PPASSENGERASSENGER C CARAR TTIERSIERS

Prepared by : Majid Al JabrPrepared by : Majid Al JabrSupervised by: Dr.Sadi AssafSupervised by: Dr.Sadi Assaf

OOUTLINEUTLINE INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

VE Job PLAN VE Job PLAN SelectionSelection Investigation Investigation Evaluation Evaluation DevelopmentDevelopment ImplementationImplementation Life CycleLife Cycle

NEW TECHNOLOGYNEW TECHNOLOGY

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

IINTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTION

IINRODUCTIONNRODUCTION

Air craft tiresAir craft tires

Truck tiresTruck tires

Passenger tiresPassenger tires

Racing tiresRacing tires

Motor Cycles tiersMotor Cycles tiers

IINRODUCTIONNRODUCTION

When do we need to Replace Tires? When do we need to Replace Tires?

Tires are typically replaced when their natural lifespan has Tires are typically replaced when their natural lifespan has come to an end. There are however any number of factors come to an end. There are however any number of factors that can affect this including storage, temperature, that can affect this including storage, temperature, surfaces they are driven on, how aggressive of a driver you surfaces they are driven on, how aggressive of a driver you are, punctures, etc. are, punctures, etc.

The usual recommendation for replacing tires is when they The usual recommendation for replacing tires is when they no longer feel safe to the driver. You can see when they no longer feel safe to the driver. You can see when they are legally worn out using the tread wear indicator. A are legally worn out using the tread wear indicator. A typical set of tires under normal driving conditions will last typical set of tires under normal driving conditions will last approximately 40 000 miles or approximately 40 000 miles or

64 000 km. Some tires of-course are designed for much 64 000 km. Some tires of-course are designed for much longer, even up to 80 000 miles or 128 000 kilometers. longer, even up to 80 000 miles or 128 000 kilometers.

SSELECTIONELECTION The process of selecting the right tires for your car is simply a The process of selecting the right tires for your car is simply a

matter of knowing where and how you're going to use those matter of knowing where and how you're going to use those tires. tires.

What is the weather usually like? What is the weather usually like?

Are the roads in good condition? Are the roads in good condition?

How far do you drive on an average day? How far do you drive on an average day?

Do you have a sports car or a station wagon? Do you have a sports car or a station wagon?

Knowing the answers will steer you to the right tires. Knowing the answers will steer you to the right tires.

TTIREIRE T TYPESYPES

All-Season Tires:All-Season Tires: One of the most popular types of tires sold today, One of the most popular types of tires sold today,

all-season radials, are designed to handle dry and all-season radials, are designed to handle dry and wet surfaces, and some amounts of snow. wet surfaces, and some amounts of snow.

Performance Tires:Performance Tires: These tires are designed to provide more grip. They These tires are designed to provide more grip. They

let you "feel the road" and drive with confidence. let you "feel the road" and drive with confidence. The trade-off is that these tires are generally more The trade-off is that these tires are generally more expensive, their tread may wear down faster, and expensive, their tread may wear down faster, and some ride comfort is sacrificed. But for enthusiast some ride comfort is sacrificed. But for enthusiast drivers, performance tires are the choice. drivers, performance tires are the choice.

TTIREIRE T TYPESYPES

All-Season Performance Tires:All-Season Performance Tires: This new breed of tire combines the features of This new breed of tire combines the features of

performance tires with the features of all season performance tires with the features of all season tires. It meets the needs of high performance cars tires. It meets the needs of high performance cars in dry conditions, but also handles rain and light in dry conditions, but also handles rain and light snow. snow.

Snow Tires:Snow Tires: These tires are specially constructed to grip snowy These tires are specially constructed to grip snowy

surfaces. Even the rubber is specially formulated to surfaces. Even the rubber is specially formulated to stay pliable in the cold and give you better traction stay pliable in the cold and give you better traction on icy roads. However, this same construction on icy roads. However, this same construction makes snow tires prone to more rapid treadwear makes snow tires prone to more rapid treadwear than other tires on dry surfaces. than other tires on dry surfaces.

PPASSENGERASSENGER T TIREIRE S SIZESIZES

Most passenger vehicles come equipped with P-Metric and Most passenger vehicles come equipped with P-Metric and Euro-Metric tire sizes. It is important to understand these Euro-Metric tire sizes. It is important to understand these sizing systems in selecting the proper tire for your vehicles. sizing systems in selecting the proper tire for your vehicles.

P MetricP Metric

With the P-Metric system, Section Width is measured in With the P-Metric system, Section Width is measured in millimeters. To convert millimeters into inches, divide by 25.4. millimeters. To convert millimeters into inches, divide by 25.4. The Aspect Ratio (Section Height divided by Section Width) helps The Aspect Ratio (Section Height divided by Section Width) helps to provide more dimensional information about the tire size.to provide more dimensional information about the tire size.

Aspect ratio is expressed as a percentage (75%, 70%, 60%) and Aspect ratio is expressed as a percentage (75%, 70%, 60%) and is commonly referred to as the tire series (75, 70, 60 series). is commonly referred to as the tire series (75, 70, 60 series). Lower aspect ratio tires tend to look shorter and wider.Lower aspect ratio tires tend to look shorter and wider.

TTIREIRE S SIZESIZES

P 205 / 65 R 15 89 HP 205 / 65 R 15 89 H Speed Symbol Speed Symbol

Load IndexLoad Index

Rim diameter in inchesRim diameter in inches

Radial Construction Radial Construction

Aspect Ratio (Conversion: 7.28" X .70 = 5.10" Section Aspect Ratio (Conversion: 7.28" X .70 = 5.10" Section Height) Height)

Section Width (mm) Conversion: 185 mm ÷25.4 = 7.28") Section Width (mm) Conversion: 185 mm ÷25.4 = 7.28")

Passenger Car Passenger Car

TTIREIRE S SIZESIZES

Euro-MetricEuro-Metric This system originated in Europe and is also referred to as the European This system originated in Europe and is also referred to as the European

Metric System. Most European tire manufacturers build tires that conform Metric System. Most European tire manufacturers build tires that conform to this system.to this system.

The Metric System is very similar to the P-Metric System, except in terms The Metric System is very similar to the P-Metric System, except in terms of load carrying capacity. Load carrying capacities of Metric and P-Metric of load carrying capacity. Load carrying capacities of Metric and P-Metric tires are sometimes not the same, even for two tires of the same size tires are sometimes not the same, even for two tires of the same size designation.designation.

Size dimensions of P-Metric and Metric tires are Size dimensions of P-Metric and Metric tires are basically the same. It is important to note, however, basically the same. It is important to note, however, that actual size dimensions can vary slightly from that actual size dimensions can vary slightly from one manufacturer to another one manufacturer to another

IINVESTIGATIONNVESTIGATION

Gathering data Gathering data Function Function Rim size 15” – 16”Rim size 15” – 16” Compare different typesCompare different types

DDESCRIPTIONESCRIPTION O Off T TIREIRE D DIMENSIONSIMENSIONS

DDESCRIPTIONESCRIPTION O Off T TIREIRE D DIMENSIONSIMENSIONS Static Loaded Radius:Static Loaded Radius: distance from the center of the axle to the ground under distance from the center of the axle to the ground under specified load and inflation pressure.specified load and inflation pressure.

Rim Diameter:Rim Diameter: diameter of the rim from bead seat to bead seat. diameter of the rim from bead seat to bead seat.

Overall Diameter:Overall Diameter: diameter of the tire from tread surface to tread surface while diameter of the tire from tread surface to tread surface while inflated but unloaded.inflated but unloaded.

Overall Section Width:Overall Section Width: distance between the outer sidewalls of an inflated tire. distance between the outer sidewalls of an inflated tire.

Rim Width:Rim Width: distance between the inside of the rim flanges. distance between the inside of the rim flanges.

Section Height:Section Height: distance from the bead seat to the outer tread surface of the distance from the bead seat to the outer tread surface of the inflated tire.inflated tire. Section Width:Section Width: distance between the outer sidewalls of an inflated tire, less any distance between the outer sidewalls of an inflated tire, less any ornamentation or curb ribs.ornamentation or curb ribs.

Tread Width:Tread Width: the width of the tread surface, designed for contact with the road. the width of the tread surface, designed for contact with the road.

SSERVICEERVICE D DESCRIPTIONESCRIPTION

The service description provides two The service description provides two important facts about the tire. First, the important facts about the tire. First, the number designation is it's load index. Second, number designation is it's load index. Second, the letter designation indicates the tire's the letter designation indicates the tire's speed rating. The rating will appear with the speed rating. The rating will appear with the load index following the size designation in load index following the size designation in the Service Description. (NOTE: In the past, the Service Description. (NOTE: In the past, speed ratings appeared in the tire size before speed ratings appeared in the tire size before the construction designation, as in the construction designation, as in P185/70HR14 or 205/60VR15.) P185/70HR14 or 205/60VR15.)

P185/70P185/70HRHR14 14 83H83H -- 205/60 205/60VRVR15 15 90V90V

Speed RatingsSpeed Ratings Many of today's automobiles come equipped with Many of today's automobiles come equipped with

speed rated Original Equipment tires. Speed rating speed rated Original Equipment tires. Speed rating passenger tires originated in Europe, where passenger tires originated in Europe, where highway speeds can exceed 100 mph(160kph). The highway speeds can exceed 100 mph(160kph). The speed rating indicates the maximum speed a speed rating indicates the maximum speed a properly inflated tire will withstand for a determined properly inflated tire will withstand for a determined time. Testing for speed rating certification is time. Testing for speed rating certification is conducted in a laboratory setting.conducted in a laboratory setting.

FFUNCTIONUNCTION

Tires perform four important functionsTires perform four important functions with the assistance of the air contained with the assistance of the air contained within them: within them:

Tires support the vehicle chassis off the ground.Tires support the vehicle chassis off the ground. They help absorb shocks from the road surface.They help absorb shocks from the road surface. They help transmit traction and braking forces They help transmit traction and braking forces

to the road surface.to the road surface. Finally, they help change and maintain the Finally, they help change and maintain the

direction of travel. direction of travel.

FFUNCTIONUNCTION

VerbVerb NounNoun support chassissupport chassis absorb shocksabsorb shocks transmit tractiontransmit traction change directionchange direction

EEVALUATIONVALUATION

CriteriaCriteria Raw ScoreRaw Score Assigned WtAssigned WtAA Initial cost 5 10 Initial cost 5 10BB Performance 4 8 Performance 4 8CC Average Distance 3 6 Average Distance 3 6DD Speed Limit 1 2 Speed Limit 1 2

How Important How Important Scoring MatrixScoring Matrix B C DB C D3.3. Major A A/B A-2 A-2 Major A A/B A-2 A-22.2. Medium B B/C B-2 Medium B B/C B-21.1. Minor C C-2 Minor C C-2

EEVALUATION VALUATION MMATRIXATRIX IC P AD SL IC P AD SL IDEAS Assigned Value TotalIDEAS Assigned Value Total Wt 10 8 6 2Wt 10 8 6 2Present Idea 5 E E E E RankPresent Idea 5 E E E E Rank 4 VG VG VG VG4 VG VG VG VG 3 G G G G 3 G G G G 2 F F F F2 F F F F 1 P P P P1 P P P P ST 40 24 24 4 92ST 40 24 24 4 92

5 E E E E 5 E E E E 4 VG VG VG VG4 VG VG VG VG 3 G G G G 3 G G G G 2 F F F F2 F F F F 1 P P P P1 P P P P ST 50 32 24 8 114ST 50 32 24 8 114

5 E E E E 5 E E E E 4 VG VG VG VG4 VG VG VG VG 3 G G G G 3 G G G G 2 F F F F2 F F F F 1 P P P P1 P P P P ST 40 40 24 6 110ST 40 40 24 6 110

5 E E E E 5 E E E E 4 VG VG VG VG4 VG VG VG VG 3 G G G G 3 G G G G 2 F F F F 2 F F F F 1 P P P P1 P P P P ST 30 40 24 8 102ST 30 40 24 8 102

How do I compare price vs. value?How do I compare price vs. value?

Why is it that the price of fuel for our vehicle seems relatively Why is it that the price of fuel for our vehicle seems relatively inexpensive while the cost of its tires seems high?inexpensive while the cost of its tires seems high?

(Of course we already know that The Tire Rack tries to keep our tire (Of course we already know that The Tire Rack tries to keep our tire costs as low as possible!) If we keep track of our total costs we will find costs as low as possible!) If we keep track of our total costs we will find that typical total fuel costs for just 10 to 20 thousand miles of driving that typical total fuel costs for just 10 to 20 thousand miles of driving actually exceed our tire costs. And believe it, it had found that the actually exceed our tire costs. And believe it, it had found that the quality and performance of our tires has a lot more to do with driving quality and performance of our tires has a lot more to do with driving satisfaction than fuel does.satisfaction than fuel does.

We think that much of the misperception has to do with the fact that We think that much of the misperception has to do with the fact that we buy fuel one tank full at a time, and don't really look at its total we buy fuel one tank full at a time, and don't really look at its total cost for thousands of miles. Our tires are paid for "up front" and then cost for thousands of miles. Our tires are paid for "up front" and then last for tens of thousands of miles.last for tens of thousands of miles.

When you are selecting new tires and find one that is perfect, although When you are selecting new tires and find one that is perfect, although more expensive than another tire that appears to be a close second; more expensive than another tire that appears to be a close second; consider evaluating your situation by comparing "how much per mile" consider evaluating your situation by comparing "how much per mile" each tire will cost. If you plan to drive your vehicle another 30,000 each tire will cost. If you plan to drive your vehicle another 30,000 miles and are considering the "perfect" tires at $100 each, and the miles and are considering the "perfect" tires at $100 each, and the other at $90 each; you may be surprised to find out that the cost of other at $90 each; you may be surprised to find out that the cost of the "perfect" set costs just 1.3¢ per mile...while the close set costs the "perfect" set costs just 1.3¢ per mile...while the close set costs 1.2¢ per mile. Will saving the $40 today make up for not having 1.2¢ per mile. Will saving the $40 today make up for not having selected the "perfect" tire that you will be driving on for the next two selected the "perfect" tire that you will be driving on for the next two years?years?

LLIFEIFE C CYCLEYCLE

When outdoor temperature changes When outdoor temperature changes occur, your tire's inflation pressure is occur, your tire's inflation pressure is affected. For every 10 degree affected. For every 10 degree (Fahrenheit) drop in temperature, tire (Fahrenheit) drop in temperature, tire pressure will drop one pound per square pressure will drop one pound per square inch. In hot weather, tires can lose up to inch. In hot weather, tires can lose up to two pounds of air per month. two pounds of air per month. Underinflation is the leading cause of tire Underinflation is the leading cause of tire failures so check inflation pressure failures so check inflation pressure regularly.regularly.

MMAINTENANCEAINTENANCE Valves New valve stem, core and cap are Valves New valve stem, core and cap are

recommended for all new tubeless tires.recommended for all new tubeless tires. Lubricant Tire beads and rim flanges should Lubricant Tire beads and rim flanges should

be treated with a recommended lubricant be treated with a recommended lubricant inside and out. Beads should be lubricated inside and out. Beads should be lubricated both during mounting and dismounting (in both during mounting and dismounting (in case you wish to remount the tire and also case you wish to remount the tire and also to protect the wheel from damage). to protect the wheel from damage).

Do not, under any circumstances, use Do not, under any circumstances, use liquids such as oil, gasoline, spirits, or water. liquids such as oil, gasoline, spirits, or water.

MMAINTENANCEAINTENANCE

MMAINTENANCEAINTENANCE

MMAINTENANCEAINTENANCE

MMAINTENANCEAINTENANCE

MMAINTENANCEAINTENANCE

Tire rotation is vital to achieving even tread Tire rotation is vital to achieving even tread wear and long tread life. Rotation is necessary wear and long tread life. Rotation is necessary because of the uneven wear characteristics of because of the uneven wear characteristics of each wheel position on the vehicle. A good each wheel position on the vehicle. A good example is Front Wheel Drive vehicles which example is Front Wheel Drive vehicles which places braking, steering and driving forces on places braking, steering and driving forces on the front axle tires. Rear axle tires only receive the front axle tires. Rear axle tires only receive braking forces resulting in a much faster wear braking forces resulting in a much faster wear rate for the front axle tires. Tire rotation for rate for the front axle tires. Tire rotation for these vehicles therefore becomes very these vehicles therefore becomes very important for optimum tire life. important for optimum tire life.

MMAINTENANCEAINTENANCE

The "Cross Pattern" provides the best results and can be performed on any Front or Rear Wheel Drive vehicle.

MMAINTENANCEAINTENANCE 5 Tire Rotation 5 Tire Rotation

If the vehicle owner has a regular tire as a spare If the vehicle owner has a regular tire as a spare tire and wishes to include it in the tire rotation tire and wishes to include it in the tire rotation process, the proper procedure is to use the process, the proper procedure is to use the appropriate rotation pattern shown for 4 Tire appropriate rotation pattern shown for 4 Tire Rotation, Rotation, BUT insert the spare in the right BUT insert the spare in the right rear position.rear position. Place the tire which would have Place the tire which would have gone to the right rear in the trunk as the new gone to the right rear in the trunk as the new spare. spare.

Note: Never include a temporary spare tire in Note: Never include a temporary spare tire in the rotation. the rotation.

MMAINTENANCEAINTENANCE

MMAINTENANCEAINTENANCE

MMAINTENANCEAINTENANCE

NNEWEW T TECHNOLOGYECHNOLOGY

NNEWEW T TECHNOLOGYECHNOLOGY

NNEWEW T TECHNOLOGYECHNOLOGY

CCONCLOSUIONONCLOSUION

The selection of tire depend on several The selection of tire depend on several factors.factors.

All tires achieve optimum life if All tires achieve optimum life if maintenance maintenance

done periodically.done periodically.

SSPEEDPEED S SYMBOLYMBOL

*Current tire speed rating markings include the use of the service description to identify the tire's speed capability (P215/65R15 95V -maximum speed 149 mph). Previous customs included the speed symbol in the size designation only(P215/65VR15) and the speed capability was listed as "above 130 mph(240kph)."**Any tire with a speed capability above 149 mph(240(kph) can, at the tire manufacturer's option, include a "ZR" in the size designation (P275/40ZR17). If a service description IS NOT included with the size description, the tire manufacturer must be consulted for the maximum speed capability (P275/40ZR17--speed capability is >149mph). If a service description is included with the size description, the speed capability is limited by the speed symbol in the service description (P275/40ZR17 93W = maximum speed 168 mph(270kph).)