Pacific Ocean Tsunami Generated by Japan Earthquake …...Pacific Ocean Tsunami Generated by Japan...
Transcript of Pacific Ocean Tsunami Generated by Japan Earthquake …...Pacific Ocean Tsunami Generated by Japan...
Nea
r th
e ea
rthq
uake
, th
ere
were
onl
y ~2
0 m
inut
es t
o ev
acua
te.
A “l
ocal
tsu
nam
i” fo
r Ja
pan.
Tr
avel
tim
es a
re w
ell
know
n fo
r ts
unam
is
cros
sing
the
Pac
ific
O
cean
. A
t di
stan
t lo
cati
ons,
th
ere
were
hou
rs o
f ad
vanc
e wa
rnin
g. A
“d
ista
nt t
suna
mi”
for
Ore
gon
coas
t.
Paci
fic
Oce
an T
suna
mi G
ener
ated
by
Japa
n Ea
rthq
uake
Paci
fic
Oce
an T
suna
mi G
ener
ated
by
Japa
n Ea
rthq
uake
Tsun
ami h
eigh
t m
odel
sh
ows
fore
cast
wav
e he
ight
(in
cm).
O
cean
flo
or
bath
ymet
ry a
ffec
ts
the
wave
hei
ght
beca
use
of
refl
ecti
ons
and
refr
acti
ons
from
se
aflo
or f
eatu
res
and
isla
nds.
Tsun
ami e
vacu
atio
ns w
ere
orde
red
for
Haw
aii,
Ore
gon,
and
nor
ther
n Ca
lifor
nia
but
not
Was
hing
ton.
W
ave
heig
hts
were
acc
urat
ely
pred
icte
d.
Dee
p-oc
ean
Ass
essm
ent
and
Re
port
ing
of T
suna
mi (
DA
RT)
Peak
-to-
trou
gh w
ave
heig
ht w
as n
earl
y 2
m
at n
eare
st D
ART
buo
y in
400
0 m
wat
er d
epth
!
Trav
el t
ime
to O
rego
n an
d W
ashi
ngto
n co
ast
was
abou
t 9
hour
s.
Larg
est
wave
s af
fect
ed O
R an
d CA
M
AN
Y ho
urs
afte
r fi
rst
wave
s ar
rive
d.
Paci
fic
Oce
an T
suna
mi G
ener
ated
by
Japa
n Ea
rthq
uake
Abo
ut f
our
hour
s tr
avel
tim
e to
Ore
gon
Coas
t.
Tsun
ami f
rom
196
4 A
lask
a EQ
kill
ed 4
ch
ildre
n on
Bev
erly
Be
ach.
The
larg
est
of
28 d
ista
nt t
suna
mis
to
affe
ct O
rego
n co
ast
sinc
e 18
54.
Sign
ific
ant
dam
age
in
Seas
ide
and
Cann
on
Beac
h. M
ajor
de
stru
ctio
n an
d 13
de
aths
in C
resc
ent
City
, CA
.
Paci
fic
Oce
an T
suna
mi G
ener
ated
by
Ala
ska
Eart
hqua
ke
Brid
ge o
ver
Elk
Cree
k (n
ow E
cola
Cr
eek)
des
troy
ed
and
disp
lace
d 30
0 m
ups
trea
m.
Hou
se t
orn
from
fo
unda
tion
and
di
spla
ced
400
m
upst
ream
.
Dam
age
in C
anno
n Be
ach
from
196
4 A
lask
a Ts
unam
i
From
Pri
est
and
othe
rs, D
OGA
MI
Spec
ial P
aper
41,
2009
.
Dis
tant
Ts
unam
i In
unda
tion
M
ap f
or
Band
on,
Ore
gon
Tsun
ami E
vacu
atio
n M
ap
for
Band
on, O
rego
n
Dis
tant
tsu
nam
i eva
cuat
ion
zone
det
erm
ined
fro
m
max
imum
Ala
ska
tsun
ami.
Loca
l Tsu
nam
i Eva
cuat
ion
Zone
det
erm
ined
fro
m
max
imum
Cas
cadi
a ts
unam
i.
Past
Gre
at C
asca
dia
Eart
hqua
kes
and
Tsun
amis
Juan
de
Fuca
sub
duct
s be
neat
h Pa
cifi
c N
orth
west
por
tion
of
Nor
th A
mer
ican
Pla
te a
t Ca
scad
ia s
ubdu
ctio
n zo
ne.
Last
gre
at C
asca
dia
eart
hqua
ke o
ccur
red
on
Janu
ary
26, 1
700
at a
bout
9:0
0 PM
loca
l tim
e.
Ana
logo
us t
o Su
mat
ra 2
004,
Chi
le 2
010,
and
Toh
oku,
Ja
pan
2011
gre
at e
arth
quak
es.
Fbdd
bhh
Piff
iN
hh
Som
e Co
ast
Are
as N
ow B
elow
Sea
Lev
el
Yuri
age
Bef
ore
A
fter
•
Som
e ar
eas
that
wer
e ab
ove
sea
leve
l on
mar
ch 1
0
drop
ped
belo
w se
a le
vel o
n M
arch
11,
201
1. •
This
als
o ha
ppen
ed a
long
the
Was
hing
ton
- O
rego
n co
ast
duri
ng t
he 1
700
AD
gre
at C
asca
dia
eart
hqua
ke.
Dro
wned
For
ests
of
Coas
tal
Ore
gon
and
Was
hing
ton
Coas
tal “
drow
ned
fore
sts”
rec
ord
the
hist
ory
of s
low
uplif
t be
twee
n an
d su
dden
sub
side
nce
duri
ng g
reat
Cas
cadi
a ea
rthq
uake
s.
Ghos
t fo
rest
on
Copa
lis R
iver
Br
ian
Atw
ater
, USG
S Se
attl
e
Dro
wned
For
ests
of
Coas
tal
Ore
gon
and
Was
hing
ton
Tree
s in
“dro
wned
for
ests
” nea
r sh
ore
died
whe
n th
e gr
ound
dro
pped
an
d se
awat
er k
illed
the
tre
es. C
ompa
re r
ings
fro
m v
icti
m t
rees
wit
h ri
ngs
from
wit
ness
tre
es o
n hi
gher
gro
und.
Re
sult
: Tre
es d
ied
betw
een
fall
1699
and
spr
ing
1700
.
Dav
id Y
amag
uchi
Thre
e-La
yer
Cake
of
Ca
scad
ia T
suna
mi G
eolo
gy
Org
anic
-ric
h fo
rest
soi
l cov
ered
by
tsun
ami
sand
the
n in
tert
idal
mud
and
cla
y on
top
.
Nia
wiak
um R
iver
eas
t of
Will
apa
Bay
Cupc
ake
Geolog
y
inla
nd
Clum
p of
mar
sh g
rass
Mul
tipl
e sa
nd la
yers
. O
ne f
or e
ach
wave
of
the
tsun
ami!
Casc
adia
Tsu
nam
i Geo
logy
Mak
ing
a Gh
ost
Fore
st
Nia
wiak
um R
iver
, eas
t of
Will
apa
Bay,
WA
.
Buri
ed F
ores
t So
ils
1700
AD
860(
?) A
D
Ave
rage
tim
e be
twee
n ea
rthq
uake
s =
Recu
rren
ce t
ime.
Re
curr
ence
tim
e fo
r Gr
eat
Casc
adia
EQ
s =
500
year
s.
We
are
at 3
13 y
ears
and
cou
ntin
g.
Rece
nt G
reat
Cas
cadi
a Ea
rthq
uake
s
Cas
cadi
a Ts
unam
i Geo
logy
Sto
rylin
e G
reat
ear
thqu
ake
Janu
ary
26, 1
700
@ 9
PM
Ghos
t fo
rest
s, b
urie
d so
ils, d
iato
ms,
tsu
nam
i san
d sh
eets
, liq
uefa
ctio
n, t
urbi
dite
s, N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
or
al h
isto
ry, a
nd w
ritt
en J
apan
ese
hist
ory.
Inte
rtid
al m
ud &
cla
y
Tsun
ami s
and
Fore
st s
oil
Sedi
men
t de
posi
ted
on
cont
inen
tal s
helf
can
sur
ge
down
sub
mar
ine
cany
ons
in
turb
idit
y cu
rren
ts. T
he
resu
ltin
g “t
urbi
dite
” lay
er
has
coar
se s
and
on b
otto
m
and
fine
cla
y on
top
.
Turb
idit
es in
Mar
ine
Sedi
men
t Co
res Tu
rbidite
in a
Jar
Chri
s Go
ldfi
nger
(OSU
).
Shak
ing
by g
reat
Cas
cadi
a ea
rthq
uake
s ca
used
tur
bidi
ty
curr
ents
. A
ges
of m
any
seaf
loor
tu
rbid
ites
mat
ch f
rom
of
fsho
re n
orth
ern
CA t
o BC
. Re
quir
es g
reat
ear
thqu
akes
th
at r
uptu
red
enti
re o
r la
rge
segm
ents
of
the
plat
e bo
unda
ry.
Turb
idit
es in
Mar
ine
Sedi
men
t Co
res
Turb
idit
es: T
he M
ovie
Plat
e Bo
unda
ry O
bser
vato
ry (P
BO)
Casc
adia
Loc
ked
and
Load
ing
Exam
ine
mot
ions
of
GPS
stat
ions
due
to
Juan
de
Fuca
- N
orth
A
mer
ica
plat
e co
nver
genc
e.
Ast
oria
Nor
thwa
rd m
otio
n
= 0.
29 in
ch/y
r
East
ward
mot
ion
=
0.33
inch
/yr Ast
oria
, OR
GPS
Obs
erva
tion
s
Tota
l mot
ion
=
0.44
inch
/yr
Tota
l mot
ion
sinc
e 17
00 A
D
= 11
.5 f
eet
Casc
adia
GPS
Ani
mat
ion
Stat
ions
on
coas
t ar
e m
ovin
g N
E fa
ster
tha
n st
atio
ns in
urb
an c
orri
dor.
Ca
scad
ia s
ubdu
ctio
n zo
ne
boun
dary
is “l
ocke
d an
d lo
adin
g” a
s it
sto
res
elas
tic
ener
gy t
hat
will
be
rele
ased
in t
he n
ext
grea
t Ca
scad
ia e
arth
quak
e.
If t
he n
ext
grea
t Ca
scad
ia
eart
hqua
ke h
appe
ns
tom
orro
w, P
acif
ic B
each
wi
ll ju
mp
5.35
met
ers
(17.
5 fe
et) s
outh
west
.
Corv
allis
Paci
fic
Beac
h
Nea
h Ba
y
Kels
o
Tum
wate
r O
thel
lo
La G
rand
e W
asco
Ti
llam
ook
New
port
Casc
adia
Loc
ked
and
Load
ing
gke
.
Casc
adia
TT
t.
Juan de Fuca Plate
GPS
Gum D
rop
GPS
rece
iver
s in
wes
tern
pa
rt o
f th
e W
illam
ette
Va
lley
and
Puge
t Lo
wlan
ds,
as w
ell a
s th
e ea
ster
n fr
inge
of
the
Coas
t Ra
nges
, m
ove
in a
“saw
toot
h pa
tter
n”.
They
mov
e N
E m
ost
of t
he
tim
e bu
t ba
cksl
ide
to t
he
SW e
very
10
to 1
6 m
onth
s.
Low-
ampl
itud
e se
ism
ic
vibr
atio
ns a
ccom
pany
the
ba
ckwa
rds
mot
ion.
Th
is is
“Epi
sodi
c Tr
emor
an
d Sl
ip”,
a m
ajor
new
di
scov
ery.
Corv
allis
Paci
fic
Beac
h
Nea
h Ba
y
Kels
o
Tum
wate
r O
thel
lo
La G
rand
e W
asco
Ti
llam
ook
New
port
Juan de Fuca Plate
Corv
allis
ic
h
Ke
Tum
wate
r
ook
wpor
t or
valK
umwa
te
Epis
odic
Tre
mor
and
Slip
Animat
ion
by J
ENDA J
OHNSO
N
Epis
odic
Tre
mor
and
Slip
Slow
slip
bet
ween
Nor
th A
mer
ican
and
Jua
n de
Fuc
a pl
ates
at
20
– 4
0 km
dep
th. A
tra
nsit
iona
l beh
avio
r be
twee
n th
e sh
allo
w lo
cked
zon
e an
d th
e co
ntin
uous
ly s
lippi
ng z
one
deep
er t
han
40 k
m.
Epis
odic
Tre
mor
and
Slip
Tw
o-Bl
ock
EQ M
odel
Epis
odic
Tre
mor
and
Slip
Animat
ion
by J
ENDA J
OHNSO
N
Mea
sure
d GP
S Ve
loci
ties
49
N
4
2 N
zone megathrust
Juan
de F
uca
plat
eco
nver
genc
edi
rect
ion
N. A
m.
plat
e
Subduction
source zoneEQ
160
km1
24
W
42
N
10 m
m/y
r
cont
inuo
usca
mpa
ign
GPS
Velo
citi
es
49
N
Wha
ts
up w
ith
sout
hwes
tern
Ore
gon?
Shou
ldn’t
ALL
the
ve
loci
ties
vec
tors
on
PNW
coa
st b
e pa
ralle
l to
Jua
n de
Fuc
a m
otio
n as
it c
onve
rges
wi
th N
orth
Am
eric
a?
Juan
de
Fuca
– N
orth
Am
eric
a co
nver
genc
e A
LON
E sh
ould
pro
duce
sim
ple
patt
ern
of v
eloc
itie
s lik
e th
is.
Com
pres
sion
of
Paci
fic
Nor
thwe
st C
onti
nent
al M
argi
n
PNW
Cru
stal
Bl
ock
Mot
ions
Thes
e cr
usta
l blo
ck
mot
ions
AD
D t
o th
e m
otio
ns p
rodu
ced
by
Juan
de
Fuca
– N
orth
A
mer
ica
conv
erge
nce.
PNW
Cru
stal B
lock
Mod
el
Crus
tal B
lock
Mot
ions
+ P
late
Con
verg
ent
Mot
ions
Conv
erge
nce
velo
citi
es in
re
d.
Crus
tal b
lock
m
otio
n ve
loci
ties
in
oran
ge.
Obs
erve
d GP
S ve
loci
ties
.
Crus
tal E
arth
quak
es in
Ore
gon
1841
- 2
002
Da
llas
Eu
ge
ne
Ne
wp
ort
Fo
ssil
Co
nd
on
Mo
ro
Th
e D
alle
s
Ho
od
Riv
er
McM
inn
vill
e
Ore
go
n C
ity
Ma
dra
s
Po
rtla
nd
Sa
int
He
len
s
Till
am
oo
k
Hill
sb
oro
Asto
ria
En
terp
rise
La
Gra
nd
e
Ba
ke
r
Va
le
Bu
rnsC
an
yo
n C
ity
Pe
nd
leto
n
He
pp
ne
r
Go
ld B
ea
ch
Gra
nts
Pa
ss
Co
qu
ille
Ro
se
bu
rg
La
ke
vie
wK
lam
ath
Fa
lls
Me
dfo
rd
Be
nd
Prin
evill
e
Co
rva
llis
Alb
an
y
Sa
lem
Co
un
ty s
ea
t
Co
un
ty lin
e
Sta
te lin
e
Fa
ult -
La
te q
ua
tern
ary
Fa
ult -
Ho
loce
ne
Ma
gn
itu
de
0.0
- 0
.9
Ma
gn
itu
de
1.0
- 2
.9
Ma
gn
itu
de
3.0
- 3
.9
Ma
gn
itu
de
4.0
- 4
.9
Ma
gn
itu
de
5.0
- 5
.9
Ma
gn
itu
de
6.0
- 6
.9
Ma
gn
itu
de
7 a
nd
hig
he
r
NE
VA
DA
CA
LIF
OR
NIA
NE
VA
DA
IDA
HO
IDA
HO
WA
SH
ING
TO
N
CU
RR
Y
BA
KE
R
JO
SE
PH
INE
KL
AM
AT
H
CO
OS
DE
SC
HU
TE
S
CR
OO
K
HA
RN
EY
LA
KE
MA
LH
EU
R
UN
ION
UM
AT
ILL
A
WA
LLO
WA
GR
AN
TL
INN
WA
SC
O
SH
ER
MA
N
HO
OD
RIV
ER
GIL
LIA
M
MO
RR
OW
CL
AC
KA
MA
S
JE
FF
ER
SO
N
WH
EE
LE
R
TIL
LA
MO
OK
LIN
CO
LN
BE
NT
ON
PO
LK
CO
LU
MB
IA
CL
AT
SO
P
JA
CK
SO
N
MA
RIO
N
LA
NE
WA
SH
ING
TO
N
MU
LT
NO
MA
H
YA
MH
ILL
DO
UG
LA
S
12
6°
12
2°
12
3°
12
4°
12
5°
12
0°
12
1°
11
9°
11
7°
11
8°
11
6°4
2°
45
°
46
°
44
°
KKl
Kla
m
Klam
ath
Falls
, 199
3
MA
RM
AR
AR
ION
AR
ION
AR
ION
AR
ION
RIO
NR
ION
RIO
NR
ION
Mt
Ang
el, 1
993
The
Nex
t Ca
scad
ia G
reat
Ear
thqu
ake
STEV
E M
ALO
NE,
UW
Pac
ific N
orth
west
Seism
ic N
etwo
rk
Loca
l Cas
cadi
a Ts
unam
i D
OGA
MI
has
publ
ishe
d Ts
unam
i In
unda
tion
Map
s ba
sed
on m
odel
ing
of
tsun
amis
gen
erat
ed b
y gr
eat
eart
hqua
kes
on t
he C
asca
dia
subd
ucti
on z
one.
Im
port
ant
fact
ors:
•
Wes
tern
edg
e of
Nor
th A
mer
ican
pla
te.
• D
ispl
acem
ent
duri
ng g
reat
ear
thqu
akes
: H
ow m
uch?
How
dee
p? A
spl
ay f
ault
? •
Bath
ymet
ry o
f oc
ean
floo
r on
co
ntin
enta
l slo
pe a
nd s
helf
. •
Shor
elin
e to
pogr
aphy
.
Not
e th
at W
A c
onti
nent
al s
helf
is
wide
r th
an O
R co
ntin
enta
l she
lf.
Casc
adia
Ear
thqu
ake
Dis
plac
emen
t M
odel
s
Exam
ple
for
a “m
ediu
m” s
ize
(M8.
9) C
asca
dia
eart
hqua
ke
(500
-yea
r re
curr
ence
tim
e an
d 15
m o
ffse
t).
M1:
Sha
llow
disp
lace
men
t oc
curs
on
spla
y fa
ult.
M
2: D
ispl
acem
ent
to d
efor
mat
ion
fron
t.
M3:
Dis
plac
emen
t st
ops
a fe
w km
bel
ow t
he s
eafl
oor.
Casc
adia
Ear
thqu
ake
Vert
ical
-Off
set
Mod
els
Exam
ple
for
a “m
ediu
m” s
ize
(M8.
9) C
asca
dia
eart
hqua
ke.
M1:
Pro
duce
s 5
m u
plif
t of
sea
floo
r of
fsho
re f
rom
New
port
. M
2: P
rodu
ces
4 m
upl
ift
of s
eafl
oor
offs
hore
fro
m N
ewpo
rt.
M3:
Pro
duce
s 4
m u
plif
t of
sea
floo
r of
fsho
re f
rom
New
port
. N
ote
the
chan
ge in
sha
pe o
f up
lifte
d se
aflo
or a
rea.
Loca
l Tsu
nam
i In
unda
tion
Map
fo
r Ba
ndon
SM
= “s
mal
l” M
8.8
Casc
adia
EQ
of
9 m
dis
plac
emen
t
(300
yea
rs o
f pl
ate
mot
ion)
.
M =
“med
ium
” M8.
9 Ca
scad
ia E
Q
of 1
5 m
dis
plac
emen
t
(500
yea
rs o
f pl
ate
mot
ion)
.
L =
“larg
e” M
9.0
Casc
adia
EQ
of
23
m d
ispl
acem
ent
(7
50 y
ears
of
plat
e m
otio
n).
XL
= “e
xtra
-larg
e” M
9.1
Casc
adia
EQ
of
35
m d
ispl
acem
ent
(1
100
year
s of
pla
te m
otio
n).
XX
L =
“ext
ra-e
xtra
-larg
e” M
9.2
Casc
adia
EQ
of
40 m
dis
plac
emen
t
(120
0 ye
ars
of p
late
mot
ion)
.
Num
bers
ref
er t
o ru
ptur
e m
odel
.
Tsun
ami I
nund
ation
Map
s
Tsun
ami E
vacu
atio
n M
ap
for
Band
on, O
rego
n
Dis
tant
tsu
nam
i eva
cuat
ion
zone
det
erm
ined
fro
m
max
imum
Ala
ska
tsun
ami.
Loca
l Tsu
nam
i Eva
cuat
ion
Zone
det
erm
ined
fro
m
max
imum
Cas
cadi
a ts
unam
i.
How
Doe
s O
ffsh
ore
Bath
ymet
ry
and
Ons
hore
Top
ogra
phy
Infl
uenc
e Ts
unam
i Run
up?
Mar
ch 1
1, 2
011
Japa
n Ts
unam
i
Wav
e-Ta
nk T
suna
mi M
odel
Vert
ical
Ev
acua
tion
Bu
ildin
g in
Ja
pan.
If y
ou c
an’t
get
out,
go
up.
NO
AA
Vid
eo o
n Ve
rtic
al
Evac
uati
on f
rom
Tsu
nam
is