocating engines, not exceeding
3175Kg
(i) When reference is made in a licence to this group, the privileges of the
licence may be exercised in respect of the following airframes:
MANUFACTURER MODEL ICAO
CODE
BELL 47D,G,H Trooper,OH-13, Sioux,TH-13T,UH-
13H,HE-7
B47G
BELL 47J, Ranger,HH-13, TH-13N, UH-13J/P/R B47J
ENSTROM F-28, 280 Series, Shark, Falcon, Sentinel EN28
FAIRCHILD
HILLER/HILLER
UH-12B/C/E/L, E4, L3, L4,SL3, SL4,H-23, OH-
23, Raven, THE, Hauler
UH12
HUGHES/
SCHWEIZER
200,269 A/B/C, 280, 300, TH-55/300, Sky
Knight, Osage, HE-20, Hkp5
H269
ROBINSON R-22, Beta, Beta II,Mariner R22
ROBINSON R-44 Astro, Clipper, Raven, Raven II R44
(ii) In group 7, as a build-up to a complete group 7 license, a candidate may
qualify for the issue of a license for a ―family‖ of aircraft of similar
construction.
(iii) The holder of a rating in group 7 who has more than 5 year uninterrupted
experience as AME, since the first AME license with a cat A rating was
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granted to the holder, is eligible to apply for the issue of a ―family‖ license
for any of the defined ―families‖ as follows:
(aa) Robinson Helicopters
Any persons holding a Robinson R22 or R44 qualifies for the application for the
Robinson R22 and 44 family due to large similarities in construction and design
philosophy.
(bb) Bell Helicopters
Any person holding the Bell 47G qualifies for the application for ICAO B47G and
B47J ICAO codes, as this is the most common type, with other models being earlier
versions of type with the exception of the 47H and 47G whish are based on the 47G
airframe.
(cc) Enstrom Helicopters
The 280F is the most advanced version of the Enstrom piston range with the addition
of a throttle correlator. The 280FX differences to the F28F are that of a cosmetic and
aerodynamic nature
Any persons holding a F28F and/or 280FX to be granted qualifies for the application
for Enstrom F28F and 280 family
An applicant who holds 60% of the aircraft in group 7, at the date of application, is
eligible to apply for the issue of a group 7 license.
(h) Group 8 - Pressurised aeroplanes of all-metal construction, with a maximum
certificated mass exceeding 5700kg.
(i) Certification of these aircraft is subject to valid company certification held,
and will be granted on individual aircraft types only.
Page 188 of 318
MANUFACTURE
R
MODEL ICAO
CODE
AIRBUS A-300 - 600 A300
AIRBUS A-319/320/321 A319
AIRBUS A-320 A320
AIRBUS A-330
AIRBUS A-340-200 A342
AIRBUS A-340-300 A343
AIRBUS A-340-600 A346
ATR ATR-42/72 ATR
ANTONOV AN-32B AN32
BAC 111 One-Eleven BA11
BAE 3100 Jetstream 31 JS31
BAE 4100 Jetstream 41 JS41
BEECH 300 Super King Air BE30
BEECH B300 Super King Air 350 B350
BEECH 400 Beechjet (T-1 Jayhawk) BE40
BEECH 1900 (C-12J) Series B190
BOEING 707-100/300 B701/B703
BOEING 727 (C-22) B727
BOEING 737-100/200, Surveiller (CT-43, VC-96) B732
BOEING 737-300 B733
BOEING 737-400 B734
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BOEING 737-600 B737
BOEING 737-800 B738
BOEING 747-100/200/300 (E-4, VC-25) B742
BOEING 747-400 B744
BOEING 747SP B74S
BOEING 767 B767
BRITISH
AEROSPACE
BAe-125-700/800 (C-
29)/750/850XP/800XP/900XP/1000
H25B
BRITISH
AEROSPACE
BAE-146-200/300 B462/B463
BOMBARDIER BD-100 Challenger 300 CL30
BOMBARDIER BD-700 Global Express GLEX
CASA CN-235 CN35
CANADAIR CL-600/601/604 Challenger (CC-144,
CE-144)RJ100/700
CL60
CESSNA
550, S550, 551, 552 Citation
2/S2/2SP/Bravo (T-47, OT-47, U-20)
C550
CESSNA 560 Citation 5 C560
CESSNA 680 Citation Sovereign C680
CESSNA 750 Citation 10 C750
CONVAIR
CV-240/340/440/580 Convairliner,
Metropolitan
(C-131, HC-131, RC-131, TC-131, VC-
131F/G, T-29, VT-29, ET-29, VT-29,
CVLP
Page 190 of 318
Samaritan)
DASSAULT Falcon 10, Mystere 10 FA10
DASSAULT Falcon 50, Mystere 50 FA50
DASSAULT Falcon 20/200, Mystere 20/200 FA20
DASSAULT Falcon 900, Mystere 900 FA900
DASSAULT Falcon 2000, 2000 EX F2TH
DE HAVILLAND
CANADA
DHC-8 Dash 8 (E-9, CT-142, CC-142)
Series
DHC8
DORNIER 328-100/300 D328
DOUGLAS DC-8 DC85/6/7
DOUGLAS DC-9 DC9
DOUGLAS DC-10
EMBRAER 120 E120
EMBRAER 135/145 E135
EMBRAER 505 (Phenom 300) E55P
FOKKER F-27 Friendship, Troopship, Maritime (C-
31, D-2)
F27
FOKKER F-28 Fellowship F28
FOKKER F-28-070/100 F28
FAIRCHILD -
SWEARINGEN
SA227 Metro SW4
GATES
LEARJET
24 LJ24
GATES 25 LJ25
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LEARJET
GATES
LEARJET
31 LJ31
GATES
LEARJET
35, 36 (C-21, RC-35, RC-36, U-36) LJ35
GRUMMAN G-159 Gulfstream 1 (TC-4 Academe, VC-
4)
G159
GRUMMAN G-1159 Gulfstream 2 GULF
GULFSTREAM
Aerospace
G-1159 Gulfstream 3/4/5 (C-20, S102,
Tp102) 550
GULF
GULFSTREAM -
AEROSPACE
200 GALX
HAWKER
SIDDELEY
HS-748 (Andover, C-91) A748
HAWKER
SIDDELEY
HS-125-1/2/3/400/600 (Dominie, EC-93,
EU-93, VC-93, VU-93)
H25A
HAWKER 4000 HA4T
IAI 1125 Astra, Gulfstream 100 ASTR
LEARJET 24 LJ24
LEARJET 25 LJ25
LEARJET 31 LJ31
LEARJET 35 (C-35, R-35, VU-35) LJ35
LEARJET 45 LJ45
LEARJET 60 LJ60
Page 192 of 318
LOCKHEED
C-130, AC-130, CC-130, DC-130, EC-
130, HC-130, JC-130, KC- 130, LC-130,
MC-130, NC-130, RC-130, TC-130, VC-
130, WC- 130, T-10, TK-10, TL-10, Tp84
Hercules, Spectre, Aya, Karnaf, Sapeer
(L-100/182/282/382)
C130
LOCKHEED L-1329 L29A/B
SAAB 340 SF34
(i) Group 9 - Rotorcraft powered by turbine engines, with a maximum
certificated mass of 3175 kg or less.
(i) When reference is made in a licence to this group, the privileges of the
licence may be exercised in respect of the following airframes:
MANUFACTURER MODEL ICAO CODE
AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS AS-350 Ecureuil, Astar, SuperStar AS50
AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS AS-355 Ecureuil 2, TwinStar,
TwinSquirrel
AS55
AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-341/342 Gazelle GAZL
AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-315 Lama LAM1
AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-316/319, Alouette 3 ALO3
AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-318, Alouette 2 ALO2
AGUSTA WESTLAND A-109 Series, AW-109SP,AW109
Grand Nexus Power
A109
AGUSTA WESTLAND A-119(koala), AW119MKII A119
BELL 206A/B/L, 406, JetRanger, B06
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LongRanger
BELL 407 B407
BELL 427 B427
BELL 429, Global Ranger B429
ENSTROM 480, TH-28 EN48
EUROCOPTER/AIRBUS EC-120 , Colobri EC20
EUROCOPTER/AIRBUS EC-130 EC30
EUROCOPTER/AIRBUS EC-135 EC35
FAIRCHILD HILLER FH-1100 FH11
HUGHES/ MCDONNELL
DOUGLAS
369, 500 series/ 530F H500
MCDONNELL DOUGLAS 520N MD52
MCDONNELL DOUGLAS 600N MD60
MESSERSCHMITT –
BOLKOW/AIRBUS
BO-105, Twin Jet, Super Five B105
SCHWEIZER/SIKORSKY 330,333,269D S330
(ii) Robinson R66 is excluded from group 9 and the holder of a rating in group
9 who has more than 5 years uninterrupted experience since the first
AME license with a category A rating was granted to the holder, is eligible
to apply for issuance of the R66 provided he or she holds an R22 or R44
rating and has passed the differences course on the R66.
(iii) In group 9, as a build-up to a complete group 9 license, a candidate may
qualify for the issue of a license for a ―family‖ of aircraft of similar
construction.
(iv) The holder of a rating in group 9 who has more than 5 year uninterrupted
experience since the first AME license with a cat A rating was granted to
Page 194 of 318
the holder, is eligible to apply for the issuance of a ―family‖ license for any
of the defined ―families‖ as follows:
(aa) Granting of family licenses
(bb) Augusta Helicopters
Person holding an A109 license qualifies to apply for the A119, as the A119 is
derived from the A109
Due to the fact that the AS109 is a single engine version of the AS119, a person
holding an AS109 series with 30 days experience on AS119 and difference course
qualifies to apply for the AS109/119 family
(cc) Eurocopter/Airbus family
The AS350 and EC130 are an evolution of the same basic design philosophy over a
period of time with the primary difference being engine type fitted and avionics.
Any person holding an AS350B3 license qualifies to apply for the AS350 series.
Any person who has an AS350 license and has completed the EC130 difference
course qualifies to apply for the EC130 series.
Due to the fact that the AS355 is a twin engine version of the AS350, A person
holding an AS350 series with 30 days experience on AS355 and difference course
qualifies to apply for the AS350/355 family
(dd) BELL Helicopters
Any person with a 206L qualifies to apply for the 206 family as it is the latest version
of the 206 series of helicopters mainly evolved using variations on the RR 250
engine
The 407 is a derivative of the 206L
Any person who has a 407 license qualifies to apply for the 206/407 series.
Due to the fact that the 427 is a twin engine version of the 407, A person holding a
407 series with 30 days experience on 427 and difference course qualifies to apply
for the 427/407 Series
Page 195 of 318
An applicant who holds 60% of the aircraft in group 9, at the date of application, is
eligible to apply for the issue of a group 9 license.
(j) Group 10 - Rotorcraft powered by turbine engines, with a maximum
certificated mass exceeding 3175kg.
(i) Certification of these aircraft is subject to valid company certification held,
and will be granted on individual aircraft types only.
MANUFACTURER MODEL ICAO CODE
AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-330 Puma (CH-33,HT-19) PUMA
AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS AS-332 C/L/L1/L2 SUPERPUMA AS32
AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-365C, Dauphin 2 S65C
AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-360/361 Dauphin
AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-365F/N AS65
AUGUSTAWESTLAND AW-101 EH10
AGUSTA WESTLAND AB/AW-139 A139
BELL 212, Twin Two-Twelve, Griffon (UH-
1N, VH-1, CUH-1N, CH-135/146,
Twin Huey)222, 230, 430
B212
BELL 214,B/C, Biglifter B214
BELL 222 B222
BELL 230 B230
BELL 412 Arapaho, Sentinel, Griffon B412
BELL 430 B430
EUROCOPTER/AIRBUS EC-145 EC45
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EUROCOPTER/AIRBUS EC-155 EC55
MBB BK-117, B/C-1 BK17
MD HELICOPTER MF-902, EXPLORER EXPL
MIL Mi-8/9/17/19/171/172 MI8
SIKORSKY S-62 (HH-52 Seaguard) S62
SIKORSKY SS-76, H-76, AUH-76, Spirit, Eagle
(HE-24)
S76
SIKORSKY
S-61A/B/D/L/N (SH-3, UH-3, VH-3,
HSS-2, CH-124, HS-9, Sea King,
Nuri)
S61
SIKORSKY S-92, Helibus, Superhawk S92
(aa) Augusta Westland
Person holding an AW109 license qualifies to apply for the AW119, as the AW119 is
derived from the AW109.
Due to the fact that AW119 is a single engine version of the AW109, a person
holding an AW109 Series within 30 days experience on AW119 and difference
course qualifies to apply for the AW109/119 family.
ENGINES
INTRODUCTION
(a) For the purpose of CAR 66.02.4 ―Type‖ will in this context be interpreted as
engines of similar construction but not necessarily on the same type certificate.
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(b) Group 01 and 02 licenses may be granted for Lycoming and Continental
engines on the basis of the similar characteristics of the engines in those
groups, subject to the rules below.
(c) For each of the above groups a representative engine has been selected. A
candidate applying for an engine group (as defined above) license who has
passed the course for this engine and has acquired six months experience on
this engine, may be granted an engine Group 01 rating. Provision is made for
persons holding another license as the ―representative‖ to obtain the group as
follows: -The holder of a more senior license qualifies for the group.The holder
of a lesser license must have passed a course relating to the group or the
representative engine and have thirty days experience on the representative
engine.
(d) Due to the fact that vintage engines occur only in small numbers and fly limited
hours in a year, it is impractical to consider a requirement of six months
experience before the issue of a licence. It is therefore recommended that in
these cases, where the AMO does not have the rating for a particular vintage
engine, the AMO should apply for a once off approval to perform the required
maintenance. When such maintenance has been successfully completed, the
experience gained will be considered sufficient for the granting of the licence.
66.01.4(2): For the purposes of licensing of AME’s, engines are classified into
the following groups:
(a) GROUP 01 ALL CERTIFIED HORIZONTAL OPPOSED
NORMALLY ASPIRATED PISTON ENGINES :
(i) CONTINENTAL MOTORS: A and C Series, O and G0-300 series, E, O- and
I0-360, - 470, - 520, 550 and 6-285 series.
The IO 520 has been selected as the representative engine in this group of engines.
The candidate must therefore pass the theoretical examination for the IO 520.
Experience on the IO-520 and/or the IO 550 will qualify for the issue or addition of
the rating ―Continental engines in group 01‖
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(ii) FRANKLIN: 6A-335, 6A-350, 6A4-150, and 6A8-215 series.
The theoretical examination on any of the engines in this group will be considered as
representative of the group. An exam paper is available at the CAA on the 6A4-150
Six months experience on any combination of the engines in this group qualifies for
the issue or addition of the group rating.
For the holder of a group 01 Continental and a group 01 Lycoming rating, one
month‘s experience on the Franklin engines will be acceptable.
(iii) LYCOMING: 0-145, 0-235 AND 0-290 series. 0-, I0-, AEI0-, VO-, IVO-,
HO- and HIO-320, -360, -480, -540 and -720 series.
The IO 540 has been selected as the representative engine in this group of engines.
The candidate must therefore pass the theoretical examination for the IO 540.
Experience on the IO-540 will qualify for the issue or addition of the rating
―Lycoming engines in group 01‖
(iv) ROTAX 912S2 This engine is in its own group, and requires a theoretical
examination and six months experience on the type
(b) GROUP 02: ALL CERTIFICATED HORIZONTALLY OPPOSED TURBO
NORMALIZED, TURBOCHARGED AND SUPERCHARGED PISTON ENGINES:
(i) CONTINENTAL MOTORS: TIO-, TSIO-, LTSIO- , GTSIO-360, -470, -520
AND -550 series.
The TSIO 520 has been selected as the representative engine in this group of
engines. The candidate must therefore pass the theoretical examination for the TSIO
520.
Experience on the TSIO-520 and/or the TSIO 550 will qualify for the issue or addition
of the rating ―Continental engines in group 02‖
(ii) LYCOMING: TSO-, TSIO-,TGSIO-, and IGSO-360, -480, -540, and -541
series engines.
Page 199 of 318
The TSIO 540 has been selected as the representative engine in this group of
engines. The candidate must therefore pass the theoretical examination for the TSIO
540.
Experience on the TIO-540 will qualify for the issue or addition of the rating
―Lycoming engines in group 02‖
(iii) SMA SR305-230
This engine is in its own group, and requires a theoretical examination and six
months experience on the type.
(c) GROUP 03: ALL INLINE PISTON ENGINES:
Blackburn Cirrus minor and major series. DH Gipsy major, Gipsy six and Gipsy
Queen. Walter 337A, M137, M601Z, minor series 4/111, minor 6-111 and mikron
111AE, Ranger 6-440 series.
These engines are considered vintage engines. The opportunity to work on these
engines is scarce. The rule of six months experience is not practical.
If the candidate does not hold the rating, application for a special approval (through
the AMO) should be made. Completion of the MPI (C rating) or the
overhaul/shockload or major repair (D rating) will be considered acceptable training
and experience for the issue of the rating (C or D as applicable).
(Rating is issued per individual type certificate)
(d) GROUP 04: RADIAL ENGINES.
Lycoming R-680 series. Pratt and Whitney R985, R1340, R1830, R2000, R2800 and
Double Wasp series. Pezetel AF2-620R. Warner Super Scarab 165. Curtiss Wright
R1820 - C9CC Series. PZL-Kalisz 1 AS2-621-M18. Jacobs R-755 series. PZL A1-14
RA, Continental W670.
Page 200 of 318
These engines are considered vintage engines. The opportunity to work on these
engines is scarce. The rule of six months experience is not practical.
If the candidate does not hold the rating, application for a special approval (through
the AMO) should be made. Completion of the MPI (C rating) or the
overhaul/shockload or major repair (D rating) will be considered acceptable training
and experience for the issue of the rating (C or D as applicable).
(Rating is issued per individual type certificate
201
(e) GROUP 05: TURBINE ENGINES:
MANUFACTURER MODEL
ALLIED
SIGNAL/GE;
CFE 738.
ALLISON/ROLLS
ROYCE
250-C, 250-817C, 250-C20, 250-C20B,250-C20J,250-C20R,
250-C28B,250-C30 Series, 250-c47 Series, 501-013 and
501D22A series
CFM
INTERNATIONAL;
CFM-56 series
GENERAL
ELECTRIC;
CF34-series, CF6-50, CF6-80, CF700, CJ610-4, CJ610-6,
CJ610-8,
CT58-110-1 and CT58-140-1 series; CT7 series.
GARRETT AIRE;
TPE331-3UW, TPE3318-5-251K, TPE331-6-251M,
TPE331-8/9, TFE731, TPE331-5-252D, TPE 331-14,
TPE 331-10/11 and ATF3 series.
HONEYWELL AS907-1-1A
INTERNATIONAL
AEROSPACE
IAE V2500 Series ENGINES
ROLLS ROYCE;
Dart 532-2L, 532-7, 500, 515, 529-8X and RB211-524 series.
Spey 500, 511-14 and 555-15P series.
TAY 611-8 and Viper 522 series. TAY 620-15; TAY 650-15
202
TREND 500 Series.
ROLLS
ROYCE/ALLISON;
AE3007A/C
ROLLS ROYCE; BR700-710-AI-10,BR700-710 A2-20
WILLIAMS-ROLLS; FJ44 series
PRATT AND
WHITNEY
CANADA
PT6A-20-27-28, -28/34, -41/42, -60, -65, -67
series.PW206, PW207 Series, PT6B Series, PT6C Series,
PT6T-3 and -6 series. PW305, PW306 A/C, PW308
series, PW530, PW545, PW535 series, PW118A, PW 120,
121, 123,
124B, 127. JT15D series. PW615F-A/E
PRATT AND
WHITNEY
JT-3D, JT4A, JT-8D-SERIES, JT9D series and 4000 series.
UAC; JT14D
LYCOMING; ALF502; 502R-3 and 507 series, LTS101-750-C1
TURBOMECA; Artouste, Aztazau 2A and 3 series. Bastian V10, Arriel Series,
Arrius Serries
VEMAENYEN M148
PROPELLERS
The training required for the overhaul of propellers is skill related rather than design
related. (Note that this approach has also been followed with the ratings X1 to X3)
203
Propellers will therefore be grouped as follows:
(i) Variable pitch propellers of metal construction, fitted to piston engine powered
aircraft.
(ii) Variable pitch propellers of composite construction, fitted to piston engine
powered aircraft.
(iii) Variable pitch propellers of metal construction, fitted to turbine powered aircraft
(iv) Variable pitch propellers of composite construction, fitted to turbine powered
aircraft.
SCHEDULE 5
1. AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA-CATS 67 OF THE TECHNICAL
STANDARDS
1.1 Technical Standard 67.00.2 is hereby amended by the deletion of subsection
1.2.6 of subsection 2.
2 AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA-CATS 67 OF THE TECHNICAL
STANDARDS
2.1 Technical Standard 67.00.2 is hereby amended by the deletion of subsection
2.2.6 of subsection 2.
3 AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA-CATS 67 OF THE TECHNICAL
STANDARDS
3.1 Technical Standard 67 is hereby amended by the deletion of Schedule 24.
4 AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA-CATS 67 OF THE TECHNICAL STANDARDS
4.1 Technical Standard 67 is hereby amended by the substitution of Schedule 25
with the following Schedule:
204
―SCHEDULE 25: THE COLOUR VISION PROTOCOL
Applicability
This technical standard is applicable to the following categories:
Class I
(a) Air Transport Pilots
(b) Commercial Pilots
Class II
Private Pilots with the following:
(a) Night Flying
(b) IF Rating
(c) Flying a Glass Cockpit Aircraft
1. Ishihara Test
All applicants will be required to submit themselves for Ishihara Test;
(a) Applicants must be able to demonstrate ability to perceive readily those colours the
perception of which is necessary for the safe performance of duties;
(b) The use of tinted lenses to obtain adequate colour perception is not permitted;
(c) The medical examiner shall instructs the person being tested to report the number on a
plate they can see and warns the subject that on some occasions they may not see a
number;
(d) Ishihara test to be conducted as per manufacturer‘s instructions test at a distance
75cm with plane of plates at right angles to line of vision under daylight or daylight
simulated light;
(e) Applicants should see this number with a viewing time of about 3 seconds allowed for
each plate, undue hesitation on the part of the subject may be the first indication of
colour deficiency;
(f) Ishihara plates should be updated periodically or if showing any signs of fading;
205
(g) The Director shall only allow, 24 or 38 plates test version to be used for screening of
colour vision;
(h) The Ishihara test is to be considered passed for the 24 Plates, if the 1st -15th are
identified correctly, with no errors, presented in a random order;
(i) The Ishihara test is to be considered passed for the 38 Plates, if the 1st -24th are
identified correctly, with no errors presented in a random order.
Class II medical certificate Applicants who fail to obtain a satisfactory score of the
Ishihara Tests may nevertheless be assessed as fit.
A medical certificate may be issued if medical conclusion indicates that the applicant
has a colour perception defect which is compatible with the safe exercise of the
privileges of the license, provided the certificate is endorsed with the following
limitations:
(a) For private pilot license privileges only;
(b) Not valid for night flying;
(c) Not valid for IFR flying or flying of EFIS equipped aircraft where the EFIS is the
Primary Flight Instrument;
(d) Meet visual criteria for a Class II Medical Certificate; and
(e) The applicant shall submit a satisfactory report from an ophthalmologist every 2
years if the if < 40 years of age and every year if > 40 years of age.
Applicants who fail to pass in the Ishihara test and who wish to apply for a Class II PPL
without restrictions and Class I medical certificate shall undergo further colour
perception testing to establish whether they are colour safe using the Colour
Assessment Diagnosis (CAD)
For Class I and Class II PPL without restrictions
206
CAD tests should be conducted under SACAA protocols as indicated below.
The CAD test will only pass as colour safe, those individuals who perform as well as
individuals with colour vision in the normal range on the most difficult aviation colour
vision tasks
Applicants will be required to present the Ishihara
The Definitive CAD will assess red/green colour vision and yellow/blue colour vision.
The test can be done simultaneously or individually but will run somewhat faster if you
only assess one type of colour vision at a time. The CAD will establish class of colour
vision loss and whether pass (colour safe) or fail (colour unsafe).
(1) Applicants will be required to produce identity documents prior to examination
(2) Applicants may not wear coloured contact lenses
(3) A report from an Ophthalmologist that confirm that there are no visual defects,
which must include:
Refraction errors
Peripheral vision
Exclusion of any acute or chronic eye disease
Lens abnormality
Absence of any medication that may cause colour vision defect.
The procedure for testing for colour deficiency using the Colour Assessment and
Diagnosis (CAD) shall be as follows:
The applicant‘s eye will be positioned at display height and at a distance of 1.4
meters.
The illumination in the room will be arranged such that no light falls directly on
the display
The ambient illumination on the display surface will not exceed 1 lux.
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During this test, the applicant will see a coloured target moving diagonally across
a central square in one of four possible directions (top-right, top-left, bottom-right,
or bottom-left).
The response box has four buttons laid out to form a square.
The applicant‘s task is to press the appropriate button to indicate the
corresponding direction of movement.
When unsure, the applicant has to make their best guess
For best results, the applicant will be instructed to maintain fixation on the Centre
of the square and not to track the moving target.
The applicant can request for representation of the current presentation if, for any
reason, the subject failed to attend to the task, but not more than twice.
The applicant will start with the learning mode to familiarize themselves with the
fools before being exposed to the definitive test.
Interpretation of the CAD Results
In the case of class 1 medical certificate, applicants shall have normal perception of
colours or be colour safe;
(a) Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test is considered passed if the
threshold is equals to or less than 6SU for deutan deficiency, or equals or less
than 12 SU for protan deficiency;
(b) A threshold greater than 2 SU for tritan deficiency will be disqualifying;
(c) A threshold greater than 2 SU for tritan deficiency indicates an acquired cause
which should be investigated;
Applicants who fail further colour perception testing shall be assessed as unfit. A
medical certificate may be issued if medical conclusion indicates that the applicant has
a colour perception defect which is compatible with the safe exercise of the privileges of
the license, provided the certificate is endorsed with the following limitations:
(d) For private pilot license privileges only;
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(e) Not valid for night flying;
(f) Not valid for IFR flying or flying of EFIS equipped aircraft where the EFIS is the
Primary Flight Instrument‘
(g) Meet visual criteria for a Class II Medical Certificate; and
(h) The applicant shall submit a satisfactory report from an ophthalmologist every 2
years if the if < 40 years of age and every year if > 40 years of age
Operational Colour Vision Test and Medical Practical Flight Test
Applicable
Class I-Commercial Pilots only
Class II- with no colour vision restrictions on the medical certificate
Operational Colours Vision Test
1. An applicant for a Class I(Commercial) or Class II who has defective color vision,
must demonstrate the the ability to pass an OCVT which includes:
(a) The ability to read and correctly interpret in a timely manner aeronautical charts
and Jeppesen chart legents:
(i) Including print in various sizes, colors, and typefaces; conventional
markings in
several colors; and terrain colors.
(ii) Aeronautical chart reading may be performed under any light condition
where the chart will normally be read.
Medical Practical Flight Test
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(1) The Director may require applicants to demonstrate their ability to perceive color
in a EFIS-equipped aircraft or EFIS Cockpit Simulator with the panel lighting set
to the comfort of the applicant day and night and must include the interval from
dawn to dusk;
(2) Medical Practical Flight Test shall be conducted in a Level C or D simulator, or
such lessor device as determined by the Director in the instance of a specific;
(3) The Test shall be conducted by a panel of specialists appointed by the Director
and will be coordinated by Authorized Officers (Medical Assessor) of the SACAA;
(4) The panel shall comprise of the following:
(a) A representative Authorized Officers from the SACAA;
(b) Designated Aviation Medical Examiner with either preferred experience in flying;
(c) An Ophthalmologist;
(d) Designated Flight Examiner as determined by the Director; and
(e) The procedure for the medical practical flight test shall be approved by the
Directors;
(5) Applicants must have the ability to demonstrate the following:
(a) Must read and correctly interpret in a timely manner aviation instruments or
displays, particularly those with colored limitation marks;
(b) Must read and interpret colored instrument panel lights, especially marker
beacon lights, warning or caution lights, weather displays, etc;
(c) Must recognize terrain and obstructions in a timely manner; have the applicant
select several emergency landing fields, preferably under marginal conditions,
and describe the surface
(d) Must visually identify in a timely manner the location, color and significance of
aeronautical lights;
(e) An applicant may be issued a medical with operational limitations should the
panel appointed by the Director deem it necessary finds necessary for safety;
(f) Applicants will be afforded a single opportunity for a Medical Practical Flight Test;
and
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(g) Operating limitations required by physical deficiencies may restrict holders to
certain aircraft types, special equipment or control arrangements, or special
operating conditions.
Considerations for Applicants with Class I Comm who fail a CAD and pass the
OCVT and PMFT tests
To Fly as CPL in a Multi-Crew environment by day and night as a Deuteranope with the
following restrictions:
(a) The holder does not meet the ICAO medical standard as per Annex 1 and is
therefore restricted to fly within the South African borders on a South African
registered aircraft only
(b) Applicants who fail the CAD will not qualify for Air Transport Pilot Licence
operations;
(c) Annual ophthalmological assessment will be required to determine any
refractory, visual field or lens translucency change every two years is < 40 years
and annually if > 40 years;
(d) The applicants must inform his/her employer and cockpit crew members of his
Red-Green Colour deficiency;
(e) Restricted to a Cabin Altitude of maximum 8000ft AMSL at night or during IFR
conditions;
(f) May not perform any CAT II approaches;
(g) Apply a minimum required flight hours as prescribed in SA-CARS/CATS Part 61
before allowing him to fly as PIC with CPL. The amount of additional hours
required was not determined.; and
(h) The decision and restrictions will be reviewed, should there be a change in his
condition or new evidence become available regarding Deuteranopia and flight
safety‖.
SCHEDULE 6
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1. AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA CATS 68 OF THE TECHNICAL
STANDARD
1.1 Technical Standard 68 is hereby amended by the insertion of the following:
Glider Pilot Licensing
68.01.4 COMPETENCY
1. Proficiency check
2. Annual logbook summary
68.01.6 LANGUAGE
1. Ability requirements
2. Ability demonstration
68.01.7 LOGGING OF FLIGHT TIME
1. Format of logbook
2. Information to be contained in logbooks
3. Recording of flight time
4. Manner in which logbooks are to be maintained
68.01.8 VALIDATION OF FOREIGN PILOT LICENCES AND RATINGS
1. Contracting states
68.01.9 APPLICATION FOR, AND ISSUING OF A VALIDATION OF A FOREIGN
GLIDER PILOT LICENCE AND RATINGS
1. Application form
2. Requirements and conditions
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3. Certificate of validation
4. Documents to accompany application
68.01.14 RADIO-TELEPHONY CERTIFICATES
1. General
2. Restricted certificate
3. Validation of foreign certificate
4. Concessions for holders of national pilot learner‘s certificate
5. Application and examination
68.02.2 TRAINING
1. Required outcomes of training course
2. Practical training
3. Subjects to be covered in theoretical training phase
68.02.3 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION
1. Theoretical knowledge examination
2. Invigilating
68.02.4 CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY
1. Basic training and knowledge requirements
68.02.5 APPLICATION FOR GLIDER STUDENT PILOT LICENSE
1. Glider Student pilot license application
68.02.6 ISSUING OF GLIDER STUDENT PILOT LICENSE
1. The Glider Student pilot license shall be issued
68.02.8 PRIVILEGES AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDENT GLIDER
PILOT LICENSE
1. The holder of a valid student glider pilot license shall be
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68.03.3 PRACTICAL TRAINING
68.03.4 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION
68.03.5 SKILL TEST
1. Practical test of knowledge of procedures and flying skill ........
2. Skill test report
68.03.8 ISSUING
68.04.3 TRAINING
1. Required outcomes of training course
2. Main aspects of training course
3. Theoretical tuition
4. Practical tuition
68.04.4 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION
68.04.5 SKILL TEST
1. Practical test of knowledge of procedures, instructional technique
and flying skill
2. Skill and patter test report
68.04.6 APPLICATION FOR GLIDER PILOT INSTRUCTOR RATING
68.04.9 RENEWAL OF GLIDER PILOT INSTRUCTOR RATING
1. Flight instructor refresher seminar
2. Open book quiz
68.05.4 EXPERIENCE
68.01.4 Competency
PROFICIENCY CHECK
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The contents of the proficiency check shall be as defined in the form RA
68.05 and shall be conducted in an aircraft of the category, class or type
for which the pilot requires the proficiency check. In general terms, the
elements listed below should be included in the proficiency check,
however, it is accepted that there may be aircraft or operational
requirements and limitations that prevents some of these elements from
being covered. In such cases the instructor shall make appropriate
comments on the revalidation check form.
(a) An applicant for the renewal of a glider pilot license must
demonstrate his skill to an appropriately qualified Glider Flight
Instructor:
(b) Procedures and actions to be tested according to APPENDIX
R68.03
(c) The flight instructor conducting the proficiency check must complete
the assessment report on form RA 68-05 with reference to the
standard of assessment on a scale of 1 to 5 as indicated in
paragraph (h) below.
(d) If an Assessment category score of 1 was obtained in more than
one assessment, the complete test has to be repeated after more
training in all aspects that was assessed as below Assessment
Category 4.
(e) If an Assessment category score of 2 was obtained in more than two
assessments, the test has to be repeated in respect all aspects that
were assessed as below Assessment Category 4, after more
training in all these aspects.
(f) If an Assessment category score of 3 was obtained in more than
four assessments, the application for the license may only be
presented after more training in these aspects were conducted and
215
a report to the satisfactory completion thereof, including copies of
logbook entries of such training, accompanies the application.
(g) Testing officials are encouraged not to fall into the well-known easy
habit of simply awarding ―average‖ assessments. It is important to
not be afraid to award either the highest or the lowest mark, and be
certain to discuss these with the applicant, his instructor as well as
the flight school management.
(h) Format of assessment report
Mark obtained Assessment
(i) Failed, unacceptable, requires considerably more training in the
particular aspect.
(ii) Failed, requires further training in the particular aspect.
(iii) Average, some flight instructor input required with a report before
the license may be issued.
(iv) High average, good standard with no ingrained faults.
(v) Above average
ANNUAL LOGBOOK SUMMARY
The annual logbook summary shall:
(a) be in the format prescribed in APPENDIX R68.07.
(b) reflect the number of hours flown recorded in each column
of the logbook, per aircraft category, class or type in the
preceding 12 months, a grand total of hours flown in each
aircraft category for the period and a grand total of hours
flown which has been recorded in each column of the
logbook; and
(c) be submitted together with the annual currency fees and
attached to form RA 68.02.
68.01.6 Language
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ABILITY REQUIREMENTS
The applicant for a pilot licence, to be issued in terms of Part 68 shall
have sufficient ability in reading, speaking and understanding the
English language in the following circumstances:
(a) Examination:
To undergo and pass oral and written examinations conducted
in English, required for the issue of the particular license /
ratings applied for;
(b) Ground actions:
All information written in English relevant to the accomplishment
of a flight, such as:
(i) All laws, regulations, rules and other statutory
requirements, including all technical manuals;
(ii) all pre-flight administrative and flight planning
procedures;
(iii) use of all aeronautical en route, departure and approach
charts and associated documents;
(c) Communication:
Be able to clearly and coherently communicate with ATC and
other crew members in English during all phases of flight, and
particularly during any emergency situation.
ABILITY DEMONSTRATION
The ability, referred to in section 1 shall be demonstrated by
complying with one of the following alternative requirements:
(a) Having graduated from a pilot licensing course conducted in
English; or
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(b) Having passed a specific examination given by or on behalf of
the Civil Aviation Authority after having undertaken a course of
training enabling the applicant to meet all the objectives listed in
section 1 (a) to (c) above; or
(c) Having passed a specific examination given by or on behalf of
the Civil Aviation Authority, if considered necessary by the
Commissioner, where an applicant claims English as his or her
mother tongue or second language.
68.01.7 Logging of flight time
FORMAT OF LOGBOOK
Logbooks must be maintained with at least the format as per
APPENDIX
R68.08.
INFORMATION TO BE CONTAINED IN LOGBOOKS
The following information must be recorded in logbooks as
applicable:
(a) General:
(i) full name and address of owner;
(ii) summary of previous flying experience, if any;
(iii) licence(s) held, with number.
(b) Particulars of each actual or simulated flight:
(i) date;
(ii) (a) the registration marks and type or ICAO
designator of the aircraft, or the make and model and
size of hang-glider or para-glider,in which the flight was
made; or
218
(b) the registration and type of the simulator in which
the simulated flight was made;
(iii) name of pilot-in-command (PiC) or ‗SELF‘;
(iv) operating capacity of the holder if not PiC;
(v) name of safety pilot, if applicable;
(vi) place of departure and of arrival in respect of an actual
flight;
(vii) nature of flight.
(c) Specification of pilot flight time experience acquired in any of
the following categories:
(i) authorised flight training received from an appropriately
rated flight instructor;
(ii) national pilot learner flying solo;
(iii) pilot-in-command (PiC);
(iv) co-pilot;
(v) flight instructor.
RECORDING OF FLIGHT TIME
(a) Flight time shall be recorded as prescribed in regulation
68.01.7.
(b) Flight times may be recorded in hours and minutes, or in hours
and decimals of hours.
(c) When recording flight times, a clear distinction must be made
between flight time acquired on different categories of aircraft;
e.g. microlight aeroplane, gyrocopter, light sport aeroplane,
glider etc.
MANNER IN WHICH LOGBOOKS ARE TO BE MAINTAINED
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(a) In order to facilitate the issuing of licences, or the issuing and
renewal of ratings, a pilot shall summarize his or her logbook for
the twelve months immediately preceding the date of
application for the issue of a licence, or the issue or renewal of
a rating, as applicable, unless a new rating or license is to be
issued, in which case a copy of the logbook pages pertaining to
the rating or license will be submitted.
(b) Summaries must be signed by the pilot and, where applicable,
by the flight instructor. In the latter case, the flight instructor
shall print clearly his or her name, and record his or her license
number.
(c) On each page, totals must be brought and carried forward, and
grand totals recorded. Grand totals must be recorded in the left-
hand corner at the bottom of each page in the space provided
therefore.
(d) The ‗details of flight and remarks‘ column must be completed,
showing-
(i) the exercises of the applicable practical flight instruction
syllabus; or
(ii) in the case of navigation: the route flown; or
(iii) in the case of a aviation flight the type of flight;
(iv) whether the pilot-in-command acted as flight instructor;
(v) any other information of importance related to the flight.
(g) Where a flight is conducted for the purpose of meeting a
maintenance of competency requirement, this must be recorded
on the line of the particular flight; e.g. ‗Reg. 68.04.3(a)(ii)
complied with‘. Where currency was restored by means of a
skill test, the entry ‗Reg. xxx complied with‘ shall be
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countersigned by the national instructor. The same applies even
if the required purpose is achieved over a number of flights.
68.01.8 Validation of foreign pilot’s licences and ratings
CONTRACTING STATES
A list of Contracting States of which the licences and ratings issued
by or on behalf of the appropriate authority are deemed to be of a
standard equal to, or higher than, those issued by or on behalf of the
South African Civil Aviation Authority may be obtained from the
Commissioner or the organisation designated for the purpose in
terms of Part 149, as the case may be.
68.01.9 Application for, and issuing of a validation of a foreign pilot licence
and ratings
APPLICATION FORM
The application for the Validation for a foreign pilot licence or rating
shall be made on the form RA 68-01 to the Director or the
organisation designated for the purpose in terms of Part 149, as the
case may be.
REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS
(a) Language ability requirements-
The applicant for a pilot licence, to be issued in terms of Part 68 shall
have sufficient ability in reading, speaking and understanding the
English language in the following circumstances:
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(i) Examination:
To undergo and pass oral and written examinations
conducted in English, required for the issue of the particular
license / ratings applied for;
(ii) Ground actions:
All information written in English relevant to the
accomplishment of a flight, such as:
aa. All laws, regulations, rules and other statutory
requirements, including all technical manuals;
bb. all pre-flight administrative and flight planning
procedures;
cc. use of all aeronautical en route, departure and approach
charts and associated documents;
iii) Verbal communication:
Be able to clearly and coherently communicate with ATC and
other crew members in English during all phases of flight, and
particularly during any emergency situation.
(b) Language Ability demonstration-
The ability, referred to in section 1 shall be demonstrated by
complying with one of the following alternative requirements:
(i) Having graduated from a pilot licensing course conducted
in English; or
(ii) Having passed a specific examination given by or on
behalf of the Civil Aviation Authority after having
undertaken a course of training enabling the applicant to
222
meet all the objectives listed in section 1 (a) to (c) above;
or
(c) Requirements for the issue of a validation for the purpose of flying-
An applicant who wishes to validate his or her foreign license for
the purpose of exercising the privileges of a national pilot in a
South African registered aircraft shall
(i) Pass a skill test with an appropriately rated flight instructor,
who is also required to assess the applicant‘s cross-country,
navigational proficiency. If necessary, according to
experience, the applicant shall undergo a navigation flight
test with the instructor, similar to the cross-country flight
requirement as prescribed by these regulations for the issue
of a national pilot licence; and
(ii) Pass an examination in air law as applicable for a national
pilot licence at an aviation training organisation, approved in
terms of Part 141.
(d) Validation of flight instructor rating
(i) To qualify for the validation of a national flight instructor
rating, the applicant shall –
(a) Be in the possession of a valid, equivalent or higher
grade flight instructor rating, issued by the appropriate
authority of a Contracting State;
(b) Qualify for the issue of, or be in the possession of a
valid validation of his or her pilot licence;
(c) Pass a skill test with an appropriately qualified flight
instructor who shall also assess the applicant‘s teaching
223
proficiency and conduct a cross-country flight test with
the applicant; and
(d) Pass a written or oral examination, conducted by the
CAA or the designated organisation, in any other
relevant subject as may be directed by the
Commissioner or the said organisation in the light of the
applicant‘s flight instructor rating applied for.
(ii) The Civil Aviation Authority retains the right to nominate a
specific testing officer for the conduct of any of the tests,
referred to in the sub-paragraph (i).
CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION
A foreign national pilot licence and or rating Certificate of Validation
shall be issued on the form CA 62-01 unless a hang gliding or
paragliding pilot which shall be issued as per form CA 62-16.
DOCUMENTS TO ACCOMPANY APPLICATION-
An application for a Certificate of Validation for a foreign pilot licence
or rating shall be accompanied by –
(a) The fees and documents prescribed in sub-regulations 62.02.15
(5)
(b) where a skill test is required, a copy of the relevant skill test
report;
(c) where a theoretical knowledge examination is required, proof of
having passed such examination; and
(d) any other document that the Commissioner or the organisation
designated for the purpose in terms of Part 149, as the case
224
may be, may require in respect of a particular applicant,
required to assess the applicant‘s fitness to hold a South
African Validation for his or her foreign pilot licence or rating.
68.01.14 Radio telephony certificates
GENERAL
(a) The issuing authority for radiotelephony certificates is the
Independent Communications Authority of South Africa
(ICASA). The CAA has been authorised by ICASA to issue
certificates on behalf of ICASA
(b) ICASA issues two types of certificates, namely a restricted and
a general certificate of proficiency (aeronautical), and may
recognise similar certificates issued by a foreign state for
validation purposes.
RESTRICTED CERTIFICATE
The holder of a glider pilot licence must be the holder of at least a
restricted certificate whenever he or she operates an aircraft that is
required to be fitted with radio apparatus capable of operating within
the aeronautical frequency band.
VALIDATION OF FOREIGN CERTIFICATE
The holder of a foreign certificate of proficiency (aeronautical) or
similar certificate must obtain a validation from the CAA before
operating the radio apparatus in a South African registered aircraft.
CONCESSIONS FOR THE HOLDERS OF A GLIDER STUDENT PILOT
LICENSE-
ICASA has given permission for the holder of a glider student pilot
license to operate the radio apparatus on board an aircraft under the
supervision of a certificated operator for a period not exceeding the
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validity of the student pilot license. The conditions for the issue of a
glider student pilot license and a certificate of competency to operate
radio apparatus are prescribed in Subpart 2 of Part 68 of the
Regulations.
APPLICATION AND EXAMINATION
The procedures to be followed in applying for a certificate of
proficiency (aeronautical), and the conditions applying to the relevant
examinations, are published from time to time in Aeronautical
Information Circular AIC 30-9.
68.02.2 Training
REQUIRED OUTCOMES OF TRAINING COURSE
The aim of the training course is to train prospective glider pilots to the
level of knowledge required to obtain a glider pilot license.
PRACTICAL TRAINING
Prior to applying for a glider student pilot license, the applicant shall
have undergone basic training:
(a) pre-flight inspections
(b) an air experience flight
SUBJECTS TO BE COVERED IN THEORETICAL TRAINING PHASE
The theoretical training phase must cover the following subjects:
(a) Aircraft technical general on the type of training aircraft being
used.
(b) Basic Air Law as appropriate to student pilots.
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(c) Local Rules appropriate to the airfield in use as well as the
surrounding areas.
62.02.3 Theoretical knowledge examination
THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION
The theoretical knowledge examination is to be based on the subjects
prescribed in TS 68.02.2
INVIGILATING
The written theoretical knowledge examinations must be invigilated
by-
(a) in the case of a conventional glider, the holder of a assistant
glider pilot instructor rating or glider pilot instructor rating
(b) in the case of a touring motor glider, the holder of a Grade C,
Grade B or Grade A national flight instructor with the
appropriate rating or assistant glider pilot instructor rating or
glider pilot instructor rating;
68.02.4 Certificate of competency
BASIC TRAINING AND KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS
The communication basic training and knowledge syllabus requirements
are:
(a) Practical operation of the radio and intercom
(b) Basic explanation of airspaces
(c) Basic practical radio communication
68.02.5 Application for Student glider pilot license
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STUDENT GLIDER PILOT LICENSE APPLICATION
(a) An application for a student glider pilot license in a category shall be
made on form RA 68-03 to the Director or the organisation approved
for the purpose in terms of Part 149 of the CAR.
68.02.6 Issuing of Student glider pilot license
STUDENT GLIDER PILOT LICENSE SHALL BE ISSUED
(a) in the format of a Glider Pilot License book
68.02.8 Privileges and limitations of a Student Glider Pilot License
THE HOLDER OF A STUDENT GLIDER PILOT LICENSE SHALL ONLY
(a) exercise those privileges and limitations as prescribed in sub-
regulation 68.02.
68.03.3 Training
PRACTICAL TRAINING
The practical training must be done according to APPENDIX
R68.01.
68.03.4 Theoretical knowledge examination
THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION
(a) The contents of the written theoretical knowledge examination
must be based on the theoretical training described in
APPENDIX R 68.02
The written theoretical knowledge examination shall be
invigilated
(b) in the case of a conventional glider, the holder of a assistant
glider pilot instructor rating or glider pilot instructor rating
(c) in the case of a touring motor glider, the holder of a Grade C,
Grade B or Grade A national flight instructor with the
appropriate rating or assistant glider pilot instructor rating or
glider pilot instructor rating;
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68.03.5 Skill test
PRACTICAL TEST OF KNOWLEDGE OF PROCEDURES
AND FLYING SKILLS
(a) An applicant for a glider pilot license to be issued with a type
rating or class rating for conventional - or touring motor gliders
must demonstrate skills in:
(i) in the case of a conventional glider, the holder of a assistant
glider pilot instructor rating or glider pilot instructor rating;
and
(ii) in the case of a touring motor glider, the holder of a Grade C,
Grade B or Grade A national flight instructor with the
appropriate rating or assistant glider pilot instructor rating or
glider pilot instructor rating; who had not been involved in
more than 3 hours of instruction with the applicant:
(b) Procedures and actions to be tested according to APPENDIX
68.03
SKILL TEST REPORT
(a) The flight instructor conducting the skill test must complete the
assessment report on form RA 68-05 with reference to the
standard of assessment on a scale of 1 to 5 as indicated in
paragraph (f) below.
(b) If an Assessment category score of 1 was obtained in more than
one assessment, the complete test has to be repeated after more
training in all aspects that was assessed as below Assessment
Category 4.
(c) If an Assessment category score of 2 was obtained in more than
two assessments, the test has to be repeated in respect all
aspects that were assessed as below Assessment Category 4,
after more training in all these aspects.
229
(d) If an Assessment category score of 3 was obtained in more than
four assessments, the application for the license may only be
presented after more training in these aspects were conducted
and a report to the satisfactory completion thereof, including
copies of logbook entries of such training, accompanies the
application.
(e) Testing officials are encouraged not to fall into the well-known
easy habit of simply awarding ―average‖ assessments. It is
important to not be afraid to award either the highest or the lowest
mark, and be certain to discuss these with the applicant, his
instructor as well as the flight school management.
(f) Format of assessment report
Mark obtained Assessment
(i) Failed, unacceptable, requires considerably more
training in the particular aspect.
(ii) Failed, requires further training in the particular aspect.
(iii) Average, some flight instructor input required with a
report before the license may be issued.
(iv) High average, good standard with no ingrained faults.
(v) Above average
Application
68.03.7
An application for the issuing of a class rating or additional type rating by name
for gliders shall be made on form RA 68-06.
Issuing of class rating or type rating
68.03.8
A class rating or type rating by name for gliders shall be issued in the format of
entries into the Glider Pilots License book.
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68.04.3. Training
REQUIRED OUTCOMES OF TRAINING COURSE
The aim of the course must be to train a candidate glider pilot instructor
to obtain the high level of theoretical knowledge, practical flying skills
proficiency, safety, airmanship, and the ability to convey and teach these
to a learner pilot as required by SACAA, RAASA and SSSA standards
and as indicated in this document. This requires that the candidate
should be able to safely and professionally act as flight instructor of any
glider aircraft for which he or she holds a valid class or type rating, and
knowledgeably and confidently stand in front of a class of student pilots
as lecturer on the required theoretical subjects.
MAIN ASPECTS OF TRAINING COURSE
The course must be comprised of the following aspects running in parallel-
(a) Theoretical tuition; and
(b) Practical flying tuition.
THEORETICAL TUITION
The dedicated aspects of theoretical tuition shall be applicable for glider
pilot instructor rating and for a assistant glider pilot instructor rating as
indicated. The theoretical phase must cover tuition to teach the candidate
instructor to confidently lecture on the subjects as outlined in APPENDIX
R 68.05
PRACTICAL TUITION
Candidate instructors must be taught ground briefings and patter in the air
according to APPENDIX R 68.04
68.04.4 Theoretical knowledge examination
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Content of theoretical knowledge examinations are to be based on the
theoretical subjects as mentioned in APPENDIX R68.05.
68.04.5 Skill test
PRACTICAL TEST OF KNOWLEDGE OF PROCEDURES,
INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUE AND FLYING SKILL
The applicant must show a consistent above average level of flying skill in
demonstrating the air exercises below. Before conducting this test the
applicant must be given by the appointed CFI or glider pilot instructor
conducting the test, a particular air exercise as the main aspect of training
to be briefed and pattered upon, as a new, first time simulated exercise.
Furthermore, during the test the testing instructor must at random select
four further aspects which he must fly as a student pilot who already had
received some instruction, and for which the applicant must do corrective
patter and demonstration of flight technique to alleviate any shortcomings
or mistakes.
SKILL AND PATTER TEST REPORT
The flight instructor conducting the skill and patter test must complete the
assessment report on form RA 62-05 with reference to the standard of
assessment on a scale of 1 to 5 as indicated below.
If more than one assessment in the Assessment Category 1 was obtained
the complete test has to be repeated after more training in all aspects that
was assessed as below Assessment Category 4.
If more than two assessments in the Assessment Category 2 were
obtained the complete test has to be repeated after more training in all
aspects that was assessed as below Assessment Category 4.
If more than four assessments in the Assessment Category 3 were
obtained, the test has to be repeated regarding only these aspects, and
after more training has been done in these aspects.
232
Testing instructors are encouraged not fall into the well-known easy habit
of simply awarding ―average‖ assessments. Be not afraid to award either
the highest or the lowest mark, and be certain to discuss these with the
candidate, his tutor as well as the flight school management.
Format of assessment report
Mark obtained Assessment
(i) Failed, unacceptable, requires considerably more training in the
particular aspect. Complete retest required
(ii) Failed, requires further training in the particular aspect. Complete
retest required.
(iii) Average, retest required in these aspects.
(iv) High average, good standard with no ingrained faults.
(v) Above average
68.04.6 Application for glider pilot instructor’s rating
(a) An application for the issuing of a glider pilot instructor rating
shall be made on form RA 68-08
(b) The skill test report shall be submitted on the form RA 68-05
68.04.9 Renewal of glider pilot instructor’s rating
FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR REFRESHER SEMINARS
All glider pilot instructor‘s must attend a refresher seminar at least
once every two years if held. These seminars, set up under the
auspices of the Recreation Aviation Administration of South Africa,
will be conducted every 2 years at selected venues. These must
include, but not be limited to the following aspects of discussion:
Advancement in instructional techniques.
Statutory changes in aviation.
Applicable aspects of existing statutes.
233
Analyses of root causes and trends of occurrences.
Open book quiz on various aspects of commercial aviation, flight
and ground instruction, and aviation in general.
OPEN BOOK QUIZZ
The results of the open book quiz is not a norm in the renewal process, but
is mainly for self evaluation, and is to be kept in hard copy format on the
instructor‘s file at the flight training school where he is employed.
68.05.4 Application
An application for the issuing of a Glider Pilot Licence including a type
rating or group type rating as a test pilot shall be made on form RA 68.09.
SCHEDULE 7
1. AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA CATS 69 OF THE TECHNICAL
STANDARD
1.1 Technical Standard 69 is hereby amended by the insertion of the following:
LIST OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS:
FREE BALLOON PILOT LICENSE
SUBPART 1: GENERAL
TS 69.01.4 COMPETENCY. ...............................................................................69-5
1. Proficiency check ....................................................................69-5
2. Annual logbook summary .......................................................69-6
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TS 69.01.6 LANGUAGE .....................................................................................69-7
1. Ability requirements ................................................................69-7
2. Ability demonstration ..............................................................69-7
TS 69.01.7 LOGGING OF FLIGHT TIME ...........................................................69-8
1. Format of logbook ...................................................................69-8
2. Information to be contained in logbooks ...............................69-8
3. Recording of flight time ...........................................................69-9
4. Manner in which logbooks are to be maintained ..................69-9
TS 69.01.8 VALIDATION OF FOREIGN PILOT LICENCES AND RATINGS .....69-10
1. Contracting states ...................................................................69-10
TS 69.01.9 APPLICATION FOR, AND ISSUING OF A VALIDATION
OF A FOREIGN GLIDER PILOT LICENCE AND RATINGS…...…….69-10
1. Application form ......................................................................69-10
2. Requirements and conditions ................................................69-10
3. Certificate of validation ...........................................................69-12
4. Documents to accompany application ..................................69-12
TS 69.01.14 RADIO-TELEPHONY CERTIFICATES ............................................69-13
1. General .....................................................................................69-13
2. Restricted certificate ...............................................................69-13
3. Validation of foreign certificate ..............................................69-13
4. Concessions for holders of national pilot learner’s certificate
...................................................................................................69-13
5. Application and examination ..................................................69-13
SUBPART 2: REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ISSUE OF A FREE BALLOON PILOT
LICENSE
235
TS 69.02.3 PRACTICAL TRAINING ...................................................................69-16
TS 69.02.4 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION ..............................69-16
TS 69.02.5 SKILL TEST .....................................................................................69-16
1. Practical test of knowledge of procedures and flying skill 69-16
2. Skill test report .......................................................................69-17
TS 69.02.8 ISSUING………………………………………………………………….69-18
TS 69.02.11 CLASS RATINGS………………………………….…………………….69-18
SUBPART 3: FREE BALLOON COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENSE
TS 69.03.4 TRAINING ........................................................................................69-19
1. Required outcomes of training course ................................69-19
2. Main aspects of training course ...........................................69-19
3. Theoretical tuition ..................................................................69-19
4. Practical tuition ......................................................................69-19
TS 69.03.5 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION ..............................69-19
SUBPART 1: GENERAL
Competency
TS 69.01.4
PROFICIENCY CHECK
The contents of the proficiency check shall be as defined in the form RA
68.05 and shall be conducted in an aircraft of the category, class or type
for which the pilot requires the proficiency check. In general terms, the
elements listed below should be included in the proficiency check,
however, it is accepted that there may be aircraft or operational
requirements and limitations that prevents some of these elements from
236
being covered. In such cases the instructor shall make appropriate
comments on the revalidation check form.
(a) An applicant for the renewal of a glider pilot license must
demonstrate his skill to an appropriately qualified Glider Flight
Instructor:
(b) Procedures and actions to be tested according to APPENDIX
R68.03
(c) The flight instructor conducting the proficiency check must
complete the assessment report on form RA 68-05 with
reference to the standard of assessment on a scale of 1 to 5 as
indicated in paragraph (h) below.
(d) If an Assessment category score of 1 was obtained in more
than one assessment, the complete test has to be repeated
after more training in all aspects that was assessed as below
Assessment Category 4.
(e) f an Assessment category score of 2 was obtained in more than
two assessments, the test has to be repeated in respect all
aspects that were assessed as below Assessment Category 4,
after more training in all these aspects.
(f) If an Assessment category score of 3 was obtained in more
than four assessments, the application for the license may only
be presented after more training in these aspects were
conducted and a report to the satisfactory completion thereof,
including copies of logbook entries of such training,
accompanies the application.
(g) Testing officials are encouraged not to fall into the well-known
easy habit of simply awarding ―average‖ assessments. It is
important to not be afraid to award either the highest or the
lowest mark, and be certain to discuss these with the applicant,
his instructor as well as the flight school management.
237
(h) Format of assessment report
Mark obtained Assessment
(i) Failed, unacceptable, requires considerably more training in
the particular aspect.
(ii) Failed, requires further training in the particular aspect.
(iii) Average, some flight instructor input required with a report
before the license may be issued.
(iv) High average, good standard with no ingrained faults.
(vi) Above average
ANNUAL LOGBOOK SUMMARY
The annual logbook summary shall:
(a) be in the format prescribed in APPENDIX R68.07
(b) reflect the number of hours flown recorded in each column
of the logbook, per aircraft category, class or type in the
preceding 12 months, a grand total of hours flown in each
aircraft category for the period and a grand total of hours
flown which has been recorded in each column of the
logbook; and
(c) be submitted together with the annual currency fees and
attached to form RA 68.02.
Language
TS 69.01.6 ABILITY REQUIREMENTS
The applicant for a pilot licence, to be issued in terms of Part 68 shall
have sufficient ability in reading, speaking and understanding the
English language in the following circumstances:
238
(a) Examination:
To undergo and pass oral and written examinations conducted
in English, required for the issue of the particular license /
ratings applied for;
(b) Ground actions:
All information written in English relevant to the accomplishment
of a flight, such as:
(iv) All laws, regulations, rules and other statutory
requirements, including all technical manuals;
(v) all pre-flight administrative and flight planning
procedures;
(vi) use of all aeronautical en route, departure and approach
charts and associated documents;
(c) Communication:
Be able to clearly and coherently communicate with ATC and
other crew members in English during all phases of flight, and
particularly during any emergency situation.
ABILITY DEMONSTRATION
The ability, referred to in section 1 shall be demonstrated by
complying with one of the following alternative requirements:
(a) Having graduated from a pilot licensing course conducted in
English; or
(b) Having passed a specific examination given by or on behalf of
the Civil Aviation Authority after having undertaken a course of
training enabling the applicant to meet all the objectives listed in
section 1 (a) to (c) above; or
239
(c) Having passed a specific examination given by or on behalf of
the Civil Aviation Authority, if considered necessary by the
Commissioner, where an applicant claims English as his or her
mother tongue or second language.
Logging of flight time
TS 69.01.7
FORMAT OF LOGBOOK
Logbooks must be maintained with at least the format as per
APPENDIX
R68.08.
INFORMATION TO BE CONTAINED IN LOGBOOKS
The following information must be recorded in logbooks as
applicable:
(a) General:
(i) full name and address of owner;
(ii) summary of previous flying experience, if any;
(iii) licence(s) held, with number.
(b) Particulars of each actual or simulated flight:
(i) date;
(ii) (a) the registration marks and type or ICAO
designator of the aircraft, or the make and model and
size of hang-glider or para-glider,in which the flight was
made; or
(b) the registration and type of the simulator in which
the simulated flight was made;
240
(iii) name of pilot-in-command (PiC) or ‗SELF‘;
(iv) operating capacity of the holder if not PiC;
(v) name of safety pilot, if applicable;
(vi) place of departure and of arrival in respect of an actual
flight;
(vii) nature of flight.
(c) Specification of pilot flight time experience acquired in any of
the following categories:
(i) authorised flight training received from an appropriately
rated flight instructor;
(ii) national pilot learner flying solo;
(iii) pilot-in-command (PiC);
(iv) co-pilot;
(v) flight instructor.
RECORDING OF FLIGHT TIME
(a) Flight time shall be recorded as prescribed in regulation
68.01.7.
(b) Flight times may be recorded in hours and minutes, or in hours
and decimals of hours.
(c) When recording flight times, a clear distinction must be made
between flight time acquired on different categories of aircraft;
e.g. microlight aeroplane, gyrocopter, light sport aeroplane,
glider etc.
MANNER IN WHICH LOGBOOKS ARE TO BE MAINTAINED
(a) In order to facilitate the issuing of licences, or the issuing and
renewal of ratings, a pilot shall summarize his or her logbook for
241
the twelve months immediately preceding the date of
application for the issue of a licence, or the issue or renewal of
a rating, as applicable, unless a new rating or license is to be
issued, in which case a copy of the logbook pages pertaining to
the rating or license will be submitted.
(b) Summaries must be signed by the pilot and, where applicable,
by the flight instructor. In the latter case, the flight instructor
shall print clearly his or her name, and record his or her license
number.
(c) On each page, totals must be brought and carried forward, and
grand totals recorded. Grand totals must be recorded in the left-
hand corner at the bottom of each page in the space provided
therefore.
(d) The ‗details of flight and remarks‘ column must be completed,
showing-
(i) the exercises of the applicable practical flight instruction
syllabus; or
(ii) in the case of navigation: the route flown; or
(iii) in the case of a aviation flight the type of flight;
(iv) whether the pilot-in-command acted as flight instructor;
(v) any other information of importance related to the flight.
(g) Where a flight is conducted for the purpose of meeting a
maintenance of competency requirement, this must be recorded
on the line of the particular flight; e.g. ‗Reg. 68.04.3(a)(ii)
complied with‘. Where currency was restored by means of a
skill test, the entry ‗Reg. xxx complied with‘ shall be
countersigned by the national instructor. The same applies even
if the required purpose is achieved over a number of flights.
242
Validation of foreign pilot’s licences and ratings
TS 69.01.8
CONTRACTING STATES
A list of Contracting States of which the licences and ratings issued
by or on behalf of the appropriate authority are deemed to be of a
standard equal to, or higher than, those issued by or on behalf of the
South African Civil Aviation Authority may be obtained from the
Commissioner or the organisation designated for the purpose in
terms of Part 149, as the case may be.
Application for, and issuing of a validation of a foreign pilot licence and ratings
TS 69.01.9
APPLICATION FORM
The application for the Validation for a foreign pilot licence or rating
shall be made on the form RA 68-01 to the Director or the
organisation designated for the purpose in terms of Part 149, as the
case may be.
REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS
(a) Language ability requirements-
The applicant for a pilot licence, to be issued in terms of Part 68 shall
have sufficient ability in reading, speaking and understanding the
English language in the following circumstances:
243
(i) Examination:
To undergo and pass oral and written examinations
conducted in English, required for the issue of the
particular license / ratings applied for;
(ii) Ground actions:
All information written in English relevant to the
accomplishment of a flight, such as:
dd. All laws, regulations, rules and other statutory
requirements, including all technical manuals;
ee. all pre-flight administrative and flight planning
procedures;
ff. use of all aeronautical en route, departure and
approach charts and associated documents;
iii) Verbal communication:
Be able to clearly and coherently communicate with ATC
and other crew members in English during all phases of
flight, and particularly during any emergency situation.
(b) Language Ability demonstration-
The ability, referred to in section 1 shall be demonstrated by
complying with one of the following alternative requirements:
(i) Having graduated from a pilot licensing course conducted
in English; or
(ii) Having passed a specific examination given by or on
behalf of the Civil Aviation Authority after having
undertaken a course of training enabling the applicant to
244
meet all the objectives listed in section 1 (a) to (c) above;
or
(c) Requirements for the issue of a validation for the purpose of flying-
An applicant who wishes to validate his or her foreign license for
the purpose of exercising the privileges of a national pilot in a
South African registered aircraft shall
(i) Pass a skill test with an appropriately rated flight instructor,
who is also required to assess the applicant‘s cross-country,
navigational proficiency. If necessary, according to
experience, the applicant shall undergo a navigation flight
test with the instructor, similar to the cross-country flight
requirement as prescribed by these regulations for the issue
of a national pilot licence; and
(ii) Pass an examination in air law as applicable for a national
pilot licence at an aviation training organisation, approved in
terms of Part 141.
(d) Validation of flight instructor rating
(i) To qualify for the validation of a national flight instructor
rating, the applicant shall –
(aa) Be in the possession of a valid, equivalent or higher
grade flight instructor rating, issued by the appropriate
authority of a Contracting State;
(bb) Qualify for the issue of, or be in the possession of a
valid validation of his or her pilot licence;
(cc) Pass a skill test with an appropriately qualified flight
instructor who shall also assess the applicant‘s teaching
245
proficiency and conduct a cross-country flight test with
the applicant; and
(dd) Pass a written or oral examination, conducted by the
CAA or the designated organisation, in any other
relevant subject as may be directed by the
Commissioner or the said organisation in the light of the
applicant‘s flight instructor rating applied for.
(ii) The Civil Aviation Authority retains the right to nominate a
specific testing officer for the conduct of any of the tests,
referred to in the sub-paragraph (i).
CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION
A foreign national pilot licence and or rating Certificate of Validation
shall be issued on the form CA 62-01 unless a hang gliding or
paragliding pilot which shall be issued as per form CA 62-16.
DOCUMENTS TO ACCOMPANY APPLICATION-
An application for a Certificate of Validation for a foreign pilot licence
or rating shall be accompanied by –
(a) The fees and documents prescribed in sub-regulations 62.02.15
(5)
(b) where a skill test is required, a copy of the relevant skill test
report;
(c) where a theoretical knowledge examination is required, proof of
having passed such examination; and
(d) any other document that the Commissioner or the organisation
designated for the purpose in terms of Part 149, as the case
may be, may require in respect of a particular applicant,
246
required to assess the applicant‘s fitness to hold a South
African Validation for his or her foreign pilot licence or rating.
Radio telephony certificates
TS 69.01.14
GENERAL
(a) The issuing authority for radiotelephony certificates is the
Independent Communications Authority of South Africa
(ICASA). The CAA has been authorised by ICASA to issue
certificates on behalf of ICASA
(b) ICASA issues two types of certificates, namely a restricted and
a general certificate of proficiency (aeronautical), and may
recognise similar certificates issued by a foreign state for
validation purposes.
RESTRICTED CERTIFICATE
The holder of a glider pilot licence must be the holder of at least a
restricted certificate whenever he or she operates an aircraft that is
required to be fitted with radio apparatus capable of operating within
the aeronautical frequency band.
VALIDATION OF FOREIGN CERTIFICATE
The holder of a foreign certificate of proficiency (aeronautical) or
similar certificate must obtain a validation from the CAA before
operating the radio apparatus in a South African registered aircraft.
CONCESSIONS FOR THE HOLDERS OF A GLIDER STUDENT PILOT
LICENSE-
ICASA has given permission for the holder of a glider student pilot
license to operate the radio apparatus on board an aircraft under the
supervision of a certificated operator for a period not exceeding the
247
validity of the student pilot license. The conditions for the issue of a
glider student pilot license and a certificate of competency to operate
radio apparatus are prescribed in Subpart 2 of Part 68 of the
Regulations.
APPLICATION AND EXAMINATION
The procedures to be followed in applying for a certificate of
proficiency (aeronautical), and the conditions applying to the relevant
examinations, are published from time to time in Aeronautical
Information Circular AIC 30-9.
SUBPART 2: REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ISSUE OF A FREE BALLOON PILOT
LICENSE
Training
TS 69.02.3
PRACTICAL TRAINING
The practical training must be done according to APPENDIX
R68.01
Theoretical knowledge examination
TS 69.02.4
THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION
(a) The contents of the written theoretical knowledge examination
must be based on the theoretical training described in
APPENDIX R 68.02
248
The written theoretical knowledge examination shall be
invigilated
(d) in the case of a conventional glider, the holder of a assistant
glider pilot instructor rating or glider pilot instructor rating
(e) in the case of a touring motor glider, the holder of a Grade C,
Grade B or Grade A national flight instructor with the
appropriate rating or assistant glider pilot instructor rating or
glider pilot instructor rating;
Skill test
TS 69.02.5
PRACTICAL TEST OF KNOWLEDGE OF PROCEDURES
AND FLYING SKILLS
(b) An applicant for a glider pilot license to be issued with a type
rating or class rating for conventional - or touring motor gliders
must demonstrate his skill in
1. in the case of a conventional glider, the holder of a
assistant glider pilot instructor rating or glider pilot
instructor rating
2. in the case of a touring motor glider, the holder of a Grade
C, Grade B or Grade A national flight instructor with the
appropriate rating or assistant glider pilot instructor rating
or glider pilot instructor rating;
who had not been involved in more than 3 hours of instruction
with the applicant:
(c) Procedures and actions to be tested according to APPENDIX
68.03
249
SKILL TEST REPORT
(g) The flight instructor conducting the skill test must complete the
assessment report on form RA 68-05 with reference to the
standard of assessment on a scale of 1 to 5 as indicated in
paragraph (f) below.
(h) If an Assessment category score of 1 was obtained in more than
one assessment, the complete test has to be repeated after more
training in all aspects that was assessed as below Assessment
Category 4.
(i) If an Assessment category score of 2 was obtained in more than
two assessments, the test has to be repeated in respect all
aspects that were assessed as below Assessment Category 4,
after more training in all these aspects.
(j) If an Assessment category score of 3 was obtained in more than
four assessments, the application for the license may only be
presented after more training in these aspects were conducted
and a report to the satisfactory completion thereof, including
copies of logbook entries of such training, accompanies the
application.
(k) Testing officials are encouraged not to fall into the well-known
easy habit of simply awarding ―average‖ assessments. It is
important to not be afraid to award either the highest or the lowest
mark, and be certain to discuss these with the applicant, his
instructor as well as the flight school management.
(l) Format of assessment report
Mark obtained Assessment
1 Failed, unacceptable, requires considerably more training in
the particular aspect.
250
2 Failed, requires further training in the particular aspect.
3 Average, some flight instructor input required with a report
before the license may be issued.
4 High average, good standard with no ingrained faults.
5 Above average.
Application
69.02.8
An application for the issuing of a class rating or additional type rating by name
for gliders shall be made on form RA 68-06.
Issuing of class rating
69.02.11
A class rating type rating for gliders shall be issued in the format of entries into
the Glider Pilots License book.
SUBPART 3 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ISSUE OF A FREE BALLOON
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENSE
Training
TS 69.03.4.
REQUIRED OUTCOMES OF TRAINING COURSE
The aim of the course must be to train a candidate glider pilot instructor to
obtain the high level of theoretical knowledge, practical flying skills
proficiency, safety, airmanship, and the ability to convey and teach these
to a learner pilot as required by SACAA, RAASA and SSSA standards and
as indicated in this document. This requires that the candidate should be
251
able to safely and professionally act as flight instructor of any glider
aircraft for which he or she holds a valid class or type rating, and
knowledgeably and confidently stand in front of a class of student pilots as
lecturer on the required theoretical subjects.
MAIN ASPECTS OF TRAINING COURSE
The course must be comprised of the following aspects running in
parallel-
(a) Theoretical tuition; and
(b) Practical flying tuition.
THEORETICAL TUITION
The dedicated aspects of theoretical tuition shall be applicable for glider
pilot instructor rating and for a assistant glider pilot instructor rating as
indicated. The theoretical phase must cover tuition to teach the candidate
instructor to confidently lecture on the subjects as outlined in APPENDIX R
68.05
PRACTICAL TUITION
Candidate instructors must be taught ground briefings and patter in the air
according to APPENDIX R 68.04
Theoretical knowledge examination
TS 69.03.5
Content of theoretical knowledge examinations are to be based on the
theoretical subjects as mentioned in APPENDIX R68.05.
252
SCHEDULE 8
1. AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA CATS 136 OF THE TECHNICAL
STANDARD
1.1 Technical Standard 136 is hereby amended by the insertion of the following:
LIST OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS:
AIR TRANSPORT OPERATIONS – COMMERCIAL OPERATION OF FREE
BALLOONS
SUBPART 1: GENERAL
SUBPART 2: FLIGHT CREW
136.02.1 Composition of flight crew
136.02.2 Flight crew member emergency duties
136.02.3 Flight time and duty periods
SUBPART 3: TRAINING AND CHECKING
136.03.3 Flight Crew member training
SUBPART 4: DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS
136.04.2 Operations manual
136.04.6 Records of emergency equipment
136.04.8 Load sheet
SUBPART 5: BALLOON INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
253
136.05.1 Approval of instruments and equipment
136.05.2 Flight, navigation and associated equipment for balloon operating under VFR
Balloon First Aid Kit
SUBPART 6: OPERATING CERTIFICATE
136.06.2 Application for the issuance or amendments of an Air Operator certificate and
operations specifications.
1. Application for air operator certificate
2. Required management positions
3. Approved positions, minimum qualifications and responsibilities
136.06.2 Application Adjudication of an issuance of an Air operator Certificate
operations specifications.
1. Document format and layout
2. Contents of an air operator certificate
3. Contents of an OpSpec
SUBPART 7: FLIGHT OPERATIONS
136.07.2 Operational control and supervision
136.07.6 Fuel policy
136.07.13 Briefing of passengers
136.10.2 COMPONENTS OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
1. Safety management system training programme
136.10.4 ESTABLISHMENT AND STRUCTURE OF A SAFETY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
1. General
2. Qualifications of key SMS personnel
254
3. Goals of the SMS
136.10.8 REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
1. Definitions
2. Quality management system (QMS) requirements
3. QMS policy
4. Structure
5. Process requirements
6. Documentation
7. Quality manager
8. Quality management system
SUBPART 2: FLIGHT CREW
136.02.1 Composition of flight crew
(1) An explanation of the method for determining flight crew compositions taking
account of the following:
(a) the size of a free balloon being used;
(b) the minimum one flight crew member; unless;
(c) A second pilot designated by the operator as pilot under
supervision for the purposes of training, or check flight.
(d) Experience (total flight time and on size category), recency and
qualification of the flight crew member.
(2) Designation of the pilot-in-command
The rules applicable to the appointment or designation of the pilot-in-command.
255
136.02.2 Flight crew member emergency duties
(1) The abnormal and emergency procedures and duties assigned to the flight
crew, the appropriate check-lists, the system for use of the check-lists and a
statement covering the necessary co-ordination procedures between flight crew
and ground crew. The following abnormal and emergency procedures and duties
must be included.
(i) Flight crew incapacitation
Operator shall establish procedures to be followed in the event of
incapacitation of PIC in flight. Examples of the types of incapacitation and
the means for recognising them must be included.
(ii) operational emergencies
(a) Fire drills;
(b) Burner failure;
(c) Wind curls & Windshear. and
(d) Guidance for actions to be taken in the event of serious failure.
136.02.3 Flight time and duty periods
The functions referred to in regulation 136.02.3 shall be such as to ensure that
the rostering process is as it is stated in the mentioned regulations.
SUBPART 3: TRAINING AND CHECKING
136.03.3 Recurrent training and checking
(1) A flight crew member employed by the operator of a commercial air transport free
balloon shall have successfully completed crew resource management training
including human factors, emergency actions, risk analysis and threat and error
management training –
256
(a) Upon initial appointment to the operator – unless such person has, within
the preceding 5 years received such training from an approved training
organisation
(b) On a recurrent basis every 5 years thereafter
(2) A flight crew member employed by the operator of a commercial air transport
free balloon shall have shall undergo an initial proficiency check and a recurrent
annual proficiency check as prescribed in the operator manual described in
regulation 136.04.4
(3) Emergency duties training and currency as prescribed in the Operating manual
described in TS 136.04.2 (2.2.3)
SUBPART 4: DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS
136.04.2 OPERATIONS MANUAL
1. Structure of operations manual
(1) An operator must ensure that the main structure of the operations manual is as
follows –
Part 1: General
This Part must comprise all operational policies, instructions and procedures
needed for a safe operation and must comply with all relevant regulations.
Part 2: Balloon operating matters
This Part must comprise all instructions and procedures needed for a safe
operation of the balloons.
Part 3: Training
This Part must comprise all training instructions for personnel required for a
safe operation.
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(2) An operator must ensure that the contents of the operations manual are in
accordance with section 2 of this TS and relevant to the type of operation and
that the manual contains at least the following introductory layout –
(a) title page;
(b) table of contents;
(c) record of amendments page; and
(d) list of effective pages.
(2) An operator must ensure that the detailed structure of the operations manual is
approved by the Director.
2. CONTENTS OF OPERATIONS MANUAL
2.1 PART 1: GENERAL
2.1.1 Administration and control of operations manual
An operations manual shall contain-
(1) The following statements and information:
(a) statement that the manual is intended to comply with:
(i) all applicable acts, regulations and associated technical standards;
(ii) the terms and conditions of the applicable operating certificate; and
(iii) the authorizations, conditions and limitations of the operations
specifications associated with the AOC;
(b) a statement that, where any person is confronted with an operational
situation not contemplated by the operations manual, such person will be
expected to act in accordance with his or her most conservative discretion.
Furthermore, where any part of the manual is considered to be repugnant
to any provision referred to in sub-paragraph (a), such person shall comply
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with the respective legal statute and report the discrepancy to the
responsible person by the quickest means possible;
(c) a statement that the manual contains operational instructions that are to
be complied with by the relevant personnel;
(d) a list and brief description of the various parts, their contents, applicability
and use (table of contents);and
(e) explanations and definitions of terms and words needed for the use of the
manual;
(2) System of amendment and revision –
(a) who is responsible for the issuance and insertion of amendments and
revisions;
(b) a record of amendments and revisions with insertion dates and effective
dates;
(c) a description of the system for the annotation of pages and their effective
dates;
(d) a list of effective pages;
(e) annotation of changes and temporary revisions; and
(g) a description of the distribution system for the manuals, including the
method for rapid dissemination and implementing of amendments and
revisions.
2.1.2 Organisation and responsibilities
(1) Organisational structure
(a) For the purposes of this technical standard, the term ―functional area‖
refers to a specific aspect of the operator‘s business, such as flight
operations or maintenance, for which a person would normally be
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assigned the responsibility for its operation. In larger companies a
functional area would be termed ―division‖ or ―department‖.
(b) A description of the organisational structure through the use of one or
more organograms. The organogram(s) must depict the relationship
between all functional areas related to the safety of operations (egg. flight
operations, maintenance, training, quality, safety and security), including
their relationship to the chief executive officer. In particular, the
subordination and reporting lines between the various office bearers shall
be shown.
(2) Office Bearers
The name, functions and responsibilities of each office bearer shall be listed.
(3) Responsibilities and duties of designated personnel
A description of the specific responsibilities and duties delegated by an office
bearer to certain personnel within a functional area.
(4) Authority, duties and responsibilities of the pilot-in-command (PIC)
A statement defining the authority, duties and responsibilities of the PIC.
(5) Duties and responsibilities of crew members other than the PIC
A statement defining the duties and responsibilities of crew members other than
the PIC.
2.1.3 Operational control and supervision
(1) Supervision of the operation by the operator
A description of the system for supervision of the operation by the operator.
This must show how the safety of flight operations and the qualifications of
personnel are supervised. In particular, the procedures related to the following
items must be described –
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(a) licence and qualification validity;
(b) competence of operations personnel; and
(c) control, analysis and storage of records, flight documents, additional
information and data.
(2) System of promulgation of additional operational instructions and information
A description of any system for promulgating information which may be of an
operational nature but is supplementary to that in the operations manual. The
applicability of this information and the responsibilities for its promulgation must
be included.
(3) Operational control
A description of the procedures and responsibilities necessary to exercise
operational control with respect to flight safety.
2.1.4 Safety Management System (SMS)
A description of the organisation of roles and responsibilities of the personnel
employed in, and policies and procedures associated with the safety
management system. The description of the SMS may be contained in a
separate manual depending upon the size and complexity of the operator. In
the manner prescribed in Document SA-CATS 136
2.1.5 Quality Management System (QMS)
A description of the organisation of, roles and responsibilities of the personnel
employed in, and policies and procedures associated with the QMS, in the
manner prescribed in Document SA-CATS 136
2.1.6 Flight crew composition
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(iii) An explanation of the method for determining flight crew compositions taking
account of the following:
(e) the size of a free balloon being used;
(f) the minimum one flight crew member; unless;
(g) A second pilot designated by the operator as pilot under
supervision for the purposes of training, or check flight.
(h) Experience (total flight time and on size category), recency and
qualification of the flight crew member.
(iv) Designation of the pilot-in-command
The rules applicable to the appointment or designation of the pilot-in-command.
2.1.7 Qualification requirements
(1) A description of the required licence, rating(s), qualification/competency.
Required to complete a balloon flight
(2) Flight crew
(a) Pilot-in-command;
(b) Pilot under supervision;
(3) Training, checking and supervision personnel
(a) For flight crew; and
(b) Ground Crew
(i) Safety, communication, ERP training, land owner relations
2.1.8 Flight crew health precautions
Guidance to flight crew members concerning health including –
(a) alcohol and other intoxicating liquor;
(b) narcotics and drugs;
(c) immunisation;
(d) sleep and rest; and
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(e) surgical operations.
2.1.9 Flight time and duty period limitations
(1) Flight time and duty period limitations and rest requirements
A description of the operator‘s approved flight time and duty period programme.
(2) Provisions for exceeding flight time and duty period limitations and/or reductions
of rest periods
Conditions under which flight time and duty periods may be exceeded or rest
periods may be reduced and the procedures used to report these modifications.
2.1.10 Operating procedures
(1) Flight preparation instructions
As applicable to the operation
(a) interpretation of meteorological information, including explanatory material
on the decoding of MET forecasts and MET reports relevant to the area of
operations.
(b) the methods by which the quantities of fuel to be carried, are determined
and monitored in flight. Such instructions must take account of all
circumstances likely to be encountered on the flight, including the failure of
one or more of the burners
(c) The system for maintaining fuel records must also be described;
(d) the general principles of calculating available lift ;
(e) the responsibilities and the use of the operator‘s flight folio must be
described.
(f) list of documents, forms and additional information to be carried on board
the balloon and the vehicle.
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(2) Ground handling instructions
As applicable to the operation –
(a) a description of fuelling procedures, including –
(i) safety precautions during refueling
(b) procedures to ensure that persons who appear to be intoxicated or who
demonstrate by manner or physical indications that they are under the
influence of drugs, are refused embarkation;
(3) Flight procedures
As applicable to the operation –
(a) a description of the policy for ensuring flights are conducted under
VFR
(b) the area and type of operation being undertaken
(c) the phase of the flight;
(d) circumstances in which a radio listening watch in maintained; when
operating in close proximity of controlled airspace.
(e) instructions on –
(i) the use of normal checklists and the timing of such use
(ii) altimeter setting procedures;
(f) policy and procedures for in-flight fuel management;
(g) procedures for reporting and avoiding potentially hazardous
atmospheric conditions including – e.g. thunderstorms, turbulence,
heavy precipitation, mountain waves and significant temperature
inversions.
(h) the contents and timing of appropriate passenger briefings including:
(i) landing positions
(ii) the use of mobile phones
(iii) non- interference with pilot equipment and control lines
(iv) no smoking
(v) stowing, cameras, binoculars, etc. for landing
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(vi) disembarking procedures
(i) lists of the survival and emergency equipment and the procedures to
ensure such equipment has been inspected and/or is functioning
properly prior to departure;
2.1.11 Handling of aviation accidents and incidents
Procedures for the handling, notifying and reporting of aviation accidents and
incidents. This section must include –
(a) definitions of aviation accidents and incidents and the relevant
responsibilities of all persons involved;
(b) the description of which operator personnel, authorities or other
institutions have to be notified by which means and in which sequence in
case of an aviation accident; and
(c) the forms used for reporting and the procedure for submitting them to the
relevant authority must also be included;
2.2 PART 2: BALLOON OPERATING MATTERS – SIZE RELATED
Taking account of the differences between sizes under the following headings, all
relevant sections applicable may be referenced to the balloon flight manual
2.2.1 Limitations
A description of the certified limitations and the applicable operational limitations
including –
(a) certification status;
(b) flight crew composition; except in training operations.
(c) mass
(d) wind limits
(e) performance limitations
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2.2.2 Normal procedures
The normal procedures and duties assigned to the flight crew and the appropriate
check-lists and the system for use of the checklists. The following normal
procedures and duties must be included, where deemed necessary for operator
specific requirements, –
(a) pre-flight;
(b) pre-takeoff;
(c) altimeter setting and checking;
(d) take-off
(e) flight
(f) landing;
(g) post landing
2.2.3 Abnormal, emergency and supplementary procedures
The abnormal, emergency and supplementary procedures and duties assigned to
flight crew. The following abnormal and emergency procedures and duties shall, if
applicable, be included -
(a) flight crew incapacitation;
(b) fire drills;
(c) distress communications and alerting other aircraft to emergencies;
(d) emergency landing
(e) emergency evacuation.
Note: the above mentioned shall be part of the passenger briefing procedure, due to the
specific operation of a balloon operator, i.e. single pilot operation.
2.2.4 Flight planning
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(1) Data and instructions necessary for pre-flight and in-flight planning, including
factors such as –
(a) Weather
(b) Land owners relations (Take-off and landing)
(c) Airspace usage
(d) Fuel loadings
(e) Mass and loading calculation
(f) Predicted flight path
(g) Applicable ERP
2.2.5 Emergency equipment
(1) A list of the survival equipment to be carried on all balloon sand the procedures
for checking the serviceability of this equipment prior to take-off. Instructions
regarding the location, accessibility and use of emergency equipment and its
associated check lists(s) must also be included
2.2.6 Emergency Response procedures
(1) Instructions for preparation for emergency landing and the ERP, A description
of the duties of the pilot and members of the supporting ground crew for the
rapid evacuation of a balloon in the event of an emergency landing.
2.3 PART 3: TRAINING
(1) Training syllabi and checking programs for flight crew members and supporting
ground crew members
(2) Training syllabi and checking programs shall include –
(a) for flight crew members, all relevantt items prescribed in Part 69 and
(b) for operations personnel other than flight crew members, all relevant items
pertaining to their duties as specified in this Part.
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(3) Procedures –
(a) for training and checking;
(b) to be applied in the event that personnel do not achieve or maintain the
required standards; and
(c) to ensure that abnormal or emergency situations requiring the application
of part or all of abnormal or emergency procedures, are not simulated
during commercial flights.
(4) Description of documentation to be stored and storage periods.
SUBPART 4: DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS
Records of emergency equipment
136.04.5
(3) The emergency equipment to be carried on board shall include the following:
(a) A serviceable fire extinguisher.
(b) A first aid kit that complies with the requirements of TS136.05.2;
(c) A list of emergency contact numbers for the area in which the flight takes
place; and.
(d) In the case of a flight over water within a distance of more than 2000
metres from shore, a briefing on drowning preventative measure.
Load sheet
136.04.7(4) The minimum contents of a load sheet shall be as follows:
1. Balloon Registration number
2. Date of flight
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3. Launch point
4. Take-off time and temperature
5. Details of empty mass of the balloon showing total empty weight including
instruments and radios.
6. Weight of pilot and any crew.
7. Details of the payload including no of passengers, baggage allowance and total
payload weight.
8. Details of fuel including number of fuel tanks and weights
9. Total balloon mass
10. Flight information including:
(a) Launch site altitude
(b) Maximum planned Altitude
(c) Projected Maximum temperature;
(d) Total permitted lift
(e) Total all up mass
(f) Total spare lift available
(g) Met information
11. Space for the pilot signature attesting to correctness of the information on the
load sheet.
12. Summary of the flight including:
(a) Landing point
(b) Landing Temperature
(c) Total Flight time
(d) Fuel usage
13. Space for noting any defects or problems with equipment or procedures after the
flight.
SUBPART 5: BALLOON INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
Flight, navigation and associated equipment for balloon operated under VFR
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136.05.2 Standard First Aid kit for hot air balloons will comprise the following:
(a) Antiseptic wound cleaner
(b) Simple Analgesic
(c) Burn dressings
(d) Anti-histamine cream
(e) Bandages large and small
(f) Sterile wound dressing large and small
(g) Small adhesive dressings
(h) Adhesive tape
(i) Safety pins and scissors
(j) Disposable resuscitation aid
(k) Disposable gloves
(l) First aid handbook
(m) List of contents in two languages
SUBPART 6: OPERATING CERTIFICATE
136.06.2 APPLICATION FOR THE ISSUANCE OR AMENDMENT OF AN AIR
OPERATOR CERTIFICATE AND OPERATIONS SPECIFICATIONS
1. Application for air operator certificate
(1) The form and manner referred to in regulation 136.06.2 in which application is
made for the issuance or amendment of an air operator certificate (AOC) or
operations specifications is referred to in this technical standard as the
certification process. This process is designed to address the following
certification actions –
(a) initial certification of an operator in terms of this Part;
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(b) revision to any existing AOC or operations specification (Posse) issued
in terms of this Part;
(c) corrective certification action of an existing AOC or Possess where
deficiencies have been discovered through the continuing safety
oversight program, or where appropriate; or
(d) any other certification action requested by an operator, operating or
desiring to operate in terms of this Part.
(2) To assist in the processes, technical guidance material (TGM), outlining the
means of meeting the certification requirements, has been developed. This
guidance material and personal consultation is obtainable from SACAA.
(3) The process used to accomplish any certification activity entails the applicant
successfully completing the five phases of certification. An application may not
progress where any phase in not completed satisfactorily. On this issue an
applicant is cautioned of the need to review the deficiencies as prescribed in
regulation 135.06.3(3). The five phases of certification are comprised of –
(a) the pre-application phase;
(b) the formal application phase;
(c) the documentation review phase;
(d) the demonstration and inspection phase; and
(e) the certification phase.
Note – The certification TGM provides the details of each phase.
(4) As part of the certification process an applicant shall complete and submit the
following as a minimum –
(a) for operators of an international commercial operation, a statement of
compliance (SOC) document, as specified in sub-regulation (6), which is
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the means by which the operator ensures him or herself and the Director
that the company will comply with all applicable regulatory requirements;
Note – See paragraph (6) for more information on the SOC.
(b) a number of application forms, depending upon the type of authority being
applied for, which are intended to provide evidence of qualification for the
specific authorities requested. The number and type of forms required
vary with the size, scope and complexity of the proposed operation and
are at the discretion of the certification officer; however, all will be made
available to the applicant;
(c) copies of all required manuals; and
(d) payment of the application fee required by regulation 136.06.2 shall be
non-refundable unless otherwise approved by the Director.
(5) The applicant must submit to any inquiry or investigation, referred to in regulation
136.06.3(1), as deemed necessary in support of the application and to the
certification audit referred to in regulation 136.06.5(1).
(6) With respect to the statement of compliance (SOC), for each operator or
applicant, –
(a) a SOC is required when applying for international authority;
(b) the SOC shall be in the form of a complete listing of all parts of the
regulations, including technical standards, as applicable to the operation
the applicant is proposing, with space for the applicant to show how each
regulation applicable to him or her has been met through specific
reference to the operator‗s operations, maintenance or other required
manuals;
(c) the SOC shall be updated by operators to reflect amended regulatory
requirements or if the references showing the means of compliance in the
SOC change as a result of amendments to the operator‗s manuals; and
(d) the Director may require the completion of a SOC by any operator at any
time deemed necessary in the interest of public safety.
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2. Required management positions
(1) An operator shall appoint its chief executive officer and person responsible for
flight operations, to ensure proper control and supervision of its personnel and
operation. An operator may employ on a full time basis or contract the remaining
managers as listed in regulation 136.06.2(5); however, if contracted, they shall
devote sufficient time to the operator to ensure they can adequately discharge
their duties. The operator shall designate the functions to be fulfilled by each of
its managers. Section 4 of this TS states the minimum qualifications and
responsibilities of the incumbents. The responsibilities listed in section 4 for the
incumbent of any position may be assigned to another position as provided in
paragraph (3).
(2) The application forms for the required managerial positions will be reviewed to
ensure the minimum qualifications are met. The assessment process may
involve the use of quizzes or interviews to establish the suitability of each
nominee. Where a nominee is known within SACAA, the Director may approve
such nominee without the need for further assessment.
(3) An operator may use whatever title deemed necessary for its managers and may
assign some of the responsibilities for a given position to another person or
persons or the responsibilities of more than one position to one person; however,
all the responsibilities noted in section 4 shall be assigned to a nominated
manager and such assignment clearly identified in the operations manual.
Furthermore, every person assigned any responsibility associated with a required
position shall also meet the qualification requirements associated with the
responsibilities assigned.
(4) An operator shall develop a method of ensuring that, in the absence of a
responsible manager for any reason, all the responsibilities of that manager are
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assigned to another individual. Such individual shall meet the qualifications
required for the responsibilities assigned except that the knowledge requirements
may be demonstrated to the operator rather than the Director. Any assignment
issued for a period greater than 30 days must be acceptable to the Director.
3. Approved positions, minimum qualifications and responsibilities.
(1) Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
(a) Qualifications
The CEO shall not have had any conviction or administrative sanction
under the Act or these Regulations which, in the view of the Director, was
sufficiently serious to render such person not fit and proper to exercise the
responsibilities of such position.
(b) Responsibilities
The CEO shall –
(i) have full authority for all human resources;
(ii) have authority for major financial decisions;
(iii) have direct responsibility for the conduct of the company‗s
affairs; and
(iv) have final responsibility for all safety and security issues.
(2) Person Responsible for Flight Operations (PRFO)
(a) Qualifications
The PRFO shall, as a minimum, –
(i) demonstrate adequate knowledge of the operation of the
operator‗s balloons,
(ii) have acceptable oversight experience in a balloon flight
operations department or acceptable alternative experience;
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(iii) demonstrate knowledge to the Director of the content of the
operations manual, the operator's air operator certificate and
operations specifications, as well as those provisions of the
regulations and technical standards necessary to regulations out
his or her duties and responsibilities to ensure safety; and
(iv) not have had any conviction or administrative sanction under the
Act or these Regulations which, in the view of the Director, was
sufficiently serious to render such person not fit and proper to
exercise the responsibilities of such position.
(b) Responsibilities
The PRFO is responsible for safe flight operations, in particular –
(i) the control of operations and operational standards of all
balloons operated;
(ii) the identification of operations coordination functions which
impact on operational control (e.g. maintenance, crew
scheduling, load control, equipment scheduling);
(iii) the supervision, organization, manning and efficiency of the
following:
(aa) flight operations;
(bb) crew scheduling and rostering; and
(cc) training programmes;
(iv) the timely resolution of safety issues;
(v) the contents of the operator's operations manual;
(vi) the supervision of and the production and amendment of the
operations manual;
(vii) liaison with the regulatory authority on all matters concerning
flight operations, including any variations to the operator's AOC;
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(viii) liaison with any external agencies which may affect the
operator‗s operations;
(ix) ensuring that the operator's operations are conducted in
accordance with current regulations, standards and the
operator‗s policy;
(x) ensuring that crew scheduling complies with flight and duty time
regulations and that all crew members are kept informed of any
changes to the regulations and standards;
(xi) the receipt and actioning of any aeronautical information
affecting the safety of flight;
(xii) the dissemination of balloon safety information, both internal
and external, in conjunction with the safety management system;
(xiii) the qualifications of flight crews;
(xiv) the processing and actioning of any flight crew reports;
(xv) the supervision of flight crews;
(xvi) developing standard operating procedures
(xvii) developing and/or implementing all required approved
training programmes for the operator‗s flight crews;
(xviii) issuing directives and notices to the flight crews as required;
(xix) ensuring the flight documents required by regulation136.04.1
are retained for the period specified therein; and
(xx) the maintenance of a current operations library.
(3) Person Responsible for Aircraft (PRA)
(a) Qualifications
The PRA shall, as a minimum, –
(i) have or have held a free balloon commercial pilot licence;
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(ii) have at least two years‘ experience in a position within aviation, or at
least as a crew chief or higher.
(iii) have not been the Quality Manager of the assigned maintenance
organisation; and
(iv) within the preceding 5 years, have not held a similar position at any
different aviation-related organisation where the approval issued by the
Director has been suspended or cancelled by the Director or the
Minister as a result of the organisation failing to comply with the
requirements of the Act or the Regulations.
(b) Responsibilities
The PRA is responsible for safe balloon operations, in particular –
(i) is responsible for all maintenance and inspection personnel and
signing of Part D of the operations specifications;
(ii) ensures that company aircraft are maintained in an airworthy condition;
(iii) ensures that all inspections, repairs and component changes are
accomplished in accordance with manufacturer‗s approved
procedures;
(iv) ensures compliance with maintenance procedures, airworthiness
directives, service bulletins, service letters and the regulations;
(v) ensures all maintenance technicians are trained and current on the
types of aircraft for which approved;
(vi) ensures that all maintenance technicians are certified and supervised
according to the requirements specified in the regulations;
(vii) the production and amendment of the policy and procedures manual or
maintenance control manual, as appropriate;
(viii) coordinates with maintenance contracting agencies when maintenance
activities are being performed on company aircraft;
(ix) provides the operations manager with the current airworthiness status
of the aircraft and the forecast down times to facilitate maintenance
scheduling and insure timely deferral or correction of aircraft
discrepancies;
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(x) maintains a close liaison with manufacturer's representatives, parts
supply houses, repair facilities and the SACAA;
(xi) makes available to maintenance personnel the necessary overhaul
manuals, service bulletins, service letters, airworthiness directives,
applicable sections of the MCM/MPM and any other required technical
data;
(xii) maintains all necessary work records and logbooks, including
certification in the aircraft permanent maintenance records that the
aircraft is approved for return to service;
(xiii) maintains the weight reports for all aircraft; and
(xiv) Completes all required reports and submits them to the operations
manager for forwarding to the SACAA.
(4) Air Safety Officer (ASO)
(a) Qualifications
The ASO shall, as a minimum, have –
(i) broad operational knowledge in the functions of the organisation or
similar type of organisation;
(ii) completed an approved safety management system (SMS) course in
accordance with the syllabus prescribed in TS 135.10.2;
(iii) at least 2 years of experience closely involved in the operational safety
oversight and has acquired a safety management system qualification.
(b) Responsibilities
The ASO is responsible for the operator‗s SMS and in particular –
(i) the establishment and maintenance of a reporting system to ensure the
timely collection of information related to potential hazards, incidents and
accidents that may adversely affect safety;
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(ii) the identification of latent hazards and regulation out risk management
analyses of those hazards;
(iii) the investigation, analysis and identification of the root cause of all hazards
or the contributing factors of incidents and accidents identified under the
SMS to ensure the operator has adequate mitigation in place;
(iv) the establishment and maintenance of a safety data system, either by
electronic or by other means, to monitor and analyse trends in hazards,
incidents and accident;
(v) the maintenance of a continuous monitoring system that evaluates the
results of corrective actions with respect to hazards, incidents and accidents;
(vi) the monitoring of the concerns of the civil aviation industry in respect of
safety and their perceived effect on the operator;
(vii) the co-ordination of the organisation‗s aviation safety programme and all
related safety matters;
(viii) o-operation with the training section with regard to safety training of flight and
ground crews, as applicable;
(ix) the supervision of balloon handling regarding matters related to safety in co-
operation with ground crew;
(x) the investigation of all incidents and accidents involving the organisation‗s
balloon, equipment and property, including fire and emergency procedures,
not undertaken in accordance with Part 12;
(xi) the actioning and distribution of accident, incident and other occurrence
reports;
(xii) the co-ordination with security personnel to ensure all aspects of security
regarding the organisation‗s aircraft;
(xiii) the development and maintenance of a mandatory occurrence reporting
scheme;
(xiv) the establishment of an emergency plan in the event of an accident, which
includes the actions to be followed by relevant personnel;
(xv) in concert with the person responsible for quality, the maintenance of a
quality assurance programme within the organisation; and
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(xvi) the realisation of other duties which include –
(aa) romulgation of flight safety bulletins to all staff within the
organisation;
(bb) conducting meetings with all relevant personnel regarding safety
matters;
(cc) maintenance of safety equipment;
(dd) safety audits; and
(ee) occupational health and safety.
(4) Quality Manager (QM)
(a) Qualifications
The QM shall, as a minimum, have –
(i) standard 10 school level (Matric); or
(ii) certificate/s or diploma in quality management; and
(iii) at least 2 years‘ experience in Quality Management Systems and balloon
operations.
(b) Responsibilities
The QM is responsible for ensuring that the operator‗s quality assurance
programme is properly established, implemented and maintained and in particular
–
(i) the monitoring of compliance with, and the adequacy of, the procedures
required to ensure safe operational practices and airworthy balloons
(ii) the monitoring of activity in flight operations, maintenance, crew training
and ground operations, to ensure that the standards required by the
Director, and any additional requirements defined by the operator, are
being met; and
(iii) any additional tasks that may be assigned with respect to the financial and
non-operational efficiency aspects of the company.
136.06.3 APPLICATION, ADJUDICATION OF AND ISSUANCE OF AN AIR
OPERATOR CERTIFICATE OR OPERATIONS SPECIFICATIONS
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1. Document format and layout
All South African air operator certificates (AOCs) and associated operations
specifications (OpsSpecs) shall be in the form and layout prescribed by Appendix
6, to Annex 6, Part I of the ICAO Annexes.
2. Contents of an air operator certificate
Each AOC shall contain at least the following information –
(a) the State of the Operator and the issuing authority;
(b) the AOC number and its expiration or valid to date or other means to
indicate its validity;
(c) the operator‗s name, trading name (if different) and address of the principal
place of business;
(d) the date of issue and the name, signature and title of the authority‗s
representative; and
(e) the location, in a controlled document regulation carried on board, where the
contact details of operational management can be found.
Note – For the purposes of establishing a controlled document to provide the
information required by subparagraph (e) an operator‗s operations manual is considered
as the means of compliance: Provided the information is contained in a part of the
operations manual required to be carried on board the operator‗s balloons at all times.
3. Contents of an OpSpec
OpsSpecs are issued in different parts and contain the following information as
applicable to the authority being granted by the OpSpec –
(a) telephone number;
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(b) AOC number;
(c) business name of the operator including ‗doing business as‗ (dba), where
applicable;
(d) Balloon makes and models to which the specification applies;
(e) areas and types of operations approved; and
(f) special limitations, authorisations and approvals.
Note – For more information with respect to the AOCs or associated OpsSpecs an
operator/applicant should contact the Certification Division of the South African Civil
Aviation Authority.
136.07.2 OPERATIONAL CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OF FLIGHT
OPERATIONS
1. Operational control and supervision
(1) An operator shall exercise operational control over its flights.
(2) The person responsible for flight operations shall have the ultimate decision-
making authority in all matters affecting flight operations in general, and the
OCS in particular, after consideration of any other factors that could impact on
the execution of a flight such as financial, commercial or other non-
operational considerations.
(3) The operator is responsible for putting in place communication equipment and
facilities as appropriate to the operator‘s flight following system and ensuring
such equipment is serviceable during the period of time any company flight is
in progress.
(4) The Chief pilot is responsible for the release of each flight and Pilot-in-
command has the final authority as to the continuation, diversion or
termination of a flight
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2. Definitions
"Ground crew‖ means the person/s assigned the responsibility for flight
following and such other duties as may be assigned;
"flight following" means the monitoring of a flight's progress, the provision of
such operational information as may be requested by the PIC and the notification
to appropriate operator and search-and-rescue authorities if the flight is missing.
―flight release‖ means the agreement by the PIC, as witnessed by his or her
signature, that the flight has been planned and is being released for flight in
accordance with the provisions of the operations manual;
"flight monitoring" means monitoring all factors and conditions that might affect
the planned fight and which may be the responsibility of the PIC or other person
assigned by the person responsible for flight operations;
3. Declaration and action in an emergency
(1) In an emergency situation that requires immediate decision and action, the
PIC shall take any action he or she deems necessary for the safety of the
balloon and passengers.
(2) Where the assigned flight follower or operations manager becomes aware of
any emergency situation that could pose a hazard to a flight in progress, he or
she shall make every effort to advise the PIC of such emergency by the
quickest means available. Furthermore, he or she shall –
(a) remain available to the PIC of that flight on a continuous basis until –
(aa) the threat of such emergency has passed;
(bb) the PIC has made a decision and acted upon it and it has
been determined that the operator‘s assistance is no longer
required; or
(b) relay required messages through third parties as necessary to
communicate with the flight; and
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(c) notify the nearest air traffic services unit and appropriate authority of the
emergency and request such assistance as may be necessary.
(3) Whenever a PIC, ground crew member or operations manager declares an
emergency, he or she shall keep the appropriate ATC facility fully informed
as to the progress of the flight.
136.07.6 FUEL POLICY
Planning criteria for balloons
(a) An operator shall base the fuel policy, including calculation of the amount of
fuel to be carried by a balloon, on the planning criteria specified in The
balloon flight manual
(b) The amount shall be based on the guidance in the balloon flight manual!
136.10.2 COMPONENTS OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
1. Safety management system training programme
Any individual, who meets the training requirements set out in this Technical
standard, is deemed to have fulfilled the requirements of CAR 136.06.2 (5).
1.1 Air Service Safety Officer Training Programme
The training programme shall include the at least the learning content reflected
below. The training shall ensure an understanding of the concepts listed as well
as the ability to implement and maintain them.
Skill Learning content
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Strategic Safety
Management
1. The science and philosophy of strategic management.
2. Models of strategic management
3. The factors affecting strategic management
4. Setting of strategic safety objectives and performance
targets
5. Development of safety cases or preliminary hazard
analysis
6. Aviation safety planning in support of the corporate
business plan
7. Monthly and annual aviation safety reporting
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Safety
Management
1. Safety concepts, science and philosophy.
2. The history of safety.
3. Safety principles and practices
4. Aviation safety management system
5. Integration within disciplines (flight safety, ground safety,
technical safety and emergency response disciplines),
6. Role and functions of the stakeholders
7. Behaviour based safety.
8. Safety compliance and application of requirements
9. Safety manager functions in an organization
10. Safety as a management function
11. Measurement of effectiveness
12. Contractor safety program management
13. Conformance monitoring
14. Development of safety policies, procedures and practices
in line with regulations
15. Identify, develop and maintain a risk assessment system
Develop risk profile, interpret risk data, producing and
presenting recommendations
16. Define and describe safety risk methodology
17. Development of safety performance indicators and targets.
18. Change management.
19. Safety Communication
Skill Learning content
Safety Legislation 1. Applicable aviation acts and regulations as well as safety acts
and regulations
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Safety Structure,
Responsibilities and
Accountability
1. Safety responsibilities and accountability of the various
positions within the Organizational structure
2. Developing and implementing an effective aviation safety
organizational structure
3. Defining safety responsibilities and accountability Measuring
the effectiveness of the safety organization
Auditing 1. Role of safety officer in auditing (mainly contractors)
2. Developing, producing and monitoring an audit schedule
3. Audit planning and preparation
4. Conducting audits
5. Implementation of effective corrective measures including
monitoring of its success
Safety Risk
Management
1. Risk management models
2. Identification of hazards and its consequences.
3. Identification of the risk of consequences in terms of
likelihood (probability) and severity (impact)
4. Assessing risk and loss exposures and prioritization
5. Methods for risk control (Mitigation) and prevention
strategies
6. Defining Safety hazards
7. Analysing hazard information from all sources available
8. Determine the probability, frequency and severity of risk
occurrence
9. Defences (counter measures) and their role.
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Accident / Incident
Investigation
1. Concepts covered by Annex 13
2. Accident / incident (occurrence) reporting and its role in the
safety management system
3. Investigation of occurrences not required to be
investigated by the Accident and Investigation Authority.
Safety Awareness 1. Defining requirements for safety awareness (who, what,
when, how)
2. Means for improving awareness.
3. Identification of media and means available
4. Planning for delivery of a safety awareness project
Skill Learning content
Safety Research 1. Process of safety research
2. Sources of information for application in safety research
3. Questionnaires and data management techniques.
4. Information analysis
Aviation Safety
Management
Information
1. Development of aviation safety management information
system (Library/database)
2. Safety reporting and presentation of safety information
Communication 1. Written: Report writing and presentation
2. Verbal: Motivation, negotiation and logical presentation
Aviation Safety
Administration
1. safety administration system (document and system
management)
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Financial
Management
1. Fundamentals of financial management
2. Formulation of budget
3. Budget monitoring
4. Cost benefit of safety implementation (ALARP).
Project
Management
1. Basic project management skills
2. Organization and coordination of resources.
Emergency
Response Planning
1. The concept of emergency response The concept of
emergency response planning
2. Emergency response principles and practices
3. The role, functions and responsibilities of the different role
players in emergency response
4. The role and functions of the different centres in emergency
response
5. Design and management of emergency response exercises
6. Development and implementation of emergency response
procedures
1.2 Safety Management System training programme
An operator shall provide safety management system training in accordance with
the operator‘s SACAA approved induction training program for all staff who
interact with the SMS. Content of the training program shall at least include the
components which affect the scope of their assigned duties as specified
1.3 Organizations entitled to provide air service safety officer training:
(a) Aviation Training Organizations approved by the SACAA in terms of Part
141 of the CAR with SMS included as part of their scope of training.
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(b) International Training Organizations acceptable to the SACAA, e.g. ICAO
and IATA, etc.
(c) An operator with an approved training programme.
(d) Any other accredited or accepted training course acceptable to the
Director.
1.4 SMS Instructor qualification requirements:
SMS instructors for air service safety officer training must comply with the
following. They must have:
(a) successfully obtained a Train the Trainer qualification acceptable to the
Director;
(b) completed an approved SMS course in accordance with the syllabus
prescribed in technical standard 136.10.2;
(c) at least 2 years relevant industry experience with emphasis on aviation
safety
1.5 Recognition of prior learning:
Recognition of prior learning for specific components of the learning content may
be credited by the Director provided the candidate can demonstrate satisfactory
knowledge and/or skills associated with the skills area.
1.6 Required Pass Mark:
A pass mark of 70% is required.
1.7 SMS Recurrent Training
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SMS recurrent training is required to be completed when material changes had
been effected to the safety management system or when new safety
developments must be incorporated.
136.10.4 ESTABLISHMENT AND STRUCTURE OF SAFETY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
1. General
(1) While it is accepted that the operator‘s safety management system (SMS) will
be developed in view of the scope and size of the operator, every SMS must be
capable of delivering at least the following safety services –
(a) an organisational structure that clearly defines the lines of authority
throughout the company and all departments to the chief executive officer
of the company, identifying in particular, the air safety officer;
(b) an effective and timely method of identifying and reporting safety hazards
based upon a combination of proactive, reactive and predictive methods of
safety data collection;
(c) a mechanism for the timely resolution of safety issues on both a short and
long term basis and where safety issues are proven to be systemic, an
effective way of precluding the likelihood of recurrence;
(d) a quality management system designed to monitor on a continuous basis
the operational and safety programmes being implemented and make
critical assessment as to the effectiveness of such programmes; and
Note – Legal guidance for the protection of information from safety data collection
and processing systems is contained in ICAO Annex 13, Attachment E.
(e) safety risk management is a critical part of the safety process and must be
expressed in a measurable way by using the following process:
(i) the operator shall develop and maintain a formal process for
effectively collecting, recording, acting on and generating feedback
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about hazards in operations, based on a combination of reactive,
proactive and predictive methods of safety data collection;
Note – Reactive methods refer to methods of identifying hazards
that are based on the investigation of occurrences. Proactive
methods aim to use any other information within the organisation
for the identification of potential hazards. Predictive methods rely
on data that is collected within the organisation that could be used
effectively to predict the existence of hazards, usually done by
trend analysis.
(i) the operator shall develop and maintain a formal risk management
process that ensures analysis (in terms of probability and severity
of occurrence), assessment (in terms of tolerability or
acceptability) and control (in terms of mitigation) of risks to an
acceptable level. The following matrixes should be used for
purposes of analysing and assessing risk –
Risk Severity Matrix
Risk
Severity
definition
Description:
Consequence (can
lead to)…
Examples of what to look out for…
Category A
Catastrophic
One or multiple deaths &
complete loss/
destruction of equipment
A major accident.
Category B
Hazardous
Serious injuries/Major
Damage to equipment
Large reduction in safety margins,
physical distress or workload such
that the operators cannot be relied
upon to perform their tasks accurately
or completely.
Category C Minor injuries/ Minor A significant reduction in safety
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Major equipment damage margins, a reduction in the ability of
the operators to cope with adverse
operating conditions as a result of
increase in workload, or as a result of
conditions impairing their efficiency.
Category D
Minor Incidents
Operating limitations are breached.
Procedures are not used correctly.
Category E
Negligible Negligible/Inconvenience
Few consequences. No safety
consequences. Nuisance.
Risk Probability Matrix
Likelihood/
Probability
Category
Description Examples of what to look out for
1
Extremely
improbable
(Rare)
Almost inconceivable that the event will occur.
2 Improbable
(Seldom)
Very unlikely that the event will occur. It is not
known that it has ever occurred before.
3 Remote
(Unlikely)
Unlikely but could possibly occur. Has occurred
rarely.
4 Occasional Likely to occur sometimes. Has occurred
infrequently.
5 Frequent Likely to occur many times/regularly. Has occurred
frequently/regularly.
RISK RISK SEVERITY
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PROBABILI
TY
Catastrophi
c
A
Hazardou
s
B
Major
C
Minor
D
Negligible
E
5 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E
4 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E
3 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E
2 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E
1 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E
Risk assessment Index Suggested Criteria
5A, 5B, 5C, 4A, 4B, 4C,
3A, 3B, 2A
Unacceptable under the existing
circumstances. Risk mitigation critical.
5D, 4D, 3C, 3D, 2B, 2C, 1A, Risk mitigation required. It might require
1 B Management decision.
5E, 4E, 3E, 2D, 2E, 1C,
1D, 1E
Acceptable
(iii) alternative matrices or means of analyzing, assessing and
controlling risk may be implemented by the operator with the
approval of the Director; and
(iv) all safety information reported to the Director shall be in the
categories specified in the above matrixes.
2. Qualifications of key SMS personnel
Where additional staff is required as part of the SMS, the selection criteria for
these safety personnel shall be based upon the following qualifications and
attributes –
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(a) broad operational knowledge and experience in the functions of the
organisation;
(b) sound knowledge of safety management principles and practices,
including theoretical training and theoretical experience;
(c) at least 2 years of experience in aviation safety;
(d) good written and verbal communication skills;
(e) well-developed interpersonal skills;
(f) computer literacy;
(g) the ability to relate at all levels, both inside and outside the organisation;
(h) organisational skills;
(i) capable of working unsupervised;
(j) good analytical skills;
(k) leadership skills and authoritative approach;
(l) worthy of respect among peers and management; and
(m) project management skills.
3. Goals of the SMS
The primary goals of an SMS shall be –
(a) to achieve a level of safety acceptable to the Director; and
(b) to strive to make continuous improvements to the safety status of the
company.
136.10.8 REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
1. Definitions
The terms used in this TS have the following meaning –
(a) ―quality manager‖ means the manager responsible for the
implementation, management and monitoring of the quality system and for
requesting corrective action;
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(b) ―audit‖ means a methodical, planned review used to determine how a
business is being conducted and compares the results with how that
business should have been conducted according to regulations and
established procedures;
(c) ―inspection‖ means the act of observing a particular event or action, to
ensure that correct procedures and requirements are followed during the
accomplishment of that event or action. The primary purpose of an
inspection is to verify that established standards are followed during the
observed event or action; and
(d) ―quality assurance‖ (QA) means all those planned and systematic
actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that operational and
maintenance practices satisfy prescribed requirements.
2. Quality management system (QMS) requirements
The QMS shall –
(a) ensure the adequacy of operational and maintenance activities in
maintaining compliance with requirements, standards and operational
procedures;
(b) specify the basic structure of the quality system applicable to the operation
and be structured according to the size and complexity of the operation to
be monitored; and
(c) as a minimum, include the following –
(i) objectives of the QA programme, which shall be:
(aa) written;
(bb) specific, measureable, attainable, realistic and time-based;
and performance shall be measured and tracked;
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Note – The QA objectives are not simply related to safety goals but
are also part of the strategic and business objectives of the
organization;
(ii) how the organization intends meeting the provisions of the CAR;
(iii) how the operator will meet additional standards and operating
procedures;
(iv) drawing up a quality policy statement;
(v) documentation, including manuals, reports, statistics and records
required in support of the QA programme and how they are to be
controlled;
(vi) quality processes and procedures to be employed in support of the
QA programme;
(vii) monitoring process;
(viii) the procedures to be utilised in effecting the QA programme,
including –
(aa) audit procedures;
(bb) reporting procedures; and
(cc) corrective action and verification procedures;
(ix) a system of record keeping; and
(x) a training syllabus.
3. QMS policy
An air operator shall establish a formal, written quality policy statement,
constituting a commitment by the chief executive officer as to what the quality
system is intended to achieve. The quality policy shall –
(a) reflect the commitment to the goal of achieving and continuing with
compliance with regulatory requirements together with any additional
standards specified by the operator; and
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(b) reflect the chief executive officer‘s commitment to –
(i) appoint resources to manage the system;
(ii) ensure the structure required to meet the goals is established and
maintained;
(iii) establish measurable objectives; and
(iv) ensure continual improvement in the QMS.
4. Structure
(1) The chief executive officer shall appoint an accountable QM to manage the
system and who meets the experience and qualifications requirements specified
in CAR 136.06.2(5).
(2) The QM shall have direct link to the chief executive officer to discuss QMS
matters when required.
(3) The roles and responsibilities of the QM and all other role players within the QMS
shall be defined.
(4) QA audit responsibilities shall be performed and reported independent from all
other line functions within the organization, except as provided for in paragraph 7
below.
(5) The structure of the organisation may vary with the size and complexity of the
operator but in all cases, the QMS should be developed so as to properly
interface internally and with external agencies or service providers with which the
company engages
5. Process requirements
(1) As processes are the means by which the QA goals are meant to be attained,
they must be documented, whether written as procedures or mapped in flow
chart format, for every significant activity and task within the organization
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(2) The inputs, sequential steps and outputs must be shown, and where multiple
individuals are involved, responsible for each output.
(3) Processes shall list –
(a) the references that must be consulted in using the process;
(b) the records that must be completed as evidence of the process having
been followed; and
(c) the minimum retention periods for these documents as specified in the
document and records control procedures.
(4) Processes which fall into the following categories of quality control must be:
(a) key/core business processes critical to the company‘s reason for
existence. E.g. flight operations, ground operations, maintenance, safety
management, etc;
(b) support processes that are developed in support of the core processes,
e.g. recruitment, procurement, etc; and
(c) quality processes, like auditing, management review of the system,
document control, records control, measurement of objectives,
measurement of the ability of processes to achieve their intended results,
customer satisfaction measurement, data analysis corrective action and
preventive action.
6. Documentation
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (3), the QMS must be supported by a
quality management manual (QMM) either as a part of the operations
manual system or a stand-alone document, the contents of which shall
include –
(a) the system of amendment and revision –
(i) the procedure for amending the manual, including temporary
revisions;
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(ii) who is responsible for the issuance and insertion of
amendments and revisions;
(iii) a record of amendments and revisions with insertion dates
and effective dates;
(iv) a description of the system for the annotation of pages and
their effective dates;
(v) a list of effective pages; and
(vi) a description of the distribution system for the manual,
amendments and revisions.
(b) the company‘s policy statement;
(c) the company‘s structure;
(d) the company‘s objectives;
(e) the roles, duties and responsibilities of the company‘s key personnel,
including the chief executive officer and QM. Where there is more than
one QM, the mandate and specific functions of each and the
interrelationship between them must be clearly identified; and
(f) the procedures/processes whether written or mapped (some companies
include only high level cross-departmental processes in the QMM and
others include all processes in their QMM – they would end up with a
series of manuals). Detailed manuals are normally the responsibility of
the line managers but they still form part of the QMS and will fit into the
QMS to meet requirements.
(2) In addition, the following documentation, usually residing in the QMM,
shall be prepared and used within the QMS –
(a) forms and checklists that have to be used in the execution of the
processes;
(b) a list of records used in the system;
(c) a list of forms used in the system;
(d) a list of registers or software systems in use as support to the
system; and
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(e) a list of external documents that impact on the system (called
references).
7. Quality Manager
(1) In the case of small and very small operators, the post of the QM may be
combined or outsourced subject to the approval of the Director. However,
in such event, independent personnel should conduct the quality
inspections and audits.
(2) The specific duties and responsibilities of the QM will vary in relation to the
size and complexity of the company but shall be identified in the QMM or
other manual, if a separate QMM is not produced.
8. Quality Management System
(1) A QMS shall include a quality assurance programme that includes all planned
and systematic actions necessary to provide confidence that all operations and
maintenance are conducted in accordance with all applicable requirements,
standards and operational procedures. A quality assurance programme, should
at least include the following:
(a) Inspections
The primary purpose of a quality inspection is to observe a particular
event/action/document, etc., in order to verify whether established
operational procedures and requirements are followed during the
accomplishment of that event and whether the required standard is
achieved. To the extent conducted by the operator, quality inspections
shall include –
(i) flight operations;
(ii) ground de-icing/anti-icing;
(iii) flight support services;
(iv) load control;
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(v) maintenance;
(vi) technical standards; and
(vii) training standard;
(b) Audits
(i) Audits shall include quality procedures and processes covering at
least the following –
(aa) a statement explaining the scope of the audit;
(bb) planning and preparation;
(cc) gathering and recording evidence; and
(dd) analysis of the evidence; and
(ii) Audit techniques shall include –
(aa) interviews or discussions with personnel;
(bb) a review of published documents;
(cc) the examination of an adequate sample of records;
(dd) the witnessing of the activities which make up the operation;
and
(ee) the preservation of documents and the recording of
observations;
(c) Auditors
(i) Auditors should not have any day-to-day involvement in the area of
the operation and/or maintenance activity which is to be audited.
An operator may, in addition to using the services of full-time
dedicated personnel belonging to a separate quality department,
undertake the monitoring of specific areas or activities by the use of
part-time or external auditors;
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(ii) An operator whose structure and size does not justify the
establishment of full-time auditors may undertake the audit function
by the use of part-time personnel from within his or her own
organisation or from an external source under the terms of an
agreement acceptable to the Director. In all cases, the operator
should develop suitable procedures to ensure that persons directly
responsible for the activities to be audited are not selected as part
of the auditing team;
(iii) Where external auditors are used, it is essential that any external
specialist is familiar with the type of operation or maintenance
conducted by the operator;
(iv) The operator‘s quality assurance programme shall identify the
experience levels of persons within the company responsible and
authorised to —
(aa) perform quality inspections and audits as part of ongoing
quality assurance;
(bb) identify and record any concerns or findings, and the
evidence necessary to substantiate such concerns or
findings;
(cc) initiate or recommend solutions to concerns or findings
through designated reporting channels;
(dd) verify the implementation of solutions within specific
timescales; and
(ee) report directly to the QM.
(d) Audit Scope
Operators are required to monitor compliance with the operational
procedures they have designed to ensure safe operations, airworthy
aircraft, and the serviceability of both operational and safety equipment. In
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so doing, they should as a minimum and where appropriate, monitor the
following –
(i) the organisation;
(ii) plans and company objectives;
(iii) operational procedures;
(iv) flight safety;
(v) operator certification (AOC/Operations Specifications);
(vi) supervision within the organisation;
(vii) aircraft performance;
(viii) all-weather operations;
(ix) communications and navigational equipment and practices;
(x) mass, balance and aircraft loading;
(xi) instruments and safety equipment;
(xii) manuals, logs and records;
(xiii) aircraft maintenance/operations interface;
(xiv) use of the MEL;
(xv) maintenance programmes and continued airworthiness;
(xvi) airworthiness directives management;
(xvii) maintenance accomplishment;
(xviii) defect deferral;
(xix) flight crew;
(xx) operational control personnel;
(xxi) dangerous goods;
(xxii) security;
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(xxiii) training; and
(xxiv) safety management system.
(e) Audit Scheduling
A quality assurance programme shall include a defined audit schedule and
a periodic review-cycle, area by area, with consideration being given to
the following factors –
(i) the schedule should be flexible and allow unscheduled audits when
trends are identified. An operator should establish a schedule of
audits to be completed during a specified calendar period. All
aspects of the operation shall be reviewed within every period of 12
months in accordance with the programme unless an extension to
the audit period is accepted by the Director;
(ii) an operator may increase the frequency of audits at his or her
discretion but shall not decrease the frequency unless accepted by
the Director. It is considered unlikely that an interval between
audits greater than 24 months would be acceptable;
(iii) follow-up audits should be scheduled when necessary to verify that
corrective action was carried out and that it was effective; and
(iv) the operator‘s defined audit schedule can be affected by significant
changes to the management, organisation, operation or
technologies, as well as changes to the regulatory requirements,
resulting in the requirement for an ad hoc audit.
(f) Monitoring
(i) The aim of monitoring within the quality system is to investigate and
judge its effectiveness and thereby to ensure that defined policy
and operational and maintenance standards are continuously
complied with. Monitoring activity is based upon quality
inspections, audits, corrective action and follow-up; and
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(ii) The operator shall establish and publish a procedure to monitor
regulatory compliance on a continuing basis. This monitoring
activity shall be aimed at eliminating the causes of unsatisfactory
performance.
(g) Corrective Action
The quality assurance programme shall include procedures to ensure that
corrective actions are taken in response to findings. These quality
procedures should result in the monitoring of such actions to verify their
effectiveness as having been rectified. The procedures and
responsibilities associated with a corrective action programme are –
(i) subsequent to the quality inspection/audit, the operator shall
establish:
(aa) the seriousness of any findings and any need for immediate
corrective action;
(bb) the origin of the finding;
(cc) which corrective actions are required to ensure that the non-
compliance does not recur;
(dd) a schedule for corrective action;
(ee) the identification of individuals or departments responsible
for implementing corrective action; and
(ff) allocation of resources by the chief executive officer, where
appropriate; and
(ii) the QM shall –
(aa) verify that corrective action is taken by the manager
responsible in response to any finding of non-compliance;
(bb) verify that corrective action includes the elements outlined in
paragraph (1)(g)(i) above;
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(cc) monitor the implementation and completion of corrective
action;
(dd) provide management with an independent assessment of
corrective action, implementation and completion; and
(ee) evaluate the effectiveness of corrective action through the
follow-up process;
(h) Follow-up
Follow-up is a mandatory part of the QA process to ensure that each
finding of non-compliance has been resolved satisfactorily and that the
resultant solution is effectively implemented, such that a re-occurrence of
the situation leading to the non-compliance is not or is highly unlikely to
recur. Follow-up requires at least an inspection of the area identified as
being non-compliant but may require a more in-depth audit to ensure a
satisfactory resolution of the issue.
(i) Management Evaluation
Management evaluation is a comprehensive, systematic, documented
review by the management of the quality system, operational policies and
procedures and should include the following –
(i) the results of quality inspections, audits and any other indicators;
(ii) the overall effectiveness of the management organisation in
achieving stated objectives;
(iii) Consideration of conclusions and recommendations made as a
result of an evaluation submitted in writing to the responsible
manager for action; and
(iv) The frequency, format and structure of internal management
evaluation activities;
(j) Records
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The operator shall maintain accurate, complete and readily accessible
records documenting the results of the quality assurance programme. The
following records shall be retained for a period of at least five years –
(i) audit schedules;
(ii) quality inspection and audit reports;
(iii) responses to findings;
(iv) corrective-action reports;
(v) follow-up and closure reports; and
(vi) management evaluation reports.
(2) Where an operator decides to sub-contract out operationally significant
activities to external agencies for the provision of services, the QA programme
must include an examination of such sub-contractors to ensure that the
standard of service and product provided, meets with regulatory standards
while safety must be ensured.
(3) Operators operating five (5) or less aircraft of the same type category or three
(3) or less aircraft of different type categories, may consider the following when
establishing a QA programme, provided that the Director may require
operators to implement a more advanced QA programme, based on routes
and/or frequency operated –
(a) Operators would tailor their quality systems to suit the size and complexity
of their operation and allocate resources accordingly.
(b) it may be appropriate to develop a quality assurance programme that
employs a checklist. The checklist should have a supporting schedule
that requires completion of all checklist items within a specified timescale,
together with a statement acknowledging completion of a periodic review
by top management. An occasional independent review of the checklist
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content and achievement of the quality assurance should be undertaken;
and
(c) the operator may decide to use internal or external auditors or a
combination of the two. In these circumstances it would be acceptable for
external specialists and/or qualified organisations to perform the quality
audits on behalf of the quality manager. If the independent quality audit
function is being conducted by external auditors, the audit schedule
should be shown in the relevant documentation.
(4) A QA programme shall include a training programme that provides the
following –
(a) for those responsible for managing the quality system, receive training
covering at least –
(i) an introduction to the concept of the quality system;
(ii) quality management;
(iii) the concept of quality assurance;
(iv) quality manuals;
(v) audit techniques;
(vi) reporting and recording; and
(vii) the way in which the quality system will function in the organisation;
(b) for those involved in the inspection or audit functions, training covering at
least –
(i) an introduction to the concept of the quality system;
(ii) the concept of quality assurance;
(iii) reporting and recording; and
(iv) audit techniques
(c) a briefing to the remainder of the employees consisting of background
information about the QA programme and their role in maximizing safety
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and efficiency in the organisation. The allocation of time and resources
should be governed by the size and complexity of the operation
concerned.
SCHEDULE 9
1. SUBSTITUTION OF DOCUMENT OF SA-CATS 139 OF THE TECHNICAL
STANDARDS
1.1 Technical Standards for SA-CATS 139 it is hereby amended to substitute the
following:
―139.02.22 GENERAL DUTIES OF HOLDER OF LICENCE
6. Monitoring of aircraft noise
1. Aircraft Noise Contours
The calculation and prediction of aircraft noise referred to in CAR 139.02.22 must
be done in accordance with the requirements and standards contained in
National Standard SANS 10117.
2. Noise Monitoring Stations
The noise monitoring stations and equipment to monitor adherence to aircraft
flight track referred to in CAR 139.02.22 must be done in accordance with the
requirements and standards contained in ISO 20906.
3. Noise Abatement Operating Procedures
The noise abatement operating procedures referred to in CAR. 139.02.22 must
be done in accordance with the requirements and standards contained in
Chapter 6 of ICAO Doc 9829 and Section 7 of ICAO Doc 8168.
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4. Noise Violations
The noise violations referred to in CAR 139.02.22 must be reported to the
Director in accordance with form CA139-11, available on the SACAA website.
2. AMENDMENT OF SA-CATS 139 OF THE TECHNICAL STANDARDS
2.1 Technical Standards for SA-CATS 139 hereby substitute the following:
―139.03.19 GENERAL DUTIES OF HOLDER OF LICENCE
6. Monitoring of aircraft noise
1. Aircraft Noise Contours
The calculation and prediction of aircraft noise referred to in CAR 139.03.19 must
be done in accordance with the requirements and standards contained in
National Standard SANS 10117.
2. Noise Monitoring Stations
The noise monitoring stations and equipment to monitor adherence to aircraft
flight track referred to in CAR 139.03.19 must be done in accordance with the
requirements and standards contained in ISO 20906.
3. Noise Abatement Operating Procedures
The noise abatement operating procedures referred to in CAR. 139.03.19 must
be done in accordance with the requirements and standards contained in
Chapter 6 of ICAO Doc 9829 and Section 7 of ICAO Doc 8168.
4. Noise Violations
311
The noise violations referred to in CAR 139.03.19 must be reported to the
Director in accordance with form CA139-11, available on the SACAA website.
3 AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA-CATS 139 OF CIVIL AVIATION
TECHNICAL STANDARDS
3.1 AMENDMENT OF TECHNICAL STANDARD 139.02.22 OF SA-CATS 139
Technical Standard 139.02.22 is hereby amended by the substitution of section 6 with
the following section:
―6. Monitoring of aircraft noise
(1) Aircraft operating procedures for noise abatement shall only be introduced
by aerodrome and heliport licence holders if the Director, based on
appropriate studies and consultation, determines that a noise problem
exists.
(2) The requirements and standards for noise monitoring shall be as
prescribed in ISO 20906 and the measuring equipment to be used in order
to measure noise levels created by aircraft in the operation of
aerodromes/heliports shall be according to the method specified in
Appendix 1 below.
APPENDIX 1: MONITORING AIRCRAFT NOISE ON AND IN THE VICINITY OF
AERODROMES
1.1 Introduction
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(1) In this appendix monitoring is understood to be the routine measurement of noise
levels created by aircraft in the operation of an aerodrome. Monitoring usually
involves a large number of measurements per day, from which an immediate
indication of the noise level may be required.
(2) Monitoring of aircraft noise should be carried out either with mobile equipment,
often using only a sound level meter, or with permanently installed equipment
incorporating one or more microphones with amplifiers located at different
positions in the field with a data transmission system linking the microphones to a
central recording installation. This appendix describes primarily the latter method,
but specifications given in this appendix should also be followed, to the extent the
specifications are relevant, when using mobile equipment.
(3) Monitoring of aircraft noise is defined as the routine measurement of noise levels
created by aircraft on and in the vicinity of aerodromes for the purpose of
monitoring compliance with and checking the effectiveness of noise abatement
requirements.
Note — This appendix specifies the measuring equipment to be used in order to
measure noise levels created by aircraft in the operation of an aerodrome. The
noise levels measured according to this appendix are approximations to
perceived noise levels PNL, in PNdB, as calculated by the method described
below:
2. Calculating the perceived noise level
(1) Instantaneous perceived noise levels, PNL (k), shall be calculated from
instantaneous one-third octave band sound pressure levels, SPL(i,k), as follows:
313
Step 1. Convert each one-third octave band, SPL (i,k), from 50 to 10 000 Hz, to
perceived noisiness, n(i,k), by reference to tables of Noys as a function of sound
pressure level, or to the mathematical formulation of the noy table.
Step 2. Combine the perceived noisiness values, n(i,k), found in Step 1 by the
following formula:
( ) ( ) (⌊∑ ( )
⌋ ( ))
( ) ∑ ( )
where n(k) is the largest of the 24 values of n(i,k), and N(k) is the total perceived
noisiness.
Step 3. Convert the total perceived noisiness, N(k), into perceived noise level,
PNL(k), by the following formula:
( )
( )
(2) PNL(k) may also be obtained by choosing N(k) in the 1 000 Hz column of tables
of Noys as a function of sound pressure level and then reading the
corresponding value of SPL(i,k) which, at 1 000 Hz, equals PNL(k).
3. Measurement equipment
(1) The measurement equipment should consist of either portable recording
apparatus capable of direct reading, or apparatus located at one or more fixed
positions in the field linked through a radio transmission — or cable system (e.g.
telephone line) to a centrally located recording device.
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(2) The characteristics of the field equipment, including the transmission system,
should comply with IEC Publication No. 179 ―Precision Sound Level Meters‖,
except that frequency weighting equal to the inverse of the 40 noy contour should
apply. The relative frequency response of the weighting element of the
equipment should be maintained within a tolerance of ±0.5 dB. When such a
weighting network is incorporated in a direct reading instrument, the relation
between the acoustical input to the microphone and the meter reading should
follow the inverse of the 40 noy contour with the same tolerances as those
specified for weighting curve C in IEC Publication No. 179. Measurements
obtained by means of the instrumentation described above provide, after adding
7 dB, values which are approximations to the perceived noise levels in PNdB.
(3) An alternative method of determining approximations to the perceived noise
levels can be obtained from measuring the noise using a sound-level meter
incorporating the A-weighting network and adding a correction K normally
between 9 and 14 dB dependent on the frequency spectrum of the noise. The
value of K and the method used by the measuring authorities for determination of
that value should be specified when reporting results.
(4) The field installation of microphones for aircraft noise monitoring purposes should
provide for suitable protection of the microphones from rain, snow and other
adverse weather conditions. Adequate correction for any insertion loss, as a
function of frequency and weather conditions, produced by windscreens or other
protective enclosures should be applied to the measured data.
Note. — Where a record of the noise as a function of time is required this can be
obtained by recording the noise signal on a magnetic tape, a graphic level
recorder or other suitable equipment.
315
(5) The recording and indicating equipment should comply with IEC Publication No.
179 regarding the dynamic characteristics of the indicating instrument designated as
―slow‖.
Note. — If the anticipated duration of the noise signal is less than 5s, the
dynamic characteristics designated as ―fast‖ may be used.
For the purpose of this note, the duration is described as the length of the
significant time history during which the recorded signal, passed through a
weighting network having an amplitude characteristic equal to the inverse 40 noy
contour, remains within 10 dB of its maximum value.
(6) The microphone system should have been originally calibrated at a laboratory
equipped for free-field calibration and its calibration should be rechecked at least
every six months.
(7) The complete measurement system prior to field installation and at periodic
intervals thereafter should be calibrated in a laboratory to ensure that the
frequency response and dynamic range requirements of the system comply with
the specifications described in this document.
Note— Direct reading measuring systems that yield approximate values of
perceived noise levels other than those defined above are not meant to be
excluded from use in monitoring.
4. Field equipment installation
(1) Microphones used for monitoring noise levels from aircraft operations should be
installed at appropriate locations with the axis of maximum sensitivity of each
microphone oriented in a direction such that the highest sensitivity to sound
waves is achieved. The microphone position should be selected so that no
316
obstruction which influences the sound field produced by an aircraft exists above
a horizontal plane passing through the active centre of the microphone.
Note — Monitoring microphones may need to be placed in locations having
substantial background noise levels caused by motor vehicle traffic, children
playing, etc. In these instances it is often expedient to locate the microphone on
a rooftop, telephone pole or other structure rising above the ground.
Consequently, it is necessary to determine the background noise level and to
carry out a field check, at one or more frequencies, of the overall sensitivity of the
measuring system after or before the measurement of the noise level for a
sequence of aircraft operations.
Note .— If, due to the microphone being placed in a structure above the ground,
it is impracticable for operating personnel to calibrate it directly because of its
inaccessibility, it can be useful to provide a calibrated sound source at the
microphone location. This sound source can be a small loudspeaker, an
electrostatic actuator, or similar device.
(2) Monitoring concerns the noise produced by a single aircraft flight, by a series of
flights or by a specified type of aircraft, or by a large number of operations of
different aircraft. Such noise levels vary, for a specific monitoring location, with
variations in flight procedures or meteorological conditions. In interpretation of
the results of a monitoring procedure, consideration should therefore be given to
the statistical distribution of the measured noise levels. In describing the results
of a monitoring procedure an appropriate description of the distribution of the
observed noise levels should be provided.
4 AMENDMENT OF TECHNICAL STANDARD 139.03.19 OF SA-CATS 139
4.1 Technical Standard 139.03.19 is hereby amended by the substitution for section
6 of the following section:
317
―6. Monitoring of helicopter noise
The monitoring of helicopter noise referred to in CAR 139.03.19 is as prescribed
in technical standard 139.02.22, subject to the necessary changes.‖.
SCHEDULE 10
1. AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA-TECHNICAL STANDARD 172.03.4
1.1 Technical Standard 172.03.4 is amended by the insertion in section 3 (General
equipment) after subsection (8) with the following:
―(9) VDF, except where the ATSU is serviced by a surveillance system.‖.
2. AMENDMENT OF TECHNICAL STANDARD 172.03.4
2.1 Technical Standard 172.03.4 is hereby amended by the following –
(a) the substitution in section 6 (Aerodrome control tower) for subsection (14)
of the following subsection:
―(14) Clock, in accordance with section 10 below.
(b) the substitution in section 7 (Aerodrome approach/combined service) for
subsection (14) of the following subsection:
―(14) Clock, in accordance with section 10 below.
(c) the substitution in section 8 (An area control centre and a flight information
centre) for subsection (13) of the following subsection:
―(13) Clock, in accordance with section 10 below.
(d) Insertion after section 9 (Equipment) of the following section:
―10. Time
318
(1) An ATSU shall establish a procedure to ensure that ATS-unit clocks
and other time recording devices –
(a) use Co-ordinated Universal Time (UTC) and express that
time in hours and minutes of the 24-hour day beginning at
0000 Standard Universal Time (UTS); and
(b) are correct to within 5 seconds of UTC as determined by
reference to a standard time station or GPS time standard.
(2) The ATSU shall establish a procedure to ensure that the correct
time to the nearest half minute, is provided –
(a) in respect of any aerodrome control service or aerodrome
flight information service, to IFR aircraft prior to taxiing or
take-off unless arrangements have been made for the pilot
to obtain it from other sources; and
(b) to any aircraft on request.‖.