P 09 Savé Global Change Influence on Vine 2

8/9/2019 P 09 Sav Global Change Influence on Vine 2

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GLOBAL CHANGE INFLUENCE ON VINE PHYSIOLOGY AND WINE

QUALITY IN PRIORAT AND MONTSANT (NE SPAIN)

Sav, R.

1

; Nadal, M.

2

; Pla, E.

3

; Lopez-Bustins, J. A.

4

and de Herralde, F

.1

,1.-IRTA, Ecofisiologia / Horticultura Ambiental; Torre Marimon, Ctra. C-59 km, 12.1, 08140, Caldes deMontbui, Barcelona, Spain, ([email protected]; [email protected])

2.-Grup de Recerca Viti-vinicultura. Facultat dEnologia, Dept. Bioqumica i Biotecnologia, URV /Marcell

Domingo s/n. Campus Sant Pere Sescelades. 43007 Tarragona, Spain. ([email protected])

3.-Centre de Recerca Ecolgica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF). Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona E-08193

Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain, ([email protected])

4.-Group of Climatology, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,

([email protected])

ABSTRACT

In the last decades, viticulture in the Mediterranean has been improved by agronomic methods

based on ecophysiological and genetic knowledge of the cultivated species. The

Mediterranean ecosystem is characterized by a double stress. Climatic phenomena such as

variation of some atmospheric circulation patterns are affecting weather conditions at regional

level. Some models are generating scenarios of climate change that show how this region will

be affected by an increase of the duration (up to 12 months) and the frequency (3 to 8 times)

of dry periods. Consequently, plant growth, yield and quality will be affected.

Its known that global change and the associated climate change, together with an annual

increase in the variability of the viticulture sector, due to economical conditions, will increase

the vulnerability in this sector. World-wide, viticulturists have found the optimal grapematurity correlated with the sugar content and have usually been using the ratio sugars/acids

as an indication of the ripeness degree for determining when the grapes are ready to be

harvested. Nowadays, to improve the quality of red wines, it is crucial to get information

about the concentration and quality of the phenolic compounds of the skins and seeds of

berries, since they are affected by drought.

The objective of present work is to study the effects of climate on alcohol degree of wines

from vineyards placed in an area of Mediterranean basin, potentially affected by global

change. Thus, we studied the evolution of weather along the last 25 years (1984-2008)

together with the changes in alcoholic degree of red varieties and agronomical practices are

studied. Results show as alcoholic degree increase is only partially explained by temperature

and rainfall changes. The surface atmospheric circulation in August would determine partially

the final alcoholic degree. Other factors due to global change could have more influence on

this variation.

KEYWORDS: grapevine, climate, vulnerability, production

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture in the Mediterranean is developed in a great number of crops, which have a

limited productivity due to environmental conditions, but actually this agriculture has been

improved by means of agronomic methods and systems based on ecophysiological and

genetic knowledge of the cultivated species. Agriculture is the main business of the land use
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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around the world, generating significant economic, social and cultural development, while

offering a wide range of services. It is important that agriculture, despite its specialization,

remains very sensitive to climate variability, which is the main source of global yearly

variability in agricultural production, although increasingly speculative phenomena additives

to produce this response (Aggarwal 2003, 2008; Rosenzwieg and Tubiello 1997). Agriculture,

viticulture in this paper, can be defined as the use of primary production in our benefit. Thenumber of varieties and rootstocks used are incredibly high due to the wide geographic range

in which they have been selected (Cabello et al 2003) and the important differences in

productivity, in qualitative and quantitative values (Sav, 2009).

The potential climate change due to global change, may increase the temperature locally or

generally (IPCC, 2007; Sheffield and Wood 2008), these small temperature changes can have

great influence at the level of atmospheric carbon balance (Valentini et al 2000). At regional

level, not all the worlds areas will be affected to the same environmental conditions change,

and consequently, the more exposed will be potentially more vulnerable to climate change

and consequently to direct losses of agricultural productivity (lower production) or indirect

(increased costs). Global warming will not be the same around the world (IPCC 2007). Itseems to be especially important in the Mediterranean. Furthermore, this area is the only one

in the world where most models agree in predicting less precipitation in all seasons

(Christensen et al., 2007). In our case, Catalonia and by extension the Mediterranean

ecosystem is characterized by a double stress (Terradas and Save 1992) and climatic

phenomena such as variation of the atmospheric circulation patterns are affecting weather

conditions at regional level. In summer, low water availability in the soil along with high

vapor pressure deficit at atmospheric level promotes inhibitions in plant growth and various

negative effects on their development (Money and Di Castri 1973, Save 1999). Some models

are generating scenarios of climate change that are showing as the Mediterranean region will

be affected by average duration of dry periods (4 - 6 months) and the length between periods

(more 12 months), being these episodes from 3 to 8 times more frequent than at present(Sheffield and Wood 2008). This is promoting the main important stress, drought, that in our

conditions could be developed in the same space and time with other abiotic (flooding,

salinity, high temperatures, low cooling and freezing, high radiation, ozone, mineral

deficiencies, etc.) or biotic (insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses, elicitors, competition between

species) stresses (Levitt 1980), which may promote synergistic effects on vegetation in

crops.

It is known that changing global climate, together with an annual increase in the variability of

the agricultural sector due to economical conditions, will increase the difficulties and risks in

this sector. In viticulture the factors that may act more directly on productivity are several.

The increase in temperature could promote increases in the potential evapotranspiration

(ETP), soil respiration, the amount of organic matter, which in turn reduces the ability of soil

to act as a storage place for water (Schultz 2000). The increase in CO2 that you increase

productivity and efficiency in the use of water, but in the end the plants develop a regulation

of photosynthesis and productivity returns to the original values or less (Drake et al 1997).

The increase in UV radiation promotes important morphological, physiological and

biochemical to try to avoid negative impacts on vegetation. Despite the negative effects on

growth, this can increase stress and some antioxidant flavonoid biosynthesis (Jensen et al

1998). The drought promotes reduction in growth, but in the Mediterranean area in general it

appears in combination with other stress factors, and therefore the effects can be modified by

interactions (Shaver et al 2000). Other stress factors, in the broad sense, are the occurrence of

pests, diseases and weeds, which can be mere anecdotes but happen to have significance incrops, due to global change (Lipa 1997, 1999). However, environmental stress factors are a


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major cause of lost productivity and reduced current crop of 3 to 7 times that of potential

productivity. The abiotic stress and competition with weeds represent 90% of this reduction,

diseases and insects only about 5%. Essentially all crops are seasonally or annually by

drought, cold or flooding (Faust 1986). Agriculture is the socio-economic sector that uses and

manages, approximately 80% of water resources (Sav et al 2009).

World-wide, viticulturists have been finding the optimal grape maturity correlated with the

sugar content. Winemakers have been using the ratio between sugars and acids as an

indication of the ripeness degree for determining when the grapes are ready to be harvested

(Gonzlez-San Jos et al 1991, Ribreau-Gayon et al 2000, Hunter et al 2004, Nadal et al

2004). The sugar content of the grapes at harvest has been taken as economic indicator for

grape growers. Both, sugar content on grapes and alcohol degree on wines have been

considered as quality parameters for many years (Bisson 2001, Kennedy 2002). Actually, it is

crucial to get information about the concentration and quality of the phenolic compounds of

the skins and seeds of berries. In the last two decades, winemakers began measuring the

concentration of phenols in order to improve the knowledge of the phenolic maturity and in

consequence, to harvest at optimal stage of ripeness.Berry development consists of two successive sigmoid growth periods separated by a lag

phase. During the first growth period, several solutes accumulate in the berry, all of which

reach an apparent maximum around veraison. The most prevalent among these are tartaric and

malic acid. Tannins including the monomeric catechins also accumulate during the first

period of growth. The second growth period is distinguish by the tremendous increase in

compounds (the major ones being glucose and fructose) that occurs as a result of a total

biochemical shift into fruit ripening mode. Beyond sugar accumulation, the major

determinants of a wines quality are the secondary metabolites. In red grape varieties,

anthocyanin production (restricted to skin tissue in most cultivars) is probably the most

obvious compound of importance. In addition, many other important aroma and flavour

compounds are produced late in fruit ripening.

There are many factors including genetics, environmental and vineyard management- that

affect synthesis, accumulation and concentration of different compounds in berries. Light,

temperature and water affect physiological processes such a photosynthesis, respiration,

transpiration and source: sink relations.

In the last years, influenced by the scores of premium wines, costumers have preferred red

wines characterized with high color, good tannin structure and complexity. Actuality, hardly

any winemaker is delaying the data of harvest in order to get the best level of phenolic

maturity. They usually extend the maturity over one or two weeks, even when the level of

sugars already attained the 14 degrees of probable alcohol (Nadal et al 2008).

The objective of present work is try to study the effects of climate on alcohol degree of wines

from vineyards placed in an area of Mediterranean basin potentially affected by global

change. In this way as partial objectives will be studied the evolution of weather conditions

along the last 25 years (1984-2008) together with the changes in alcoholic degree of red

varieties and agronomical practices develop in different moments of this period of time.

MATERIAL, DATA AND METHODS

The study area

The study was focused on the Siurana river basin (Catalonia, NE Spain) which comprises two

nested wine regions, Priorat and Montsant. The wines produced in these regions are


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recognised with the Designation of Origin (DO Montsant) and the Qualified Designation of

Origin (QDO Priorat).

The Siurana river basin is constituted by the valleys of the Siurana river, the main

downstream tributary of the Ebro river, and its tributaries the Montsant and Cortiella. It is a

mountainous landscape behind the coastal mountains under Mediterranean climate conditions

(Terradas and Sav 1992). It is a traditional wine production area since the 12 th century. Soils

composed by shales are stony, dry and poor, characterized by a degree of porosity with a very

high percentage of stones between 70 and 90% (particles larger than 2 mm) which therefore

allows good drainage and enhances the effects of drought. All soils are very infertile and they

have organic matter content between 0.6-0.9 %. The slate soil pH is between 7 and 7.3 and in

the tertiary and alluvial soils between 7.8 and 8. Active limestone of this soil is about 8%

(Nadal 1993).

The study area is not a homogeneous county due to topographical differences that promote

drastic climatic conditions, which affect the maturation date. Moreover, the concentration of

anthocyanins is affected by changes in mesoclimates and vintage (Nadal 2008). The

autochthonous red grape varieties of the area are Grenache, noir and "peluda", and Carignan,which have been cropped from more than 60 years, Cabernet Sauvignon was introduced

approximately 25 years ago. Some plots of Grenache are older than Carignan, but the majority

of new plantings are younger so that they are planted for 25 years until the present. Yields of

old Carignan vines are between 1500 and 3500 kgha-1

, similar to Grenache from old vines.

Contrarily, the production in new plantings of Grenache has increased and often the range is

between 3000 and 8500 kgha-1

and Cabernet Sauvignon produced between 3500 and 7500

kgha-1

(Nadal 2002).

Alcoholic degree series

The alcoholic degree data of wines was gathered from the archive of the Catalan Institute of

Wine and Viticulture (INCAVI). This public institution certifies wine qualities and carries out

the official analysis of wine samples. It is located in Reus city and it has an analysis archive

since 1984. Data analyses of red wines samples located in the study area were digitalized

(Figure 1). Finally, 1764 analyses were taken into account to build the series. We discarded

all those years where the number of samples was less than 5.

The alcoholic degree was the most common and continuous parameter among all the samples.

The alcoholic degree is the real measure of ethanol or ethyl alcohol content in wine. This

parameter is the common basis used to characterize wine in commercial transactions.

INCAVI has two methods of analysis of the alcoholic degree, by near infrared spectroscopy

(NIRS) and more commonly by distillation (OIV 1990).


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DOQ Priorat -red wine-

DO Montsant - red wine-

Figure 1. Distribution of the number of samples by area and year.

Climate data series

The climate series used corresponds to Cabacs meteorological station (UTM 812467,

4573145), located in the study area, in the DO Montsant. The precipitation series from 1970

to 2000 is provided by the MOPREDAmes database (Gonzalez-Hidalgo et al 2009), and from

2001 to 2007 is provided by the Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET). According to von

Neumann test applied to the series, using the AnClim program (Stepanek 2007),

inhomogeneous values are not detected in data from both information sources. The

temperature data from 1971 to 2007 is provided by AEMET and collects maximum

temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin) and the average temperature (Tavg). The

series have monthly basis resolution.

Cabacs, has a Mediterranean-Continental climate with an average rainfall of 510 mm, an

average temperature (Tavg) typical of a Mediterranean area (14.8 C) and an annual thermal

amplitude of 18,9C, which reveals that this location is preserved from maritime influence.

From these results, (ETP) was calculated from Hargreaves formula.

To study the atmospheric circulation pattern we used the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data

(Kalnay et al., 1996) for the study period (1984-2008). The method carried out for identifyingthe main atmospheric patterns is the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (Barnston and

Livezey, 1987; Barry and Carleton, 2001; Lopez-Bustins et al., 2007), on a daily sea-level

pressure (SLP) grid at a resolution of 2.5. We selected the window 70N:30N - 30W:20E

over Western Europe, so we considered 357 grid points. We used the T-mode data matrix

(Huth, 2000). We applied the correlation matrix and rotation with the Varimax criterion

(Richman, 1986).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The alcoholic degree data of wines was in average 14.4C and 13.1C for Priorat and

Montsant respectively and similarly, they increased 0.037 and 0.046 year-1

(Figure 2). There

is a significant relationship between both origins and a significant relationship between

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alcoholic degree and time, so this parameter in increasing along the last 25 years. The overall

increase of the alcoholic degree for both DOs is around 1.

Figure 2. Evolution of alcoholic degree data of wines from DO Montsant and QDO Priorat along the last 25

years.

Climate data show that rainfall did not change significantly during the study period (Figure 3)

and in a longer rainfall series from Tivissa (DO Montsant) (Figure 4). Thus, from these series

rainfall rate has increased close to 0.2 mmyear-1

, which is not an issue for vegetations water

availability. Temperature increased drastically and significantly along 80 and 90 decades, and

from last years of 90s to present is slightly decreasing (Figure 3). On the other hand,

temperature has significantly increased. The overall increase for the study period is 1.0C.

According these values, ETP (Figure 5) developed a similar response to temperature, but

potential water deficit (ETP rainfall) did not show any significant tendency (WD = -

1,3583year + 3253; R2= 0.004NS).

In QDO Priorat, alcoholic degree showed a significant positive relationship with Cabacs

rainfall in May (R=0.48) and a negative significant relationship with average and minimum

temperatures during the previous winter (R=-0.46). No significant correlations were found

with temperature variables in Cabacs.

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Rainfall

Lineal (Rainfall)

5 per. mitjana de despl.

(Temperature)

5-year mean series

(Temperature)

0,16 mm/ year

Figure 3. Evolution of rainfall rate and temperature in Cabacs (DO Montsant) along the last 25 years

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Tivissa 0,19 mm/ year

Figure 4. Evolution of rainfall rate in Tivissa (DO Montsant) along last 98 years.

In the DO Montsant, this wine parameter showed significant negative relationships with

rainfall in August (R=-0.44) and October (R=-0.39). Minimum temperature developed a

negative relationship with alcoholic degree in August (R=-0.43) and maximum temperature a

positive correlation in October (R=0.47). Colder conditions at the end of the summer would

favor higher alcoholic degree because it enhances the plant physiology (Nadal and Lampreave

2007). There was any significant relationship between potential water deficit (ETP rainfall)

and alcoholic degree (Alcoholic degree = 0.0043WD + 12.605; R = 0.1499 NS).

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y = 4.1738x + 963.7R = 0.6812

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Figure 5. Potential evapotranspiration (ETp (mmyr-1) at Cabacs (DO Montsant) along the last 25 years

These results are related to the August weather conditions of this geographical area. Almost

60% of the August days are explained by two atmospheric circulation patterns. They were

obtained by means of the PCA. Only the second one (Figure 6) is well correlated with an

alcoholic degree series. Its temporal evolution is negative and significant correlated with the

QDO Priorat alcoholic degree (R=-0.42). When NE flows over eastern Iberia are more

frequent, there will be wetter conditions in our study area. Wetter conditions dilute the

alcoholic degree when the berries are about veraison. It is related to the negative correlation

found between rainfall and alcoholic degree for the DO Montsant.

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Figure 6. The two most frequent patterns of the daily surface atmospheric circulation over Western Europe in

August for the study period. On the left Principal Component 1 and on the right Principal Component 2.

Overall, from our climate results we did not detect any strong relationship that could explain

the effects of temperature and rainfall in a wide sense on alcohol degree of QDO Priorat and

DO Montsant wines. As a consequence of the observed changes, increases in alcohol degree

could be attributable and explained by some agronomic treatments, which could be defined as

global change. The study area has been undergoing drastic changes since the 1990s, in the

varietal percentages and the grapevines growing systems. Most important changes were the

modification from bushed grapevines to trellis system in a vertical shoot positioning and the

decrease of vineyard establishment in terraces instead in slopes (coteaux), together with the

reconversion of abandoned crop areas into new terraced vineyard plantations. In most cases,

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these land cover changes involve land terracing, with risers more than 2 m high and benches

with the soil surface structure completely altered. In this way it must be taken the important

change in the uses of soil into account (Table 1). So, according to the analysis of the Land

Cover Maps of Catalonia (CREAF 1993, 2000 and 2005), the vineyard extension in the study

area has increased a 40.7% from 2000 to 2005. These changes implied a variation in

geomorphologic characteristics (Ramos et al 2007), biological fertility (Calvet et al 2006),slope and hydrological characteristics (Cots-Folch et al 2006, Marf et al 1989), or irrigation

implementation (Girona et al 2009).

Table 1. Evolution of landscape typologies in Priorat along last years (after Cots-Folch et al.2006).

Landscape typologies 1986 (ha) 1986 (%) 1998 (ha) 1998 (%) 2003 (ha) 2003 (%)

High density forest

(>40% vegetation coverage) 692.8 23.9 824.6 28.5 875.7 30.2

Low density forest

(540% vegetation coverage) 643.9 22.2 924.0 31.9 854.2 29.5

Chaparral 691.1 23.9 459.5 15.9 378.5 13.1

Pomology without irrigation 386.4 13.3 232.9 8.0 150.6 5.2

Abandoned pomology without irrigation 144.3 5.0 185.9 6.4 174.0 6.0

Traditional vineyard culture 255.9 8.8 95.0 3.3 106.8 3.7

Terracing vineyards 20.5 0.7 111.0 3.8 291.3 10.1

Urban areas 20.7 0.7 24.0 0.8 24.9 0.9

Rivers 37.1 1.3 35.6 1.2 36.9 1.3

Plant material has also suffered a transformation. It has been increased the number of

Grenache plantations (Cabernet Sauvignon in minor amount of) and reduced to practically

zero the new planting of the Carignan (Nadal 2002). The varietal percentage of Carignan has

halved in the last 35 years, while the Grenache remains in a similar percentage (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Varietal composition in QDO Priorat in 1975, 2000 and 2008. Car= Carignan, Gre= Grenache, Cs=

Cabernet Sauvignon, Gp= Grenache peluda, Me= Merlot, Sy= Syrah, Bl= pool white varieties, n= other red

varieties. Data from QDO Priorat; Nadal, 2002; INDO, 1979 and MAPA, 1995.

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These modifications of plant material and viticultural techniques influence and have

remarkable effects on the increase of the alcoholic degree of the wine. On the one hand, it is

necessary to mention the increase of yield per hectare in the new plantations of young

grapevines where the trellis system is implanted (in some parcels with limited irrigation such

as support). On the other hand, Grenache is one of the Mediterranean varieties which her great

alcoholic yield is characterized by a high accumulation of sugar in the berries during theripening process. The alcoholic degree attained in their wines is much higher than in Carignan

wines. The Atlantic variety Cabernet Sauvignon also raises high amount of sugar in the

grapes. Consequently, the increase of Grenache wine production enhances an increase of the

alcoholic degree in the wines of the Priorat QDO. In the same way, DO Montsant established

new plantations of Grenache and Grenache peluda since the vintage 2001.

The above-mentioned changes, during the 90s, resulted in an increase of 53% in cultivated

surface and of 68% in wine production of wine in the last 20 years. The number of cellars

goes from 12 in 1990 to 90 in 2010 (QDO Priorat (unpublished); Nadal, 2002). The sales of

wine as racking, that in 1990 represented 90% of the elaboration, disappeared in 10 years and

all the wine production becomes bottled wine in 2000 (Nadal and Sanchez Ortiz, 2010). Therequirements of the QDO council specify the high alcoholic degree that the wine must attain,

and the fashion of red wines with a high concentration of in phenolic compounds, have

determined a delay of the vintage in order to achieve the level of quality that the market asks

for.

From these results we can conclude that, in spite of climate change, main changes must be

attributed to agricultural practices, and consequently the reduction of vulnerability is in our

hands.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Fundaci Obra Social de la Caixa de Catalunya (ACCUA project)

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