P REPARING FOR T HE U NEXPECTED : Managing the “Startle Response” In Emergency and Abnormal...
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PREPARING FORTHE UNEXPECTED:Managing the “Startle Response”
In Emergency and Abnormal Events
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A CASE HISTORY
September 09, 20021330 PDTArlington Municipal Airport, WACE – 175B
One FatalTwo Serious InjuriesOne Minor Injury
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What HappenedWitness Statements:
At about 200 – 300 feet above ground, on takeoff, engine sputtered.
Pilot said: “On no, this isn’t good.”
Aircraft began a sharp right turn… appeared to stall, and impacted the ground in a steep right bank and nose-down attitude.
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PREVENTION
What could have prevented this accident?
Planning and briefing for the possibilities of an engine failure on takeoff as part of the before takeoff checklist!
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PREPARATION
If we are not prepared for an unexpected event, how might we respond when it does happen?The “Startle Response”
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“STARTLE RESPONSE”
A knee-jerk and instinctive reaction to a sudden, unexpected external stimulus.
How do we define “Startle Response”?
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IMPULSIVITY
Psychological Hazards:
• Reluctance to accept the emergency situation
• Desire to save the airplane• Undue Concern about getting hurt
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MITIGATION
What tools can we use to mitigate the Startle Response?
Scenario Based Training!
“Aviate, Navigate, Communicate”
ANALYZE, Aviate, Navigate, Communicate
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THREAT AND ERROR MANAGEMENT
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THREAT AND ERROR MANAGEMENT
Three Basic Concepts:AnticipationRecognitionRecovery
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THREAT AND ERROR MANAGEMENT
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CHECKLISTS
Memory List?Or
“Do” List?
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SCENARIO
Engine Failure on Takeoff• Takeoff Abort Point!• Pitch to Best Glide Attitude!• Land Straight Ahead or Turn
Back?• AGL Altitude?• Length of Runway?• Wind Velocity and Direction?• Pilot Skill?
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SCENARIO
Engine Failure at Altitude• Pitch & Trim For Best Glide
Airspeed!• Carb Heat (if carbureted)!• Analyze!• Communication• Choosing Landing Site?• Troubleshoot / Checklist
Usage?• Engine Restart
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SCENARIO
Emergency DescentTask A: Emergency Descent (ASEL and ASES) References: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM. Objective: To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits satisfactory knowledge of the elements related to an emergency descent. 2. Recognizes situations, such as depressurization, cockpit smoke, and/or fire that require an emergency descent. 3. Establishes the appropriate airspeed and configuration for the emergency descent. 4. Exhibits orientation, division of attention, and proper planning. 5. Maintains positive load factors during the descent. 6. Completes appropriate checklists.
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SCENARIO
Emergency Descent• Reasons for Emergency
Descent?• Configuration?• Vne, Vno, Vfe, or?• Straight Ahead or Spiral?• Forward Slip?
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SCENARIO
Inadvertent VMC into IMC
• Recognition, Acceptance, and need for Immediate Action
• Maintaining Control• Obtaining Appropriate
Assistance
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SCENARIO
Inadvertent VMC into IMC• Declare emergency/squawk
7700!!!• Auto-pilot?• Straight Ahead or 180˚ Turn?• Level, Climb or Descend?• Whom to call for help?• Recoveries from critical
attitudes!
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SCENARIO
What other scenarios should we train for?
• Flight Control Failures• Rough Running Engine• Alternator Failure• Loss of Oil Pressure• High CHTs / Oil Temp• Pitot / Static Failures• Door Opening in Flight
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OPPORTUNITIES
When should a pilot be exposed to these scenarios?• Initial Training!• Flight Review• IPC• Wings Program
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SUMMARY
During this forum we discussed:• Startle Response• Threat and Error
Management• Some ScenariosAny last questions or Comments?
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This presentation would not have been possible without the generous help and
support of the following:
Your Forum Facilitator
FAA Safety Teamwww.FAASafety.gov
SAFEwww.SafePilots.org
Doug Stewartwww.dsflight.com
THANK YOU FOR
ATTENDING!
Please bring a fellow instructor to the next
FIOF