P10043 QTH Project

8/7/2019 P10043 QTH Project

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With almost two-thirds of India’s population aged 7 years of age andsignificant progress in this direction. An important finding of the 20

females are now literate and male-female differential has narrowed1991. The other important finding of the 2001 census is that, in thepopulation aged 7 + has declined for the first time by almost 32 millamong females). The earlier data from 1961 to 1991 indicated thatincreasing from one decade to another. There are, however, statesterritories of Delhi and Chandigarh - where the number of illiterates

The male-female differentials in literacy rates are examined in somof illiterates in the country for the first time, this project examines tmay be noted at the outset that, prior to the 1991 census, the India

years in counting the literate population. The literacy rates were codenominator. On the eve of the 1991 census it was decided that allilliterate by definition and literacy rates would be computed for popto such (net) literacy rates, those computed by taking the total popliteracy rates.” As it is not feasible to work out net literacy rates rigrates for India for the past one century, from 1901 to 2001.This projcitizens of india from 1901 to 2001 from a statistical perspective usitesting.

Growth of Literacy in Indi



above now literate, India has made very1 census count is that more than half of the

down to 21.7 percent from 24.8 percent incountry, the absolute number of illiterates inion (21.4 million among males and 10.5 millionthe absolute number of illiterates was– Bihar, Manipur and Nagaland – and the unionhas increased further during the 1990s.

details. Considering the decline in the numbere nature of changes that have taken place. Itcensus was excluding only children aged 0-4

puted by taking the total population in thechildren in the 0-6 age group will be treated aslation aged 7 years and above. In comparisonlation in the denominator are called “crudet from 1901 onward, data gives crude literacyct attempts to analyze the rate of literacy of

ng basic statistics, estimation and hypothesis

a



1 9 0 1

1 9 1 1

1 9 2 1

1 9 3 1

1 9 4 1

1 9 5 1

1 9 6 1

1 9 7 1

1 9 8 1

1 9 9 1

2 0 0 1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Person

Person#

1 9 0 1

1 9 1 1

1 9 2 1

1 9 3 1

1 9 4 1

1 9 5 1

05

101520253035404550

Fema

1*



1 9 0 1

1 9 1 1

1 9 2 1

1 9 3 1

1 9 4 1

1 9 5 1

1 9 6 1

1 9 7 1

1 9 8 1

1 9 9 1

2 0 0 1

0

10

20

3040

50

60

70

Male

Male #

1 9 6 1

1 9 7 1

1 9 8 1

1 9 9 1

2 0 0 1

e

Female#



MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Person Male Female

Mean 22.54 30.42 14.08

Median 16.1 25 7.9

Mode 16.1 #VALUE! 1.8

MEASURES OF DISPERSION

Person Male Female

Variance 277.84 339.63 221.05

SD 16.67 18.43 14.87

SKEWNESS & KURTOSIS

Person Male FemaleSkewness 0.8 0.54 1.12

Kurtosis -0.35 -0.84 0.5

OTHER STATISTICS

Person Male Female

Sum 247.9 334.6 154.9

Size 11 11 11

Maximum 55.3 64.1 45.8

Minimum 5.4 9.8 0.6

1 9 0 1

1 9 1 1

1 9 2 1

1 9 3 1

1 9 4 1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Per



1 9 6 1

1 9 7 1

1 9 8 1

1 9 9 1

2 0 0 1

on

Person#

1 9 0 1

1 9 1 1

1 9 2 1

1 9 3 1

1 9 4 1

1 9 5 1

1 9 6 1

1 9 7 1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Male



1 9 0 1

1 9 1 1

1 9 2 1

1 9 3 1

1 9 4 1

1 9 5 1

1 9 6 1

1 9 7 1

1 9 8 1

1 9 9 1

2 0 0 1

0

5

10

15

20

25

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45

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Female

Female#

1 9 8 1

1 9 9 1

2 0 0 1

Male #



The population is assumed to tend towards normalcy as N is 100

Person

Sample Size (n) = 11

Sample Mean (x-bar) = 22.54

Sample Stdev. (s) = 16.67

100*(1-a) Confidence Interval

99% 22.54 ± 15.93 =

95% 22.54 ± 11.2 =

90% 22.54 ± 9.11 =

85% 22.54 ± 7.84 =

Male




(1-a) Confidence Interval

99% 30.42 ± 17.61 =

95% 30.42 ± 12.38 =

90% 30.42 ± 10.07 =85% 30.42 ± 8.66 =

Female




(1-a) Confidence Interval99% 14.08 ± 14.21 =

95% 14.08 ± 9.99 =

90% 14.08 ± 8.12 =

85% 14.08 ± 6.99 =

The Estimate of the intervals for mean of Person, Male a



[ 6.61 , 38.46 ]

[ 11.34 , 33.73 ]

[ 13.43 , 31.65 ]

[ 14.7 , 30.37 ]

[ 12.81 , 48.03 ]

[ 18.04 , 42.8 ]

[ 20.35 , 40.49 ][ 21.75 , 39.08 ]

[ -0.13 , 28.29 ]

[ 4.09 , 24.07 ]

[ 5.96 , 22.21 ]

[ 7.09 , 21.07 ]

nd Female in the rate of literacy in India between the ye



ars 1951 and 2001 (50 years) at various confidence leve



An independent study of literacy rate levels in districts of India from 1975 to 200

The following is a test of their Hypothesis on the basis of the samples collected.

Person- Null Hypothesis : the population m

- Altenate Hypothesis : the populati

n = 11

Estimated population standard deviation = s = 16.67

Estimated standard error of mean = estimated population standard de

t = (sample mean - hypothesised mean) / estimated standard error of

Male

- Null Hypothesis : the population m- Altenate Hypothesis : the populati

n = 11




Female

- Null Hypothesis : the population m

- Altenate Hypothesis : the populati

n = 11

H0

: m is equal to 18

H1: m is not equal to 18

Degree of Freedom = 10

As per the two tailed test of hypothesis at the 0.005 significance level the stan

The standardised mean does not lie inside the above mentioned limits. Thus, in

H0

: m is equal to 18




The standardised mean lies inside the above mentioned limits. Thus, in the light

H0

: m is equal to 18


HYPOTHESIS TESTING








The standardised mean lies inside the above mentioned limits. As there is no evi



5 (30 years) by data provided by Indian Government.

ean is 18

n mean is not 18

iation/ squareroot of n = 4.62

ean = 18.64

ean is 18n mean is not 18


ean = 2.43

ean is 18

n mean is not 18

dardised sample mean should be with the acceptance i.e between +3.581 and -

he light of the above evidence, the null hypothesis is REJECTED.


of the above evidence, the null hypothesis is ACCEPTED.




ean = -0.95


dence to prove the null hypothesis, it is ACCEPTED.



.581.

.581.



.581.



Person

Male

Female

It has been observed that the percentage of the number of person being literate

male literates being greater compared to females though. It is a very good news

Central Government to bring up the literacy of our country over & above 90% du

efforts particularly in raising the level of girls' education. The National Populatio

Although the male-female disparities at the macro level have reduced, the litera

importance of getting literate for self-sufficiency. The employment generation p

The last 30 years have seen a rapid growth in the literacy rate both in male & fe

The Mean is more than the Median and the skewness value is positive. This prov

The negetive kurtosis value shows that the sample distribution is flatter than a

The standard deviation of 16.67 shows that data is more or less closely clustere

A two tailed test of hypothesis using t-distribution on the study of literacy rate le

The Mean is greater than the Median and the skewness value is positive. This pr

The negetive kurtosis value shows that the sample distribution is flatter than a


A two tailed test of hypothesis using t-distribution on the study of literacy rate le

The Mean is greater than the Median and the skewness value is positive. This pr

The positive kurtosis value shows that the sample distribution is peaker than a


A two tailed test of hypothesis using t-distribution on the study did not yield any

ANALYSIS

INFERENCES



is incresing over the years. It is also notable that both the male & female are int

for our country though a lot of effort needs to be given. The years taken here ar

ring the present decade. Female literates also need to be shooted up. For popul

Policy has emphasized this aspect in very clear terms.

cy situation of females still has to be given priority. The clear increasing trend of

licies are there in India which could only be capitalized if both male & female lit

ale which is a positive sign for our country.

es that the sample is right skewed.

normal distribution. Hence, it is platykurtic.

around the sample mean. As such the data is not bunched.

vel in districts of India threw up evidence on the basis of which the hypothesis

ves that the data is right skewed.

normal distribution. Hence, it is platykurtic.


vel in districts of India threw up evidence on the basis of which the hypothesis

ves that the data is right skewed.

ormal distribution. Hence, it is leptokurtic.


evidence threw up evidence on the basis of which the hypothesis that µ=18 w



o this trend of increasing literacy. The number of

e all census years. It requires proper planning from

tion control, it is necessary to intensify our

literacy shows that persons realized the

racy rate goes higher compared to previous years.

hat µ=18 was rejected.

hat µ=18 was accepted.

s accepted.

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