P2 Glossary Final

Exploring Science 8 – How Science Works

Biology8Aa – On a diet

Word Chinese Meaning

diet 饮食 The food that you eat.

你吃的食物称为饮食。raw materials 原料 Substances used to make other substances out of.

用来制作其它物质的物质称为原料。nutrition information

营养成分 Information label found on a food packet to tell you what is in the food.

营养成分是指在食品包装上的营养成分表，主要是用来告诉你此食品中有些什么。

carbohydrate 糖类 Substance found in food that is used for energy.

糖类是指存在于食物中的，用来提供能量的物质。fat 脂肪 Substance found in food that is stored to be used for energy in

the future. It also helps to keep heat in our bodies.

脂肪是指储存在食物中，在以后用来提供能量的物质。同时也帮助我们身体保持热量。

protein 蛋白质 Substance found in food that is used for growth and repair.

蛋白质是存在于食物中，用于生长和修复的物质。vitamin 维生素 Substance found in food that is needed in small quantities for

health (e.g. vitamin C).

维生素是指存在于食物中，且为了健康需要微量的物质。mineral 矿物质 Properly called a ‘mineral salt’ and found in food. Needed in

small quantities for health (e.g. calcium).

矿物质也称矿物质盐，存在于食物中物质。需要少量的用于保持健康。

nutrients 营养素 Substances needed in the diet to provide raw materials.

饮食中需要的物质，用于提供原料。fibre 纤维 Substance found in food which cannot be used by the body. It

helps to keep our intestines clean.

纤维是指存在于食物中，不能被身体利用的物质。它可以帮助我们保持肠道清洁。

constipation 便秘 When the intestines get blocked up.

便秘是指肠道被堵塞时产生的症状。starch 淀粉 Type of insoluble carbohydrate found in plants.

淀粉是指存在于植物中的一类不溶的糖类。sugar 糖 Type of soluble carbohydrate. Glucose is an example of a

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sugar.

糖指一类可溶的碳水化合物。例如葡萄糖。

8Ab – Keeping it balanced


balanced diet 平衡膳食 Eating a wide variety of foods to give us all the things that we need.

平衡膳食是指吃各种各样的食物用于提供所有我们身体所需的东西。

chemical energy 化学能 Energy stored in chemicals like food.

化学能指指存储在化学物质中的能量，例如食物。kilojoule (kJ) 千焦 Unit of energy used on food packets. There are 1000 J in 1

kJ.

千焦是指用于食品袋上能量的单位。在一千焦中含有1000 焦耳。

heart disease 心脏病 Disease caused by narrowing of the arteries carrying the blood to the muscles of the heart, so the heart muscles do not receive enough oxygen.

心脏病是指由疾病引起的动脉狭窄携带血液到心肌，所以心肌得不到足够的氧气。

Obese 肥胖者 People who are very fat are said to be obese.

肥胖者是指非常肥胖的人。diabetes 糖尿病Insulin 胰岛素Pancreas 胰腺digestion 消化作用 Process that breaks food into soluble substances in our

bodies.

消化作用是指在我们身体中将食物降解为可溶物质的过程。

8Ac – You’ve got guts


digestion 消化作用 Process that breaks food into soluble substances in our bodies.

消化作用是指在我们身体中将食物降解为可溶物质的过程。

gut 消化道 All the organs of the digestive system apart from the

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mouth.

消化道指除了嘴以外的所有消化系统中的器官。Liver 肝脏digestive system 消化系统 A group of organs that carry out digestion.

消化系统是指进行消化作用的一系列器官。ingestion 摄食 Putting food into your mouth.

摄食指将食物放入你的口中的过程。salivary gland 唾液腺 Found in the mouth. It makes saliva.

唾液腺是指存在于口中，用于分泌唾液的腺体。saliva 唾液 A digestive juice. It contains an enzyme that breaks down

starch into sugar.

唾液是一种消化液。它其中包含了一种将淀粉转化为糖的酶。

gullet 食道 Tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach. Sometimes called the ‘food pipe’ but properly called the oesophagus.

食道是指连接口到胃的通道。contract 收缩 Something gets smaller.

收缩是指东西变小。stomach 胃 Organ containing strong acid which mixes food up and

digests proteins.

胃是指含有强酸用于混合食物和消化蛋白质的器官。Molecule 分子absorbed 吸收 When soluble substances go through the wall of the small

intestine into the blood.

吸收是指可溶性的物质通过小肠进入血液的过程。small intestine 小肠 Organ where most digestion happens. The soluble

substances produced by digestion are absorbed into the body here. It is about 6.5 m long in adults.

小肠是消化吸收的主要场所。通过消化产生的可溶性物质在小肠中被身体吸收。在成人中，长约 6.5 米。

large intestine 大肠 Organ that takes water out of waste food.

大肠是对食物残渣中水进行吸收的器官。faeces 排泄物 Waste food material produced by the intestines.

排泄物是指通过肠道产生的食物残渣。appendix 阑尾 Small tube branching off the large intestine. It has no

function in humans.

阑尾是指在大肠分支的一个小管道。在人体中没有作用。

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rectum 直肠 Organ that stores faeces before they are egested.

直肠是指在用来存储排泄物还没有排泄时的器官。anus 肛门 The opening at the end of the gut.

肛门是指消化道末端的一个开口。Elimination/egestion 排泄 When faeces are pushed out of the anus.

排泄是指排泄物从肛门排出的过程。insoluble 不溶解的 Something that does not dissolve is said to be insoluble.

有些物质不溶解，我们就称它是不溶的Soluble 可溶的enzyme 酶 A chemical that can break up large molecules.

酶是一种能将大分子分解的化学物质。

8Ad – Break down


digestive juice 消化液 A liquid containing enzymes that break down food.

消化液是指含有酶，能分解食物的液体。Model 模型

8Ae – In the blood


Villi / villus 绒毛 Small finger-like parts of the small intestine. They increase the surface area so that digested food is absorbed more quickly. Singular = villus.

绒毛是指小肠中像小手指状的部分。它们增加了小肠的表面积。使消化的食物可以更快的吸收。

blood vessel 血管 Tubes in which blood flows. There are capillaries, veins and arteries.

血管是指管中有血液流动。血管包含毛细血管，静脉和动脉。

capillaries 毛细血管 Tiny tubes that carry blood.

毛细血管是指携带血液的微小的管道。vein 静脉 Blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart.

静脉是指将血液运回心脏的血管。artery 动脉 Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

动脉是指将心脏中的血液运出心脏的血管。circulatory system 循环系统 System containing the heart and blood vessels.

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循环系统是指含有心脏和血管的系统。tissue 组织 A group of cells of the same type all doing the same job.

组织是指一组相同类型的细胞都做同样的工作。tissue fluid 组织液 A liquid that leaks out of capillaries carrying dissolved food

and oxygen to cells.

从毛细血管渗入到基质内的一部分液体，将溶解度食物和氧气与组织细胞交换。这一部分液体称为组织液。

respiration 呼吸作用 Process that uses up oxygen to release energy from food. Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste gas.

呼吸作用是指利用氧气从食物中释放能量的过程。这个过程产生以废气的形式产生二氧化碳。

Health claim 健康要求

8Ba – Energy for life


aerobic respiration 有氧呼吸 Process that releases energy from digested food. Needs oxygen from the air. Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste gas.

有氧呼吸是指从分解后的食物中释放能量的过程。这个过程需要氧气，并且释放二氧化碳。

glucose 葡萄糖 A type of sugar.

一种糖类。product 生成物 New chemical formed in a chemical reaction.

生成物是指在化学反应过程中新形成的化学物质。reactant 反应物 Chemical that is used up in a chemical reaction.

反应物是指在化学反应过程中被使用的化学物质。respiration 呼吸 Process that uses up oxygen to release energy from food.

Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste gas.

呼吸是指利用氧气将食物中的能量释放的过程。此过程产生二氧化碳。

word equation 字方程式 A way of writing out what happens in a chemical reaction.

化学反应利用文字方程的形式表达出来。

8Bb – Round and round


absorb 吸收 To take in, e.g. when soluble substances pass through the

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wall of the small intestine and into the blood.

例如：可溶性的物质从小肠进入血液中的过程。artery 动脉 Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

动脉指将血液运出心脏的血管。capillaries 毛细血管 The smallest blood vessels. Substances enter and leave the

blood through the thin walls of capillaries.

毛细血管是指最小的血管。物质进出血管都是通过毛细血管壁。

chamber 心室 The heart contains four compartments called chambers.

心脏包含了四个隔室，称为心室。circulatory system 循环系统 System containing the heart and blood vessels.

循环系统是指含有心脏和血管。heart 心脏 Organ that pumps blood around the body.

心脏是指将血液泵向身体各处的器官。plasma 血浆 Part of the blood. A liquid that surrounds the blood cells.

血浆是血液中的一部分。位于血细胞周围的一种液体。pulse 脉搏 The feel of your blood being pumped.

pulse rate 脉搏率 The number of times you can feel your blood being pumped in one minute.

red blood cells 血红细胞 Cells in the blood that carry oxygen.

血红细胞是指用来运输氧气的细胞tissue fluid 组织液 The liquid formed when plasma leaks out of capillaries,

carrying oxygen and food to cells.

从毛细血管渗入到基质内的一部分液体，将溶解度食物和氧气与组织细胞交换。这一部分液体称为组织液。

vein 静脉 Blood vessel that carries blood to the heart.

将血液运回心脏的血管。

8Bc – Into thin air


Aerobic 需氧的Breathing rate 呼吸率Emphysema 肺气肿Heart disease 心脏病

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Heart attack 心肌梗死Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Excrete 排泄Concentrate 集中，专心，浓缩Anaerobic respiration

无氧呼吸 Process that uses up oxygen to release energy from food. Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste gas.

无氧呼吸是指不利用氧气将能力从食物中释放出来的过程。二氧化碳作为废气被释放。

Glucose 葡萄糖Lactic acid 乳酸Oxygen debt 氧债

8Bd – Exchange rates


digestive system 消化系统 The group of organs that carry out digestion.

进行消化作用的一系列器官。breathing system 呼吸系统 Set of organs (lungs, windpipe, diaphragm) that allow air to

be taken into and out of the body.

呼吸系统是指将空气吸进和呼出身体的一系列器官。(肺，气管，隔膜)

respiratory system 呼吸系统 System containing the lungs, bronchi and trachea.

呼吸系统包括肺，支气管和咽喉。trachea 气管 Windpipe.

器官的另一种表达bronchus 支气管 Tube in the lungs that connects the windpipe to the air

sacs. Plural = bronchi.

支气管是指连接气管和肺泡的肺中的管道Lung 肺Diaphragm 隔膜breathing 呼吸 Moving muscles in order to make air flow into and out of

the lungs.

呼吸是指通过移动肌肉将空气流进入和呼出肺。inhale 吸气 To breathe in.

exhale 呼气 To breathe out.

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ventilation 换气 Air moving into and out of the lungs.

换气是指空气从肺中进入和呼出。air sacs 肺泡囊 Groups of alveoli in the lungs where oxygen comes out of

the air and goes into the blood. Carbon dioxide is also transferred from the blood to the air in these.

肺泡囊是由肺中的一组肺泡组成，是氧气从空气中分离出来进入血液中的场所。二氧化碳也从血液进入空气中。

alveolus 肺泡 Small, round pocket that is grouped with other alveoli to form air sacs in the lungs. Plural = alveoli.

肺泡就如小的，圆的口袋，几个肺泡组合在一起形成肺泡囊。

diffusion 扩散 The natural movement of particles from a place where there are a lot of them to a place where there are fewer of them.

扩散是指粒子从高浓度流向低浓度的过程。gas exchange 气体交换 Taking oxygen into the blood and getting rid of carbon

dioxide into the lungs. Happens in the air sacs in the lungs.

气体交换是指氧气进入血液和二氧化碳进入肺中的过程。发生的场所是在肺中的肺泡囊。

mucus 黏液 Slimy substance which traps dirt and microbes and is moved out of the lungs by cilia.

黏液是指黏滑的液体，用于吸附灰尘和细菌。通过肺中的纤毛运出。

cilia 纤毛 Small hairs on the surface of some cells.

一些细胞表面上有些小的毛称为纤毛。ciliated epithelial cell

纤毛上皮细胞 Cells with cilia that are found in the lungs.

位于肺的一些细胞，这类细胞上有纤毛的。blood 血液 Contains cells and a liquid called plasma. It flows around

the body carrying various substances which are either made by the body or needed by the body.

血浆中含有细胞和液体。血液流经身体各个地方，携带着身体制造的东西或者身体需要的东西。

red blood cells 红细胞 Cells in the blood that carry oxygen.

血液中的携带氧气的细胞。

8Be – Detecting respiration


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exhaled air 呼出气 Air that is breathed out.

被呼出来的气体。inhaled air 吸入气 Air that is breathed in.

被吸进去的气体。gill 腮 A series of flaps of tissue with a good blood supply just

behind the head of an organism which is used to take oxygen out of water. Fish have gills.

一系列皮瓣状的组织，有良好的血液供应，位于头部的后面。用于摄取水中的氧气。例如鱼有腮。

hydrogencarbonate indicator

碳酸氢盐指示器 An indicator that can be used to show how much carbon dioxide there is in something.

一种可以用来测量某种物质中含有的二氧化碳的指示器。

Behaviour 行为Inherited variation 遗传变异Environmental factor

环境因素

8Ca – A hidden world


date 数据organism 生物 A living thing.

所有活的生物。microbe 微生物（简称） Short for micro-organism.

微生物简称micro-organism 微生物 A very small living thing.

非常小的生物。virus 病毒 The smallest type of microbe. Many people think that they

are not living because they do not carry out the seven life processes for themselves.

病毒是微生物中最小的一类。很多人认为他们不是生物，因为它们自己不能进行那 7 种生命活动。

bacteria/bacterium 细菌 A type of microbe bigger than viruses. (plural = bacteria)

一类比病毒大一点的微生物。Fungi/fungus 真菌 Organisms which are different from animals, plants and

bacteria. Examples include mushrooms and yeasts. (plural = fungi)

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与动物，植物和微生物不同的一类生物。例如包括蘑菇和酵母。

yeast 酵母菌 A type of fungus with only one cell and therefore a microbe. They are bigger than bacteria.

比细菌大的单细胞真核生物。Kingdom 界Protein coat 蛋白质外壳Strand of gene 基因链Replication 复制chromosome 染色体flagellae 鞭毛classified 分类

8Cb – Microbes in action


aerobic respiration 有氧呼吸 A type of respiration that needs oxygen. Releases energy from a sugar (glucose) and produces carbon dioxide as a waste gas.

一类需要氧气的呼吸。这个过程通过消耗糖类释放能量和释放二氧化碳。

anaerobic respiration

无氧呼吸 A type of respiration that does not need oxygen. 、一类不需要氧气的呼吸过程。

fermentation 发酵 The type of anaerobic respiration carried out by yeast. It produces carbon dioxide and ethanol.

一类由酵母进行的无氧呼吸。此过程产生二氧化碳和酒精。

Starter culture 起子培养/发酵剂budding 出芽 The way yeast cells divide. A new small cell (a bud) starts to

grow out from another cell.

酵母进行细胞分裂的方式。一个新的细胞（芽）由另一个细胞生长出来

population 种群 The numbers of a certain organism found in a certain area.

在特定区域同种生物的个体limiting factor 限制因素 Something that stops a population growing.

阻止种群增长的因素。

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8Cc – Under attack/Cholera: The evidence


disease 疾病 When some processes that happen in the body do not work in the way they should.

身体发生了某种变化，使其不能正常工作，我们称此为疾病。

symptoms 症状 The effects that a disease has on your body.

疾病对你身体的影响Diagnosis 诊断infectious 传染性的 A disease that can be spread from person to person or from

animal to person is infectious.

可以在人与人之间传播的或者在人与动物之间传播的疾病，我们称这种疾病具有传染性。

fever 发烧 A high body temperature.

发烧是指具有高体温。theory 理论 A scientific idea that can be tested.

理论是指一个可以被验证的科学想法。

8Cd – Self defence


pasteurisation 巴氏消毒法 Milk is heated up to 70°C for about 15 seconds which is enough to kill the most harmful bacteria in it.

牛奶在 70°C 下消毒 15秒，就足够可以将其中的有害菌杀死。

disinfectant 消毒剂 Strong chemical used to kill microbes.

用来杀死微生物的强化学剂。antiseptic 防腐剂 Weak disinfectant safe to use on human skin.

防腐剂是指能安全用于人体皮肤上的弱消毒剂。natural defences 先天免疫 Your body’s way of trying to keep microbes out (e.g. skin) or

killing them if they get inside you (eg stomach acid).

先天免疫是指你的身体利用自己的方式阻止微生物的进入（例如皮肤），或者在微生物进入体内后将它们杀死（例如胃酸）。

clot 凝块 When blood becomes solid. Makes a ‘scab’ when it is on the surface of the skin.

凝块是指当血液变成固体时，在皮肤表面形成疤痕。trachea 气管 Another name for the windpipe.

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气管的另一个名字。ciliated epithelial cell

纤毛上皮细胞 Cells in the trachea which have microscopic hairs (cilia) growing from them which wave to move mucus up to the gullet to be swallowed

纤毛上皮细胞是指在咽喉处有微小的毛的细胞，其能将黏液移至食道吞下。

white blood cell 白细胞 A type of blood cell which helps to destroy microbes. They either engulf microbes or make antibodies.

白细胞是一类可以帮助消灭微生物的血细胞。它们可以吞没微生物或者产生抗体。

engulf 吞食 When a white blood cell completely surrounds a microbe and destroys it, it is said to engulf the microbe.

当一个白细胞将一个微生物完全包围和消灭它，我们可以称白细胞吞食了此微生物。

antibody 抗体 Small chemicals made by some white blood cells. They attach to microbes and help to destroy them.

抗体是指由一些白细胞分泌的小的化学物质。它们能粘附在一些微生物上，帮助消灭它们。

mucus 黏液 Sticky substance used to trap microbes and dust. Found in nose and trachea.

黏液是指可以用来粘住微生物和灰尘的黏性物质。分布于鼻子和咽喉处。

AIDS 艾滋病HIV 艾滋病病毒T4 lymphocyte T淋巴细胞Replicate 复制HIV positive 艾滋病阳性反应

8Ce – Beating infections/Medicine men


immune 免疫 If you cannot get a disease you are said to be ‘immune’ to it.

如果你对某种病免疫了，那你就不会得此病。vaccine 疫苗 A mixture containing microbes which normally cause

disease, which have been treated so that they don’t. Injected into people to make them immune.

疫苗是指一种含有被处理过不会致病的致病微生物的混合物。在注射后疫苗，人体可以对此类病免疫。

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immunisation 免疫法 Making people immune to diseases.

免疫法是指使人对此类病免疫。medicine 药 A drug that helps the body to ease the symptoms of a

disease or cure the disease.

一种可以缓解生病的症状或者治愈疾病的药品。antibiotic 抗生素 Medicine that can kill bacteria but not viruses.

一种可以杀死微生物但是不能杀死病毒的药品。resistant bacteria 抗药菌 Bacteria that are not affected by an antibiotic are said to be

resistant to it.

如果细菌不被一种抗生素影响，就可以说此细菌对此有抵抗性。

Variation 变种，变异

8Da –dead as a dodo


extinct 灭绝的adapted 适应 When the features of an organism help it to survive in a

habitat, it is adapted to that habitat.

当生物的特征帮助它在栖息地存活，则称其适应此栖息地。

Physical environmental factor

自然因素 The non-living conditions in the environment of an organism, e.g. temperature, light.

生物体周边环境的非生物条件。例如：温度，光线。environment 环境 The conditions around an organism caused by physical

environmental factors.

生物体周围由物理环境因素造成的条件。habitat 栖息地 The place an organism lives in, e.g. woodland.

生物生活的地方。例如：森林。Acid rain 酸雨Global warming 全球变暖animal kingdom 动物界 The group of organisms that contains all vertebrates and

invertebrates.

包含所有脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的生物组成为动物界classification 分类 Sorting things into groups.

将东西分组vertebrate 脊椎动物 Animal with a backbone.

有脊椎的动物。13


invertebrate 无脊椎动物 Animal without a backbone.

没有脊椎的动物mammal 哺乳动物 Vertebrate with hair and produces milk, e.g. human.

有毛发和能产奶的脊椎动物。例如：人类。reptile 爬行动物 Vertebrate with dry scales, e.g. snake.

有角质的鳞的脊椎动物，例如：蛇。fish 鱼类 Vertebrate with wet scales, e.g. salmon.

有湿的鳞片的脊椎动物，例如：鲑鱼。amphibian 两栖动物 Vertebrate with moist skin, e.g. frog.

有湿润的皮肤的脊椎动物，例如：青蛙。bird 鸟类 Vertebrate with feathers, e.g. eagle.

有羽毛的脊椎动物，例如：鹰。echinoderm 棘皮动物 Invertebrate that has a body in five parts, e.g. starfish.

身体被分为五部分的无脊椎动物，例如：海星。arthropod 节肢动物 Invertebrate that has jointed legs, e.g. fly, spider.

有多节的腿的无脊椎动物，例如：苍蝇和蜘蛛。Crocodile 鳄鱼Dinosaur 恐龙Saurischia 蜥臀目Ornithischia 鸟臀目exoskeleton 外骨骼 Thick outer covering found in arthropods.

存在于节肢动物外面的厚的外壳。plant kingdom 植物界 Group of organisms that are able to produce their own food

and have specialised cells.

能够自己制造食物和有特化的细胞的生物组。xylem vessel 木质部导管 Transports water through a plant.

用于运输植物体内的水分。moss 苔藓 Plant with many thin leaves but without roots and xylem.

Reproduces using spores.

苔藓是指有很多细的叶子但是没有根和导管的植物。繁殖方式是使用孢子。

fern 蕨类 Plant that has many small waterproof leaves. Reproduces using spores.

蕨类指由很多小的防水的叶子的植物。繁殖方式是孢子生殖。

conifer 针叶树 Plant with needle-shaped leaves. Reproduces using seeds found in cones.

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针叶树是指叶子像针状的植物。繁殖方式是球果中的种子。

flowering plant 开花植物 Plant with large, flat leaves. Reproduces using seeds found in fruits. Fruits and seeds form inside flowers.

开花植物是指由大的、平的叶子的植物。繁殖方式是用的果实中的种子。果实和种子都是由花形成的。

seeds 种子 Grow into new plants. Made by conifers and flowering plants.

种子会长为新的植物。由针叶植物和开花植物产生。spore 孢子 Very small part of a plant that can grow into a new plant.

Made by mosses and ferns.

孢子是植物中很小的一部分，并且能成长为新的植物。由蕨类和苔藓产生。

cone 球果 Something used to carry the seeds of conifers.

球果是用来携带针叶树的种子。fruit 果实 Something used to carry the seeds of flowering plants. Can

be fleshy or dry.

果实是用来携带开花植物的种子。可能是干的或者是很多果肉的。

cuticle 角质层 Layer of cells on leaves that is waterproof.

叶子上面的一层细胞，且是防水的。photosynthesis 光合作用 Process that plants use to make their own food. It needs

light to work. Carbon dioxide and water are the reactants. Food (a sugar called glucose) and oxygen are the products.

光合作用是指植物用来自己制造食物的过程。此过程需要光参与反应。二氧化碳和水是反应物，食物（葡萄糖）和氧气是产物。

8Db – Detective work


community 群落 All the plants and animals that live in a habitat.

所有的动物和植物都生活在一个栖息地。population 种群 Total number of individuals of the same species in a habitat.

在同一栖息地的同一物质的所有个体称为一个种群。sample 样本 A small part of something. If you sample something you

take a small part of it. You use your results from the small part to suggest what the rest of it is like.

样本指某种东西的一小部分。如果你取了某物的样本，15


就是取了此物的一小部分。你用这个样本的结果推测对此物的结果。

estimate 估计 Provide a rough idea about the numbers of something or the size of something.

提供一个大概的数字关于某物的数量或者某物的尺寸。uneven distribution 不均匀分布 When a plant or animal is not found all over a habitat, only

in certain places where the habitat is suitable.

当一种植物或者动物不是在整个栖息地都能找到，只是在栖息地中适合生长的地方找得到的。我们称其不均匀分布。

quadrat 样方 A square frame, thrown randomly on the ground, which is used to sample the plants in an area.

样方是一个在地上随机取的正方形，用来对某个地方的植物进行取样。

tree beating 敲打树干取样法 Sampling method used to collect animals from trees and bushes.

一种对树木和灌木的动物进行取样的一种取样方法。sweepnet 捕虫网 Sampling method used to collect small animals from long

grass.

一种对草丛中的小动物进行取样的一种取样方法。pond dipping 池塘捕捞法 Sampling method used to collect organisms from ponds.

一种对池塘中的生物进行取样的取样方法。pitfall trap 陷阱诱捕法 Sampling method used to collect small animals that live on

the ground.

一种对生活在地上的小动物进行取样的取样方法。ecologist 生态学者 A person who studies the environment.

生态学者指研究环境的人humidity 湿度 The amount of water vapour in the air.

湿度指空气中的水蒸气的含量。

8Dc – physical environmental factors


Anemometer 风力计pooter 吸虫管 A small container connected to two tubes. Used to catch

tiny animals.

吸虫管是指一个小容器连接着两个小管。用于捕捉小动物。

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Computer modelling 计算机模型

8Dd – living factors


Resource 资源Migrate 迁移Innate 先天的Learned 后天学习的Living factor 生物因素predator 捕食者 An animal that catches and eats other animals.

捕食者是指此种动物捕捉和吃另一种动物prey 被捕食者 An animal that is caught and eaten by another animal.

被捕食者是指此类动物被另一种动物捕捉和吃掉。competition 竞争 Organisms compete with each other for food, light and

space in a habitat.

竞争是指生物为了栖息地中食物，光线和空间和其它的动物进行竞争。

Food relationship 摄食关系Food web 食物网 Many food chains linked together.

食物网是很多的食物链连接在一起。Top predator 顶级掠食者 The last animal in a food chain.

顶级掠食者是指食物链中最后一种动物。Consumer 消费者 An organism that has to eat other organisms to stay alive.

Animals are consumers.

消费者是指一种生物为了生成必须吃另一种生物。此类生物我们称为消费者。

Carnivore 食肉动物Herbivore 食草动物Producer 生产者 An organism that is able to make its own food.

生产者是指能够自己制造食物的生物。

8De – Webs/Living pyramids


chemical energy 化学能 The kind of energy stored in chemicals. Food, fuels and

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electrical cells all contain chemical energy.

化学能是一类储存在化学物中的能量。食物，能源和电池中都含有化学能。

pyramid of numbers 数量金字塔 Way of showing the numbers of different organisms in a food chain.

数量金字塔是用来显示食物链中的不同生物的数量的一种方法。

primary consumer 初级消费者 The first animal in a food chain.

食物链中的第一种动物。secondary consumer

次级消费者 The second animal in a food chain.

食物链中的第二种动物。Pest 害虫Pesticide 杀虫剂Endangered 濒临灭绝的Insecticide 杀虫剂Nonsustainable 不可持续的Overfishing 捕捞过度Sustainable 可持续的

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Chemistry8E Water8Ea Using water

words Chinese Meaninglitre 公升 A unit of volume.体积的单位。tap （水龙头）开关sinks 水槽dissolve 溶解 When a solid splits up and mixes with a liquid

to make a solution.固体分裂开并且与一种液体混合成为溶液。

well 井

8Ea The solution is clearwords Chinese Meaningmixture 混合物 Two or more different substances that are not

chemically joined to each other.两种或者两种以上的物质加在一起。

chemical 化学药品 Substance that is used in chemistry.在化学上使用的物质叫化学药品.

filtering 过滤（动词） Separating solids that have not dissolved from a liquid. The liquid passes through the filter and the solid is left behind.用于分离有不溶的物质存在的一种方法。液体通过滤纸，而不溶的颗粒被卡住。

trap 卡住；陷阱 Something cannot get through. 物质穿不过去，被卡住了。

filter paper 滤纸 The paper has tiny holes can let smaller particles come through but trapped the bigger particles depend on the size of its holes. 一种有很小的孔的纸，可以让小于孔的粒子通过，而将大于孔的粒子卡住。

dissolved 溶解的 Something disappear in solvent.可以在溶剂里消失的现象。

grain 颗粒 Tiny piece of rock.很小的一粒。substance 物质 Physical material from which something is

made.组成所有东西的物理材料。soluble 可溶的 Can dissolve.可以溶于液体中的性质，叫可

溶的。insoluble 不可溶的 Cannot dissolve.不能溶于液体中。solvent 溶剂 The liquid that has dissolved a solid to make a

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solution.可以溶解固体的液体，并和这种固体一起形成溶液。

solute 溶质 The solid that has dissolved in a liquid to make a solution.溶在液体里的固体叫做溶质。

funnel 漏斗 Equipment used for filtering. 用于过滤的设备。

conical flask 锥形瓶residue 残渣；滤渣 The solid bits that are trapped by filter paper.

被留在滤纸上的物质叫做残渣，或者滤渣。filtrate 滤液 The liquid that passes through filter paper. 通

过滤纸的溶液叫做滤液。transparent 透明的 Material which light can travel through.可以让

通过的材料为透明的。cloudy 浑浊的 Not transparent contains some undissolved

solid.不透明，并且含有一些不溶的固体。opaque 不透明的 Material which does not let light through. 不

可以让光通过的。propanone 丙酮 A type of organic solvent.一种有机溶剂。solution 溶液 When a solid has dissolved in a liquid.当固体

溶在液体里，就形成溶液。

8Eb Solubilitywords Chinese Meaningparticle 粒子 The tiny pieces that everything is made out of.fixed arrangement 固定的排列saturated 饱和的 A solution that contains as much dissolved

solid as it possibly can.undissolved 不溶解的 Not dissolve.不可溶的。beaker 烧杯solubility 溶解度 The amount of solid that will dissolve in 100g

of a liquid.

8Ec Salt of the Earthwords Chinese Meaning

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evaporate 蒸发 Change from a liquid to a gas.当液体变为气体。

sample 样品 A small part of something. If you sample something you take a small part of it. You use your results from the small part to suggest what the rest of it is like.物质的一部分。如果你要取样品，那么你只是拿一小部分。你需要用这一小部分的结果来预想其他部分是什么样的。

hard water 硬水 Water with certain chemicals dissolved in it that cause scum and stop soap making a lather.有特定的化学物质溶解在水了，可以防止肥皂在水里起泡。

soft water 软水 Water that is without the chemicals in hard water.没有硬水里含有的化学物质。

brine 卤水 A concentrated solution of common salt and water.常见的浓的盐水溶液。

8Ed What’s in a solutionwords Chinese Meaningchromatography 纸层析法 A technique separating dissolved solids from

one another. The solids are usually coloured.用来分离一种可以溶于另外一种物质里的固体。这种固体一般是有颜色的。

separate 分离；分开 Cause to move or be apart.使一些物质分开。paints 涂料；油漆ink 墨水investigation 调查 To test a theory using the scientific method.用

科学的方法检测一种理论。dye 染料 A substance that has colour.有颜色的物质。

8Ee Still waterwords Chinese Meaningpure 纯净的 Containing only one substance.只含有一种物

质。contain 包含steam 蒸汽 Water as a gas. Also called water vapour.水变

为气体。也可以叫做水蒸汽。process 过程；工艺 A series of actions which are carried out in

order to achieve a particular result.为了得到一个特定的结果而采取的一系列的活动。

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condense 冷凝 Change from a gas a liquid.当气体变为液体的时候。

distillation 蒸馏 The process of separating a liquid from a solution by evaporating the liquid and then condensing it.通过蒸发溶液，然后再冷凝而将几种液体分离的方法。

still 蒸馏室 The apparatus used for distillation. 用来蒸馏的设备。

8Ee Focus on: Supplying waterwords Chinese MeaningDesalination 脱盐作用 Desalination is the process of removing salt

from sea water so that it can be used for drinking, or irrigation.脱盐作用是指从海水里将盐去除，从而可以用来做饮用水或者灌溉水。

heat exchanger 热交换器 A device for transferring heat from one fluid to another without allowing them to mix.一种可以将一种液体的热量传递到另外一种液体，而不需要混合的装置。

8Ee Running out…words Chinese Meaningdrought 干旱 A prolonged period without rain.一个地方长

时间不下雨。hosepipe 软管

8Fa Stored!words Chinese Meaningplanet 行星 An object which revolves around a star and

which is illuminated by that star.绕着恒星运动并且被这颗恒星照亮的物体。

efficient 有效率的material 材料recycle 循环classify 分类 Put something into groups把东西分组。property 性质 A description of how a material behaves and

what it is like.概括出来的材料或者物质是什22


么样的。sort 整理

8Fa The material worldwords Chinese Meaningelement 元素 A substance that cannot be split up into

anything simpler by chemical reactions. All the atoms in an element are the same. 不能通过化学反应进行分裂的最小物质。属于同一种元素的所有原子都是一样的。

metal 金属 Elements that are shiny, conduct heat and electricity well, and often have high melting and boiling points.有光泽，导热和导电，并且熔点和沸点都很高的元素为金属。

stream 溪流rare 稀有的 Not commom.不常见的。melt 熔化 Change from a solid to a liquid.当固体变为液

体的过程。extract 提取；提炼 To extract a substance means to obtain it from

something else.提取某一种物质就是从其他的物质里得到这种金属。

experiment 实验（名词）acid 酸 A substance that turns litmus red. It has a pH

of less than 7.一种可以让石蕊变红的物质，是 pH 小于 7 的物质。

object 物体 Everything has shape and exist can be called a object.任何存在的、有形状的东西都可以叫做物体。

ore 矿 A rock or earth from which metal can be obtained.一种岩石或者土，可以从中得到某种金属。

bronze 青铜器 Bronze is a yellowish-brown metal which is a mixture of copper and tin.青铜是一种黄棕色的金属混合物，是铜和锡的混合物。

flame 火焰chemist 化学家 Someone who studies chemistry.研究化学的

人。

8Fb Elementarywords Chinese Meaning

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represent 表示；表现；代表elementary 基本的atom 原子 The smallest particle of an element which can

exist.化学上存在的最小微粒。identify 指出 Find out; point out.找出；指出。symbol 符号 The letter or letters that represent an element.

用一个或者几个字母来表示元素。alphabet 字母表

8Fb Focus on: Mendeleev’s patiencewords Chinese Meaningpattern 模式 A pattern is the repeated or regular way in

which something happens or is done. 指一直重复或者有规律的发生。

non-metal 非金属predict 预测 When you have an idea about what will

happen when you change something based on your scientific knowledge.基于科学的知识当你改变一些东西的时候你可以想到接下来会发生什么。

column 列 Vertical groups in a table.在一张表格里竖的列。

8Fc Metal detectingwords Chinese Meaningscrap 废弃的 Waste metrical.废旧的材料。magnetic 有磁性的 A metal (steel, iron, nickel or cobalt) that can

be magnetized or attracted to a magnet.一种金属（刚，铁，钴。镍）可以被磁化或者可以被磁铁吸引。

shiny 有光泽的 Reflects light well.反光性很好。flexible 柔韧性 A flexible object or material can be bent easily

without breaking.如果一个物体或者材料具有柔韧性，那么它很容易弯曲但是不会断。

heat conductor 导热体 Something which allows heat to flow through

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it easily.可以让热量通过的物体。electrical conductor 导电体 Something which allows electricity to flow

through it easily.可以让电流通过的物质。plastic 塑料 A type of man-made material. Most plastics

are polymers and are classified as either thermosetting or thermosoftening materials.一种人造的材料。很多塑料都是聚合物并且要么为热塑性材料要么是热软性材料。

sulphur 硫 A non-metal element on the periodic table.元素周期表上的一种非金属元素。

crystal 晶体 Piece of mineral with sharp edges.一种有锋利的边缘的无机物。

lump 块brittle 脆的 Breaks easily.非常容易破坏。poisonous 有毒的 Very harmful to our body. 对身体有很大危

害。chlorine 氯气 An element in group .Ⅶ 在第七族的一种单

质。electrical insulator 电绝缘体 A material which does not let energy flow

through it easily.一种不可以让能量通过的材料。

8Fd Compound interestwords Chinese Meaningcombine 结合 Join together.结合在一起。circulate 计算evidence 证据 Information that helps to prove that an idea is

correct or incorrect.可以帮助证明一种想法是正确的还是错误的信息。

atmosphere 大气 The layer of air or other gases around something.由很多气体组成的一层大气。

global warming 全球变暖 A theory that says that the Earth is getting hotter because of the activities of humans. It may be caused by too much carbon dioxide in the air.一种认为由于人类活动而导致地球变暖的理论。或许是由于空气中含有过多的二氧化碳。

compound 化合物 Substances that can be split up into simpler substances by chemical means. Compounds contain different types of atoms bonded or joined together.可以用化学方法分裂为简单

25


的物质。并且化合物之间是通过化学键而结合起来的。

fluorine 氟 An element in group of the periodic table.Ⅶ在元素周期表里第七族的的一种元素。

molecule 分子 Two or more atoms joined together.两种或者两种以上的原子结合在一起。

rust 生锈；锈 Substance formed when iron or steel reacts with oxygen and water.当铁或者钢和氧气、水反应后产生的物质。

chemical formula 化学式ratio 比例polythene 聚合乙烯 A polymer formed from the monomer ethene.

一种由乙烯单体通过聚合得到的聚合物。silicon dioxide 二氧化硅oxide 氧化物 A compound that includes oxygen.包含氧原子

的化合物。carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 A gas which will put out a lighted splint and

turns limewater milky. Produced when acids react with limestone or other substances.. 一种可以让点燃的木条熄灭的气体，并且能够使澄清的石灰水变浑浊。是酸和石灰石反应后的产物。

iron oxide 三氧化二铁；氧化铁

8Fe Re-use, renew and recyclewords Chinese Meaningraw material 原材料 The starting material from which a more

refined substance is produced.生产特定产品所是使用的最开始的物质。

product 产物sustainable 可持续的 A process that can be carried on for ever

without running out of resources.可以一直进行而不怕资源被用完的过程。

manufacture 生产 Produce 产生；生产。extra 多余的re-used 重新使用renewable 再生性能源 A renewable energy source is one that will not

become exhausted within the lifetime of the earth, e.g. wind.再生性能源是在地球生命周期内不会用完的。比如说风能。

aluminium 铝 A common and useful metal.一种常见的并且26


有用的金属。electrolysis 电解 Passing electricity through a compound when

it is molten or in solution to break it down.当有电流通过熔融的或者在溶液中的化合物时，该化合物会分解。

bauxite 铝土矿 The common ore of aluminium containing mainly aluminium oxide with impurities such as iron( ) oxide.Ⅲ 一种常见的铝的矿石，主要由三氧化二铝还有一些杂质，比如说三氧化二铁。

8Fe Pay as you throwwords Chinese Meaningcompare 对比；比较principle 原则；原理 Scientific principles are general scientific laws

which explain how something happens or works.自然科学的法律可以解释事情是怎样发生的或者怎样工作的。

8Ga All that glitterswords Chinese Meaningjewellery 珠宝gemstone 宝石mineral 无机物 Properly called a “mineral salt”, an element or

compound found naturally in rocks and soil. Some minerals are essential nutrients.正确的叫法为无机盐。是一种存在在岩石或者土壤中的单质或者化合物。是一种潜在的营养物质。

diamond 钻石ruby 红宝石emerald 绿宝石attractive 吸引人的polish 擦亮；变光滑reflect 反射rarity 罕见 Not very common.quality 质量

8Ga The elements of jewellerywords Chinese Meaning

27


periodic table 元素周期表attraction 吸引力 The force which pulls or holds two objects

together.两个物体之间的拉力。fuel 燃料 A substance which burns to produce energy.可

以燃烧产生能量的物质。bond 化学键 Force holding particles together.让粒子之间

结合起来的里。hydrogen chloride 氯化氢 A gas, which dissolves in water to form

hydrochloric acid.一种气体，当其溶于水里时会形成盐酸。

8Ga Fool’s goldwords Chinese Meaningiron 铁 A very common metal used to make steel.很常

见的一种可以用来制造刚的金属。magnet 磁铁 Something that can attract magnetic materials.

可以吸引磁性物质的东西。attract 吸引（动词）release 释放（热量；能量）reaction 反应（名词）regular 有规律的formula 式子surrounding 周围环境

8Gb Different changeswords Chinese Meaningmoulded 塑造；制造 Shaped.生产；制造。physical changes 物理变化 A change where no new substances are

formed.没有新物质产生的一种变化。product 产物；生成物 A new chemical formed in a chemical reaction.

化学反应发生后产生的新物质。reactant 反应物 Chemicals that react together to form new

substances.几种反应后可以生成新物质的化学药品。

decompose 分解（动词） When one substance splits up into two or more products.由一种物质分开成为两种或者更多的物质。

reverse 倒退；颠倒（动词） Backwards.反着进行。28


sulphur dioxide 二氧化硫 A poisonous gas which contributes to acid rain.一种有毒气体,可以形成酸雨。

chemical change 化学变化 A change which forms one or more new substances.一种可以生成一种或者几种新物质的变化。

precipitate 沉淀 Insoluble solid produced by mixing two solutions.把两种溶液混合在一起可以产生不溶的固体。这种不溶的固体叫做沉淀。

precipitation reaction 沉淀反应 Chemical reaction which forms a solid by mixing two solutions.通过将两种溶液混合在一起而产生不溶的固体的化学反应叫做沉淀反应。

sodium sulphate 硫酸钠 A salt.一种盐。copper carbonate 碳酸铜 A salt.一种盐。

8Gc Pure dead brillantwords Chinese Meaningmixture 混合物 Two or more different substances that are not

joined to each other.两种或者两种以上的物质不是通过化学键结合在一起，而是简单的混合在一起。

particular 特别的；特定的breathe in 吸入breathe out 呼出vapour 蒸汽 Gas.气体形式。natural gas 天然气 Fossil fuel formed from the remains of dead

plants and animals that lived in the sea. 是一种由海洋生物死后形成的化石燃料。

bunsen burner 本森灯 A type of burner.一种燃烧器。methane 甲烷 The simplest member of the alkane family

with a formula CH4. It is the major component of natural gas.烷烃家族里最简单的，化学式为 CH4。是天然气的主要成分。

8Gd The gold standardwords Chinese Meaningunreactive 不容易反应的 Difficult to get to react with other material.不

容易与其他物质发生反应。29


bend 弯曲copper 铜nickel 镍silver 银platinum 铂alloy 合金 An alloy is a metal made by mixing two or

more metals together.合金是由两种或者两种以上的金属混合到一起而制成的。

ductile 延展性 Metals are said to be ductile because they can be drawn into fine wires.金属是具有延展性的，因为可以制成很细的电线。

malleable 可塑性 Metals are malleable because they can be beaten into thin sheets.金属具有可塑性是由于金属可以做成金属片。

purity 纯度 How pure a substance is. 物质的到底有多纯。

carat 克拉 A unit for measuring the weight of diamonds and other precious stones. It is equal to 0.2 grams.测量钻石或者其他贵重石头重量的单位。一克拉等于 0.2克。

8Gd Focus on: Electric jewellerywords Chinese Meaningelectricity 电electrolysis 电解（方法） The splitting up of an electrolyte, either

molten or in aqueous solution, by electricity.电解质在水溶液或者熔融状态下由于电的作用而分裂的过程。。

electrode 电极 Solid conductors of electricity attached to power supply in electrolysis.在电解中的接电的固体。

copper chloride 氯化铜 A salt.一种盐。molten 熔化的 Solid turned into liquid.固体变为了液体。positive electrode 正电极 An electrode that attracts negative charges

and repels positive charges.可以吸引带负电的排斥带正电的电极。

negative electrode 负电极 An electrode that attracts positive charges and repels negative charges.可以吸引带正电的排斥带负电的电极。

electroplating 电镀 Putting a thin metal coating onto another

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metal.在一种金属表面用另外一种金属覆盖在上面。

8Ge Melt it downwords Chinese Meaningfake 假的 Not real.不是真的。melting point 熔点 The temperature at which a solid turns into a

liquid. It is the same temperature as the freezing point of the substance.固体变为液体的那一点的温度。同一种物质的熔点和凝固点是一样的。

boiling point 沸点 When a liquid is at its boiling point it is as hot as it can get. It is evaporating as fast as it can.当液体达到它的的沸点的时候就说明这是它能达到的最高温度。也是蒸发进行的最快速度。

freezing point 凝固点 The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid. It is the same temperature as the melting point of the substance.当液体变为固体时的温度。同一种物质的凝固点与熔点是一样的。

precisely 精准地 Exactly.准确的精确的。impurity 杂质；不纯的物质 Impurities are substances that are present in

small quantities in another substance and make it dirty or of an unacceptable quality.杂质是在另外一种物质中但是很少量的，杂质的存在使原有物质变得脏或者品质不好。

tin 锡 An unreactive metal which is used to coat other metals and prevent corrosion.一种不活泼的金属，可以用来覆盖到其他金属上防止腐蚀发生。

lead 铅 A soft dense and poisonous metal.一种柔软，密度大并且有毒的金属。

8Ge The price of goldwords Chinese Meaninggold mining 开采金矿 Mining gold ore.得到金矿。essential 基本的，必要的 Basic things.基本的需求。

8Ha Explaining the Earth

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words Chinese Meaningweathering 风化 When rocks are broken up by physical,

chemical or biological processes. 由于物理，化学或者生物的因素而导致岩石破碎。

erosion 侵蚀；腐蚀 The movement of loose and weathered rock.风化了的松散的岩石的运动。

volcano 火山earthquake 地震geologist 地质学家 Someone who studies the Earth.研究地球的

人。predict 预测（动词） When you have an idea about what will

happen when you change something based on your scientific knowledge.基于科学的理论当物体发生改变时，你知道接下来会发生什么。

8Ha Sedimentary rockswords Chinese MeaningSedimentary rock 沉淀岩 A rock formed from grains stuck together. The

grains are often rounded.由岩石的颗粒粘在一起而形成的岩石，而且这些颗粒一般情况下都是圆的。

chemical weathering 化学风化 When rocks are broken up or worn away by chemical reactions, usually rainwater. 由于化学反应而使岩石破裂或者磨损，通常会与雨水反应。

physical weathering 物理风化 When rocks are worn away or broken up by physical processes such as changes in temperature.由于物理因素而使岩石磨碎或者碎裂，比如说温度。

biological weathering 生物风化 When rocks are worn away or broken up due to the activities of living things. For example, growing plant roots can split rocks apart.由于生物的活动导致岩石的破裂。比如说，植物的根生长而导致岩石破裂。

sediment 沉积；沉淀物（名词）

Rock grains and fragments dropped on the bottom of a river, lake or sea.岩石颗粒、碎片掉到河流、湖泊或者海洋的底部。

limestone 石灰石 A sedimentary rock made from the shells of

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dead sea creatures consisting mainly of calcium carbonate.由于海洋生物的沉积之后形成的一层沉淀岩，主要成分为碳酸钙。

deposit 使……沉淀 When moving water drops rock fragments or grains.当水运动时，岩石的碎片或者颗粒掉到水底。

pressure 压力 The force caused by particles hitting a certain area. 由于粒子撞击特定的区域而产生的力。

cement 水泥；结合剂 To stick something together.可以让物质之间粘合起来。

compaction 压紧（名词） Pressed or squeezed so that it takes up less space.压或者挤从而使物体占的空间减小。

cementation 粘结（名词） A process in which water is squeezed out of the spaces between pieces of rock leaving mineral salts behind which stick (cement) the rock pieces together.一个将物体之间的水分挤出来而用粘结剂把两个物体粘在一起的过程。

8Hb Hot rockswords Chinese MeaningIgneous rock 火成岩 A rock formed when magma or lava cools

down and solidifies.当岩浆冷却之后形成的岩石。

crust 地壳 The solid rocks at the surface of the earth.地球表面的固体岩石。

mantle 地幔 The part of the earth below the crust.在地壳下面的部分叫地幔。

magma 岩浆 Molten rock beneath the surface of the earth.在地球表面的熔化的岩石。

outer core 外核 Liquid material at the centre of the Earth.在地球中心的液体材料。

inner core 内核 The very centre of the Earth which kept solid by pressure.地球最中心的由于压力的作用而呈固体的物质。

basalt 玄武岩 An igneous rock with very tiny crystals.一种非常小的晶体形成的火成岩。

lava 火山岩浆 Molten rock that comes out of volcanoes.从火山里喷出来的熔化的岩石。

volume 体积 The amount of room something takes up. Often measured in cubic centimetres (cm3).物

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体占据的空间的大小。单位为立方厘米(cm3)

granite 花岗岩 An igneous rock with large crystals.由大颗粒的晶体形成的火成岩。

narrow 窄的 Having very little space to pass through. 窄的。

position 位置 Where something is.在哪儿。

8Hc All change!words Chinese MeaningMetamorphic rock 变质岩 Rocks that have been formed by changing

igneous or sedimentary rocks. Caused by high temperature or pressure.通过改变火成岩或者沉积岩而形成的岩石。

compress 压缩；压紧 Press or squeeze so that something takes up less space.压或者挤从而使物体占的空间减小。

movement 运动（名词） Noun of move.运动的名词。quartz 石英 The mineral that forms the grains in

sandstone.组成砂岩的小颗粒。quartzite 石英岩 A metamorphic rock formed from sandstone.interlock 连锁 When crystals fit together with no gaps

between them.晶体之间拼接时无缝隙。

8Hd Theories about the Earthwords Chinese Meaningfeature 特色；特征 What makes something different or unique.有

不同于别的物质的特点。observation 现象 What you can observe.可以看到的变化。abandon 抛弃creationism 创造宇宙说 The idea that the world was created by God in

six days, as described in the Bible.在圣经里描述的：世界是上帝在六天之内创造的。

religion 宗教uniformitarianism 均变论 The idea that rocks were formed over many

millions of years by the same processes that we see happening today.所有的岩石都是跟我们现在的岩石的形成过程是一样的，并且需要几百万年的时间。

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ancient 古代的 From the very distant past.claim 声称catastrophism 灾变说 The theory that all the rocks were formed by

sudden events such as volcanic eruptions.所有的岩石都是由于突然事件而形成的，比如说火山喷发。

landscape 风景

8Hd Focus on: Plate tectonicswords Chinese Meaningcontinent 大陆；板块 A large landmass板块。continental drift 大陆漂移说 The theory that pieces of the Earth’s crust

moved across the Earth’s surface.地壳是海洋下面的的岩石的运动。

plate tectonics 板块构造论 The modern theory that the Earth’s crust is split into separate plates which can move around.是一种现代的理论，说地壳是由很多板块组成的，并且这些板块可以移动。

plate 板块 Pieces of the surface of the Earth, which can move around very slowly.地壳分为不同的块，并且可以很缓慢地移动。

convection currents 对流 A current created by heat causing changes in the density of a fluid.由于气流的密度不同而导致热量的流动。

modify 修改 To change or adapt something.为了适应而改变。

propose 建议 Suggest.建议。ridge 山脉 A long, narrow piece of raised land.山脉。beneath 在……之下 Below something .在…之下。

8He The rock cyclewords Chinese Meaningrock cycle 岩石循环 All the processes which form sedimentary,

igneous and metamorphic rocks linked together.从沉积岩到变质岩的循环。

8He Living in dangerwords Chinese Meaning

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hardened 变硬的；坚定的 Make harder.非常硬。mudflow 泥流 A moving mass of mud and water.大量的泥和

水的混合物移动。erupt 喷发（动词） Come out suddenly.突然喷出。

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Physics8Ia1 – Keep your control

There are no glossary definitions in this topic.

8Ia2 – Hot stuff


degrees Celsius (°C) 摄氏度 The units for measuring temperature. 用于度量温度高低的单位。

heat energy 热能 A form of energy, measured in joules.能量的一种存在形式，单位是焦耳。

joules (J) 焦耳 The units for measuring energy.度量能量大小的单位。

temperature 温度 How hot something is, measured in °C. 用于描述热地层度的物理量，单位是摄氏度。

thermal energy 热能 Another name for heat energy.热能的另一个（英文）描述。

8I b –Heating solids


conduction 热传导 The way heat travels through solids 热量在固体中传播的方式。

conductor 导（热）体 A material which lets energy flow through it easily.容易传到热量的材料。

insulator 绝（热）体，绝缘体 A material which does not let energy flow through it easily.不容易传到热量的材料。

expand 扩张 Getting bigger in volume. 体积变大的。contract 收缩 getting smaller in volume.体积变小的。

8I c – Heating fluids


fluid 流体 A gas or a liquid. 气体或液体的总称。convection 对流 The transfer of heat in fluids.能量在流体中

传递的方式37


convection current 对流循环流 A current created by heat causing changes in the density of a fluid.流体被加热后引起密度变化而形成的循环流。

8I d – Changing state


melt 熔化 When a solid turns into a liquid. 固体变成液体的现象

melting point 熔点 The temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.固体变成液体时所需达到的温度。

evaporate 蒸发 When a liquid turns into a gas.液体变成气体的现象

boiling point 沸点 When a liquid is at its boiling point it is as hot as it can get. It is evaporating as fast as it can.当液体达到沸点时，液体所能容纳的液量已经到达了极限，此时液体就很容易蒸发。

condensing 冷凝 A gas turning into a liquid.由气态变为液态的现象

freezing point 冰点 The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid.液体变为固体所需达到的温度。

8I e1 – Radiation


radiation 热辐射 The transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic waves.热量以电磁波的形式传播

infrared radiation 红外辐射 A type of wave in the electromagnetic spectrum. It can travel through transparent things and a vacuum (empty space).电磁波谱中的一类；它可以穿过透明物质和真空。

medium 介质 Any substance.一种物质emit 发散，发射 To give out energy.发散出能量absorb 吸收 To take in energy.吸收能量reflect 反射 To bounce off something.（物质）被反弹

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pressure 气压 The force caused by particles hitting a certain area.由细小颗粒作用在一定面积上而形成的力的作用。

8I e2 – Focus on : Protective clothing


8I e3 – Exploring the Earth


8Ja1 – On the move


8Ja2 – Drag act


water resistance 水的阻力 A force that tries to slow things down that are moving through water. It is a type of friction.水中使物体速度下降的力，是一种摩擦力

air resistance 空气阻力 A force that tries to slow things down that are moving through the air. It is a type of friction.空气中使物体速度下降的力，是一种摩擦力。

drag 拉力，把…向后拉，阻力

Air resistance and water resistance are both sometimes called drag.水阻力和空气阻力有时都被叫做拉力。

streamlined 流线型的 Giving something a smooth shape to reduce the air resistance or water resistance.使…表面平滑，来减少阻力

balanced forces 平衡力 When two forces are the same strength, but working in opposite directions. 大小相等而方向相反时的两个力。

8Jb1 –Tracks and trains


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pressure 压强，大气压 The force on a certain area, measured in newtons per square metre (N/m2), newtons per square centimetre (N/cm2), or pascals (Pa).单位面积上所受的力，单位是牛/平方米，牛/平方厘米，或帕斯卡

Pascal (Pa) 帕斯卡 A unit for pressure. 1 Pa = 1 N/m2.大气压强的单位。

8Jb2 – Focus on: Stephenson’s Rocket


8Jc – Floating trains


attract 吸力，吸引 Two things pulling towards each other. 使…相互靠近的

magnet 磁石，磁铁 Something that can attract magnetic materials.能吸引磁性材料的物质

magnetism 磁性 A non-contact force.一种非接触力cobalt 钴，一种化学元素 A metal that is a magnetic material. 一种磁

性材料，是金属iron 铁，一种化学元素 A metal that is a magnetic material. 一种磁

性材料，是金属magnetic materials 磁性材料 Materials that are attracted to a magnet;

iron, cobalt, nickel and steel are all magnetic materials.能被磁铁吸附的材料，像铁，钴，镍和钢材料

steel 钢 A mixture made mainly from iron; it is a magnetic material.主要成分是铁的混合材料，也是磁性材料

repel 斥力，相互排斥 Push away.使…分开bar magnet 条形磁铁 A straight magnet, shaped like a small bar.一

种直条状磁铁permanent magnet 永磁铁 A magnet that keeps its magnetism – it does

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not depend on electricity. 能保持磁性的磁铁，不随电流的变化而变化。

north pole 北（磁）极 One end of a magnet. This ends points north if the magnet can move.磁铁的一个磁极，这一极在自由移动状态下将永远指向北方。

south pole 南（磁）极 One end of a magnet. 磁铁的一个磁极maglev 磁悬浮的；磁悬浮火

车Trains that use electromagnets to make them float (or levitate) above the tracks and move along are called maglev trains.利用电磁力保持火车悬浮在车轨上并向前行驶的火车，叫做磁悬浮列车。

electromagnet 电磁的，电磁感应的 A coil of wire with electricity flowing in it. An electromagnet has a magnetic 通电螺线圈周围会形成磁场，这种现象叫做电磁感应

8Jd – Find the way


compass 指南针 A magnetised piece of metal that can swing around – it points north.一种被磁化的金属小针，它可以来回转动，但稳定时始终指向北方

north-seeking pole （指向）北极 The end of a magnet that points north if the magnet can move freely. Often just called the north pole 如果磁针可以自由移动，这一端将指向北方。一般我们简称作北极。

south-seeking pole （指向）南极 The end of a magnet that points south if the magnet can move freely. Often just called the south pole. 如果磁针可以自由移动，这一端将指向南方。一般我们简称作南极。

magnetic field 磁场 The space around a magnet where it can affect magnetic materials or other 磁铁周围的空间，在这个区域内磁性材料将受到影响

plotting compass （一种）画图用小磁针

A small compass used for finding the direction of a magnetic field.一种较小的指南针，用于找到磁场的方向。

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8Je1 – Change your attitude


aileron 副翼 Flaps on the ends of an aeroplane’s wing , that help to controls it .位于机翼的末端，用于控制方向

lever 杠杆 A simple machine which can increase the size of a force.一种用于扩大力的作用的装置。

fulcrum 支点 A point around which something turns. Another name for a pivot.使物体绕其旋转的点

pivot 支点 Another name for a fulcrum.又叫做 fulcrum

effort 作用力 The force puts on something out of the anus.对物体起作用的力

load 负重 The weight or force on something.物体负载所收到的力

force multiplier 力倍增器 A lever used to turn a small force into a larger one.利用杠杆来使小的力变成大的力的器械

distance multiplier 距离倍增器 A lever where the load moves further than the effort. 利用杠杆来使物体移动的距离比作用力移动距离要大的器械

biceps muscle 二头肌 Muscle found at the front of the arm between the shoulder and elbow.臂部前端的肌肉，位于肩和肘之间

radius bone 桡骨 The bone in the forearm that the biceps muscle pulls on.受二头肌控制的小臂处骨头

8Je2 – What next for transport?


sustainable 可持续的 A process that can be carried on forever without running out of resources. 能量始终不会用尽的

8 Ka1 – What a picture


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8Ka2 – Travelling light


ray 光，光线 A beam of light drawn on diagrams as a straight line, and showing which way it is travelling. 在图纸上画出一条直线，用于表示光的行走路径。

source 来源；能源 An object which that releases a form of energy.能释放能量的物体

luminous 发光的； Be giving out light. 能发光的luminous sources 光源；发光体 Objects which create light.能发光的物体non-luminous 不发光的 Objects which do not create light. 不能发光

的物体shadow 阴影 A place where light cannot get to, because an

opaque object is stopping the light.光不能达到的地方，因为光全被不透明物体遮挡了。

8Kb – Cameras and eyes


transparent 透明的；明显的 Material which light can travel through.光能穿过的物质

translucent （半）透明的 Material through which a glow of light can be seen.部分光能穿过的物质

opaque 不透明的；不透明物体

Material which does not let light through.光完全不能通过的物质

reflect 反射 To bounce off something.使…被反弹开absorb 吸收 This means to ‘soak up’ or ‘take in’. If

something absorbs light it soaks it up and does not let it back out. 吸光物质意味着不会

8Kc – Mirror image


scatter 分散；散开，散射 When light rays bounce off something in all directions.光从物体表面反射得四处散开的

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plane 平面；表面光滑的 Smooth and flat.光滑且平整plane mirror 平面镜 Smooth, flat mirror.光滑又平整的镜子image 像，影像 A picture which forms in a mirror, or on a

screen, or is made by lenses.镜面，荧屏，或透镜所形成的图像

incident ray 入射光线 Light ray hitting a mirror.射入镜面的光线reflected ray 反射光线 The ray of light bouncing off the mirror 从出

来的光线镜面反射normal 法线 An imaginary line at right angles to a mirror,

where a ray of light hits the mirror.光线射入点出所虚构出的，垂直于镜面的直线

angle of incidence 入射角 The angle between the normal and the ray of light hitting a mirror.入射光线与法线之间的夹角

angle of reflection 反射角 The angle between the normal and the ray of light leaving a mirror.反射光线与法线之间的夹角

ray diagram 光路图 A diagram showing the passage of light rays.描述光走路线的图

8Kd – Lenses and light


lens 透镜 A curved piece of glass or other transparent material that can bend rays of light. 一片弯曲的玻璃或其他透明材料，用于改变光线的方向

refraction 折射 The change in direction when light goes from one transparent material to another.光从一种透明物质进入另一种物质时，方向发生改变的现象

interface 界面 The boundary between two materials. 两种材料的接触面

8Ke1 – Making Rainbows


white light 白光，日光 Normal daylight, or the light from light bulbs,

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is white light.白天的阳光，或灯泡的光，都可以看做是白光

prism 棱镜 A block of clear, colourless glass which is usually triangular.一块透明无色玻璃，通常是三棱柱形

spectrum 光谱 The seven colours of light.光的七色

8Ke2 – Focus on : Seeing colours


rod 视杆细胞 Cells that can detect low levels of light, but cannot detect the colour of the light.能识别很弱的光，却不能识别光的颜色的细胞

cone 圆锥体；色锥 Cells that can detect colours but cannot detect very dim light. 能识别光的颜色，却不能识别很弱的光的细胞

primary colours 原色，基本色 The three main colours which can make white light (red, green and blue). 三种基本原色包括红，绿，蓝。它们组合在一起可以形成白光。

cyan 蓝绿色 Secondary colour made by mixing green and blue light (green-blue).由蓝绿色光组成的二次色

magenta 品红，洋红 Secondary colour made by mixing red and blue light (pinkish red).由红蓝色光组成的二次色

secondary colours 合成色，次生色，二次色

The colours made when two primary colours mix.由原色中的两种色合成的新的颜色

ultraviolet 紫外线 A ’colour’ of light beyond violet. We cannot see ultraviolet light but some animals (like insects) can. 一种比紫光频率要高的光，人不能看到但是有些动物（昆虫）能看到

infrared 红外线 A ’colour’ of light beyond red. We can feel this as teat but we cannot see it. 一种比红光频率要低的光，我们能感觉到却看不到它的存在

8Ke3 – The power of images

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8 La1 – Animal sounds


8La2 – Sound advice


intensity 强度 The loudness or volume of a sound.声音的大小

pitch 音高，音色 How high or low a note sounds.音符的高低vibrate 振动 Move backwards and forwards.来回的震荡

8Lb – Music to your eyes


oscilloscope 示波器 An instrument which shows a picture of a wave on a screen.一种能把波形显示在显示器上的仪器

wave 波 A way of transferring energy. Waves can be side to side or backwards and forwards movements.一种能量的传播形式。波可以是上下传播，也可以前后传播

amplitude 振幅 Half the height of a wave.波整体高度的一半frequency 频率 The number of waves each second.一秒内波

的数量hertz (Hz) 赫兹 The unit for frequency. 1 hertz means one

wave per second.频率的单位，1Hz代表一个波每秒

wavelength 波长 The distance between the top of one wave and the top of the next.波最高处到下一个波最高处的距离

8Lc – Sound versus light

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medium 介质 Any substances.任何物质vacuum 真空 A completely empty space with no particles.

没有任何粒子组成的空间区域

8Ld1 –‘Ear’ ear


eardrum 鼓膜，耳膜 A thin membrane inside the ear which vibrates when sound reaches it.耳内很薄的膜，当声音到达时会产生振动

cochlea 耳蜗 The part of the ear that changes vibrations into electrical impulses.内耳组成部分，可以将振动转化为电脉冲

impulse 脉冲 Electrical signal carried by a nerve cell.神经细胞传递的电信号

antibiotics 抗生素 Medicine that can kill bacteria but not viruses.用于杀死病菌的药，但对并不不起作用

8Ld2 – Focus on : Do dolphins talk?


ultrasound 超声波 Sound that has a frequency too high for humans to hear. 由于频率很高而不被人类听到的声波

8Le1 – Uses and abuses


reflect 反射 Sound bounces back from a surface instead of passing through it.声波被物体表面反弹回来而不是穿过物体本身。

echo 回声，回音 sound reflected back from something solid. 声音从固体表面反射回来的现象

sound insulator 隔音材料 Material that is good at absorbing sound. 和容易吸收声波的材料

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noise 噪音 Unpleasant sound.令人不愉快的声音sound intensity meter 声强计，声强仪 A meter which measures the loudness of a

sound. 用于测量声音大小的仪表decibel (dB) 分贝 Unit for measuring the loudness of a sound.

反应音量大小的单位threshold of hearing 听阈，听域 The quietest sound that can be heard. 人所

能听到的最小声音

8Le2 – Sound developments


sonar 声呐 A machine for finding the depth of the sea or for finding fish by sending sound waves and listening for the echoes. 一种用于检测海深度或寻找鱼群的设备，主要是利用声波和回声定位。

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P2 Glossary Final

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Transcript of P2 Glossary Final