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Group 2

性別對選擇的影響

10-10-2003

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Research Objective

• To explore the relationship and the influence of social network of a student and one’s individual characteristics on his/her higher education choice

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Research Objective

• To explore the relationship and the influence of social network of a student and one’s individual characteristics on his/her higher education choice

• To investigate if the two genders are affected differently

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Overview

• Part I– Development of education

system and changing economic situation of Hong Kong

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Overview

• Part II– Literature Review– Research

•Methodology: Focus group and Questionnaire

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Part I

Development of education system and changing ec

onomic situation of Hong Kong

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Mass basic education…

• 1971: Six-year free compulsory primary education

• 1978: Extended to nine-year

• At 80s, nearly all the youth can join the senior education

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University quota increase…

• (graph)

• In late 1970s to 1980s,– 2nd Economic transformation

• In 1993,– First-year-first-degree places: 12,520– Further expansion of tertiary

education

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University quota increase…

• Girls performance• Openness of the society• Financial aids available• Result: proportion of female

attaining tertiary education increase

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Female Labor Force Participation Rate…

Sex/year Number ('000) Labour Share (%) Rate (%)Male

1971 1084 67 85.01976 1240 65 80.71981 1602 64 82.51986 1715 63 80.51991 1753 63 78.8

Female1971 535 33 43.01976 656 35 45.01981 887 36 49.01986 987 37 48.91991 1046 37 47.8

Labour Force and Lobour Force Participation Rates by Sex of PersonsAged 15 and over, 1961-1991

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Some Observation…

• Female’s participation rate lower

• Improving rate• Possible reasons:

– Education Attainment– Economic Transformations– Changing attitude

• Educational opportunity crucial

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Current Situation…

• First-year-first-degree places– 2002/03: 14,829

• University enrollment– 2002/03: Female, 53.6%;

Male, 46.4%– (graph)

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Current Situation…

• Uneven distribution in some faculty

• E.g. Engineering and nursing

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Current Situation…

• By the Publication Office of CUHK,– Total enrollment in engineering =

1,576– 20% are female

• According to 2000 Health Manpower Survey by Department of Health– 501 responded registered nursing

students– 6% are male

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Current Situation…

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Literature Review&

Outline of Research Process

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Literature Review

• Gender specification• Biological difference

– Small

• Mainly difference– Social learning– Social expectation– Masculine v.s. Feminine

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Outline of Research

• Focus Group• Questionnaire• Conclusion and Discussion

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Focus Group

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Focus Group

• 2 focus group (Nursing and Engineering)

• 4 people / group– Nursing (3 Females : 1 Males)– Engineering (3 Males : 1 Females)

• Format– Discussion

• Topic discussed– Criteria for studying specific major– Certain phenomenon in different gender

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Focus Group – Nursing

• Criteria for studying specific major– People oriented– Patient and considerate– Good communication skills– Flexible

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• Criteria for studying specific major– Carefulness– Hardworking– Willing to learn– Adventurous

Focus Group – Nursing

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Group - Nursing

• Certain phenomenon in different gender

• Common objective– Serving people

• Elective courses– Males: Surgical, Emergency, Osteop

athy

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Focus Group - Engineering

• Criteria for studying specific major – Computer oriented – Good mathematical foundation– Analytical Skills– Logical Thinking– Curiosity

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Focus Group - Engineering

• Certain phenomenon in different gender

• Various gender ratio in various department– I.E, C.S, E.E (Males highly

dominant)– A.C.A.E, I.D.E. (Males slightly

dominant)

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Questionnaire

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Questionnaire

• Objective: To illustrate the result obtained in part one

• Target Group: The undergraduate student in CUHK

• Sampling Methods: • Selected classes in Engineering

Programme and Nursing Programme• Distributed through online • Distributed in Library and public area

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Questionnaire Design

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Questionnaire Design

• Part 1: Information about the respondents

• Sex• Age• Field of study• Year of studies• Admission Method.

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Questionnaire Design

• To illustrate the relationship of external factor and gender

• Questions about• 1. Family• 2. Friends• 3. Teachers• 4. Career Development

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Questionnaire Design

• Part 3: Characteristics of Respondents

• Base on Focus Group Result, define 16 question about characteristics

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Data Anaylsis

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Data Analysis

• 1. Data cleaning: Filter out the questionnaire which contain missed value

• 2. Perform statistical Testing: ANOVA and 2 sample-independence t-test with 95% confidence interval

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Result

• 1. 214 valid questionnaires are collected

• - 99(46%) males and 115 females (54%)

• -24.8% from Engineering Programming

• -20% form Nursing Programme

• -55.4% form the others

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Result

• Female Respondents are more concern the career development

• Female Respondents would ask for more advice from friend, family and teach

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Career development

• Females concern more about the macroeconomic situation

• Job nature• Employment rate

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Ask for advice

• Female ask more advice form • family • friend and• peer group

• Male student make decision individually

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Result

• Except Career Development, external factor is no significant different on gender

• Males make individual decision

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Characteristics

• Base on the result obtain from focus group

• Using two simple independence testing

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ERG vs. NUR

• 5 questions shows the different between boy and girl

• Nursing student: good communication skill, like to work with people, caring

• Engineering student: good Mathematical analysis, and in use of computer

• Weakly follow the result obtained from focus group, especially, strongly correlated with the relative work field

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Male vs Female

• Males have higher mean 3.26• Female have higher mean:3.15• The characteristics are less suita

ble for male

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Male vs. Female

• 7/16 question shows significant different between male and female

• Females are girls are found to be good listeners, more outgoing, prefer to work on a personal level, sociable and caring;

• Males like to use computer

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Discussion &

Conclusion

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Short Summary

Characteristic of career studied:

• Nursing: caring, supportive, etc - matches with the traditionally fe

male characteristics, e.g., awareness of feelings of others, express tender feelings and sharing

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Short Summary

• Engineering: rational, thrive on challenges and independence

• match with the male traits of strength, dominance and aggression for the engineering major

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Discussion on result

• society has an expectation on both sexes

• stereotype is developed probably because of the division of role between the two genders in the past

• the traditional view is disappeared, but women still expected to take a caring role in the family

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Consequences

• nursing is regarded as a feminine occupation

• engineering is regarded as a muscular career, require mathematical and scientific knowledge, female are believed to be weaker than their male counterparts.

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Consequences

• society images do affect people in making decision, in order to survive in the community

• not necessary imply intrinsic differences between both sexes

• affect the availability for male’s and female’s performance in a particular field of work or studies, in turn affect their decision making behaviors

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Conclusion

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Conclusion

Questionnaire result• Factors that students considered whe

n selecting their major subjects were investigated:

• external factors - parents’, teachers’ and peer group

s’ opinion, the macroeconomic situation and the career path of future job

• psychological factors

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• future career catches particular attention from students

• impact on choice of majors is relatively significant for both genders

Impact of the external factors

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Impact of the external factors

• gender factor does have some effect in the course choosing stage

• women will be more likely to be affected by their families and friends

• Nowadays, traditional role in our society is disappeared

• female will more concern the career development than the past

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Psychological factors

Focus group and questionnaire • gender difference in personality

do exist • becomes one of the factors affect

ing the choice of major • Both results are consistent with t

he expected characteristics in the related work field

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Conclusion

• gender influence on the decision making process is indirect

• Various considerations in the decision making process, including personality and roles the two sexes play

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Possibility to change the

situation

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Possibility to change the

situationExternal factor• Changing social view of gender r

oles• E.g.- Nursing is considered as caring jo

b- Title of nurse

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Possibility to change the

situation- In general public exam results of

female is better than male in HK- Female is not weaker than male

in science as traditionally thought

- Also fit the requirement for studying engineering in the focus group

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Possibility to change the

situation

• Psychological factor- Intrinsic factors, difficult to

change

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Future prediction

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Future prediction

• Nursing job will still be dominated by female

• More female will enter the field of engineering

• Difference in gender on decision making behavior will continue to diminished in general

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Q & A

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Chart and Data

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