PA Standards for Agriculture & IPM (Integrated Pest Management)

• 4.4.7.A – Describe how agricultural practices, the environment, and the availability of natural resources are related

• 4.4.7.B – Describe the economic importance of agriculture to society

• 4.4.7.C – Investigate resources and their impact on the food and fiber system

• 4.4.7.D – Identify positive and negative effects of technology used in agriculture and their impact on the food and fiber system

172. Chp. 4 – Agriculture & Society

• Food and Fiber System – All types of agriculture(crops & livestock) as well as all ag-related businesses (farm machinery, chemicals, etc.)

• Only 1% of the world’s farm labor force is in the U.S., but we produce over 25% of the world’s food exports!

• PA ranks 18th out of 50 states in annual income from farms

• PA is among the leaders in both milk and egg production

• PA is #1 in raising mushrooms

PA Agriculture JokesWhat kind of room has no walls?

A mushroom!

What did the mushroom car say?

“Shroom-shroom!”- These jokes supplied by Tialynn Moriearty

Why did the mushroom go to the party?

Because he was a “fun-guy” (fungi)!- This joke was supplied by Samiha Mondol

Why did the mushroom only cross the road once?

Because he got mush-ed!- This joke was supplied by Lauren Carr

173. Farm Trends Over the Last 200 Years…

• The majority of U.S. farms are small “family farms”

• However, large “corporate farms” produce most of the food

• U.S. farms are the most efficient in the world, using modern technology, but this makes farming more expensive

• Small farms find it hard to compete and often end up selling their land; in 1925 there used to be 6.5 million farms, but now only 2 million remain

174. The Green Revolution• This refers to the use of scientifically produced

seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, farm equipment and irrigation methods to increase crop yields

• “Industrialized (modern) nations” have these technologies available, producing surplus food that can be exported [Stop copying here]

• View the mass production of eggs in this video:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYhEbjhhcAg&feature=related

175. The Green Revolution has not reached all nations• “Developing nations” (with little modern

technology) must use human labor and draft animals in farming; horses, mules and oxen can plow a field

• Such farming is known as subsistence farming which only creates enough for the survival of the farmer & his family

• In tropical areas where the soil’s nutrients are quickly depleted, farmers use shifting cultivation (moving to a new field every few years) or slash-and-burn agriculture (burning off new forests as necessary)

176. The Farm-to-Market Process• Today the steps are many and complicated:

• 1) Production – farmer raises crops or livestock

• 2) Food Processing - a business transforms raw foodstuffs to the form that you will consume; this may include washing, drying, chopping, freezing, canning, cooking, etc.

• 3) Packaging –a business adds a container to keep food fresh and a label with nutrition information

• 4) Transportation & Distribution – most food is moved by truck or train; it arrives at a wholesaler’s warehouse for storage; then it is sold to a retail store where consumers may buy it

Food processing creates the many packaged foods we find at grocery stores of modern nations

• View this video on the modern processing of honey:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iT6IQx26eHk&feature=related

Food Nutrition Labels

176. (continued)• 5) Marketing – the advertising, buying and

selling of products

• 6) Regulations –a government agency called the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) inspects and “grades” all meats and many other types of food to be sure they are safe; the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) also requires all label info to be truthful

• 7) Research & Development – an ongoing process to create new crop & livestock varieties, new food products, and better methods of food processing and packaging

The USDA is concerned about food contamination by deadly strains of

bacteria: E. coli, Salmonella, and Listeria

• Find out about food poisoning due to E. coli contamination from animal feces:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12536902/ns/dateline_nbc/t/unseen-danger-bagged-salads/

Food Safety Tips for Raw Vegetables/Fruit• Wash your hands before you open the bag — really — it is

important. You could contaminate food with your own feces.

• Be careful not to allow either the bag or the food to come close to raw meat juices (juices might contain E.coli or other bad bacteria from the slaughtered animal’s intestines).

• Before you buy bagged salad, take a look at that sell by date and don't buy the salad if that date has passed.

• If the vegetables stay out too long (get too warm) at home or starts to look brown or gooey around the edges - don't try to save them, throw them away.

• And if you do get sick...think raw fruit or vegetables! One of them might be the culprit...and if there is any left in the bag, don't throw it away. (The food may need to be tested.)

177. Chp. 5 – Integrated Pest Management

• Pest = any organism that spreads disease, destroys property, or competes with people for food

• Man has upset the balance of the ecosystem so that natural predators can no longer keep the pests under control

• Now we need to use artificial means to win the war against pests

• The least harm is done to the environment when we use IPM which includes a variety of control methods (not just poisonous chemicals)

178. IPM Combines Any of These:• 1) Cultural Methods – make it harder for the pest to

find what it needs to live; “multicropping” is one way to do this – planting different crops together so pests can’t find their food as easily

• 2) Mechanical Methods – using any mechanism to kill or block a pest; ex: mouse trap

• 3) Genetic Methods – scientists select the healthiest varieties of animals or plants to breed with each other; this can produce pest-resistant varieties; or genes can be transplanted into organisms to improve their survival

• 4) Biological – use live predators to eat the pest

• 5) Chemical – use chemical pesticides to poison pests

Examples of Mechanical Pest Controls

Examples of Biological Controls

Examples of Chemical Controls

179. Benefits of IPM:• 1) Puts less toxic pesticide in the environment

(which can harm both people and wildlife)

• 2) Leaves less pesticide residue on our food

• 3) Reduces the chance of bugs developing pesticide resistance

• 4) Less damage to non-target organisms (for example we don’t want roach spray to kill useful honey bees)

• 5) Lower costs for farmers since chemicals are expensive

How does over-use of pesticides breed pesticide resistant bugs?

The chemical spray kills only the blue bugs. Repeated use of

the spray creates an environmental problem…

Red bugs are immune to the poison, and once the blue bugs die,

they find plenty of food to eat and reproduce rapidly! Now there

will be only red bugs remaining (which we cannot kill).

DDT was once thought to be a miracle pesticide; later the EPA banned it (in the 1970’s) as a toxic killer

• This advertisement appeared in Time Magazine in 1947:

Pest Videos

• IPM for your home:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZPeanRqW5s

• The growing problem of bed bugs:

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11916682/ns/dateline_nbc-dont_let_the_bed_bugs_bite/t/bed-bugs-bite-back/

Photo Credits:• Food Nutrition Label:

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=photo+of+food+label&hl=en&sa=X&biw=1024&bih=600&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=vWu7PhUfDQwfRM:&imgrefurl=http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/toolkit/worksheets/foodlabel.htm&docid=IAnwgv-TTbljoM&imgurl=http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/toolkit/worksheets/images/nutritionlabel.gif&w=487&h=635&ei=URipT4rCC5SXtwfxy613&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=293&vpy=113&dur=1461&hovh=256&hovw=197&tx=84&ty=148&sig=101993832396137478143&page=1&tbnh=127&tbnw=97&start=0&ndsp=23&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:78

• Food Packaging: http://www.google.com/imgres?q=photo+of+food+packaging&hl=en&biw=1024&bih=600&tbm=isch&tbnid=6xjsbbRIRef32M:&imgrefurl=http://lifegirl1130.wordpress.com/2010/06/29/functions-of-food-packaging-food-packaging-ls1/&docid=gwhrkQD8MQfYYM&imgurl=http://lifegirl1130.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/6a00d8345250f069e200e54f9d3c1f8833-800wi.jpg&w=450&h=700&ei=mRmpT6jWMYK3tweZ_olT&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=797&vpy=93&dur=109&hovh=280&hovw=180&tx=150&ty=159&sig=101993832396137478143&page=1&tbnh=123&tbnw=76&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0,i:82