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Transcript of P Van Den Bossche2
Defining and Developing Standards
Peter Van den BosscheSecretary of IEC TC69
Erasmus University College Brussels
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
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P. Van den Bossche
EV Standardization
❖The electrically propelled vehicle
❖ Is it a Vehicle?
❖ Is it an Electrical Device?
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Main Actors
❖ International Electrotechnical Commission
❖ Electrical standards
❖ Founded 1906
❖ IEC TC69
❖ International Organization for Standardization
❖General standards, including road vehicles
❖ Founded 1948
❖ ISO TC22 SC21
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A Chequered Past
❖Specific EV standardization work
❖ Started around 1970 in the global committees
❖Conflict of competence domains
❖Who should do the work
❖ Background of committees
❖Differences in standardization culture
❖Automotive
❖ Electrotechnical
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Division of labour
❖ ISO/IEC steering committee
❖Outstanding issues
ISO TC22 SC21 IEC TC69 Aspects related to the
electric vehicle as a whole Aspects related to electrical
components and electric supply infrastructure
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Charging infrastructure at IEC TC69
❖ IEC TC69 has been dormant for a number of years, but has now started the revision of the IEC 61851 conductive charging standard
❖ Part 1: General requirements
❖ Part 21: Electric vehicle requirements
❖ Part 22: a.c. charging station requirements
❖ Part 23: d.c. charging station requirements
❖ Part 24: communication protocol
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The battle of the modes
❖Mode 1 charging: non-dedicated outlet
❖Mode 2 charging: non-dedicated outlet with in-cable protection device
❖Mode 3 charging: dedicated outlet
❖Mode 4 charging: d.c. connection
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Mode 1 charge
❖Use of standard, non-dedicated socket-outlets
❖Earthing and GFCI are essential for safety
❖ Compulsory in all new electric installations
❖Not guaranteed in legacy installations
❖Not allowed in certain countries
❖Most widely used system today
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Dangerous condition without earthing
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Mode 2 charge
❖Use of standard socket-outlets
❖ In-cable or in-plug protection box with pilot
function
❖Transitory solution in USA
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Mode 3 charge
❖Dedicated socket-outlet for EV use
❖Protection with control pilot function
❖Power levels:
❖ 16 A: “normal” charging
❖ 32 A: “semi-fast” charging
❖High power - “fast” charging
P. Van den Bossche 12
Mode 3: Control pilot function
❖Verification of correct connection
❖Socket is dead if no vehicle is present
❖ Integrity of earthing
❖Ampacity of charger
❖Essential for public infrastructure
P. Van den Bossche
Control pilot implementation
❖ IEC 61851 (2001) requires a hard-wired physical control pilot conductor
❖ Extra wire
❖ Impedance R between pilot and earthing: 1000 Ω
❖ Current through loop pilot-earth
❖ Breaking the current loop breaks the circuit
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Hard-wired pilot conductor (example)
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New developments
❖ Revision of IEC 61851 replaces “control pilot conductor” by “control pilot function”
❖ Same functionalities
❖ Example: use of carrier line signal between charging post and vehicle
❖No extra conductor: use standard accessories
❖ Compatibility of modes:
❖Mode 3 for public charging posts
❖Mode 1 for charging on private premises
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Mode 3 fast charge
❖Charging via traction inverter
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Mode 3 fast charge
❖No heavy off-board charger needed
❖Opportunities for bidirectional working
❖ Peak-shaving
❖Grid management
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Mode 4 charge
❖Stationary charger
❖d.c. connection
❖Heavy and expensive infrastructure
❖Standard IEC 61851-23 not
published (stuck at CD level) but will
be treated with the ongoing revision
P. Van den Bossche
Accessories
❖Wall side: plug and socket-outlet
❖ socket-outlet
❖ plug
❖Vehicle side: vehicle coupler
❖ vehicle connector
❖ vehicle inlet
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Parts of the conductive connection
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Case A: cable fixed to the vehicle
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Case B: separate cable
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Case C: cable fixed to charging post
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Plugs and sockets
❖Mode 1: use of standard plugs and sockets
❖Compatibility with Mode 3 can be obtained
❖Standard plugs:
❖ domestic types
❖ industrial types
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P. Van den Bossche
Domestic Accessories
❖Domestic accessories are not suited for EV duties
❖ Long-term full load current
❖Disconnection under load
❖Mechanical stress
❖ Environmental stress
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P. Van den Bossche
Industrial plug standards
❖ IEC 60309
❖ IEC 60309-1: general requirements
❖ IEC 60309-2: dimensional requirements
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IEC 60309-2 plugs
❖ International standard product
❖Reliable
❖Cheap
❖Well suitable for EV use in Mode 1
❖Also for Mode 3 (without physical pilot)
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P. Van den Bossche
Dedicated EV accessories
❖Standardization work IEC SC23H
❖ IEC 62196-1:2004 - Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle couplers and vehicle inlets - Conductive charging of electric vehicles
❖ Based on the definitions of IEC 61851
❖ Functional requirements based on IEC 60309-1
❖ Physical control pilot
❖No dimensional definitions
❖Up for revision
❖Examples of dedicated EV plugs
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Framatome plug
❖Used by EDF in France
❖Predates SC23H work
❖Extra pin voor pilot
❖Compatible in Mode 1with standardFrench/Belgian socket
❖Expensive
❖Poor reliability
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Scame plug
❖Extra pin for pilot
❖Rated 16 A in mode 1
❖Rated 32 A in mode 3
❖Conforms to IEC 60309-1
❖ Reliability of an industrial plug
❖Non compatible with IEC 60309-2 or with domestic plugs
❖National Italian standard
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Mennekes plug
❖Modified IEC 60309-2 design
❖Complies to IEC 60309-1
❖Lateral contact for pilot
❖Rated 16 A in mode 1
❖ compatible with standard IEC60309-2 socket
❖Rated 32 A in mode 3
❖with special socket
❖Used in Switzerland
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P. Van den Bossche
Vehicle Coupler Design Constraints
❖Accomodate high and low power charging
❖Vehicle real estate
❖Reliability and Safety
❖Cost
❖ IEC61851 solution is very complicated
❖Rationalization due with revision
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Definitons of IEC 61851
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The electric vehicle - raising the standards
!"#
Position Universal Basic FunctionsHigh power
a.c./a.c.High power
d.c./a.c.Domestic
a.c.a.c.
UA UD U$% B! &'' V %&' A #'' V ('' A - - High power
d.c./a.c.% &'' V %&' A #'' V ('' A - - High power
d.c./a.c$ &'' V %&' A - - - High power a.c.
( ('' V $% A ('' V $% A ('' V $% A ('' V $% A L!
& ('' V $% A ('' V $% A ('' V $% A ('' V $% A L%
# ('' V $% A ('' V $% A ('' V $% A ('' V $% A L$
" ('' V $% A ('' V $% A ('' V $% A ('' V $% A Neutral
) Rated for fault Rated for fault Rated for fault Rated for fault PE* $' V % A $' V % A $' V % A $' V % A Control pilot
!' $' V % A $' V % A $' V % A - Communication !(+)
!! $' V % A $' V % A $' V % A - Communication %(-)
!% $' V % A $' V % A $' V % A - Clean data earth
!$ - - - $' V % A Power indicator!( - - - $' V % A Power indicator
Table !.": Overview of the vehicle interface requirements&('
The design of the interface did grow with the other specifications in the developingstandard document to eventually evolve to two designs at the vehicle interface&(!:!! A “universal” interface which provides for all modes of charging. It features
“domestic” a.c. connection (up to $% A), and either high power a.c., or highpower d.c., since it is deemed unlikely that these two would be used at the sametime. The universal interface contains up to !% contacts, which may be used ornot: one may have a high-power connector, featuring either a.c. or d.c. highpower, as well as domestic a.c. contacts, or a “domestic” connector, featuringonly domestic a.c. contacts. The universal vehicle inlet shall be intermateable&(%
with either the high power a.c. connector or the high power d.c. connector. Bothtypes of vehicle inlet shall be intermateable with the domestic a.c. connector.The ratings of the contacts are shown in Table &.$. Lower current values areavailable.
!! A “basic” interface, for modes !, % and $ charging only, providing for“domestic” a.c. connection only, single-phase or three-phase. This consists alower cost solution for vehicles which do not require fast charging. The “basic”vehicle inlet shall be intermateable with either the single-phase or the three-phase“basic” connector. It shall not be intermateable with accessories of the universalinterface type. Ratings are shown in Table &.$. Lower current values (e.g.!# A) are available.
&(' +,- #!)&!-!:%''!, Table +&(! Ibid., ¶).!&(% “Intermateability: the ability of like accessories to join together with the mating accessories they areintended to be used with” (+,- #%!*#⁄-./, ¶%.!#)
P. Van den Bossche
Vehicle connector
❖1990s designs:
❖AVCON (US)
❖Maréchal (F)
❖Common vehicle inlet for normal or fast charging
❖Connectors in light and heavy version
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P. Van den Bossche
New proposal for standard coupler
❖New work item proposal for IEC SC23H initiated by Japan
❖ IEC 62196 Part 2: Dimensional interchangeability requirements for pin and contact-tube vehicle couplers
❖Rated 230V, 30A
❖“Basic” interface as to IEC61851-1
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P. Van den Bossche
New proposal for vehicle connector
❖Single phase power
❖Earth
❖2 signal contacts
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Battery connectors
❖Used for industrial vehicles
❖Used as internal connector
❖Not for operation under load
❖Not suitable for consumers
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The first ever EV standard (1913)
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The first international EV standard
❖British Standard BS74
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Regional standardization
❖Europe
❖Activities in CENELEC TC69X transferred to IEC level
❖USA
❖ SAE standardization
❖Japan
❖ JARI standardization
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Conclusions
❖Benefits of International Standardization
❖Use of Standard Industrial Plugs
❖Mode 3 charging at public premises
❖Mode 1 charging at private premises
❖Benefits of Standardized Vehicle Couplers
❖ International Collaboration
❖Avoidance of Conflict
❖Avoidance of Double Work
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