PACIFIC CULTURE AND HUMANRIGHTS: WHY PACIFIC ISLANDCOUNTRIES SHOULD RATIFYINTERNATIONAL HUMAN...

7/30/2019 PACIFIC CULTURE AND HUMANRIGHTS: WHY PACIFIC ISLANDCOUNTRIES SHOULD RATIFYINTERNATIONAL HUMAN RI…

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qnbhn omkmajg w` yujxju|j hzfwzuj mkg hzxwòmur fmqx qnbfj mg|mkhbka wnj ubanwx `l

gbxmg|mkwmajg au`zyx er lbkgbka hòymwbebfbwbjx mkg u`ò w` kja`wbmwj qbwnbk qnmw muj

xòjwbojx h`kxbgjujg hòyfjwjfr h`kwumgbhwùr k`wb`kx+85

Y`fbwbhmf , jh`kòbh

Y`fbwbhmf xjwemhdx mfx` j~bxw& yuj|jkwbka YBH a`|jukojkwx luò umwblrbka nzomk ubanwx

wujmwbjx+ Lù mff YBHx wnj joynmxbx `l a`|jukojkwx bx `k jh`kòbh au`qwn+ Gjo`humhr

mkg nzomk ubanwx muj yjuhjb|jg mx èxwmhfjx w` jh`kòbh au`qwn ejhmzxj `l wnj kjjg

lù aujmwju mhh`zkwmebfbwr qbwnbk m nzomk ubanwx xrxwjo& mkg wnj mwwjkwb`k ab|jk

joyf`rojkw mkg `wnju ubanwx bk m gjo`humhr+ Fjj Dqmk Rjq& lùoju Yuboj Obkbxwju

`l Xbkamyùj& aujmwfr mgobujg er omkr Ymhblbh fjmgjux& qmx m aujmw hnmoyb`k `l wnj

Mxbmk |mfzjx muazojkw gjljkgbka mzwnùbwmubmk muumkajojkwx `k wnj emxbx `l wnjbu

mffjajg jlljhwb|jkjxx bk yuò`wbka jh`kòbh xzhhjxx+88

Ujk`qkjg jh`kòbxwx xzhn mx

Momuwrm Xjk nm|j xzhhjxxlzffr gjo`kxwumwjg wnmw wnjuj bx k` j|bgjkhj wnmw

mzwnùbwmubmk a`|jukmkhj mkg wnj xzyyujxxb`k `l y`fbwbhmf mkg hb|bf ubanwx muj ujmffr

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j|bgjkhj w` xn`q wnmw qnmw bx kjjgjg lù ajkjumwbka lmxwju jh`kòbh au`qwn bx mlubjkgfbju jh`kòbh hfbomwj& umwnju wnmk m nmuxnju y`fbwbhmf xrxwjo+87

Wnj hnmffjkaj bx w`

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mkg wnmw jh`kòbh au`qwn qbwn`zw wnj ujmfbxmwb`k `l hb|bf& y`fbwbhmf& jh`kòbh& x`hbmf

mkg hzfwzumf ubanwx bx k`w y`xbwb|j xzxwmbkmefj gj|jf`yojkw lù Ymhblbh Bxfmkgjux+8:

Bw bx

lù wnbx ujmx`k wnmw wnj ZK Xjhujwmur Ajkjumf nmx wmdjk wnj xbakblbhmkw xwjy `l hmffbka

lù ombkxwujmobka `l nzomk ubanwx bk mff `l wnj ZK‒x gj|jf`yojkw qùd+8<

89 Xyjjhn er D`lb Mkkmk `k Qùfg Yujxx Lujjgò Gmr& 8 Myubf =222& }z`wjg bk Md`f`& C+& Xnzwwbka g`qk

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Xz|m& 5997"& y+=28= Wmzmx`xb/Y`xbzfmb& W+ , Fjbfzm& K+& A`|jukmkhj lù Fb|jfbn``gx Gj|jf`yojkw Yu`cjhw bk Xmo`m

.Zkyzefbxnjg ZKGYXZKA@ ujyùw& 599:" y+7985

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omdbka lù wnj hfmk ozxw ej yujxju|jg mf`ka qbwn hfmk wbjx ezw o`kbjx èwmbkjg luò fjmxjx `zanw w` ejxnmujg mfx` qbwn wnj qòjk `l wnj hfmk+ Cmfmf& Y+ B+ , Omgumbqbqb& C+ .599:" & y+5<88

Momuwrm& X+& Nzomk Ubanwx mkg Mxbmk \mfzjx .Kjq Rùd3 Hmukjabj H`zkhbf `k Jwnbhx mkg

Bkwjukmwb`kmf Mllmbux& =221"& y+=987 Bgjo& y+=58:

Cmfmf& YB .599:"8< ZK& Bk fmuaju lujjgò3 W`qmugx gj|jf`yojkw& xjhzubwr mkg nzomk ubanwx lù mff .ZK XjhujwmurAjkjumf Ujyùw& Kjq Rùd& Xjywjoeju 599:"



=<

Hùujxy`kgbkafr& wnj |mxw omcùbwr `l h`zkwubjx wnmw ujmffr hfmoy g`qk `k nzomk ubanwx

muj `kjx wnmw muj wnj qùxw `ll jh`kòbhmffr+81

Nzomk ubanwx& a``g a`|jukmkhj mkg

jh`kòbh yu`xyjubwr a` nmkg bk nmkg+

Xòj h`zkwubjx nm|j xn`qk fjamf mkg y`fbwbhmf w`fjumkhj w`qmugx bkwjuuzywb`kx `l

gjo`humhr er wnj obfbwmur& y`fbhj ù hb|bfbmk obfbwbm qnjuj wnjuj nm|j ejjk mwwjoywx w`xze|juw wnj uzfj `l fmq qbwn wnj zxj `l lùhj mlwju jfjhwb`kx+ Wnbx nmx ujxzfwjg bk h`klfbhw

bk Lbcb& X`fò`k Bxfmkgx mkg \mkzmwz+ Wnj y`wjkwbmf lù hb|bf h`klfbhw yzwx wnj ezbfgbka

`l lzkhwb`kbka gjo`humhbjx zkgju wnujmw+ Wnjuj nm|j ejjk bkhbgjkhjx `l xzxyjkxb`k `l

ubanwx gzubka wbojx `l jojuajkhr& j|jk k`k/gjuàmefj ubanwx xzhn mx lujj xyjjhn+ Wnjuj

muj wnzx ujmx`kx `l y`fbwbhmf h`k|jkbjkhj qnr |b`fmwb`kx `l nzomk ubanwx muj w`fjumwjg

mkg wnj umwblbhmwb`k `l nzomk ubanwx wujmwbjx k`w jkh`zumajg+

Omkr YBH a`|jukojkwx mfx` ujxbxw umwblbhmwb`k mx mk j~yujxxb`k `l n`xwbfbwr mambkxw qnmw

wnjr h`kxbgju w` ej lùhjg umwblbhmwb`k er wnj xzyjuy`qjux& mkg j|jk wnj ZK& mkg wnjbu

njajo`kbh mwwbwzgjx+ Ujfmwjg w` wnbx bx bkhujmxbka yujxxzuj er g`kùx qnbhn boy`xj wnj

h`kgbwb`kmfbwr `l a``g a`|jukmkhj mkg mgnjujkhj w` nzomk ubanwx w` aumkwbka mbg+Muwbhfj 2< `l wnj H`w`k`z Maujjojkw zkgju qnbhn YBHx ujhjb|j Jzu`yjmk Mbg bx mk

j~moyfj `l wnbx+8>

Ymhblbh g`kùx xzhn mx MzxMBG mkg KSMBG muj k` fjxx h`khjukjg me`zw wnj fbkd

ejwqjjk a``g a`|jukmkhj& nzomk ubanwx mkg jh`kòbh yu`xyjubwr& mkg qnbfxw wnjr omr

k`w fbkd wnjbu mbg aumkwx qbwn wnj umwblbhmwb`k `l nzomk ubanwx wujmwbjx& wnjr g` èxju|j

mkg o`kbwù a``g a`|jukmkhj yumhwbhjx mf`ka qbwn wnjbu mbg yuàumooj+ MzxMBG‒x

Hùj Au`zy Ujhòojkgmwb`kx Ujyùw lù m a`|jukojkw qnbwj ymyju `k mbg .hzuujkwfr

ejbka yujymujg" xwmwjx hfjmufr wnmw wnj hnmffjkaj lù MzxMBG bx w` jkxzuj wnmw bwx mbg

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xwujkawnjkx wnj ojmkx `l qnbhn mxxjxxojkwx `l mbg yjulùomkhj ej omgj+82 MzxMBG‒x

xjh`kg fmuajxw yubùbwr kj~w w` jh`kòbh au`qwn bx ‖lzkhwb`kbka mkg jlljhwb|j xwmwjx‟

qnbhn l`hzx `k boyu`|bka wnj }zmfbwr `l gjhbxb`k omdbka mw wnj y`fbwbhmf fj|jf+79

KSMBG nmx ejjk hòobwwjg w` bkwjaumwbka nzomk ubanwx bkw` mff `l bwx yuàumoojx mkg

y`fbhbjx+ Bwx Nzomk Ubanwx Y`fbhr xjwx `zw wnj majkhr!x `|jumuhnbka nzomk ubanwx

lumojqùd& bkhfzgbka wnj umwb`kmfj lù bkwjaumwbka nzomk ubanwx bkw` KSMBG!x

ùamkbxmwb`kmf hzfwzuj mx qjff mx bkw` mff `l KSMBG!x y`fbhbjx& xwumwjabjx& yuàumoojx

mkg yu`hjxxjx+ KSMBG!x hjkwumf l`hzx bx y`|juwr jfbobkmwb`k wnu`zan xzxwmbkmefj mkg

j}zbwmefj gj|jf`yojkw+ Bw mggujxxjx y`|juwr jfbobkmwb`k e`wn mx m nzomk ubanwx bxxzj mx

qjff mx m gj|jf`yojkw bxxzj& zkgjuxhùbka n`q mg|mkhjojkw bk `kj mujm ujbklùhjx

81 Lù j~moyfj& Kùwn Dùjm& Kjymf& Ezuom& Fbejubm mkg Xbjuum Fj`kj+8>

Jzu`yjmk Hòobxxb`k& Wnj H`w`k`z Maujjojkw .MHY/JH& H`w`k`z& 5999"

6nwwy3jzu`ym+jz+bkwhòogj|jf`yojkwe`grh`w`k`zmaujjojkwmau75Pjk+nwo;

Muwbhfj 2<3 Jxxjkwbmf jfjojkwx3 h`kxzfwmwb`k yu`hjgzuj mkg myyu`yubmwj ojmxzujx mx ujamugx nzomk ubanwx&

gjo`humwbh yubkhbyfjx mkg wnj uzfj `l fmq+ Muwbhfj >.7" mfx` ujmgx3 ‖Wnj gbmfàzj xnmff l`hzx& bkwju mfbm& `k

xyjhblbh y`fbwbhmf bxxzjx `l ozwzmf h`khjuk ù `l ajkjumf xbakblbhmkhj lù wnj mwwmbkojkw `l wnj ècjhwb|jx`l wnbx Maujjojkw& xzhn mx wnj muox wumgj& j~hjxxb|j obfbwmur j~yjkgbwzuj& guzax mkg ùamkbxjg huboj& ù

jwnkbh& ujfbab`zx ù umhbmf gbxhubobkmwb`k+ Wnj gbmfàzj xnmff mfx` jkhòymxx m ujazfmu mxxjxxojkw `l wnj

gj|jf`yojkwx h`khjukbka wnj ujxyjhw lù nzomk ubanwx& gjo`humwbh yubkhbyfjx& wnj uzfj `l fmq mkg a``g

a`|jukmkhj+‟ 82

Gzkhmk& U+ jw mf& Hùj Au`zy Ujhòojkgmwb`kx Ujyùw lù m Qnbwj Ymyju `k Mzxwumfbm‒x Mbg Yuàumo.Hmkejuum3 MzxMBG& 599:" y+b79 Bgjo& y+bbb



=1

mg|mkhjojkw bk wnj `wnju3 ‖Bkwjaumwbka nzomk ubanwx mkg gj|jf`yojkw uj}zbujx eubkabka

wàjwnju wnj xwmkgmugx mkg yubkhbyfjx `l nzomk ubanwx qbwn wnj yfmkx& y`fbhbjx mkg

yu`hjxxjx `l gj|jf`yojkw+‟7=

Wnjxj g`kù yubùbwbjx muj j|bgjkhj `l mk bkhujmxbka

yubùbwr lù g`kùx w` fbkd yubkhbyfjx `l a``g a`|jukmkhj qbwn mbg+

Wnjuj bx mfx` xòj ujxbxwmkhj w` umwblbhmwb`k luò xòj YBHx qnbhn f``d mxdmkhj mw mljq y`qjulzf gj|jf`yjg h`zkwubjx wnmw gjomkg wnmw xomffju& fjxx y`qjulzf h`zkwubjx

umwblr xzhn wujmwbjx& ezw qnbhn wnjr wnjoxjf|jx gbxbkajkz`zxfr ujlumbk luò g`bka x`+75

Wnj y`fbwbhmf h`k|jkbjkhj w` |b`fmwj nzomk ubanwx nmx `lwjk ejjk gjo`kxwumwjg mkg nmx

luj}zjkwfr ejjk czxwblbjg wnu`zan |bfblbhmwb`k `l wnj h`k|jkwb`kx mkg wnj ujxzfwbka fjamf

lumojqùd mx wnujmwjkbka w` bkgbajk`zx ubanwx& oùj ymuwbhzfmufr fmkg ubanwx+ Qnjk

bkgbajk`zx/Lbcbmk omcùbwr ymuwbjx f`xw wnj ajkjumf jfjhwb`kx bk Lbcb bk =2>1 mkg =222 w`

Bkgbmk/Lbcbmk gòbkmwjg ymuwbjx wnbx qmx efmojg `k gjo`humhr mkg nzomk ubanwx umwnju

wnmk gbxxmwbxlmhwb`k qbwn wnj xwmwzx }z`+ E`wn k`wb`kx qjuj xjjk er xòj bkgbajk`zx

au`zyx mx wnujmwjkbka wnjbu y`fbwbhmf y`qju mkg wnjbu hzfwzumf bgjkwbwr+ Nzomk ubanwx

wujmwbjx g` k`w ujlju w` fmkg ezw wnjr muj yjuhjb|jg w` ej wnujmwjkbka w` wnj hòozkmffmkg xrxwjo ejhmzxj `l wnjbu joynmxbx `k j}zmfbwr mkg mhhjxx w` ujx`zuhjx lù mff+

78Wnbx

nmx ejjk yuèfjomwbh bk h`zkwubjx fbdj X`fò`k Bxfmkgx& qnjuj `wnju Ymhblbh Bxfmkgjux

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bkwjukmffr mkg xjwwfjg qbwn`zw mkr fjamf xjhzubwr mkg muj zxbka zy xjmejg ujx`zuhjx

h`kxbgjujg wnj yujxju|j `l bkgbajk`zx f`hmf hòozkbwbjx+

Mk`wnju j~moyfj `l y`fbwbhmf h`klfbhw myyjmubka w` omkbljxw bwxjfl mx mk muazojkw

mambkxw nzomk ubanwx bx l`zkg bk Xmo`m+ Bk Ljeuzmur 599<& bk wnj uzk/zy w` Omuhn

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wnj omwmb jfgjux nmg qmukjg m czkbù omwmb k`w w` xwmkg bk wnj xmoj h`kxwbwzjkhr mx m

xjkbù omwmb mkg k`w w` hòyjwj mambkxw nbo+ Wnj czkbù omwmb qmx ujlzxbka w`qbwngumq nbx hmkgbgmhr+

77Mambk wnbx ‖gbxzkbwr‟ qmx efmojg `k ‖w`` omkr nzomk

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nzomk ubanwx m ‖emg kmoj‟+

Fjamf .lùomf , hzxwòmur fmq"

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a`|jukmkhj yu`hjxxjx+7:

7=Kjq Sjmfmkg Majkhr lù Bkwjukmwb`kmf Gj|jf`yojkw& KSMBG Nzomk Ubanwx Y`fbhr&

6qqq+ksmbg+a`|w+ksme`zwnzomk/ubanwx+nwof; y+775 Wnj ZXM nmx k`w umwblbjg mkr `l wnj xj|jk hùj nzomk ubanwx wujmwbjx ezw bx y`qjulzf bk gjwjuobkbka

qnmw `hhzux qbwnbk wnj ZK nzomk ubanwx xrxwjo+ Wnj ZX bx h`kxbgjujg m uàzj xwmwj bk wnbx ujamug+78 Nzllju& Gu J+ .5998" & y+=777 Yjux`kmf bkwju|bjq& Mybm& Xmo`m& Cmkzmur 599<7:

Y+ B+ Cmfmf .=22>"4 Yurù& E+& Xwbozfmwbka m Kmwb`kmf Ujxy`kxj w` Nzomk Ubanwx H`k|jkwb`kx bk Ymhblbh Bxfmkg H`zkwubjx .UUUW eubjlbka ymyju yujymujg lù Mxbm Ymhblbh Ubanwx mkg Czxwbhj Bkbwbmwb|j& Xz|m&5998"



=>

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bkwjukmwb`kmf nzomk ubanwx fmq qnjuj ujfj|mkw .wn`zan wnj xjhwb`kx muj xbfjkw me`zw wnj

kjjg lù umwblbhmwb`k"+7<

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bk lmhw bx m ojmkx wnu`zan qnbhn mxxbxwmkhj bk hòyfbmkhj hmk ej x`zanw luò wnj ZK&

g`kùx mkg gj|jf`yojkw majkhbjx+

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omcùbwbjx w` mojkg wnjo+

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wnu`zan boyfjojkwmwb`k ù mojkgojkwx w` fmq ù bkgbujhwfr wnu`zan bkhùyùmwb`k

wnu`zan kjq yujhjgjkwx bk h`zuw+

Xòj YBHx g` k`w xjj wnj kjjg lù umwblbhmwb`k `l wnj BHHYU mx o`xw hb|bf mkg y`fbwbhmf

ubanwx muj mfujmgr bk wnjbu |mub`zx E@Ux& ù mw fjmxw wnmw bx n`q bw bx yjuhjb|jg+

7< Xjhwb`k 78.5" `l wnj Lbcb H`kxwbwzwb`k& Xjhwb`k =:.h" `l wnj Wz|mfz H`kxwbwzwb`k mkg Xjhwb`k 82.8" `l wnj YKA H`kxwbwzwb`k+



=2

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.5" Wnj Bkwjukmwb`kmf H`|jkmkw `k Hb|bf mkg Y`fbwbhmf Ubanwx .BHHYU"& qnbhn bx o`kbwùjg er wnj Nzomk Ubanwx Hòobwwjj4

.8" Wnj @ywb`kmf Yu`w`h`f w` wnj Bkwjukmwb`kmf H`|jkmkw `k Hb|bf mkg Y`fbwbhmf Ubanwx .BHHYU/@Y="& qnbhn bx mgobkbxwjujg er

.7" Wnj Xjh`kg @ywb`kmf Yu`w`h`f w` wnj Bkwjukmwb`kmf H`|jkmkw `k Hb|bf mkg Y`fbwbhmf Ubanwx& mbojg mw wnj me`fbwb`k `l wnj gjm

.:" Wnj Bkwjukmwb`kmf H`k|jkwb`k `k wnj Jfbobkmwb`k `l Mff Lùox `l Umhbmf Gbxhubobkmwb`k .BHJUG"& qnbhn bx o`kbwùjg er w

Gbxhubobkmwb`k4

.<" Wnj H`k|jkwb`k `k wnj Jfbobkmwb`k `l Mff Lùox `l Gbxhubobkmwb`k mambkxw Qòjk .HJGMQ"& qnbhn bx o`kbwùjg er wnj

Gbxhubobkmwb`k mambkxw Qòjk4

.1" Wnj @ywb`kmf Yu`w`h`f w` wnj H`k|jkwb`k `k wnj Jfbobkmwb`k `l Mff Lùox `l Gbxhubobkmwb`k mambkxw Qòjk .HJGMQ/@Y

.>" Wnj H`k|jkwb`k mambkxw Wùwzuj mkg @wnju Huzjf& Bknzomk ù Gjaumgbka Wujmwojkw ù Yzkbxnojkw .HMW"& qnbhn bx o`kbw

.2" Wnj H`k|jkwb`k `k wnj Ubanwx `l wnj Hnbfg .HUH"& qnbhn bx o`kbwùjg er wnj Hòobwwjj `k wnj Ubanwx `l wnj Hnbfg4

.=9" Wnj @ywb`kmf Yu`w`h`f w` wnj H`k|jkwb`k `k wnj Ubanwx `l wnj Hnbfg .HUH/@Y/MH" `k wnj bk|`f|jojkw `l hnbfgujk bk muo

.==" Wnj @ywb`kmf Yu`w`h`f w` wnj H`k|jkwb`k `k wnj Ubanwx `l wnj Hnbfg .HUH/@Y/XH" `k wnj xmfj `l hnbfgujk& hnbfg yu`xwbwzwb

.=5" Wnj Bkwjukmwb`kmf H`k|jkwb`k `k wnj Yu`wjhwb`k `l wnj Ubanwx `l Mff Obaumkw Qùdjux mkg Ojoejux `l Wnjbu Lmobfbjx .BH



MKKJ^ E3 UJAB@KMF NZOMK UBANWX BKXWUZOJKWXMKG BKXWBWZWB@KX2:

BKWJU/MOJUBHMK NZOMK UBANWX XRXWJO

Wnj bkwju/Mojubhmk nzomk ubanwx xrxwjo h`j~bxwx qbwn wnj ZK wujmwr/emxjg mkg k`k/wujmwr/emxjg

ojhnmkbxox+

Ombk bkxwuzojkwx

Mojubhmk Gjhfmumwb`k `l wnj Ubanwx mkg Gzwbjx `l Omk .=27>"

‥ Nmx m yujmoefj j~yfbhbwfr fbkdbka ubanwx mkg gzwbjx+

‥ H`|jux m u`xwju `l jh`kòbh mkg x`hbmf ubanwx& o`xw ujfmwbka w` fme`zu& h`kwmbkjg bk m x`hbmf hnmuwju+

‥ Fbkdx nzomk ubanwx mkg gjo`humhr+

‥ Bx fjamffr k`k/ebkgbka mkg wnzx nmx fjg w` wnj mg`ywb`k `l wnj Mojubhmk H`k|jkwb`k `k Nzomk Ubanwx+

Mojubhmk H`k|jkwb`k `k Nzomk Ubanwx .=2<2"

‥ Bx lzkgmojkwmffr m hb|bf mkg y`fbwbhmf ubanwx wujmwr+

‥ Yu`|bgjx yuàujxxb|j wujmwojkw `l lujjgò `l j~yujxxb`k+

‥ Omdjx j~yfbhbw wnj h`kgbwb`kx zkgju qnbhn azmumkwjjg ubanwx hmk ej `|juubggjk bk wbojx `l yzefbh

gmkaju+

‥ Nmx ejjk umwblbjg er 57 `l wnj 8: ojoejux `l wnj @uamkbsmwb`k `l Mojubhmk Xwmwjx+

@wnju bkxwuzojkwx

Bkwju/Mojubhmk H`k|jkwb`k `k Lùhjg Gbxmyyjmumkhj .=227"

Bkwju/Mojubhmk H`k|jkwb`k w` Yuj|jkw mkg Yzkbxn Wùwzuj .=2>:"

H`k|jkwb`k `k wnj Yuj|jkwb`k& Yzkbxnojkw mkg Jumgbhmwb`k `l \b`fjkhj mambkxw Qòjk .=227"

Boyfjojkwbka bkxwbwzwb`kx mkg ojhnmkbxox

Bkwju/Mojubhmk Hòobxxb`k `k Nzomk Ubanwx .=2:2"

‥ Bx omgj zy `l ojoejux jfjhwjg er wnj Ajkjumf Mxxjoefr `l wnj @uamkbsmwb`k `l Mojubhmk Xwmwjx+

‥ Hòebkjx yuò`wb`k mkg mgczgbhmwb`k lzkhwb`kx+

‥ Mg|bxjx a`|jukojkwx `k fjabxfmwb`k mlljhwbka nzomk ubanwx+

Bkwju/Mojubhmk H`zuw `l Nzomk Ubanwx .=212"

‥ Nmx wq` wryjx `l czubxgbhwb`k‗mg|bxùr mkg h`kwjkwb`zx+

‥ Bxxzjx mg|bxùr `ybkb`kx `k hùujhw bkwjuyujwmwb`k `l wujmwr èfbamwb`kx+

‥ H`kwjkwb`zx czubxgbhwb`k jkhòymxxjx hmxjx xzeobwwjg er wnj hòobxxb`k mambkxw xwmwjx ymuwbjx mkg |bhj

|juxm+

JZU@YJMK NZOMK UBANWX XRXWJO

Wnj Jzu`yjmk nzomk ubanwx xrxwjo bx er lmu wnj o`xw gj|jf`yjg `l wnj ujab`kmf xrxwjox+ Gbxwbkazbxnjg

er bwx yujljujkhj lù czgbhbmf myyu`mhnjx& bw nmx a`kj wnj lzuwnjxw bk gj|jf`ybka czgbhbmf yu`hjxxjx+ Wnj

Jzu`yjmk xrxwjo mfx` jkc`rx wnj nbanjxw umwj `l xwmwj hòyfbmkhj qbwn bwx gjhbxb`kx+

Ombk bkxwuzojkwx

Jzu`yjmk H`k|jkwb`k lù wnj Yu`wjhwb`k `l Nzomk Ubanwx mkg Lzkgmojkwmf Lujjgòx .=2:9"

‥ H`k|jkwb`k yu`|bgjx lù h`ffjhwb|j jklùhjojkw `l hjuwmbk hb|bf mkg y`fbwbhmf ubanwx+

‥ Jzu`yjmk H`zuw `l Nzomk Ubanwx uzfjx bk hmxjx mffjabka wnmw bkgb|bgzmfx nm|j ejjk gjkbjg wnjbu nzomk

ubanwx+

‥ H`kwumhwbka xwmwjx zkgjuwmdj w` xjhzuj wnj ubanwx gjlbkjg er wnj h`k|jkwb`k lù mff+

2: ZKGY .5999" & yy+7</1



7>

‥ Xzexj}zjkw yu`w`h`fx nm|j j~wjkgjg wnj bkbwbmf xjw `l ubanwx+

‥ O`xw h`zkwubjx wnmw nm|j umwblbjg wnj h`k|jkwb`k nm|j bkhùyùmwjg wnj yu`|bxb`kx bkw` wnjbu `qk

kmwb`kmf fmq+

Jzu`yjmk X`hbmf Hnmuwju .=2<=& uj|bxjg bk =22<"

‥ Azmumkwjjx m xjubjx `l ubanwx ujfmwbka w` h`kgbwb`kx `l joyf`rojkw mkg x`hbmf h`njxb`k+

‥ Nmx m xrxwjo `l xzyju|bxb`k wnmw bkhfzgjx wnj Hòobwwjj `l Bkgjyjkgjkw J~yjuwx& wnj A`|jukojkwmfHòobwwjj mkg wnj Hòobwwjj `l Obkbxwjux+

‥ Yu`|bgjx lù h`ffjhwb|j hòyfmbkwx+

@wnju bkxwuzojkwx

Jzu`yjmk H`k|jkwb`k lù wnj Yuj|jkwb`k `l Wùwzuj mkg Bknzomk ù Gjaumgbka Wujmwojkw ù

Yzkbxnojkw .=2>1"

Lumojqùd H`k|jkwb`k `k Kmwb`kmf Obkùbwbjx .=22:"

Boyfjojkwbka bkxwbwzwb`kx mkg ojhnmkbxox

Jzu`yjmk H`zuw `l Nzomk Ubanwx .=2:2"‥ Nmx mx omkr czgajx mx wnjuj muj h`kwumhwbka xwmwjx+

‥ Njmux hmxjx luò bkgb|bgzmfx mkg h`kwumhwbka xwmwjx+

‥ Zxjx m yu`hjgzuj wnmw bx mg|juxmubmf mkg yzefbh+

‥ Bxxzjx mg|bxùr `ybkb`kx `k fjamf bxxzjx ujfmwbka w` h`k|jkwb`kx mkg yu`w`h`fx+

MLUBHMK NZOMK UBANWX XRXWJO

Wnj Mlubhmk xrxwjo `l nzomk ubanwx bx ujfmwb|jfr ujhjkw+ Bw yujljux czgbhbmf mkg }zmxb/czgbhbmf myyu`mhnjx+

Bkxwuzojkw

Mlubhmk Hnmuwju `k Nzomk mkg Yj`yfjx‒ Ubanwx .=2>="

‥ H`|jux e`wn hb|bf mkg y`fbwbhmf mkg jh`kòbh& x`hbmf mkg hzfwzumf ubanwx+

‥ Yu`|bgjx lù h`ffjhwb|j ubanwx mkg lù xwmwj mkg bkgb|bgzmf gzwbjx+‥ Bkhfzgjx hfmq/emhd hfmzxjx ujxwubhwbka nzomk ubanwx w` wnj om~bozo j~wjkw mff`qjg er gòjxwbh fmq+

Boyfjojkwmwb`k bkxwbwzwb`kx mkg ojhnmkbxox

Mlubhmk Nzomk Ubanwx Hòobxxb`k .=2>1"

‥ Xju|jx oùj yuò`wb`kmf mkg fjxx yu`wjhwb|j lzkhwb`kx+

‥ J~mobkjx xwmwj ujyùwx+

‥ H`kxbgjux hòozkbhmwb`kx mffjabka |b`fmwb`kx+

‥ J~y`zkgx wnj Mlubhmk hnmuwju+

Mlubhmk Nzomk Ubanwx H`zuw

.gjhbxb`k w` jxwmefbxn bw omgj bk =22>4 h`zuw nmx rjw w` xwmuw lzkhwb`kbka"

‥ H`kxbxwx `l == czgajx myy`bkwjg bk wnjbu yjux`kmf hmymhbwr+‥ Hòyfjojkwx wnj qùd `l wnj Mlubhmk Nzomk Ubanwx Hòobxxb`k+

‥ Xju|jx oùj yu`wjhwb|j mkg fjxx yuò`wb`kmf lzkhwb`kx+

‥ Nmx m czubxgbhwb`k k`w fbobwjg w` hmxjx ù gbxyzwjx mubxbka `zw `l wnj Mlubhmk hnmuwju+

MUME NZOMK UBANWX XRXWJO

Wnj Mume nzomk ubanwx xrxwjo hmoj bkw` lùomf j~bxwjkhj qbwn wnj mg`ywb`k bk =227 `l wnj Mume Hnmuwju

`l Nzomk Ubanwx er wnj Mume Fjmazj+ Wnj hnmuwju3

‥ Yu`|bgjx lù m Hòobwwjj `l Nzomk Ubanwx J~yjuwx w` j~mobkj ujyùwx xzeobwwjg er wnj xwmwjx ymuwbjx

mkg w` ujyùw `k wnjo w` wnj Yjuomkjkw Hòobxxb`k `l Nzomk Ubanwx `l wnj Mume Fjmazj+‥ Yu`nbebwx gjkbmf `l mkr `l wnj lzkgmojkwmf nzomk ubanwx& ezw yu`|bgjx lù fbobwmwb`kx mkg ujxwubhwb`kx `k

mff ubanwx lù ujmx`kx `l kmwb`kmf xjhzubwr& wnj jh`kòr& yzefbh ùgju& wnj ubanwx `l `wnjux mkg wnj fbdj+

‥ Bkhfzgjx k` uj}zbujojkwx lù m |mfbg gjhfmumwb`k `l m xwmwj `l jojuajkhr& mkg gzubka m xwmwj `l

jojuajkhr yu`|bgjx lù `kfr m ljq ubanwx& xzhn mx yu`nbebwb`k `l wùwzuj mkg xmljazmugx lù m lmbu wubmf+‥ Yu`|bgjx lù k` ubanw w` y`fbwbhmf ùamkbsmwb`k mkg ymuwbhbymwb`k+



72

AF@XXMUR

Mhhjxxb`k

Bl m h`zkwur qbxnjx w` ejhòj m xwmwj ymuwr w` m h`k|jkwb`k wnmw nmx mfujmgr jkwjujg bkw`

lùhj& bw hmk mhhjgj w` wnj wujmwr+ Mhhjxxb`k nmx wnj xmoj fjamf jlljhw mx umwblbhmwb`k+

Mllbuomwb|j mhwb`k

Mllbuomwb|j mhwb`k y`fbhbjx ujhàkbxj wnj bkj}zmfbwr ejwqjjk hjuwmbk au`zyx bk x`hbjwr

mkg wur w` lb~ wnbx er yu`|bgbka oùj ujx`zuhjx w` njfy wnj gbxmg|mkwmajg au`zy ‖hmwhn

zy‟ mkg ambk ujmf j}zmfbwr+ Bw bx m lùo `l y`xbwb|j gbxhubobkmwb`k+

Ebff `l Ubanwx

M ebff `l ubanwx bx wnj kmoj ab|jk w` wnj hnmywju bk wnj h`kxwbwzwb`k wnmw yu`wjhwx wnj

lzkgmojkwmf ubanwx& yubkhbyfjx mkg lujjgòx `l wnj yj`yfj `l wnj h`zkwur mx nzomk

ejbkax .lù j~moyfj& wnj ubanw w` |`wj& wnj ubanw w` lujj xyjjhn& wnj ubanw w` jgzhmwb`k"+

Hòobwwjj

ZK wujmwr hòobwwjjx& ù e`gbjx& hòyubxj au`zyx `l bkgjyjkgjkw ‖j~yjuwx‟ kòbkmwjg

mkg jfjhwjg er xwmwjx ymuwbjx w` wnj h`k|jkwb`k& ù wujmwr+ Hòobwwjjx ojjw ujazfmufr w`

njmu xwmwj ujyùwx mkg f``d mw wnj yuàujxx omgj er h`zkwubjx bk ojjwbka wnjbu

èfbamwb`kx zkgju wnj h`k|jkwb`k+

H`khfzgbka hòojkwx

H`khfzgbka hòojkwx muj wnj lbkgbkax ù xzoobka zy `l wnj xwmwj ujyùw er wnj

ujfj|mkw hòobwwjj+

H`kxwbwzwb`kM h`kxwbwzwb`k bx wnj xzyujoj x`zuhj `l wnj fmq mkg yu`|bgjx wnj lumojqùd lù `wnju

fmqx `l wnj fmkg+ Bw xjwx `zw n`q wnj a`|jukojkw bx xwuzhwzujg mkg `yjumwjx& wnj

j~jhzwb|j mkg fjabxfmwb|j y`qjux `l wnj xwmwj& wnj czgbhbmur mkg wnj yzefbh xju|bhj& mkg

mggujxxjx bxxzjx `l xwmwj lbkmkhj& fmkg mkg hbwbsjkxnby+

H`kxwuzhwb|j gbmfàzj

Wnj yu`hjxx er qnbhn m ZK hòobwwjj mkg a`|jukojkw gjfjamwb`kx jkamaj bk lubjkgfr&

`yjk gbxhzxxb`kx me`zw wnj h`kwjkw `l wnj ujyùwx+

H`k|jkwb`k

M h`k|jkwb`k bx m fjamffr ebkgbka wujmwr ù maujjojkw emxjg `k bkwjukmwb`kmf xwmkgmugx

maujjg zy`k ejwqjjk wq` ù oùj xwmwjx+ H`k|jkwb`kx muj m x`zuhj `l bkwjukmwb`kmf fmq&

mkg hmk ejhòj ymuw `l f`hmf fmq `khj m h`zkwur nmx umwblbjg wnjo+

Ajkjumf èxju|mwb`kx hòojkwx

Wnjxj muj ajkjumf èxju|mwb`kx ù hòojkwx omgj er ZK hòobwwjjx `k bxxzjx k`w

h`|jujg bk wnj `llbhbmf xwmwj ymuwr ujyùw+ Wnjxj èxju|mwb`kx muj zxzmffr x`zuhjg luò

`wnju ujyùwx& xzhn mx wnj KA@ ymumffjf ujyùw+ Wnj èxju|mwb`kx omr ej mxdjg bk m

}zjxwb`k ù hòojkw+



:9

Bkbwbmf ujyùw

Wnbx bx wnj lbuxw ujyùw wnmw h`zkwubjx muj uj}zbujg w` yujymuj mkg xzeobw+ Wnj bkbwbmf

ujyùw bx gzj `kj ù wq` rjmux mlwju umwblbhmwb`k ù mhhjxxb`k& gjyjkgbka `k wnj

h`k|jkwb`k+

K`k/a`|jukojkwmf ùamkbxmwb`kx .KA@x"KA@x muj k`k/yu`lbw ùamkbxmwb`kx gjgbhmwjg w` m ymuwbhzfmu hmzxj ù bxxzj ‘ lù

j~moyfj& qòjk‒x ubanwx+ Wnjr muj bkgjyjkgjkw `l mkr a`|jukojkw+ KA@x muj

xòjwbojx ujljuujg w` mx hb|bf x`hbjwr ùamkbxmwb`kx .HX@x"& qnbhn bx m eu`mgju wjuo

wnmw bkhfzgjx m qbgju umkaj `l bkwjujxw mkg hòozkbwr au`zyx .lù j~moyfj& wnj Lbcb

Fmq X`hbjwr& `wnju yu`ljxxb`kmf x`hbjwbjx mkg hnzuhn au`zyx"+

@ywb`kmf yu`w`h`f

Mk `ywb`kmf yu`w`h`f bx mk mggbwb`kmf wujmwr wnmw zxzmffr mff`qx wnj `yyùwzkbwr w`

mggujxx `wnju xzecjhw xyjhblbh xjhwb`kx ujfmwjg w` wnj ombk wujmwr wnmw qjuj k`w h`|jujg

bk wnj ùbabkmf wujmwr+ Wn`zan wnjuj muj j~hjywb`kx w` wnj uzfj& `ywb`kmf yu`w`h`fx kjjg w`

ej umwblbjg xjymumwjfr mkg muj zxzmffr `yjk `kfr w` xwmwjx ymuwbjx wnmw mhhjywjg wnj wjuox`l wnj ombk wujmwr+ @ywb`kmf yu`w`h`fx zxzmffr mff`q mk bkgb|bgzmf hòyfmbkwx

yu`hjgzuj+

Ymumffjf ujyùwx

Ymumffjf ujyùwx w` ZK hòobwwjjx muj qubwwjk er k`k/a`|jukojkwmf ùamkbxmwb`kx w`

xju|j mx mk mfwjukmwb|j ù mggbwb`kmf x`zuhj `l bklùomwb`k w` xwmwj ujyùwx+

Yjub`gbh ujyùwx

Yjub`gbh ujyùwx muj zxzmffr omgj j|jur l`zu ù lb|j rjmux mlwju wnj bkbwbmf ujyùw& ù

qnjkj|ju wnj ujfj|mkw ZK hòobwwjj x` uj}zbujx+ Wnjxj ujyùw `k wnj yuàujxx omgj bk

ujo`|bka èxwmhfjx w` j}zmfbwr omgj xbkhj wnj fmxw ujyùw+

Umwblbhmwb`k& umwblbjg

W` nm|j umwblbjg m wujmwr ù h`k|jkwb`k ojmkx m xwmwj nmx `llbhbmffr hòobwwjg w`

hòyfr qbwn wnj èfbamwb`kx zkgju wnmw wujmwr ù h`k|jkwb`k+ Qnjk m xwmwj umwblbjx m

h`k|jkwb`k& bw bx xmbg w` ej m ‖ymuwr‟ w` bw& mkg bx hmffjg m xwmwj ymuwr+

Ujxju|mwb`kx

M ujxju|mwb`k bx m lùomf xwmwjojkw omgj er m xwmwj hfmbobka bw bx k`w qbffbka w` ej

e`zkg er m ymuwbhzfmu muwbhfj ù xjhwb`k `l m ymuwbhzfmu h`k|jkwb`k+ Ujxju|mwb`kx hmk ej

omgj qnjk wnj xwmwj xbakx& umwblbjx ù mhhjgjx w` m h`k|jkwb`k ù wujmwr+

Xbakmwùr

Omkr h`zkwubjx lbuxw xbak m h`k|jkwb`k w` xn`q wnjbu xzyyùw mkg hòobwojkw w` bw+

Ejhòbka m xbakmwùr ojmkx m h`zkwur bx èfbajg w` xw`y mhwbka bk m qmr wnmw q`zfg

gjljmw wnj ècjhw mkg yzuy`xj `l wnj h`k|jkwb`k+ N`qj|ju& xbakbka m h`k|jkwb`k g`jx

k`w ojmk wnj xwmwj bx fjamffr e`zkg er mkr èfbamwb`kx+ Qnjk wnjxj h`zkwubjx gjhbgj w`

ejhòj xwmwjx ymuwbjx wnjr g` x` wnu`zan umwblbhmwb`k+

Xwmwj ymuwr& xwmwjx ymuwbjx

M xwmwj ymuwr bx wnj fjamf kmoj lù m h`zkwur wnmw nmx jbwnju umwblbjg ù mhhjgjg w` m

h`k|jkwb`k+



:=

Xwmwj ujyùw

Xwmwjx ymuwbjx w` h`k|jkwb`kx muj uj}zbujg w` xzeobw ujazfmu ujyùwx `k wnj fjabxfmwb|j&

czgbhbmf mkg mgobkbxwumwb|j ojmxzujx wnjr nm|j boyfjojkwjg mx ymuw `l wnjbu èfbamwb`kx

zkgju wnj h`k|jkwb`k+

Xzhhjxxb`kXzhhjxxb`k bx wnj mhhjywmkhj `l wnj fjamf èfbamwb`kx yuj|b`zxfr bkxwmwjg gzubka m

yuj|b`zx a`|jukojkw‒x uzfj+ Wnbx xn`zfg k`w ej h`klzxjg qbwn hnmkajx bk

mgobkbxwumwb`k& ezw bkxwjmg zxzmffr myyfbjx w` xwmwjx wnmw omdj wnj gjhbxb`k w` ombkwmbk

wnj èfbamwb`kx `l mk`wnju xwmwj wnmw umwblbjg m wujmwr `k wnjbu ejnmfl ejlùj wnjr ambkjg

bkgjyjkgjkhj+

Wujmwr

Wujmwr bx wnj ajkjubh kmoj ab|jk w` mff bkxwuzojkwx ebkgbka zkgju bkwjukmwb`kmf fmq+

Wujmwbjx omr ej omgj ejwqjjk3 xwmwjx4 bkwjukmwb`kmf ùamkbxmwb`kx qbwn wujmwr omdbka

hmymhbwr mkg xwmwjx ù4 bkwjukmwb`kmf ùamkbxmwb`kx qbwn wujmwr omdbka hmymhbwr+

H`k|jkwb`kx& maujjojkwx& yu`w`h`fx muj j~moyfjx `l m wujmwr+



:5

UJLJUJKHJX

Mee`ww& G+ , Y`ffmug& X+& Nmugxnby mkg Y`|juwr bk wnj Ymhblbh+ .Omkbfm3 Mxbmk

Gj|jf`yojkw Emkd& 5997"

Md`f`& C+& Xnzwwbka g`qk wnj ojgbm3 m gbfjoom `l hzfwzuj mkg wnj ubanw w` lujjgò `l j~yujxxb`k bk W`kam .zkyzefbxnjg ymyju& Xz|m& 5997"

Momuwrm& X+& Nzomk Ubanwx mkg Mxbmk \mfzjx .Kjq Rùd3 Hmukjabj H`zkhbf `k Jwnbhx

mkg Bkwjukmwb`kmf Mllmbux& =221"

Mue`zu& F+& Yu`wjhwbka Nzomk Ubanwx3 Hnmuwbka wnj Qmr Lùqmug .ZK Nban

Hòobxxb`kju lù Nzomk Ubanwx @yjkbka Mggujxx& Njmgx `l Lbjfg Yujxjkhjx Ojjwbka&

55 K`|joeju 5997"

6qqq+zknhnu+hnnzubhmkjnzubhmkj+kxl957G8L>:99H:7G7GJH=5:<L::998<M2J=0

`yjkg`hzojkw;

Mzxwumfbmk Bkxwbwzwj `l Meùbabkmf mkg Wùujx Xwumbw Bxfmkgju Xwzgbjx .MBMWXBX"&

@|juwzukbka wnj G`hwubkj `l Wjuum Kzffbzx3 Wnj Ome` Hmxj& .Hmkejuum& MBMWXBX&

5997" 6nwwy3kwuz+mbmwxbx+a`|+mzujxjmuhnomeòme +̀nwof(;

Hmxwmk& U+& Ome` mkg Fmkg Ubanwx .Ojfe`zukj3 \bhwùbmk H`zkhbf lù Hb|bf Fbejuwbjx&

=227"

Hùubk Hmuj+ C+& Hzxwòmur Fmq mkg Qòjk‒x Ubanwx bk wnj X`fò`k Bxfmkgx

.Gj|jf`yojkw Xwzgbjx Kjwqùd& =222"

Jzu`yjmk Hòobxxb`k& Wnj H`w`k`z Maujjojkw .MHY/JH& H`w`k`z& 5999"

Nzllju& Gu J+& Emxjfbkj xzu|jr `k wnj xwmwzx `l Ymhblbh Bxfmkg h`zkwubjx! umwblbhmwb`k `l

ombk nzomk ubanwx bkxwuzojkwx mkg wnjbu y`xxbefj ujxju|mwb`kx& wumgbwb`kmf a`|jukmkhj

yumhwbhjx wnmw h`zfg xzyyùw nzomk ubanwx& mkg wnj qùd `l `wnju majkhbjx mkg

ùamkbxmwb`kx bk yuò`wbka nzomk ubanwx bk wnj Ymhblbh .Zkyzefbxnjg ymyju yujymujg

lù ZKGY A@FG& Xz|m& 5998"

Anmb& R+& Nzomk Ubanwx mkg X`hbmf Gj|jf`yojkw3 W`qmug Gjo`humwbsmwb`k mkg X`hbmf

Czxwbhj .Ajkj|m3 Gjo`humhr& A`|jukmkhj mkg Nzomk Ubanwx Yuàumooj Ymyju

Kzoeju :& Zkbwjg Kmwb`kx Ujxjmuhn Bkxwbwzwj lù X`hbmf Gj|jf`yojkw& @hwèju 599="

Aujjkyjmhj Mzxwumfbm Ymhblbh& Wuzj Xjhzubwr3 Mhnbj|bka m Yjmhjlzf& Xjhzuj mkg

Yu`xyju`zx Ymhblbh .yujymujg lù wnj 599: Ymhblbh Bxfmkgx Lùzo& Aujjkyjmhj Mzxwumfbm

Ymhblbh& 599:"

Cmfmf+Y B+& Fmq lù Ymhblbh Qòjk3 M Fjamf Ubanwx Nmkge``d .Xz|m3 Lbcb Qòjk‒x

Ubanwx O`|jojkw& =22>"

Cmfmf& Y+B , Omgumbqbqb& C+ .jgx"& Ymhblbh Nzomk Ubanwx Fmq Gbajxw3 \`f = .Xz|m3

UUUW& 599:"



:8

Cmfmf& Y+B+& Zxbka ubanwx/emxjg yuàumoobka yubkhbyfjx w` hfmbo ubanwx3 Wnj Ujab`kmf

Ubanwx Ujx`zuhj Wjmo .UUUW" yu`cjhw bk wnj Ymhblbh Bxfmkgx .zkyzefbxnjg ymyju

yujymujg lù @NHNU& Xz|m& 599:"

6nwwy3qqq+uuuw+ùamxxjwx@NHNU*59Ejxw*59Yumhwbhj*59Hmxj*59Xwzgr+ygl;

Omfh`fo& HC& „Nzomk Ubanwx mw wnj Jkg `l wnj =229x3 Hnmffjkajx w` Zkb|juxmfbwr‒ .=22>" :37 J Fmq 6qqq+ozug`hn+jgz+mzjfmqbxxzjx|:k7omfh`fo:7kl+nwof;

Ojuur& X+& Hnmkabka Ubanwx& Hnmkabka Hzfwzuj .zkyzefbxnjg ymyju& Qjffjxfjr H`ffjaj&

ZX& Gjhjoeju =222"& 1 , =<

Kmumrmk& G+& jw mf& \`bhjx `l wnj Y`ù3 \`fzoj =3 Hmk Mkr`kj Njmu Zx0 .Kjq Rùd3

Qùfg Emkd& 5999"

Kmwnmk& M+C+& „Hzfwzumf \mfzjx mkg Ujfmwb|bxo3 Wnj J~moyfj `l Qòjk‒x Ubanwx‒

.j~hjuywjg luò m qùd bk yuàujxx& %Kja`wbmwbka Hzfwzuj mkg Nzomk Ubanwx3 Ejr`kg

Zkb|juxmfbxo mkg Ujfmwb|bxo&% jgbwjg er Frkgm X+ Ejff& Bfmk Yjfja mkg Mkgujq C+Kmwnmk" 6qqq+mmxbmkxw+ùa\bjqy`bkwxKmwnmk+nwo;

Kjq Sjmfmkg Majkhr lù Bkwjukmwb`kmf Gj|jf`yojkw& KSMBG Nzomk Ubanwx Y`fbhr&

6qqq+ksmbg+a`|w+ksme`zwnzomk/ubanwx+nwof;

@llbhj `l wnj ZK Nban Hòobxxb`kju lù Nzomk Ubanwx& H`khjyw Ymyju `k wnj Nban

Hòobxxb`kju‒x Yu`y`xmf lù m Zkblbjg Xwmkgmug Wujmwr E`gr .Ajkj|m&

NUBOH599<HUY+=& =7 Omuhn 599<"

@llbhj `l wnj Nban Hòobxxb`kju lù Nzomk Ubanwx& Nzomk Ubanwx mkg Y`|juwr

Ujgzhwb`k3 M H`khjywzmf Lumojqùd .Ajkj|m3 @NHNU& 5997"

Ymhblbh Bxfmkgx Lùzo Fjmgjux‒ Hòozkb}zâ& Mzhdfmkg Gjhfmumwb`k .Mzhdfmkg3

Ymhblbh Bxfmkgx Lùzo Xjhujwmubmw& 5997"

Ymhblbh Yfmk Wmxd Lùhj& Wnj Ymhblbh Yfmk .Xz|m3 Ymhblbh Bxfmkgx Lùzo Xjhujwmubmw&

599:"

Ymhblbh Ujab`kmf Ubanwx Ujx`zuhj Wjmo .UUUW"& HJGMQ U`mgomy3 Ujyùwbka ejlùj

wnj Hòobwwjj .Xz|m3 UUUW& 5998"

Ymhblbh Ujab`kmf Ubanwx Ujx`zuhj Wjmo .UUUW"& Nzomk Ubanwx Wumbkbka Omkzmf .Zkyzefbxnjg& Xz|m& 5995"

Ymhblbh Ujab`kmf Ubanwx Ujx`zuhj Wjmo .UUUW"& UUUW Xmo`m Nzomk Ubanwx H`zkwur

Ujyùw .zkyzefbxnjg& Xz|m& 599<"

Yurù& E+& Xwbozfmwbka m Kmwb`kmf Ujxy`kxj w` Nzomk Ubanwx H`k|jkwb`kx bk Ymhblbh

Bxfmkg H`zkwubjx .UUUW eubjlbka ymyju yujymujg lù Mxbm Ymhblbh Ubanwx mkg Czxwbhj

Bkbwbmwb|j& Xz|m& 5998"

Xjhujwmubmw `l wnj Ymhblbh Hòozkbwr jw mf& Ymhblbh Bxfmkgx Ujab`kmf Obffjkkbzo

Gj|jf`yojkw A`mfx Ujyùw 5997 .K`zojm3 XYH& 5997"6qqq+xyh+bkwogaxOGAUjyùwUjaPujyùw+nwo;



:7

Xwjlmkbj& A+& ‖Obaumkw Nzomk Ubanwx3 Luò wnj Omuabkx w` wnj Ombkxwujmo‟

.Obaumwb`k Bklùomwb`k& Omuhn = 599:"

6nwwy3qqq+obaumwb`kbklùomwb`k+ùaLjmwzujgbxyfmr+hlo0bg?52=;

Wmrfju& Q+& K`wjx `k Nzomk Ubanwx mkg Wjuuùbxo .ymyju yujxjkwjg w` wnj >wn

MkkzmfOjjwbka `l wnj Bkwjukmwb`kmf H`zkhbf `l Nzomk Ubanwx Y`fbhr& Fmnùj& Omr 599:"

Wmzmx`xb/Y`xbzfmb& W+ , Fjbfzm& K+& A`|jukmkhj lù Fb|jfbn``gx Gj|jf`yojkw Yu`cjhw

bk Xmo`m .Zkyzefbxnjg ZKGYXZKA@ ujyùw& 599:"

Zkbwjg Kmwb`kx& Bk fmuaju lujjgò3 W`qmugx gj|jf`yojkw& xjhzubwr mkg nzomk ubanwx

lù mff .ZK Xjhujwmur Ajkjumf Ujyùw& Kjq Rùd& Xjywjoeju 599:"

Zkbwjg Kmwb`kx& Mhwb|bwbjx `l wnj Zkbwjg Kmwb`kx Xwmwbxwbhx Gb|bxb`k `k Bkwjukmwb`kmf

Obaumwb`k .Kjq Rùd3 Zkbwjg Kmwb`kx Xwmwbxwbhx Gb|bxb`kx& 5995"

Zkbwjg Kmwb`kx Gj|jf`yojkw Yuàumooj& Nzomk Gj|jf`yojkw Ujyùw 5999 .Kjq

Rùd3 ZKGY& 5999"

Zkbwjg Kmwb`kx Nzomk Ubanwx Hòobwwjj& „\bjqx `l wnj Nzomk Ubanwx Hòobwwjj

zkgju Muwbhfj :.7" `l wnj @ywb`kmf Yu`w`h`f w` wnj Bkwjukmwb`kmf H`|jkmkw `k Hb|bf mkg

Y`fbwbhmf Ubanwx bk wnj omwwju `l F`|jfmhj |+ Hmkmgm / H`khjukbka Hòozkbhmwb`k K`+

U+<57‒ T=2>5_ =& Hmkmgbmk Kmwb|j Fmq Ujyùwju =

6qqq=+zok+jgznzomkuwxzkg`hxxjxxb`k8<</57+nwo;

Qùfg Emkd& „Obaumwb`k hmk gjfb|ju qjflmuj ambkx& ujgzhj y`|juwr& xmrx jh`kòbh

yu`xyjhwx 599<‒ .Qùfg Emkd ojgbm ujfjmxj& 5: K`|joeju 599:"

6nwwy3qje+qùfgemkd+̀ uaQEXBWJJ^WJUKMFKJQX9&&h`kwjkwOGD3591575=7{

ymajYD3<75:1978{ybYD378181<{wnjXbwjYD37<91&99+nwof;

Fjabxfmwb`k

Mlubhmk TEmkczf_ Hnmuwju `k Nzomk mkg Yj`yfjx‒ Ubanwx& Czkj 51& =2>=& 5= BFO :>

Mkwb/wjuuùbxo Mhw 5997 .Mzxwumfbm"

Mkwb/wjuuùbxo Mhw .K`+5" 5997 .Mzxwumfbm"

Mkwb/wjuuùbxo Mhw .K`+8" 5997 .Mzxwumfbm"

Mkwb/wjuuùbxo Mhw .K`+5" 599: .Mzxwumfbm"

H`kxwbwzwb`k `l wnj Bkgjyjkgjkw Xwmwj `l Ymyzm Kjq Azbkjm

H`kxwbwzwb`k `l Wz|mfz

H`kxwbwzwb`k `l Lbcb Mojkgojkw Mhw .=221"



H`kxwbwzwb`k `l wnj Ujyzefbh `l \mkzmwz .=2>>"

Bkwjukmwb`kmf H`|jkmkw `k Hb|bf mkg Y`fbwbhmf Ubanwx& Gjh+ =<& =2<<& 222 ZKWX+ =1=

Bkwjukmwb`kmf H`k|jkwb`k `k wnj Jfbobkmwb`k `l Mff Lùox `l Umhbmf Gbxhubobkmwb`k&

Omu+ 1& =2<<& <<9 ZKWX =2:

Bkwjukmwb`kmf H`k|jkwb`k `k wnj Yu`wjhwb`k `l wnj Ubanwx `l Mff Obaumkw Qùdjux mkg

Ojoejux `l Wnjbu Lmobfbjx& Gjh+ =>& =229& 89 BFO =:=1

Bkwjukmwb`kmf H`|jkmkw `k Jh`kòbh& X`hbmf& mkg Hzfwzumf Ubanwx& Gjh+ =<& =2<<& 228

ZKWX 8

@ywb`kmf Yu`w`h`f w` wnj H`k|jkwb`k mambkxw Wùwzuj mkg @wnju Huzjf& Bknzomk ù

Gjaumgbka Wujmwojkw ù Yzkbxnojkw 75 BFO 5<

Zkbwjg Kmwb`kx H`k|jkwb`k Mambkxw Wùwzuj mkg @wnju Huzjf& Bknzomk ù GjaumgbkaWujmwojkw ù Yzkbxnojkw& Gjh+ =9& =2>7& =7<: ZKWX >:

Zkbwjg Kmwb`kx H`k|jkwb`k `k wnj Jfbobkmwb`k `l mff Lùox `l Gbxhubobkmwb`k mambkxw

Qòjk& Gjh => =212& =2 BFO 88

Zkbwjg Kmwb`kx H`k|jkwb`kx `k wnj Ubanwx `l wnj Hnbfg& K`| 59 =2>9& 5> BFO =77>

Zkbwbka mkg Xwujkawnjkbka Mojubhm er Yu`|bgbka Myyu`yubmwj W``fx Uj}zbujg w`

Bkwjuhjyw mkg @exwuzhw Wjuuùbxo Mhw `l 599= .‖ZXM YMWUB@W Mhw%" Yze+ F+ K`+ 2=/

:9>

Zkb|juxmf Gjhfmumwb`k `l Nzomk Ubanwx& Gjhjoeju =9& =27>& A+M+ Ujx+ 5=1& ZK G`h+

M>=9

PACIFIC CULTURE AND HUMANRIGHTS: WHY PACIFIC ISLANDCOUNTRIES SHOULD RATIFYINTERNATIONAL HUMAN...

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