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. - . Norfolk. Island Archaeological Investigation,

.. of Route o··f Pro~osed Underground Pipework

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KA. VHA Arch •. Report 7 ,, Part. 1 • • •

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Commonwealth Department o:f . ' ' -

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Housing and Construction.·

Robert V.J". Varman .. Archaeol;ogical Consultant.

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CONTENTS

Introduc.ti.on

Summary

Report on. Plans

T.err.ninology

Area 1, Pier Area

· Area 1 ,, Pier. Stre.et Bridge •

Area .2, Commi.ssa.J:!iat- Store .

Area 2, New Mili.tar.y Barracks

Ar~a 2A, New I•Tili.tary·· Barracks

Area 3, Quality Row ..... •

Area 3A, Officers' Bath Area

Area 3A, Pump Area •

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Area 4,. Quality Row

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Area 4, Roman. Catholic Clergyman's Quarters·

Area 4A, Old Military Barracks

Area 5, Quality Row

Area SA, Government House Area

Area 6, Quality Row

.Area 6,, Government House Area

Area 6, Quality Row

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' A::r:ea 7 ,. Between 4 and 5 Quality Row to Rooty

Hill. Road .

Area 7A, Stipendiary Magistrate's Quarters

Area 8, Reservoir Area and. Roo-ty Hill Road.

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·CONTENTS •

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Introduction·to. Appendices

Appendix I, Pie:c· Street Excavat±on. -·Trench 1 . .

Appendix II,· Back of Ne\'l I.Uli tary- Barracks ' . ' ' .

• , Excavation •. Trench: 2 . ~ . '

. A:ppendi:x: II, Back of New 11ili tary Barracks -•

. . . . . ' · Excavation •. Trench 2 ,~ Exte~ti.on 1

ApJ?endi:x: IIA, Back of Ne~l Mi.lftary Barracks _ •

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, Excavation. Trench 3 • . . .

; A:ppend'ix' III,~ Officers'· Bath. Are·a Excav~tiori. _

' Trench 4 . •

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Appendix IV, Pum~ Area Survey :- .. . '

Appendix V,. Government House Area Excavation •.

.. Trench 5

List. of photographs · ·

· ·Photographs ..

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p. 41

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INTRODUCTION

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This report is the result .of an investigation o:f

the route of the propo.sed underground. hydrant pipework •

· as specified. in the Departmental brief,. reference B0:/6365, , ••

! dated. 17 June 198-1 (Section 2, p. 4.) •.

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The body of the report. is divided·into·areas

according: to· the pian numbers, th.is system is explained

·in the Report. on Plans •.

Each area requiring· specific consideration is given .

an i.tem number, und'er ·which number a description and.

recommendation is given. vfuere archaeological excavation

has been reso:cted to, an outline of the results are.

presented.

The excavation. reports and survey are presented in

the form of appendices so that- any recommendations ~:Even,

in the body of the ·report,. may be reappraised independently. '

It is essential for the understanding of this report •

that the Terminolo·gy list be read.

The numbering system for buildings is taken from the

"Kingston and Arthur's Vale Historic Area I>ianagement Pian.11 , •

. April 1980 •.

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On the whole the proposed route for the underground •

hydrant :pipeline was '\'fell chosen • .

' Almost no problems e~ist for the first stage of the

work. . .,

• Pr<?blems along Quality·Row are more of a technrf'caL

nature than an archaeological one.· Some of the culverts .

built: since about the 1920s are composed of cement encased .

galvanized corrugated iron pipes. These: will fracture '

badly when. cut into,. r.esul ting in the li:kelyhood. that '

the whole culve~t will have to be renewed •.

~he older culverts, probal:lly built in the 1830s and

1840s are of rubble cal~arenite in .square section. The·se'

may.be carefully taken apart and reassembled without too ~ . . - '

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Hydrants to be introduced through the -v;alls of the '

• compounds should present few problems as the routes a~ourid

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·the compound walJs are largely free· .from obstacles •. (See below). . . ' ... f '

The route through the Government House area (Area 5A) .

does not.appear to interfere with any Second or Third

Settlement remains, though some caution should be exercised . .

in case any First Settlement. remains are found beneath the

ground. •

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There are three problem areas, as follows:

. . • Area 1. (Pier area, from the south· extreme o·f the Pier

· street ramp parapet,)." •

Although this area .of the pipeline has been perfectly . .

· cle.ar of structures since the beginning of the Second .•

.Settlement, .tt.should be remembered that this area was . . .

· the focal point of building activ:i ty during the First

. settlement. •

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Area 2. (::eier street bridge).

The culvert of· this bridge is quite shallow·, the . .

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.Pipeline will have to be:: raised considerably.

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Area '3. '(:Underground. route: behind the New Mili.ta:cy Barracks) •

The rema::l:ns of a -v;ater suppl..y system exisi;s below

·ground. The: p.ipeline along a section o-f this area will

have to be laid in aE.!Shallow excavatio·n. •

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Caution should also be o:bserved in the Government

House area for similar reasons as op.tiined under Area 1 •.

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REPORT.' ON PLANS •

The areas under archaeol.ogical survey for the '

proposed fire main have been divided-into sections

corresponding vrith the plan:s, or survey- drawings, o·f '

the propo:sed. pi.peline- route:. The: index of the plans '

may 'be. seen. on the uNorfolk ·Island Fire Protec.tion •

Index Plan.n_ (drawing numbe:-c N.H. 81/62/J31) ..

Some of the pTans were not numbered. so numbe:r.::s •

were gi:ven to them for easy. reference, as follows: ..

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mentioned :plans~. (Scale 1: 200). \•lhere the plans were obselete,

the 11 Proposed. Fire Main-Layout Plan11 had to be resorted to.

(Scale 1 : 2000). The scale :tn the lat.ter plan. is very high

but ~ortunately the areas effected were clear of documented '' ,.

or suspected b¢lding ·relicts •.

A number· of pro.blems were encountered when using

these plans:

PLAN 1. •

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The width o:f the bridge ramp v1as incorrectly .recorded · .

so all measurements in this area were taken :from the • •

eastern. parap·et. only. •

From the southern end o:f the bridge ramp· parapet to

the :Qroposed hydrant ou.tsidE? the fence of the old Surgeqn.'.s . - ' - '

. Quarters (H 1) there were :few landmarks indicated from

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• which·accurate measurements could be deduced. Therefore, •

without surveying equipment,~ the 90 degree angle could

· not be accurately calculated. (See item. 1)

PLAN 2 •.

This plan. does not include the hydrants •. See plan 2A • •

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PLAN 2A

The hydrants are indi.ca~ed in pencil but are placed

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\od.th their pipelines vii thin the compounds of the Commissariat

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Store and the New J.Iilitary Barracks •. This is not the

system indica~ed in the 11Pro:posed Fire Main Layout Plan11 • '

' It was assumed that the internal plan for the pipeline

and hydrants was an earlier one, (as illustrated on

plan negative 17711, dated 1975) •..

The hydrants are in the same position along the •

wall in the new :proposals, other. measurements had to be

deduced from. the 11Pro:posed Fire Main Layout:Pian".

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PLAN 3.

See under plan 2 •

PLAN 3A. . '

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This :plan. sho\'/S no route at: all. Measurements \'/ere

.deduced from the 11 Proposed Fire Main.Layout Plan" •

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PLAN A-• .

· 'There were. no :problems \•li th. this· plan • •

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PLAN 4A.

The same comments •

apply as to plan 2A. ' •

PLANS 5, 5A,. 6, 7, 7A,_~-and 8.

The. route,.. of the-pipeline •· ~s indicated in pencil.

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TER11INOLOGY

. . The following is a, list of words which have been

. ado.pted in the text, for convenience, which. may not

express their l:L.teral meaning: •

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CURBING. The c~bing o~ retaining wall-along Quality. .

RO\'l which functions as .both at; various places' shall be . '

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referred to as 11 curbing 11 throughout the .. text • • '

HAND TOOLS.. By "hand tools" any equi.pment us.ed' manually :

is meant., for example,. pi.cks,. spades, shovels etc.

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ILLUSTRATION, (or ILL!~f~ •

This term: refers to the illust::c.- · . .

ated docUil}entary material in. the follmving report;

"Norfolk Island: Archaeological ·survey, Kingston-Arthur'· s

~ale Region., January 1980 11 ,. vol .•. II by Graham \'Tilson. and

Martin Davies •

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PX:EELINE. When11pi.p~Ii:ile' 11 is referred to,ft. is meant in

the sence of 11 the proposed pipeline" •. \ •

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PLAN. This refers to the· plans discussed fn the

Report on. Plans • •

PLATE • This term refers to the :plans and sections

presented in. the appendices.

REEL. Pho-tographs presented in this report shall be

·referred to by their· ree~ and negative number •.

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AREA 1

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Pier Area

Descr.iption. ..

• The most potentially complicated. area,. in. terms o,f

suspected underground structures along the propo·sed pipe-. . .

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line:,. is the ~ier area from. the fire hydrant guts~de the . . .

fence: of the old' Surgeon's Quarters (H. 1.) to the southern •

end of the Pi.eJ: street bridge:parapet. The most~ critic:al

area is from. the Landing Place monument . (.erected 197.0) to· . . .

the hydrant. Judging by the documentary evidence this ar.ea

has been cl~ar of structures since the beginning of the

Second Settlement: •. Documentary evidence suggests that; the

.whole Pier ar.ecfwas the subject; of intense building

activity du.J:ing the First Settlement.

Documentation.

There have been no attempts to overlay First: Settle-•

ment plans of the settlement onto the present terrain,·

most studies have prfmarily been concerned with the · . . .

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Second Settlement and om'lards. (This is largely due to · .

the lack of extant~ records of the First Settlement). It .

appea::cs, however·, that the site of the first. Government •

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House \'las some,'lhere in the vic:inity of the olcr Surgeon's

Quarte::cs. The buildings of the settlement were arranged

to either side of it down toward the bay and toward the

east. (See ills 1-9·). The majority of the buildings were

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' made of perishable materials and were:- f'ired at. the. close .

of the Fir.st Settlement. Li t:tle remained above .;ground at

the beginning of the: Second Settlement., especially in the ·

area of' the· pipeline •.

It remains a po ssi biii ty that foo:tings or ·other

evidence of the First: Settlement: may still lie underground

as there vms little subsequent development along the course

of the pipeline·~ ..

Early Settlement plans of the pier are:a are. a li t.tle ~ ~

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confusing,. (ie before 1838). Bordes plan of october. 1838(ili 18D) . ;

shows the pipeline area. as vacant·,· the. same is rev.ealed in

subsequent plans. (See Ills 19A, 21A, and 38B) •. Illust.r~tions .

of the Second Settlement. also support this. (Ills 25r 26,

27B, 36 and 39). ·. · .

The area remained clear of structures from the mifr

ninteenth centu:r=y to the present. (See ills 46A, 115,- ·111,

118 ,. 119, 120 ,.,and 121 ) • ·

Recommendation.

. The following are alternative recommendations which ' ' .

could. be adopted according to practicability,. funding etc;

A. The area from the southern end of the Pier street

bridge parapet to about t\..relve metres from the Landing

11onument may be dug by mechanical means. The earth is

very hard in this area, it is believed to be the base of

a ridge which ·\'.ras removed during the early stages of the

Second Settlement.

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The remainder of the a~ea to the hydrant. should be •

excavated by qualified archaeologists, after the course

of the. p:tpeline has been surve~:Yed fn and pegged.

B. As for the first paragraph of A.

The remainder of the area should be·dug· by workmen

using hand tools in spits of 10cm •. An archaeologist: 'on.

site should record finds and draw up sections and plans

of any deposits and structures found.

PIER STREET BRIDGE •

Description • • •

Caution \'fill be ,needed.. at the bridge as the ground. . ' '

' level is considerably less than o •. goom down to. the to-.p·

o•f the arch of the barrel v.aul t of the culvert. under the · • •

road •.

To ascertain the depth of the arching of th;e barrel •

vaulted culvert. a measu±ement was taken from the top O.f the .

arch of the eastern. face of the brid'ge· to the· top of· the·

parapet.. The distance \'las found to be 1.460m. From: the

top of the parapet to earth level on the inner· side of

the pal!apet the measurement was found to be 1 .. 100m. These

measurements indicated .that. the top o·f the barrel vaulted •

culvert could be expecte~Japproximately 0~360m below the

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surface of the road.

To confirm the above a small t.est trench was dug •.

(See Appendi:x: 1) .. The outer arching of. the tv10 ends of

the culve~t were .found to be a little decepti:ve as the

internal construct£on o.f the culvert was found tp be·

·much less substantial. than:. the exposed arching suggested..

The excavation revealed that the first major· layer:

associated with the construction of ·.· ·~ the culvert started.

0 .. 450m belo.w the surface o.f .the g:cound. One large pfece . . .

of rubble calcarenite was discovered, however, 0.330m

. below the surface but this appears to be. an. isolated .. :>

example.

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Recommendation;· • . .

I.t is recommended that the pi.peline is laid no deep·er

than 0. 4.00rre below the surface •. It: is strongly suspected

that the r-ubble. and clay layer,! which starts at 0.450m .

below the surface, plays a ma(j:or role in the stability o,f

arching of the culvert (which appears to be quite thin)· •. '

I.t is further· recommended that the excavation over

the cul:v.ert be dug using hand tools •

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AREA 2

3 SOUTH CO~rEOUND i•/ALL OF THE COI1r-1ISSARIAT" STORE

3: 1 West. Hyd:cant

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Description • •

. The b:canch. of the pi.peline for the hydrant must. go < '

. · th:r:ough the curbing. One st"one is missing • •

The co~se of the :pipeline· appears to align with a seep' hole in ~the compound wall .• .

Recommendation •.

If any of the curbing stones in situ. need to be removed,

they should be reset in their former po:si tion •. The· missing '

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c.urb stone should be replaced. and match the surrounding·

ones.

The pipeline should. be taken. through the seep· hole

if possible. If the hole needs to be enlarged, the stones •

should be taken out whole (not cut: through,.es:pecially the

external stones) and reset in their former position.

East. Hyd'ran.t

·Description •. ' .

• The pipeline is to go through the cu:cbing along

Qual:f.ty Row and into the compound wall .• < <

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- The curbing should be carefully dismantled and reset •

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· ,As far as possible the hole to be made through th<-7 •

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compound wall should be made by taking ou.t. each stone

whole on the out:sides- of the wall.. This course should be·

adhered to especially i.f the break is to extend above

ground. so that the surface texture of the rubble colirsed . . ' -

compound wall. is not" unnaturally broken up •. The internal ' '

' ' ' . stone may be cut in.to if they cannot· be easily taken out· :

whole.

After the pipe has been. laid the ·stonES should be

·_ 'l:!eset. in their former position., aliO\'ling, of course, for-I

the pd:J?.e. The surface treatment. of the 'Vrall should be •

restored as .found. "

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SOUTH COMPOUND 1•/ALL OF THE NEi'l I1ILITARY :BARRACKS

\•lest: Hydrant.

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Description. and Recommendat-ion.

As for item 3: 2: •.

EAST COMPOUND \•TALL OF THE NE\'1 11ILITARY BARRACKS

Hydrant

Description •.

The hydrant branch pi.peline. .is to travel through

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the curbing of Quality;;;tow and along the full length.of.

the East Compound \•fall.. One hydrant is to. be placed

through thi.s·wall. C./ · The area \'las .formerly used .for access. to Town Creek •.

Recommendation.

Curbing as for ~tern 3:2. '

The pipeline may be mechanically dug along its

·length.

The hole through the compound. \•/all should. be treated •

as in. i tern- 3:2 •

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AREA 2A

· 6 NORTH COMPOUND WALL OF THE NE\•/ !wliLITARY ·:BARRA OKS

6:1 Pipeline

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Desc:ciption.

It. _was suspected that the pipeline at ~he back of 1

the New Military Barracks would cut across a water cond;uit

·systeni(D16T) which was built in the late 1840s .. (See ill.21). '

A long shallow trench was dug in the hope of locating . ' -

the remains of the. \'later conduit.. ( Se~. Appendix II). Thils·

trench did not reveal the location of the-conduit but it

did r:ev.eal that the ground. level has risen considerably ,

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ov.er the years. For exam)2le, -ov:er the last five. to t.en.

years the ground. level has risen ~c;:.~· ), between 0.130m .,....-

and 0 •. 150m. in this area.

A section of the above trench was taken down deeper

to locate· the remnants of the water conduit system •. The (;.:;:]

deepest. layers, with artefacts dating to the Second '

Settlement,. were composed o-f yellm'lish rubble calcarenite •

sto;ne rubble. It could not be asce:tained if the-rubble

"tras the result of the building of the compound wall or -

.from the water conduit system, though the yellowish

calcarenite matched that of the compound wall. - ,. . '

Another trench \'las dug a little further north in the

hope of finding a clear ·passage for the pipeline. Unfortun-•

ate.ly a large piece of massive calcarenite was found which .

almost certainly belonged to the conduit'- system._ A large

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nail or spike was also found. at that level \vhich may

have been·:part. of the box-sluice system. believed to have

been employed in the conduit. (See Appendix IIA).

Recommendation.

To avoid di-sturbing the . remains of the tank and \'Ia ter

conduit system. as far· as possible,. it is recommended

that the pipeline be laid at. a distance of between five and

six metres from the compound wall. - ' -~

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At betwe.en twenty and thirty metres from the north.-· ·

east; turret: the pipeline: should be raised so that it· go·es

. no deeper than 0. 300m below the surface.

The pi]?eline may be mechanically dug except for the •

above ·ten metres which should be dug by the \'lorkmen using

hand tools •

Hydrant through compound wall •

Recommendation.

As for item 3:2 •.

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AREA 3 '.

' . Culvert under Quality Row

Desc:r:iption. •

A culvert,. indicated on. Plan. 3, appears to belong to

the Second Settlement. It. is composed of rubble calcarenite ' .

and ,~·?:;square in section. (See· Reel 4/27 and 28). •.

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Recommendation. . .

The section directly ov.er the culvert should not be •

dug mechanically •. •

The ·stone work of the culvert should be :cemoved by

taking out the stones \•Thole, · ie, the break should not c1,1.t

through any stone. After· the pi.pe has been laid the stone

work should be reassembled.·as it was originally.

. . Disused!:culvert under Quality Rm·r •

Description.

Another culvert:, no longer used as. such, may be found

about 12. 360mt eastwards of the above .culvert (i.tem. 7) •.

The only indication of it may be seen along the curb.

It appears that this culvert, also dates to the Second· . '

Settlement and be of similar construction. (See Reel. 4/26) •

Recommendation.

As for item 7.

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AREA 3A ·

. OFFICERS' BATH AREA

Culvert under Quality Row-

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Description •

The culvert leading from the Officers' Bath under

Quality Row: to the Sports Ground _is cc;>nstructed as a

barrel vault. and is composed of ?alcarenite • •

There appears to be ample room between the road •

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- surface and the top of the culvert's vault to put: down . ' -

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the pipe CLs proposed .• This calculation is based on measure--

ments taken inside . the Officers' :Bath where the vault.

begins and·compared to the surface level of the road.

Recommendation.

Despite the indication that' the area above the culvert

is .clear,- it is advisable that- the small section be

excavated using hand tools.

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Former wall fronting Parade Ground ' l

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Description.

A wall existed. which r.an from the Officers' Bath

eastwards along the Parade Ground to and along part of

Rooty Hill road. The wall. \vas built during 1834/35 when -

the Farade Ground and the Officers' Bath were constructed.

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The 111all. appears on an 1838 plan •. (See ill.· 180, also ills

19,: 21, 23·, 25, 27A, 35B, 39, 46B·, 66, 88, 109,· 110,. 11'3,.-,.

and 115). By- 1900: the Roo-t;y Hill :coad end was in ruins

(ill.. 113) and by· 1922 the wall had almost. disappeared

altogether.

Only a slight ridge remains to· mark the position of

the vTall..

A trench was marked out. to de.te:r:mine the position '

and extent of' the remains •. · (See A:ppendix IIT). The

remains of the wall v1ere' ·scant:. The :footing of' the wall;·

·was :found to have been v.ery shallow. Only a fe111 pieces

of' rubble calcarenite \lfere _found to represent: the former

wall •

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Recommendation.

The trench from the pump area to Quality Row may

be mechanically ·aug. The curbing along Quality Ro\lf

should be carefully dismantled and afte-rwards reset • • •

PilllP AREA

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Desc:cipti.on.

_ For the environment report.on the pump area see

Appendix IV.

-Recommendation.

To reduce further water logging the area it is •

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. recommended that the area immediately north of the mouth

of the culv:ert be deepened,. for the collection .o:f water,

rather than creating a v1eir.

If: a \veir is found to be necessary, deepening the

basin is recommended. so that the height o:f the weir may '

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be. kept lo\v .·and prevent :flooding· and swamping a large area.

\•lhatever device. is used. to collect water silting •

will be a maj·or problem:.

Nearly- all o.f the .flo:ca growing around·the pump area

could be cTassed as 11noxiousn o:c at. least as pests •. The '

plants not; described as .pests in Appendix IV should be ' '

' allowed to remain. in their present. location if they are

not in. the way of flooding, or construction. A couple of '

endemic fern trees in the water collection area should .be .

moved to higher ground.. The nearby fruit. trees should be·

allowed to remain as they- represent the typa o.f activity .

which has, cha:r:acterised this area since,at least,. Second

Settlement time£!. ·

The area around. the water collection area should •

be closely planted with, preferably, endemic species of

plants to reduce erosion and silting •

•

'

•

' •

•

•

•

•

•

10

AREA 4

Culvert. along Quality Row •

Desc:r:;i:ption. , .

A culvert is indicated on.1PJ..an. 4i toward the eastern -end of the Parade Gl!ound. The culvert appears to date to

the Second Settlement, it is a rubble calcarenite construct­

ion.. of square section. The arrangement of the capping

stones at. each end is not, original. •. • •

•

Recommendation.

. As for i tern 7 •. · •

•

•

' . . •

11 Old. Roman Catholic. Clergyman's Quarters Hydrant·

'

•

' '

• Desc:r:iption.

•

The proposed course of the pi~eline does not appear

to interferewith. any early structures •

•

Recommendation.

This area may be mechanically dug •.

'

•

'

•

••

•

22. •

AREA 4A

12 COI.fPOUND W'ALL OF THE OLD IULITARY BARRACKS

. ·De scri.ption •.

All. threehydrants arid their pipelines were found to

be in structurally :free areas.

. '

Recommendation. •

Any cu:r:bing found should be carefully removed.and , afterwards replaced as"found. •

The pLpelines may be mechanically dug. ' .

.. The holes to be made in the com:pound wall should be

treated as in item 3:2 • • •

•

• •

•

• > '

•

• •

• ,

1 3 '

•

'

• 14

••

•

23 • .

.. . ' •

AREA 5

Culvert. along Quali.ty Roi'/

Description.

A cul:vert of concrete piping may be found near· the • .

eastern extre.m~~.of the Old 11ili tary Barracks.

,Recommendation • ' '

See Summary-. It is likely that the whole pi.pe may

need replacing •

Hydrant, Quality Rovr Nos 9 and 10 •

Description •. .

No curbing could be :found at the hydrant area between

. Nos 9 and 10 Quality Roi'r, hO\vever ,. it is po·ssi ble that.

it. may 'exist~ belovr ground level •.

' .

Recommendation. •

'

I:f any curbing is found remo.ve carefully and reassemble.

' .

•

\

I

15

•

•

24

•

AREA 5A

Government. House Area

• See item 18 for the commencement of the, Government

H.ouse branch of the pipeline.

•

• •

As far, as the documentary ev.idence and survey of the '

area goes ,;there seem to be· :few problems i'li th the course

of the pipeline., There is,. hov;ever, the possibility o·:f .

encountering First . Settlement r-emains,. (especially· wi.thin • '

the grounds . of Government House.). •

The area bet\veen the barn (A 1 F) and the back o·f

Governmen.t House.may be fair.ly rich in artefactual material '

(the result of dumps, pi.ts and material discarded during

'periods of marginal oc9upation). ·'

One small excavation \'las made at. the south east . .

corner·of the barn (A1F). A wail is indicated in an 1$85 .·

photograph (See: ill. 53 and also ill. 64). No wall is .

indicated·in any Second Se~tlement p1an or illustration()

and it appears to have gone by 1915 •.. (See ili. 62).

The excavation revealed that the wall was probably .

a post and rail split paling fence. The rich deposit of

nails suggest that the fence \vas built in the 1830s or

more likely the 1840s. The fence \'/as not indi;cated on ·

'

•

•

.,

•

•

I

25

• •

• -

plans of the p~riod because of the temporary nat~e of it.

It. ·appears as a sqlid wall on late ninteenth century

photographs because of the heavy shadowing and blurring.

(See the report. on the excavation, Appendix V). .

The area just east of the barn is slightly· raised. '

This raised portion is probably the r.emains of the 1825 '

Garrison Stockade. (A2) (See Reei '3/2A-6A).

Recommendation. '

The ).)ipeling excavation. from Quali.ty'Row to. the first

hydrant may be mechanically dug·. ' -

From. the first hydrant to the south west corner·. of

Government House (including the second hydrant) should be '•

' · dug \·lith extreme.· caution. Machines may be used but· at the

first. sign. of structures, dumps etc., excavat-ion should .. . .

proceed by hand or any alternative as seen appropriate

by the supervising archaeologist.

The re.taining wall adj'acent to outbuilding A 1G, built. . .

' . in the 1920s, should be dismantled where the . pip·eline is

to proceed and afterv1ards reassembled. The same appl.ies

to ~he cement block carriage loop edging·.

The remaining section of the pipeling may be dug "

mechanically •.

•

'

•

•

16

'

•

17

•

•

. .

AREA 6.

lfydrant., Quali.ty Ro\'r, Nos· 7 and 8

•

. De scription. . .

The pipeline to the hydrant: to be placed between Nos

7 and_8 Quality Row must go through the high curbing in •

:front o:f th.ese houses. The cu:r!bing in this area serv.e . . -

more as a retaining \'rall than curbing .. BehinQ;: the ,curbing

·the foot path area is ·built: up by calcar.eni te rubble and

soil,. over ·which grass is grO'\m.

At the base of the cu:cbing-.'the earth has eroded in

places and there is evidence that some stones have been

·reset. over the years. •

• RecommeridatJ.on.

I

The stones of the curbing should be ~arefully dis­

mantled and later reset. It is recommended that the area . between the curbing and the hydrant be dug by workmen

using hand tools as the pre~sure of a mechanical device

may cause .further damage to the retained area.

'

Culvert along Quali.ty Ro''l

Description.

A culvert runs under the road in front of No 7 .

Quality Row. It. is composed o:f a galvanized corrug?-ted

·iron :pi.pe encased in·ICement. The culvert probably dates

:from about W \'/ II •

• . .

•

I

' •

•

•

18

•

•

27

Recommendation.

See Summary. The '\'/hole :pipe will probably need. '

replacing •

•

· Pi.:peline branch toward Government HOU£Je' '

Description •.

\'lhere the :pi.:pelfng is branched to'ltTard Govexnment

Rouse, <acxo ss · from N.o 7. Quality Row,. i-t appears to: go .

through the remnants of a wall. This wall >~[?;~_::@)ex-tension •

of the front. \vall of Government House.

-. . The foundations, or footings, of this wall are

extremely shallow, as are most: on. the island. A careful . .

examination of this area :r:evealed that the p.Upeline

WOUld not destroy any intaqt; :gart Of the Wall11Js footing.

(See. Reel. 3/0-2, the left. extreme. of the measuring rod

:r:epresents four metres from the east. boundary of Govern­

ment House).

Recommendation. •

The :pipeline may be mechanically dug at this :point.,

as long as the·remnants of the footings to· the west. of

this area are not. disturbed •

•

•

•

•

' ' •

19

20

28

' '

Hydrant, Quality Row, Nos 5.and 6

De sc::ci:ption.

No curbing could be .found at this spot between Nos

5 and 6 Quality Row.. The possibili,ty exists that the '

curbing may- be found below ground.

Recommendation. '

The trench :for the pi.peline may be. mechanically dug,, ' '

' however, a .hand tool test should be made'be.fo:r:e excavation.

begins to ascertain if any cu:r:bing remains.

l'ipeline de:flecti.on, No 5 quality Row.

Description. . .

The proposed pipeline is slightly deflected toward •

the nol!th at No 5 Quality· Rdv.r:. This deflection c:~:osses

the line of the curbing, howeve::c, no. c.urbing is to be

found above ground.

•

Recommendation.

As fo::c item: 19. •

' •

'

'

'

21

•

•

. .

..

•

.

. '

•

29

i

AREA 7

•

·.Vacant block between Nos 4 and 5 Quality Row

and pipeline up to-Rooty Hill·road '

Description •

. ~he ]?ipeling route area from Rooty Hill road up to

the vacant block has been cleared since, at: least,, the . .

1830s· and used for grazing. As a resUlt of cont-inual • . .

grazing the gradual slumping in this area is most- noticable.

No building·activity has ever taken place here •

• '

The. vacant lanet between Nos 4 and 5 Quality Row does

·not appear to have ever contained a substantial structure.

Aphotograph taken in c. 1915' shows this a:r;ea to.

be vacant as .it is today.(See· ill. 62). An ambiguous

photograph taken twenty years earlier appears to sho\'T •

- a hut or structure o:f some sort. fn the north-\'iest. corner • • ..

of the block. (See ill.G3). Another vie\'i t~ken at the same

time ~eems to refute this. (See ill. 61).

Sketches of the area made in the 1850s indicate '

nothing more than that. there may have been a pi.cket .

fence along the back of the v~cant: block. (See ills 22·,

38 and 44-). The earliest illustrations of the a:cea show

it as a vacant block. (See ills 270, 21, and 35A) •

. '

r

the block,. these a:ce largely due to slumping. An unauthorized

• •

'

'

•

•

•

•

'

30

•

• '

hole hacl been dug some time before J'uly (probably by bottle . .

hunt.ers), revealing that. the. surface, at least, .\'laS COmpo sed

of' neutral soil • ./1:1:;: any rat-e the proposed pipeline should

miss· the greater p~rt of the hump being_ove~ seven metres

from. the eastern property \'lall of No 5 Quality Row. '

No ev:idence could be found of'. a \'/all ever. existing ..

along the :frontage of the vacant block •. A slight rise . ' .

along the frontage may be·seen about. 2m in. f'rom the line·

of the .front \-ralls of Nos 4 and 5 but erosion has revealed:

that this rise is not. due to anything. structural. . . ' . ,·

Recommendation. •,

The entire area may be excavated by machine. mhe ~ - • 11;

superv:ising archaeologist: should. take careful note when

· the north-east: corner of the vacant block is excavated . . .

in case any structu.:~:al remnants are uncovered • •

•

•

• •

•

•

•

•

•

'

•

•

22

'

•

•

31

'

• . .

•

AREA 7A

•

Stipendiary-Magistrate's Quarters (Golf Club)

•

Description.

There is. no historical or visual evidence to suggest.

that the :pipeline should interfere with any underground

remains. •

1"0.; The compound, or wall, around the Golf' Ol.ub has

existed since about 184~. (See ill. 21). Although the: •

proposed :pipeline is. to be laid. through the \'lest gateway, . .

avoiding \vall disturbance,. it. ·is to be kept in mind that

the excavation for the pipeline within the compound·may . . •

disturb unrecorded outbuildings, dumps etc. •

Recommendation • . ,

•

. . Excavation. vri thin. the compound v1all. should proceed

\•li th caution and be dug using hand tools.· •

A:n. alternative solution would be to lay the pipeline

',,

'

just outside the . compound \•Tall and take the. hydrants through · ·

the wall as at the·Barracks and Commissariat Store. ' ' ... - ' .

If the latter :cecommeildation is·adopted the pipeline

may be excavated by machine and the holes -.to be made

through the wall should be executed as in item 3:·2.

'

•

' '

.I

' . -

•

23

..

•

•

•

32

AREA 8

Rese~voir area and Rooty Hill road .

• Description.

The reservoir foundation. has been dug· and the base

and walls of the reinforced concrete tank are under

construction.

Apart from Rooty Hill road.the·area has been cleared , . . . ~

for grazJ.ng sJ.nce. at: least the 1830s. Where the terrain -,

'

has ·_been cut away or exposed the soil: horizops may be

seen to be natural and undisturbed .. i

'·,

There i.s no documentary- or surface evidence to· suggest •

that any building activity ever occurred in this area, '

except for the. construction of the· road, . ( earl,y Second .. Settlement)§

•

Re.commenda tion.

The . entire area may ·be· excavat-ed. by machine.

,

,

•

•

•

•

•

•

'

.•.

•

. .

• •

•

33

. ' •

Introduction to A:pp.endices

Appendices I ,f4f.I,. IIA, III and V are excav.at.ion "'""-·' . .

reports. The reports are presented in the format as

follows; aim, location,. -.dime~~ons ,. stratification,

finds and interpretation. The recommend'ations are ' .

. given in the body of the text •. •

The·plates are. largely· self-explanatory and are

meant to complement the text. '

'

Appendix IV is an "environment impact.11 . study o·f the·

pump area •. As the exact ·form of· the water reserve for the '

:gump has not yet: been decided u:pon, it was diffic.ul t to . . .

be specific in recommendations •

• •

...

• '

.. . .

'

. .

. ,

. .

'

--- -~---~--------,-------------,------------------------.,.-----.

•

• 34 •

•

APPENDIX I '

J '

'

Pier· Street Excavation, Trench 1 •

•

Aim. '

To ascertain. the depth o·f the bridge's barrel v:aul ted

culvert. from the road level. •

•

•

Locat.ion:. • ' -

1 •. 750ml from. the eastern parapet- and 5m from· the '

northern face of the no:z:thern pier o·f the eastern: parapet •

(See: plate 1).

DfmenrS:ions.

. ' - '

. •

• •

0. 50 0m by 0 ... 500m:

-·

·Stratification ,

' Layer 1.

.

•

This layer is approximately 0 •. 300m: d'eep and is

composed of red sandy soil with a few fragments of rubble

calcarenite •. This layer is int-errupted.. by layer 2'. •There

were no .finds. •

Layer 2.

'

' Layer 2 is composed of fragments of rubble calcarenite, •

mostly about ~2~_:=-<?r~~cfii'1~:cliameter or less.

'

•

•

•

•

. .

.

' .

•

• •

• • • .. • • •

• • • •

•

•

•

•

•

•

• ' .

. '

•

... •

•

..

•

• · . •

' •

•

••

•

•

•

•

PLATE 1 . • •J .

• • . . ••

'PI€R ST :S'RID£;E (PLA ~ f) TR€NC H 1 •

•

• Q I I 0

•

• I & 1>' I I AOC I I I •

I I I I

LOCATION OF" TRENCH •

•

A-----------------

•

- . ' . ·~ ' .. • .. ·- - . .. .. .. .... .. ·• .. .. ~ \ • • • •

·,~~.,. ..... ,.· .• ·~ c c (. . ... . - ... . ... ..

.~ .. ·-· ~ ... .. •· • • • ,.., ...... • • • <:z> • cs:> c. ~' .;._ ~ • c:. 1.. A y E'R 2. . . . ~ .. , ·~ . "' .. ..

,. ·•. • • • • ' • • • • :...· ..,._.--....,- LA V E"R. 1 ' • 1 • .. ' .. ',, . .. ·•'"' 4,.-~., • • • . ... .. " • • .. " . ..

" • f • • •• •

• •

+- LAYf'R. 4

•

•

SE.C.TION KtV

I rJ:l ~UB&Lt CAI.'AR.'N~TE •

[J • • R.E:"D .SAioJD\' ~"R.TH

•

•

• . .

A-""IJTII

• •

•

• SCAL€. 1 ;.2.00

•

J3 (. c c

45'"0 c c

c... c ' c.

c c

c ' c

c t:; c

c: c.. c

• •

c l30 c c c. c c t. ( • c • •

:D •

'PLAN • •

SUR.FACf OF L.A..ft-'R. 4

•

J4) NUHflV.I..S ~PMSENT t1H ·

FkOH TH~ $UitFAG£ •

•

I

•

SCAL~ 1:10 RV:rV 3'1JL.V 198f

• •

•

•

•

•

---- ----------;--:---:---:----------------------------------,

•

'

35

•

It is 'strongly suspected that this layer formed an

early or the original road surface. ' •

Layer 3. ' ' •

' This is a layer of compacted red clay with increasing '

amounts of~~~ clay to\.,rard layer 4 •. The bluish clay is ' '

actually a non-sticky silicate which may be seen, with the '

:x:ed. clay, in the eroding natural horizons behind; the New .

Military Barracks and elsewhere at Kingston. ' , .

'

A large piece of. rubble calcarenite, more tY::pical o:f '

· layer 4, vias found 0. 330m 'b~low the surface. (See plan O':f . ' .

trench, :plate 1) ~·This stone :does not appear to be. :part . •

of the constructional fill, of. layer 4.

Layer 4 •.. '

' ' • )

This layer is composed of large and small pieces of ' '

rubble calcarenite. This layer was. evidently :put down to . ' '

' .

' '

support. and stabilize the vaulted arch of the culvert. Some '

red soil and clay was found associated with· this l'evel. Air

pockets had been formed by the dumping of the large pieces ' '

of calcarenite. • •

It· .,.,as considered unne.cessary to excavate further. It ·

became~obvious that the a~ching of the .vault was not as ' .

•

substantial as the two ends of the culvert suggeste·(!?. (See .

. sect.ion of trench, plate 1). •

•

,

' '

•

•

•

I

36 I

' .

Finds

Layer 1. •

None. '

Layer 2 •

. None. . .

·Layer 3. •

• .

· T\·To whole cattle bones from the hoof region were . . I <, ' ¥

found. TheBe \'/ere found impacted in the clay: filling. and . :1 •

' ' < '· ' "-

\'lOUld . date. to the· ~onstruction period of the bridge"· c. 1'83'.

Layer 4. ·

None. • . ' . ' .

·Interpretation. • ••

No man made artefacts were found. .- '

•

·.The constructiona1;[P:8tcec?AlE:=}:;could easily be deg_uced

as the deposits v1ere undisturbed· •. The barrel vault. \'las . . . .

· first put up using vwoden forming. To anchor· and stabilize

the vault, rubble calcarenite ·~was deposited over and aro.und .

·the vault. (Lay;er 4). Clay w3s spread over the rubble and '

\•Ta·s compacted. (Layer 3). Red sandy soil \•tas then deposited •

ov.er the above and all along the Pier street ramp and. the •

whole, presurnably.at the time of construction, covered with ' . '

fragmented rubble calcarenite .forming the surface of the '

:co ad.. (Layer 2) .

Iiayers 3 and 4 should be considered as constr.ucti.onal

layers and should not be interfered \•lith. Therefo,re ideally

the pi.pe should go no deeper than. 0. 300~, hovle.ver ,. 0. 400m has

been recommended (item 2) as it safely clears level 4.

...

•

•

• •

• • • • •

•

• •

• •

• ' . .

. .

•

•

• • •

'

•

. - ·-

PLATE 2 • • ' • ••• '1. '

•

•

• • •

•

•

. · :BACK OF NHB (PLAN 2 A) . . . .

.

· LOC.ATION OF TR€NCHES 2. ,.2. EXTENSION f} AND 3 t_ •

•

• . )

• • .

•

• •

I : I I

•

•

• .

•

• •

~--------------------------------------------------------------~---~----------------------------~~----~~------•

•

•

• . . . .

• •

•

• • •

B

'

•

. A

. • r.r ,.,... '""' 'B.:-,r-::.:-_-7"1.. r · ··, -~·~ .. - .. ·..._

. .,.__ -!. -~ .. ... --= - ..... - . ._...._. ......

TRE NC 1-4 ':2, EXT£NSION 1

T'UNCH 3

.SCALf 1:100 RVJ'V 31/I.Y 1)>&i

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• • • • .. '

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

--------------------,.----------.,-------~- --- - -~

.. ~

•

~ .

•

•

•

•

• •

•

37

APPENDIX II

AREA 2A •

•

•

Back of the New· 1<Iili tary Barracks Excavation •

_Trench 2 •

See Reel 1/11-~/14 •

Aim •. ' •

'

To locate the \'later condui:t: system: (and perhaps the

tank r.emains) ··which \'Tas calculated to run. toward the north

compound. wall somewhere between· 22m: and 2-7·rn: \'lest. ·from the •

nor.th-·east turret..- (See plate 2,, nAn).

Locat-ion.

the north-east. turret •

• I

· Dime:rn?ions. . -

'

0 •. 500m. by 5m. By putting down· such a long· trench it . .

-was hoped that the remains o:f the water conduit system

could be accur~tely plotted •

• Stratification

•

L'ayer 1. •

Red clay l-oamy earth \•ri th thi.ck kikuyu. grass grO\·iing

over i.t.~ This layer was taken down to a ·depth. of bet\'feen

0 .. 1OOm and 0 •. 150m, (until it reached layer 2) • ~ •

The ar.tef'acts \'lere a mixture o·.f2l:ecent and early ~

•

..

I

---------· ---· ----···----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,

•

' • •

•

•

• • •

•

• •

• •

•

. .

• •

•

•

BACK OF NMB

•

•

•

, •

• c

•

•

•

(PLAN 2A)

•

•

•

•

•

. -. .

•

. .

TRENCH1..

. .

•

' -

•

•

. •

•

•

•

• •

•

•

•

•

• •

'PLAN KE:.V

' SUltF"AC£ OF LAYEll3 •

RED £1\~ TH • • •

• • •

• •

• • • SCAL~ 't=1..0

•

• RV:SV ::JULV 19f1

• • • • • • '

• .· .

• •

' • • - ..

• • •

•

•

• L___~~-------.-...

•

38

' •

domestic and farming goods •. ·:r.rost. of the ,artefacts \V:ere •

deposited o:z:· redeposi.ted in recent times. (See layer 2)

Iiayer 2.

A distinct Iaye::c of Caster Oil plant seeds and. the .

Shells of seeds \'lqS fo-q_nd just above ·and. between the stones

of layer 3. Some o·f the seeds were still v.iable even tho.ugh • •

they may hav.e been as deep down as 0.150m. The layer of . . . . ' ' - ' -

•

seeds did no:t appear to. have been disturbed by grass gro.wth

when. they \'I ere deposited, it . was speculat·ed that the Caster .. Oil plani;s once formed a dense c,anopy- over the area. It was

• •

lat:er confirmed. by Mr Sim who cleared the area himself a few

years back to erect a pig sty. Layer 1.,· therefore is the •

product: of erosi.on.. which has taken place over the last five '

to ten. years •.

- Lay.:er 3.

This is-a layer· of small fragments o:f.whitish rubble

calcareni.te. It appeared-_ to form a surface deposited . on •

:Qurpose. (Sea plates 3 and 4-) •. The whitish colour of the .

stone does not: match the colour of the rubble calcarenite·

•

•

used in the compound wall. This deposit could not have been •

• formed earlier than about \'l\'1 1.:, judging by the· artefacts.

The artefacts definitely associated wi:th this layer

range 'in date from. the Second Settlement to about the 1930s

at: the latest. The early artefacts \vere pro·bably washed or

.carried in. £:com else\'ihere and were (fi.nally deposited with •

later material • •

•

•

•

It

·-------~~~~~~~~__:_~~~____J

' '

' ' '

' .

•

•

•

39 •

•

It. is concluded that. layer 3 was formed somewhere

between Wl.v 1 and \Y\-1 2. •

NOTE. '

As it became obvious that the ground has risen

considerably in recent years, it v1as decided to abandon

further· excavating the whole· of the trench and choose

the most. likely section of .it. which would reveal the

remains of the water conduit. The section chosen was • . .

named "trench 2, extension 1 11 •• (See plate· 2,. 11B11 ) •

Finds •

Layer 1.

•

• '

•

1. Beer.· bottle fragment, brown glass, base with. ari ..

11!1 11. on·~i:t. Post \'/Vl II date •. · '

2 •. . . One cattle 11knuckle 11 bone .. • •

~Y.~.:v2. ,

'

1. .Wine bottle fragment, clear green. glass, part a>f

li.p and neck •. The li.p was separately applied and is uneven.

I1id to late (19tm •.

2 •. · Blue glass fragment with slightly opalized suface • • .

Probably a medicin~, bottle •. Late (19th to about W'fl I) •. '

•

•

•

. •'

•

(

~

• •

· 3. Porcelain fragment, clear glaze·,. :probably a .

fragment of a small plate. 4fte:c 1900?

4 •. Porcelain fragmant,. soft paf?te ,. white glaze.

5 •. . .

Section of barbed wire. (20th.

6~. Sectio~ o~ wire. (20th •. •

. 7. Section, of fencing wire. (20th~

• -

• . 8.

. \•lrought nail, badly corroded:. Before 1850s •

9. _ Caster Oil :plant; seeds. and seed. husks. Some seeds • •

are still viable. These seeds have a maximum. life of about

seven.to ten years underground, under normal conditions.

. . •

Layer 3 •.

·As the artefacts ·of layer 3 could not .be recovered

without removing the· stones,, the only area where artefacts

·v;ere vncovered was in Extension 1 •. For the list of artefacts

see: Trench 2 ,. -Ext:en'Sion 1. · •

. ·

. In.terpretati.on • •

The \'/hole of layers 1 to 3 were deposited since: about -

''l"'l I at. the earl~est:.<\Layer 1 is ten. years .old at the most • •

Layers 2 and 3 date anywhere bet\·reen ''l"'l I and vl'/1 II.

The 5m trench had failed'to reveal any signs of the

water conduit system. The t;,_.ench did reveal."that·the surface >. . . .

level had risen considerably in recent. years ~nd that any ' ' ........... "'

:r.:emnants o:f the \vater conduit system may·(2;.:E'e:. a~l11' underground •

•

'·

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I

• •

•

• •

•

..

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•

• • •

• . •

BACK OF NHB (PLAN 2A) -TRENCfl 1 ~XTfNS\ON i ..

• • •

• • •

• •

-·

-

•

•

•

.$-SS ... S • •

0 • • • •

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....I.. ,.,:~€, r{:/{;1"- )"­~~X~~ ...C.

¥-JI.lC.C~

•

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-. --• .... - ---

• 5E.CTlON 5

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R.tD CI..A'{

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lSLlllS~ CL.~Y/StJ...IC.A.Tf:

SCAL(. 1:fo · 1..V$V :1VI-Y 1j81 •

•

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BACK OF NMB

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PLATE 5 • •

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'

(PLAN 2-A) . . IR€NCH 2

•

• • •

)

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• •

• ••

i· J(~ I

• )t • ... . ., . •

)( .. . .. • v

y .. '9 .. .. • )1)/ •• • • )( ~ ... . '

PLAN

•

SIJ~PACE. or I.AYE'R 5

•

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,

•

7

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EXTfNSION1

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[D... . . • •

... . ~ ·• •

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• •

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' .. . •· • • • •

•

• • • • • • • •

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K£Y

D •

I

• .SCALE 1:10 R v .:r V :rVJ •• '( ~~ g 1

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•

• •.•

. •

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Aim ..

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41

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Trench 2 ,. Extension 1

• •

•

•

To. locate the remai~s of the water conduit system .. •

•

Locati.on •.

(~ See plate 2, 11 B".

Dimelili1tons. •

0. 500m~~y·'''71m .•. lt'· Q. I ',; • ~ ... _ -

' ',.,

Statigraphy· •

Layer 1. .

• See layer 1 in Trench 2 •

Layer 2.

See· layer . 2 in Trench 2 •. .

Layer· 3.

See layer 3 in Trench 2. ·

Layer 4 • '

•

•

'

•

•

•

This represents a layer of red earth similar to layer .

· 1. It: has a high :percentage of :cubble calcaren.:i!.te .fragments •

in it which sho\Y'S signs of breaking do\m into the surround-•

ing soil ... ' ·.

• . Layer 4 is closely related to layer 3 in terriis of th~

artefacts found· except that. the assemblage as a \'Thole .

· belongs ~~~most exclusively to the (19th.

•

.

•

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•

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•

' . •

42 ' ' •

•

•

. Layer 5.-'

This laye:n is· composed of large and small :piece~ of· •

yello"VTish rubble calcarenite. Bet\·leen the stones \'las '

found a bluish clay or silicate \'lhichl is a product of the •'

. . break down of ba.sal t, this materia,l may be seen .any\vhere

' . "Vlhere erosion has removed ~.'4_e.:.tojipoil •.

. -~ ~··

•

The calcarenite resembles in colour and composition -

the stone used in the construction of the compound \vall.. . '

'

·No artefacts 'Vlere found in this -layer.

See plate 5 for a surface plan of this layer.

Layer 6.·

This is a layer of _the bluish clay/silicate mentioned

in layer 5 and red clay. This red clay may be seen to be ' ' ' .

• •

associated with blue clay/ silicate in the nearby eroding __ · · • • •

hill ·side wbich ''las used as a quarry to level ground along ' . .

Quality Row during the Second Set.tlement.- As layer 6- gets - '

deeper the clay/silicate becomes denser. ' .

A :fev1 artefacts dating tp the· 1830s or 1840s \·1ere found •

v1here the .red cla:r and the bluish clay/ silicate were mixed.

At. the lowest parts of level 6' the clay/silicate: became '

very dense and there ·vrere no artefact·s. It \vas ·decided. that· ' .

'

a neutral level had been reached \'lhich probably represented

a nat~al horizon.

' •

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. . •

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. . •

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.

•

43 .

•

. . • •

• • '

1 . • • .

Finds . .

. . •

La:v.;ers 1 and 2. · · .

. See lay-ers 1 and 2 under Trench z.~ ' .

• •

. •

. Layer 3. . . • . . . .

1 • · . \•T;Lne. bottle base' fragmen.t, dark green grass, part of

a .base kick-up. Mid (19th. ·

2 •. · Small. bottle base, light green •. Late (1 ~Jth or early . . . •

(20th-•.. . . . '·.' . . .

3 •. · Patent medicine .bottle fragment, clear glass,. m?-chine . . .

moulded with the following ·lettering; ·. . . ' •

II . . Q'"'r II . . . . . . . . ~- . Side A, line 1 :

•

II •••• ('ORI)GINAii:11 . ' ·-----~ ___,._ . . ..

. Side B; line 1:

Side B, line 2: II ••• ~-· (GEN) UINE 11 • •

. . . 4. Fragment of wine bottle, part" of base. Early to mid· . .

. · ( 19:th·. Another fragment \'las ·found in layer 4. (See· layer 4-,

•

· No 1). • . .

5 ~· Ceramic fragment.; white glaze: transfer l'lare. Running .. - . .

scroll motif on both sides~· Appears to come f'rom the rim •

o:f ?- bowl. Could dat.e .anY'.;here between mid (19th' to 1930s •

6.

7.

· Di.t.to:.· · . .

Ditto. lfos 5 to 7 :fit together.

•

a·. Ceramic· fragment, white glaze. Possibly (19th • • •

·I

9 •' . Porcelain fragment; part of t);le ,base ring. of. a .

. , .

saucer·,.· white glaze. It. appears to have been h~nd paint~d

originally. Late· (19th ?

10 •. Piece of charcoal. (Sample) •

. ..

. .

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~-------------------· ·----------------------------------------------------------~

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. ' ~.

'·

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"'

44 '

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11. Fragment of bri.ck.· Possibly 1830s or earlier. '

. '

There is only- one period \•Then bricks were made at· Norfolk • •

Island, this occurred in thelate (18thand the practice

was abandoned because the intrusion. of lime in the clays·

made the bricks crumble. There is some. evidence that bricks

wer.e imported in the 1830s for some of the ovens, otherwise •

' .

.. a small batch w~;J~& made loc~lly but there is no record of

it. Another brf.ck was found in layer .3 (See plate 3) in EJ. . . . ' ..

'

fragn:tented form. Both fragments probably b·elong th the same

brick. The fragments found. here do not have frogs on them · .· •

' ·as do the 1830s bricks. It is possible that the fragments

were from bricks reused from the .First Settlement period • ' •

12.

shovtsigns.of decompositf.on. Periwinkles (hi'hi) v;ere - ,_

. . especially popul~r· amongst. the P.f.tcairn.Islanders •

'

. . -

••

•

1. Base of a \'line . bottle. The· glass is of a deep opaque '

blue-green colour. wi.th~awhite impurity running through it.

The glass seems to have been poorly mixed and is. possibly

of colonial manufacture (Australian). Early to mid (19th.

2 • Bottle fragment, olive-green glasswith a ttseed" in

the glass •. ' '

' •

3. As 2 but is a tiny fragment. • •

4.- Eot.tle fragment, 'light green glass. •

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i I •• •

-.

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-- ..

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.. 45 •

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5:. · Minute fragment. of blue glass. :Probably a medicine

bot.tle. IJate (19th to, villi I •

6. ' . .

. F:r:agments of grey slate. No roofing slate was ever· ~J.

.imported to the island. There are :plenty accounts of slates:

· being used. by convicts and goyernment. officers during the •

Second Settlement ... Slate boards and pencils were .also used . .

by the Islanders. . ..

7,. Cerami.c fragment, soft: :paste·, \'lillow ~attern. The . '' .

_fragment sho\vs. a part of the o::cange tree used in standard.

\'lillow :eatt·ern. l1id to. late (19th . - . -

•

8. Ceramic fragmeD;t-, ·soft paste, blue.1 transfer printed ' .

ware •. Sho\vs .leaf and \•Till ow J?at.tern t.y:pe ·hatching. ltid to . .

•

late· (19-th? · ,

9~

10 •.

. . Ceramic fragment, soft paste,~ blue: transfer: printed.

.Ceramic fragment, base fragment of a plate, soft:' •

. paste, trans:fe:r: :print·ed.• ·nark blue •. •

11 • Ceramic· fragment, soft paste,. _transfe:J;' p;rinted in blue •.

Base fragment of a plate. • . .

12 •. Ceramic fragment,· hand :painted st9:r: like flov1ers •

:Pro b. mid to late (19th. - .

. ~

14. .Fragment ofa snail shell (land snail) • • •

•

·Layer:· 5. .

No artefacts. A sample was taken of .the yellowish

rubble calcarenite •

Layer· 6. . . '

1 F:cagment of bottle glass,- olive green. (19th. .

.. 2 •. Fragment of bottle glass, dark olive green. :Pari;

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of base and kick-up •. Early to· mid (19th.

3. Fragment of Chinese porcelain. blue on white gla~e • •

This typ~ of pottery- indicates-· a defin~te Second Settlement · •

date. P:robably 1830s or 1840s

4.. Ditto. ' '

5·.. Fragment of 'smoking pipe stem· •. The lettering on the

stem is obscure; 11 · · • .UL'Ic " and n s · E 11 (? ) - ...... ~~~ . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. Rand w:cought nail. Possible local production from

. import·ed nail rods. Before 1850s. - ' _- . ..

T. Fragm_ent of bone.· ·uniden.tifia:bJ.e. ' .

ID..terpreta tion. ' •

•

See unde:r:· Trench 2 for· layers 1 :to 3 • •

~he a:ctefacts of layer 4. are related:. to1 layer 3,.

hovrever, layer· 3 contains· a higher. proportion of later · '

rna terial .•. •

Layers 1 to 4 were deposited by- gradual·sofl build­

up due· to erosion •. ~e calcarenite of layer 3 may have '

been. put dovm .. deliberately to. create an even· surface •. The . '

'

calcarenite does not relate to the construction of the •

compound \'/all and i.t i.s not the result of some. repairs

v1hich v1ere made to the wall. about two years ago·.

. The yellowish~ rubble calcarenite of layer 5. may ·

be ·building rubble from the construction of the compound . '

vtall or even the· water tank vrhi ch \'/as built: onto the \•rall •. • • •

It. does not appear- to have beeru part o:f the water uonduit

. system as it <i:-syxeputed to have used massive calcarenite

•

•

..

'

' ' ' '

1

i ' '·

' • I

I

•

47 '

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. \

• and timber·.

. . .

• Layer 6 may be largely the result of levelling in

:preparation for the building of the New IUli tary Barracks. . .

•

• '

The upper part o~ this level was disturbed and contained a '

few_artefacts which could easily be assigned to the 1830s • .

Layer 5 begins at a depth of less than 0.300nr. and •• . .

• as· we .do not· knov1 the· exact nature ·af the deposit and that .

• some of the· stones~re quite large:(See plate 4:), it v1as

' • • decided. not to. recommend excavating for the :pipeline here· •

. (See it-em 6:1).: ..

• ,

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_-_,_

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-~ . -

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·' .... .' ' . . .

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PLATE 6 ••

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.:SACK 0 F N M B ("P LA N .2. A) T'R E N C H 3

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. · .. c -~~---------A A -----------------B . ' '.

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•

' . ·- ~-

, . ' . _,

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•. • • • •

• • • • '

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C.

•

•

• • • • • • • • . . • ~ .., t . •·

: . ·~-~'i~ll.G) . : . •

• •

• • ·• •· • • • • • • • •• •

• • - . . • • • • • - • • •

• • .. -~

• • •

• • ' • .. ' • •

~ . .-~..~~ 'Ax-.: •.

•

•

• • • •

• • -•

• - • A.A. A

./; '1. ~

• •

.S€C.T/ONS

•

-• • • •

• •

•

.. ' " ' • • • I ' •

•

•

•

• • • 41:1 ' • • \5>@' • •

• • • •

• • -~lo' • 'A ·• ·• <=> GS> .•. v. ·. ·.

• • • • • • •

' . . •

•

•

~--- t1ASSJV£

• ' •

IJ . A.

•

CAL C.A'R.E.~tH.

• • •

f

•

380

' .. ~ ..

PLAN OF LAY~R 3

. .. ~. NUHE~AI..S "UI'Jt-s;EIJT Htf

~H TilE' .SURFACE.

•

• •

•·

•

•

v,,

• • • -· ... • • • • •

• • • • • •

• • • • •

• • - • •

•

MASS.lV'£ CAI.CA'REN I TE. .

'

KEY

r:-:1 L:..:.:J

4LAS.S · •

•

•

f.n,J CASTFR Olt. ?t.AUl' *P.J .

~CALE 1:10 ~ v.:r v ;rUL.'f 1j8i

.. •

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' 48-

APPENDIX IIA

• •

•

Back of the New Military Barracks Excavation ' ' '

• Trench 3

See Reel 1/18,1/19 • •

Aim •. •

To locate the remains of the water conduit system • -

and to ascertain if the rubble depo·sits of trenches 2 and '

2 Extention 1 extended further north to this po-int. .

Location •. .

5.500m north from the compound wall. and-24m west from

•

the north-east. turret. (See plate 2). \ . _....... ..

D2menSJ..ons. ~.

0. 500m by 1m •.

Stra tifi ca t:Lon.

Layer 1.

This layer is ~pppo_qei'mat:eJ.y·:~0~·350m thick and is virtually . - .. '

I

the same as layer 1 in trench 2, it is a red, or red-brown,

clay loamy earth. The layer is extrao:r:dinan?~for its thick-. ~--.._,

ness and unifo·rmi ty~.and. for. the paucity of finds • .

The layer was inte:r:rupteQ by layer 2 which was composed •

'

o-f Caster Oil pian£ seeds~ (as layer 2 in trench 2, compare ·

sect:i:.ons in plates 4 and 6). ·C:.~)(/-::~) ~~~ •

..----::·""""""' ~~--):

' . •.

•

•

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•

•

•

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-

49

• •

• Layer 2 ..

This layer interrupts layer 1 and is about 0 .. 01 Om.-.

. below the surface. It- is composed of Caster .Oil plant seeds

and the husks· of seeds,, some of the seeds are still .villable. -

The first 10cm of layer 1 appears to. have ·been deposited

within the last ·ten. years. (See_ comments under layer 2 in

trench 2).

• •

'

"

. Layel:!_3. •

•

•

~ -· . In. composition. this layer is similar: to layer 1 ,:except

' . . '

·for "the lar~ number of artefacts and the scattering of • ' ' : • ' < ~ •

•

:fragments of rubble calcarenite •. ( See plate 6) •. ~

.

At this level a large piece of _massive calcarenite began ' ' ~ ' ..

' • . . . -to appear. I1assiye calcarenite was used. for special purposes,

•

mainly for \'Iindow; door and arch openings. It resembles . •

Sydney. sandstone but is much. more \'leather resistant.,· it .. procure as most .of it had to be brought. over ·

'

was. difficult to . '

'

dangerous waters frpm ~:(~. Island •.

-The ar-tefacts we:ce basically on one level, about. 0.400nr.

below the surface. ·Charcoal was noticed and a spike ons5m • .

.long showea signs of having ·been. in. a fire judging by

the iron oxide.

Layer 4 •

. .

This is a layerof-large·and small pieces of rubble •

calcarenite. Some of the earth around these stones had

small. intrusions of bluish clay/silicate. (See plate 6)

•

•

•

-.

. -

. .

•

•. .

50 . .

•

Finds

' . • • Layer· 1.

1. Fragment. of dark oliv..e ("wine?) bottle glass. The glass

fragment was encased. in. mortar and most likely dates to

·Second Settlement ·times •. · It is not unusual to find. bottle . '

g:tass of the s·ame. sort in the mortar of the . Second. Settlement •

. · ;porcelain fragment,. clear ·glaze. 2.

3. Clout headed. wire nail. Probably :post. \Vlil I.

4.. · . \V:ire nail. Badly corroded •

• Layer 2. ·

No. artefac'ts •. '

·Layer 3. ~ --. .

1. Fragment; of the kick UJ21 an~ puntil mark of a dark •

~re~n:. or .·oli ~e wine bottle •. (~ Second Set.tlement date. . ' '

2 • Four splinters of the same. sort of glass as No.· 1 • .

3 Eleven. fragments· of \'Iindow. glass •. The glass looks

quite clear and uncorroded.and could date to: any :pericrd. "I ~

·4. Six fragments of \'lhite glaze ceramic, :possibly fr.om . •

a plate.

5·. . Handwrought: nail,, corroded. Pre 1850s. . .

6i; Handwrought; nail or lathing tack. Pre 1850s.

7..

8 •.

.Fragment

Fragment

o.f ·a bird. bone. (Snecies uniden:l;j)fiabl"Er) • . ~ ' \./·,J--~ . , .

'

of bird skull. ··Ditto.

9. Three fragments of un;identif~abi.e horie.

' .

"itO~Il'!on spike, or large nail, 0 •. 155m long, square .shafted •

' ' .

' •

'

·I

>

•

51' ' '•

•

• Layer 4. • •

No artefacts •.. •

, • Interpretation •. •

Layer 1 is most. likely the result of soil. build-up·

due to the ero-sion:_::gf the nearby hill. •. .

Layer 3,. judging 'Qy the numerous finds on one level"·

was :probably a fairly. stable; SUrface at one ,.time •. It. is

believ:ed that the spike and the wrough.t nails originated . .

from the timber conduit. The block of massi:v.e calcarenite - -:- '

•

>\'las pro·bably also: part of the condUi.t. system .•. ('See 11 Norfo;tk .

/ .. • > • •

It is recommended that the pipeline ·go no deeper than o •. 300m ' - + .

. so -as to clear. the remains o-f the ·water condui:t ·system •. If . .

ext:ceme caution was observed the ·IJipe_ could go· as deep as •

•

• 0 •. 350m. • •

The rubble ,calcareni t·e of layer 4. may be assqciated

\•li th the conduit- system but. may also represent the. :cubble '

from the building of the compound \'tall.. It was c:ommon

•

practice \'Then building in. stone to' dr-ess the stone ( espe_cially

:for r..ubble \•/alling). directly on. s:Lte.

. '.

' .

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' •

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•

., .

I 'I

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------------------------------------------,

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•

• •

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·­-'

\: .

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. -

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•

• •

•

• • •

•

~ ~ ~· - ~ .:...... ·-·~~""'"-L •r-

•

•

•

• . . -

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•

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•

-. '· ·~

• PLATE 7 •

. OFFIC~RS' :BATH A'R€A . . ('PLAN 3A) · TRt.NCH 4

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•

• • • • •

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• • • • • • • • • • •

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• • • • • • . ' .

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.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. io

.. ... .. .. • • ·~ .,

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• .. .. <i} • .. ~ ,·. ... 4 • .. • • •

• • • • • • • ,.;._ . . ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

•

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52

APPENDIX III

AREA 3A

OFFICERS' BATH AREA EXCAVATION -

Trench. 4

•

'

See Reel 2/14A-2/16A

Aim •. - .

To locate the :cema.ins of the wall running from. the ' •

·Officers' Bath eastwards along Quality Row~ · •

' •

Location •. . .

3m. eastwards from· the Officers' Bath and 1. 400m from -. -

the so-u.thern.:, or road. side,, line of the fence .~long Quality

Row.;

Dimenffiions. J

1m· by o .soom~ · (See plate 7.) •. _

•

Statig:r:aphy

•

Layer 1 •. - .

The soil was a de'ep red colour and is typical of the • •

·soil found all over the island .. K.ikuyu:. (~~ had to be .

removed before excavation began •. • •

A surprising_ amount. of domestic ar-tefacts were found,.

for example, ceramics, glass, nails etc.

The remnafi.tspf the \'lal~ \'/ere soon found, nothi'ligJ

.

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53

,

. more substantial was found. than·. a few :pieces of rubble

. •·

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calcaren:Lte. (See plate 7, feature 1)

'

As seen on plate 7: the remains of the wall ~re very···

scant •. Most of the. Second Settlement \'lalla on the island

have almost no footing,: or foundation. No· bonding· medium •

was found such as mortar • •

Finds

..

Layer 1 •.

1 •. ulee::c bottle glass, seven fragments. Recent d~te •.

2 •. Fragment of. oli.ve glass.:·· : ..

. "

•

.

3. ''lillow Pattern deep plate or platter,. three fi ttil}g

fragments vTith·key pattern from. rim •. ~!id to. late (19th. •

4. · ''lhi te glaze blue· transfer ware, four fitting trag-.

· ments. Mid to late (19th?

5. Fragment of white glaze green transfer ware • .

6. TvTo fragments of ,.,hi te glaze v1are •.. •

7.. Fragment of \'lhi te· glaze· \•/are with blue dual bo:cder

stripes. Recent. , . .

8. Rhomboid headed .\'Tire nail, 1890s to c. "illil I. ' .

•

9. Three 11U11 Nails. "

10. T\•/o lengths of .fencing \'lire. .

1 !1 •. Fragment. of sheet tin.·

•

•

54-

•

Interpretation. '

· Layer 1 has a mixture of early and modern material, •

thus the dating. value of the artefacts is minimal..

As no.thing remains of ~he \·Tall exqept for a fe\'l pieces ' • • •

. , of rubble calcareni.:t'e ,preservation of the . remains vras not

considered useful or possible. ,

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55

APPENDIX .. IV

AREA 3A-.

Pump Area Survey

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The stream of T.own.. Creek no\'/ flows· rapidly through this

area,. (though there has been. daily rain for about two weeks).

The stream.runs·into·the barrel vaulted-culvert' under the .

Parade Gr.ound,•throu:gh the Of.ficer's Bath, through ' ~

another barrel vaulted culvert. ·under Quality Row and then

flows· 01it· along the east: side of Bounty· street. . .

' The land about. the pump area is sumpish and so·ggy •.. · . ' . .

· The land toward the north along the stream is particularly ~ ' :1 - '

. . ' j ' -. '

water logged, this mainly due to the porous nature. of . ' . r ~ -

NoJZfolk Island soils and the minimal slope of the land~ .

The very sligh-t;. bends in the stream also contribute to •

\>later table build":"'up because these bends tend to collect:

debris \'lhich form mini ture dams • •

Despite the water logged na:ture of the 18:Ud, many .

plant's thrive •. I1ost of the flora is 'exoti~0(~h t\'IO o:r

three species may be endemic to the island. The flora of the .

area can. be divided into four-basi.c categories; endemic,

pests .or noxious plants, ornamental~and fruit plants. The v

· · :follovling list of· plants growing in the area is divided

into the four basic categories. Alternative names of plants .

and/or latin names are given if they are known •

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,

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56

' '

.Endemic ' '

Because the area·has been used :for agriculture and

grazing since at least the 1830s, few endemic :plant.s have . .

· survived •.

1 •. Tree fern,. (Cyathea bi!ownii).

2. Two species of pra~ken £ern, ( a broad leaf and thin

leaf vari:ety ,. sp.?).

'

.

Noxious plan.t's or pests •

' '

M~ny of these plants were intro<;luced for useful •

-

'

.. purposes SUlch as· for their fruit or herbal qualit-ies,. some -' '

making fence posts or~ .fishing rods. Most appear· to· have come

in accidentally. Some ornamental plants have also become . . ~ . '

\'lild .. ' ' •

•

1 •. Drain or Bastard T'aro ,. (Drain Talo, Elephant Ears, ·•

pass. Al.ocasia macrorhiza) •· .

2. Reed. Mace, (False Bulrush, TYIJha latifolia) •. '

Coral :mree. (Erythrina indica) ..

Caster Oil plant'. (Ricinus communi.s)

'

•

•

T.'obacco Leaf,. (Solanum, Bitters\'leet, Woody Nightshade,-•

Solanum. maurit:ianum)

6.. Angel':s Trumpet, (mistakenly called Deadly Nightshade,

Datura suaveolens).

•

•

57 • •

•

•

..

7. Lantana, (Lan1:iana camara~; sho\'18 signs 'of int~oduced •

. . 8. Hawaiian Holly ,.(Sch~nus terebinthi.fo·lius raddi).

9".. Guava, (Rhodomyxtu~ ··psidioides)

· 1 0... Purple \•Tinder, (Ipomoea leari) •.

11 •. There were many species of small weeds which are •

common throughout·the island. •

12·. The most. common .g.r:ass \vas kikuyu: (J?emrisetum clandetinum) , ..

• there was also some clover • •

• . ' •

' . ·.· •

' . .

Ornamental plants. •

• Most o:f these grew. in. and around the Roman Catholic· .

. ' ' . ' .

Priest.' s Garden (E 20A-C) •

• '

• . .

1 ~- Arum Lily, (Bog Arum:, C.alla pal.ustr;i.s)

2.· '\'/hi.te ~alo, (Edible IITaro·,. Arum esculentum) •·

· 3 •. \•lill.ow, ( Salix :fragili s) • •

'

'4.. Umbrella· Grass, (Cyperus al te:i:!nifoli:us, this gre\'l in . '

•

the creek). • ·

5. · Rusk tree.. (This tree or shrub has yel.lo\'1 berries

and grows all over the site both as trees and in clumps,o~ '· . .

• . thickets). .. . .

6... · Geranium . .

7. ·Hi-biscus •

• •

•

r

....

'

58 .

~ui ting ·:plants

•

. Although this site. has been used as· kitchen gardens.

since about. the 1830s, most; of the plants seem to have ·

. been introduced in recent · year:'s •. (Pers. com. Mr Sim) •

• •

1:. . Mulberry, (l.Y:orus sp.) . '

2 .. t.

Banana, (Gross lvfichael, .. akmall variety).·

3. -Banana,. (China Plan,; Musa cav.endishii Lambert)

4. :Banana, (Sydney_Plan, this species is. said to have ' .

been originally imported ~r.om the Botanical Gardens, Sydney).

5 •.

6.

7 •.

'

Lemon. •

• Grape.·

:Avocado. '

>

~ ' . •-

' •

• ••

•

'

' .

•

A small pump is located ·at. the eastern barik. ~award' the • •

west are the remains of the hut: and pig sties of the Roniap. < •

' . Catholics Priest-''s Garden (E 20A-C) and a little further . '

upstreamthe remains-of tlie Coll).missariat.Storekeeper's , .

Garden (E 21). The ground around the f~rmer P~iest.'s . . .

garden is already swam:pish;. if the wat:er level of the· . . .

creek is· to· rise by abou..t a metre in front of .the remains,·

it \'rould render the ruins inaccessible •.

See item 9 for the recommendations • •

• • •

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, PLATE 8 •

•

GOVt'RNMtNT HOVSE A'R€A (PLAN ~A) TRf NCH 5

LOCATION OF TRENCH

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59

. .

' .

APJ?ENDIX V

• AREA 5A • • •

Government House· Area Excavation

T:cench 5

Aim •.

To locat.e the remains of a s1,1s:pected wall:. ' ' •

Locat-ion. ' . . . , ' ,•

. . . See plate 8. . • -·

. .

.. · Dimen~.:ions. ' • . ~ '

• . .

0 •. 600m by 0. 500ro • ' •

stratification .·

' .

. · Layer· 1. •

-This layer is bet\'Teen 0.130m and 0 .150m deep. It i.s .

composed of red soil and contained a fen'l fragments of . . .

. . .

rubble c~alcareni te •. NO· a:ctefacts \•Tere found. '

.. '

' .- '

Layer.2.

This was a layer i.s the same as layer 1 except tor . . .

the surprising number of artefacts found \·Ti thin the 0. 030m.

of this layer. Seven clout. headed hand wrought nails were

.found, these nails \V"ere often. used. for nailing palings • •

•

•

•

. .

•

• •

•

'

' -- .

·' .

,.

•

6()J

•

. . · Layer 3 •. ·

••

The soil_.-·remained essentially the same as in the upper . •'

_layers b'~1t was found to be neutral fro,m. about· o •. 170m· to

. . • '

.. • •

•

Finds · · •

•

-Layer 1 •

No artefac.ts. _ -

Layer 2 •

1 • Ceramic fragment,. cream sli.p· with one black and several ·

"Vlhite lines, the whole covered-with a clear glaze. Date? -

2. Three· fragments of· thick oli v.e wine bottle glass,.

surface opalized. . '

Thin fragment of olive glass. . ..

. . 4. Fragment of,light green bottle glass

• '

5'. Q\.,o fragments of 1mm thick windo\•1 glass. Pre 1850s • .

6.- Section of the stem of a smoking pipe.

'7. • Section of barbed wire • • -8 •. · · Seven hand· \·ll~ought, clout headed nails. 1830s or 1840s.

•

9 • Galvanized iron roofing nail \•Tashe:r;. Recent date. •

- 10. Bird· bone.·

- -11 • : Three bone fragments. Unidentifiable.

12. Peri\·lin._~Ie:. •. Layer 3.

•

N.o artefacts. •

•

•

..

. .

•

' .

61 ' •

• •

' . '

• •

Interpr.etat:I:on. ' '

· I>1ost of the finds v1ere quite early, the barbed wire ·

is of a type commonly used in the (20th and' the wa'sher dates

from about ~l II onwards.

No stone wall was found., however, it is concluded that ' '

'the 11wal~11 seen in early photographs was actually.a paling •

fence on a post. and rail suppor.t._ The T(lany- \•Jrought clout: . . .

' . ..•

•

•

. - - . ~

nails :found in such a small area would support the ab·ove· •. ' . '

These type of·nails Wf;re used to. f?ecure.the palings to the

. timber rails. . . · Only the general cautions outlined. under i tern 15" need

• ' . . ~

be obse:cved in·this area • ' '

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6-2

'

Photographs

'

Note: The number before the·oblique represents the reel

number, ~he number after the oblique represents the

negative number •.

•

.

1/11 •

··Trench 2, . surface· of lay ex: 3 .• View toward. \•/est. ·

'

1/12 Trench 2 ;, surface·of layer 3: •. \'fest ern end of trench.·

1/13· •

Trench 2,, suri'ace of layer 3. Eastern end of tre·nch. .

1114 .. Trench 2, sur .face of layer 3~ Yf-ew tovTard east. .

. 1/15 ·Trench 2, extension. 1, surface of layer· 5 .. View

' . . .

toward north •. •

1/16 ..

Trench 2, · extension. 1 ' surdiace o•f 'layer 5. View v

toward south. ,.

1/-18 Trench 3 ,. surface of layer· 3 .. Vie\'1 towardOnorth. • .

1/19: Trerich 3 ,, ·general view toward east. •. •

' • .

. 2/14A · . . .

Trench. 4~ Vievv tcn·rard west .• ·'· ,• ,•

• .. 2/1.SA Trench 4 •. View toward east.

2/16A Trench 4. Yf-ew toward north.

3/0 Footing of Government· House front \'Tall extension. . . .

View toward south •. •

3/0A Ditto. ' ..

3/1A Footing·of Government Kouse front wall exte~sion.

View toward· west .• •

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•

~

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•

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..

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•

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3/3A Government- House barn •. Vievl to\'/ard south. ' •

3/4A '

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3/6-A -Government Kouse barn. Yiew toward \'Test.·

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