OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning
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Transcript of OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning
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OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage PlanningNetwork Coverage Planning
ISSUE1.0ISSUE1.0
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know the contents and process of network planningKnow the contents and process of network planning
Understand the uplink budget and its elementsUnderstand the uplink budget and its elements
Understand the downlink budget and its elementsUnderstand the downlink budget and its elements
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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning
Chapter 2 Uplink BudgetChapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink Budget Chapter 3 Downlink Budget
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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning 1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning
1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning 1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning
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Definition and Category of Network Planning
Focus of the train:
Planning of radio network.
Definition:
Network planning means that proper network elements (NEs) are selected according to the network target, network evolution requirement, and cost, and then the quality, configuration, and connection mode of the NEs are determined to facilitate engineering implementation.
Categories:
Planning of core network
Planning of radio network
Planning of transmission network
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Importance of Radio Network Planning in 3G
Importance:
The construction cost of the mobile communications network mainly lies in the equipment investment
Among the three parts of the 3G network (radio access network, transmission network, and core network), the radio access network occupies more than 70% investment
The investment in the radio access network depends on the number and configuration of the BSs
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Compare WCDMA Network Planning with that of GSMCompare WCDMA Network Planning with that of GSM In the GSM system, the structure and frequenIn the GSM system, the structure and frequen
cy of the cellular network are planned in order cy of the cellular network are planned in order
to ensure that the co-frequency and adjacent-fto ensure that the co-frequency and adjacent-f
requency interference meet the call quality reqrequency interference meet the call quality req
uirementuirement
If the interference requirement is met, the numIf the interference requirement is met, the num
ber of supported subscribers can be calculateber of supported subscribers can be calculate
d based on the number of carrier frequencies d based on the number of carrier frequencies
and the number of timeslotsand the number of timeslots
The coverage of the GSM system depends on The coverage of the GSM system depends on
the transmit power of the transmitter and the dthe transmit power of the transmitter and the d
emodulation performance of the receiveremodulation performance of the receiver
The GSM mainly offers voice service, and the The GSM mainly offers voice service, and the
GoS and design objective are relatively simpleGoS and design objective are relatively simple
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WCDMA uses the spread spectrum WCDMA uses the spread spectrum
technology, so it can realize 1×1 frequency technology, so it can realize 1×1 frequency
multiplexing without frequency planningmultiplexing without frequency planning
The capacity of each carrier in WCDMA is The capacity of each carrier in WCDMA is
"soft" because it is related to factors such as "soft" because it is related to factors such as
environment and adjacent-cell interferenceenvironment and adjacent-cell interference
The coverage of the WCDMA system is related The coverage of the WCDMA system is related
to the system load. If the system load to the system load. If the system load
increases, the coverage will shrinkincreases, the coverage will shrink
The WCDMA system supports services with The WCDMA system supports services with
different rate and QoS, including voice service, different rate and QoS, including voice service,
and their coverage capacity is different. In the and their coverage capacity is different. In the
network planning, the system performance network planning, the system performance
shall be optimized through reasonable shall be optimized through reasonable
planning and radio resource managementplanning and radio resource management
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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning 1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning
1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning 1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning
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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning
Optimal coverage for Optimal coverage for profitable servicesprofitable services
The 3G network is a multi-service network, so the network resources need be The 3G network is a multi-service network, so the network resources need be distributed among different services. The cell radius and coverage scheme shdistributed among different services. The cell radius and coverage scheme should be determined after the profitable services and their coverage quality are ould be determined after the profitable services and their coverage quality are determined. At the early stage of the 3G network, if the planning focuses on hidetermined. At the early stage of the 3G network, if the planning focuses on high-speed data service, it will result in waste of the BSs because there are not gh-speed data service, it will result in waste of the BSs because there are not enough servicesenough services
Competitive Competitive core servicecore service
Core service refers to the service that have a long-term effect on the network Core service refers to the service that have a long-term effect on the network development. It is possible that the core service is not profitable in a short peridevelopment. It is possible that the core service is not profitable in a short period, but is the attraction of the subscriber increase and service development, food, but is the attraction of the subscriber increase and service development, for example, high-speed data service. Therefore, the quality of the core service r example, high-speed data service. Therefore, the quality of the core service should be guaranteed in order to show the service and performance advantagshould be guaranteed in order to show the service and performance advantages of the 3G network and promote the operator's brandes of the 3G network and promote the operator's brand
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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning
Highest capacity based on limited resources Highest capacity based on limited resources
The capacity of the 3G network is mainly affected The capacity of the 3G network is mainly affected
by interference. Reasonable parameter planning by interference. Reasonable parameter planning
may help to reduce intra-cell and inter-cell may help to reduce intra-cell and inter-cell
interference, improve the cell capacity, and make interference, improve the cell capacity, and make
full use of the limited resourcesfull use of the limited resources
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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning
Lowest overall cost of network construction Lowest overall cost of network construction
The construction of the radio network goes through The construction of the radio network goes through
the lifecycle of the network. In the planning, further the lifecycle of the network. In the planning, further
development shall be considered, in order to development shall be considered, in order to
reduce the total cost of network constructionreduce the total cost of network construction
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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning 1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning 1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning
1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning
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Process of Wireless Network Planning
Radio Network Dimensioning (RND) Radio Network Dimensioning (RND)
At the early stage of the project planning, the future At the early stage of the project planning, the future
network is preliminarily planned, and the configuration and network is preliminarily planned, and the configuration and
the number of RAN NEs are output for preliminary project the number of RAN NEs are output for preliminary project
negotiation and for cost estimation in contract signingnegotiation and for cost estimation in contract signing
Pre-planning of radio network Pre-planning of radio network
At the mid stage of project planning, based on the At the mid stage of project planning, based on the
dimensioning output, the future network is planned in dimensioning output, the future network is planned in
detail, and the accurate network scale and theoretical site detail, and the accurate network scale and theoretical site
location are determined. A pre-planning report will be location are determined. A pre-planning report will be
output for mid-stage project and cost estimation in output for mid-stage project and cost estimation in
contract signingcontract signing
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Process of Wireless Network Planning
Cell planning of radio network Cell planning of radio network
At the later stage of project planning, based on the At the later stage of project planning, based on the
pre-planning output, each selected site is surveyed, pre-planning output, each selected site is surveyed,
and the related cell parameters are determined. If the and the related cell parameters are determined. If the
result is quite different from the planning, the cell result is quite different from the planning, the cell
parameters and planning effect should be checked parameters and planning effect should be checked
through simulation, and the output report would be through simulation, and the output report would be
the final radio network planning scheme that can the final radio network planning scheme that can
guide the project implementation guide the project implementation
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Process of Radio Network Planning
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Radio Network Dimensioning
Radio network dimensioning is a simplified analysis of the futurRadio network dimensioning is a simplified analysis of the future networke network
Objective:Objective:To obtain the network scale (Approximate BS quantity and To obtain the network scale (Approximate BS quantity and configuration), to obtain the construction period, and to obtconfiguration), to obtain the construction period, and to obtain information such as electronical cost and human resourain information such as electronical cost and human resource costce cost
Method:Method:Select a proper propagation model, and subscriber mobility,Select a proper propagation model, and subscriber mobility, distribution, and traffic models, and then estimate the site distribution, and traffic models, and then estimate the site quantity, cell quantity, coverage size and capacityquantity, cell quantity, coverage size and capacity
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Requirement of RND parameters
Information of coverage areaInformation of coverage area
The engineers of RNP should know exact information The engineers of RNP should know exact information about coverage area ,for example :about coverage area ,for example :
− Area , economy, populationArea , economy, population
− Distribution of terrainDistribution of terrain
− The information of mobile communication marketThe information of mobile communication market
Target of network Target of network
The target of network should include several factors:The target of network should include several factors:
− ServiceService
− Coverage area & Coverage qualityCoverage area & Coverage quality
− Network CapacityNetwork Capacity
− Target load of cellTarget load of cell
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Radio Network dimensioning (1st step )
Coverage information
Coverage area
Coverage probability
Capacity information
Traffic model
Service model
Subscriber density
Quality information
QoS requirement
GoS requirement
Demodulation threshold
System scale
Site quantity
System configuration
Sector structure
Carrier quantity
Network construction cos
t
Site cost
Equipment cost
InputInput OutputOutput
Coverage dimensioning
Capacity dimensioning
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Radio Network Pre-planning (2nd step)
Based on radio network dimensionBased on radio network dimensioning, the network pre-planning intening, the network pre-planning intends to determine the initial layout ands to determine the initial layout and theoretical location of the BSs and theoretical location of the BSs and select engineering parameters d select engineering parameters (BS location, network hierarchy, tr(BS location, network hierarchy, transmit power, antenna layout/type/ansmit power, antenna layout/type/direction/tilt angle, and so on) and direction/tilt angle, and so on) and some cell parameters (common chsome cell parameters (common channel, transmit power of traffic chaannel, transmit power of traffic channel, orthogonal factor, cell scramnnel, orthogonal factor, cell scrambling code, and so on) bling code, and so on)
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Radio Network Pre-planning (2nd step)
Based on the result of RND, Based on the result of RND, theoretical location of site, theoretical location of site, parameters of project, parameters of parameters of project, parameters of cell, We should carry out coverage cell, We should carry out coverage simulationsimulation
We should carry out more detailed We should carry out more detailed adjustment (for example amount of adjustment (for example amount of NodeB, configuration of NodeB, NodeB, configuration of NodeB, antenna altitude, antenna azimuth) antenna altitude, antenna azimuth) after analyzing the results of after analyzing the results of coverage simulationcoverage simulation
Finally ,we should get perfect Finally ,we should get perfect coverage resultcoverage result
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Radio Network Pre-planning (2nd step)
Radio Network Pre-planning reportRadio Network Pre-planning report
We should output Radio Network Pre-planning report after finishing We should output Radio Network Pre-planning report after finishing previous jobs. Radio Network Pre-planning report should include previous jobs. Radio Network Pre-planning report should include following factors:following factors:
− Introduce of project background Introduce of project background
− Information of planning area :area, population, clusterInformation of planning area :area, population, cluster
− Project of radio network pre-planning: site distribution map, site list Project of radio network pre-planning: site distribution map, site list ( include site name, latitude ,longitude, parameters)( include site name, latitude ,longitude, parameters)
− Performance of project :based on the simulation result Performance of project :based on the simulation result
− Appendix: statistical diagram about performanceAppendix: statistical diagram about performance
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Radio Network Cell Planning (3rd step)Flowchart of cell Flowchart of cell planning planning
站点勘测报告
站址选择
系统仿真
是否满足设计 目标?
无线网络规划 报告
清频测试
清频测试报告
无线网络预规 划报告
站址勘测
N
Site survey
report
Site selection
System
emulation
Design objective
met?
Wireless network
planning report
Noise test
Noise test report
Wireless network pre-planning
report
Site survey
N
站点列表
无线网络预规 划报告
是否新站点(名称 NewSite ) 是否 2G 站点?
输出 Search Rings
获得备选站点
能否确认站点条 件?
站点勘测报告
是否满足站址 要求?
Yes
站点勘测
清频测试 清频测试报告
Site list
New site (prefix: NewSite)? 2G site?
Output Search
Rings
Obtain
candidate sites
Site conditions determined?
Site survey report
Site requirement
met?
Yes
Site survey
No
Noise test Noise test report
Wireless network pre-planning
report Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
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Radio Network Cell Planning – site survey (3rd step) In fact , perfect site position could not be acquired. We must select some backup In fact , perfect site position could not be acquired. We must select some backup
site. But how can we select the backup site?site. But how can we select the backup site? Based on experience , backup site is selected in Based on experience , backup site is selected in SEARCH RINGSEARCH RING scope , scope ,
SEARCH RING =1/4*RSEARCH RING =1/4*R, at the same time ,we still consider its height., at the same time ,we still consider its height. We still pay attention to some other factors when we select the backup sites :We still pay attention to some other factors when we select the backup sites :
Radio propagationRadio propagation
− Site positionSite position
− Site heightSite height
− SurroundingSurrounding
Job implementationJob implementation
− Space of roomSpace of room
− Antenna installationAntenna installation
− Transmission Transmission
− Power Power
Commercial factorCommercial factor
− RentRent
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Radio Network Cell Planning – System Simulation (3rd step )
System Simulation classSystem Simulation class
Static simulationStatic simulation
− Static simulation would gain the perfStatic simulation would gain the perf
ormance of radio network based on ormance of radio network based on
“snapshot”“snapshot”
Dynamic simulationDynamic simulation
− Dynamic simulation would gain the Dynamic simulation would gain the
performance of radio network based performance of radio network based
on analysis of mobile subscribers.on analysis of mobile subscribers.
At present, Static simulation is in common uAt present, Static simulation is in common u
se. Monto Carlo simulation is one type of statise. Monto Carlo simulation is one type of stati
c simulationsc simulations
The example of Monto Carlo sThe example of Monto Carlo simulation imulation
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The example about Monto Carlo simulation
100%100% 100%100%20%20% 60%60%
0%0% 75%75% 40%40%60%60%
Access ratioAccess ratio
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Distribution of NodeBs
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Simulation diagram – pilot coverage intensity
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Simulation diagram – pilot coverage quality (Ec/Io)
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Coverage probability of 64k video call service
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Coverage probability of 144k Net Meeting service
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Coverage probability of 384k HTTP service
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Simulation result about pilot pollution
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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning
Chapter 2 Uplink BudgetChapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink Budget Chapter 3 Downlink Budget
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Capacity–Coverage–Quality Relation between capacity, coverage, and quality of the WCDMA Relation between capacity, coverage, and quality of the WCDMA
system system
The WCDMA system is a self-interference system, and its The WCDMA system is a self-interference system, and its capacity, coverage, and quality closely related to each othercapacity, coverage, and quality closely related to each other
Capacity–coverage (e.g. cell breath)Capacity–coverage (e.g. cell breath)
− If the load increases, the capacity and interference also If the load increases, the capacity and interference also increase, and the coverage shrinksincrease, and the coverage shrinks
Capacity–quality (e.g. outer loop power control)Capacity–quality (e.g. outer loop power control)
− The system capacity may increase by lowering the quality of The system capacity may increase by lowering the quality of some connectionssome connections
Coverage–quality (e.g. AMRC)Coverage–quality (e.g. AMRC)
− The coverage may increase by lowering the quality of some The coverage may increase by lowering the quality of some connectionsconnections
容量
质量 覆盖
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Process of Coverage Planning
Environment features of the planned Environment features of the planned
area area
Site capacity Site capacity
Indoor coverage Indoor coverage
Coverage probability Coverage probability
Propagation model Propagation model
Equipment performance Equipment performance
Create link budget Create link budget
Obtain cell radius Obtain cell radius
Calculate site area Calculate site area
Specify site quantity
of the area
Specify site quantity
of the area
Maximum path lossMaximum path loss
Minimum cell radiusMinimum cell radius
Maximum site coverage areaMaximum site coverage area
Site quantity=planned area/site coverage area Site quantity=planned area/site coverage area
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Fundamental Principle
Link Budget: Link Budget Link Budget: Link Budget intends to estimate the intends to estimate the system coverage by system coverage by analyzing the factors of analyzing the factors of the propagation of the the propagation of the forward signal and forward signal and reverse signal, in order to reverse signal, in order to obtain the maximum obtain the maximum propagation loss after propagation loss after certain communications certain communications quality is ensuredquality is ensured
TX
CombinerDuplexer
Feeder
RX
Pout_BS
Lc_BSLf_BS
Ga_BSNodeB
TX
RX
Pout_UE
Ga_UEUE
CombinerDuplexer
PL_DL
PL_U
L
Body Loss
FadingMargin
PenetrationLoss
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Algorithm Introduction
PL_UL=Pout_UE +Ga_BS+Ga_UE –Lf_BS+Ga_SHO –Mpc– Mf PL_UL=Pout_UE +Ga_BS+Ga_UE –Lf_BS+Ga_SHO –Mpc– Mf
– – MI – Lp – Lb – S_BS MI – Lp – Lb – S_BS
− PL_UL: Maximum propagation loss of the Uplink PL_UL: Maximum propagation loss of the Uplink
− Pout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the UEPout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the UE
− Lf_BS: Cable loss Lf_BS: Cable loss
− Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS
− Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handoverGa_SHO: Gain of soft handover
− Mpc: Margin for fast power controlMpc: Margin for fast power control
− Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)
− MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)
− Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)
− Lb: Body lossLb: Body loss
− S_BS: Sensitivity of BS receiver (related to factors such as service and S_BS: Sensitivity of BS receiver (related to factors such as service and multi-path condition)multi-path condition)
Uplink (reverse)Uplink (reverse)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
Max Power of TCHMax Power of TCH Body LossBody Loss Gain of UE Tx AntennaGain of UE Tx Antenna EIRPEIRP Gain of BS Rx AntennaGain of BS Rx Antenna Cable LossCable Loss Noise Figure (BS)Noise Figure (BS) Required Eb/No (BS)Required Eb/No (BS) Sensitivity of BS Sensitivity of BS Receiver Receiver UL Cell LoadUL Cell Load Interference MarginInterference Margin Background Noise LevelBackground Noise Level
SHO Gain over Fast FadingSHO Gain over Fast Fading Fast Fading MarginFast Fading Margin Minimum Signal Strength RequiredMinimum Signal Strength Required Penetration LossPenetration Loss Std. dev. of Slow FadingStd. dev. of Slow Fading Edge coverage ProbabilityEdge coverage Probability Slow Fading MarginSlow Fading Margin SHO Gain over Slow FadingSHO Gain over Slow Fading
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget 1.Max Power of TCH (dBm) 1.Max Power of TCH (dBm)
For a UE, the maximum power of each traffic channel is usually the For a UE, the maximum power of each traffic channel is usually the nominal total transmit power. There are many types of UE in a nominal total transmit power. There are many types of UE in a commercial network, so this parameters should be reasonably set in commercial network, so this parameters should be reasonably set in the link budget according to the specifications of a mainstream the link budget according to the specifications of a mainstream commercial cell phone and the requirement of the operatorcommercial cell phone and the requirement of the operator
Grade of UE power ( TS 25.101 v3.7.0 ( 2001-06 ) 6.2.1
Power Class Nominal maximum output power Tolerance
1 +33dBm +1/-3dB
2 +27dBm +1/-3dB
3 +24dBm +1/-3dB
4 +21dBm +2/-2dB
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
2. Body Loss (dB)2. Body Loss (dB)
For voice service, the body loss is 3 dBFor voice service, the body loss is 3 dB
Because the data service mainly involves reading and video, so the UE is Because the data service mainly involves reading and video, so the UE is relatively far from body, and the body loss is 0 dBrelatively far from body, and the body loss is 0 dB
3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)
In general, assume that the receiver gain and transmitter gain of the UE In general, assume that the receiver gain and transmitter gain of the UE antenna are both 0 dBiantenna are both 0 dBi
4. EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) (dBm) 4. EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) (dBm)
UE EIRP (dBm) UE EIRP (dBm) = UE Tx Power (dBm) - Body Loss (dB) + Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)= UE Tx Power (dBm) - Body Loss (dB) + Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget 5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi)5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi)
Kathrein 741794
Frequency range
1710~2170MHz (dual
band for DCS and
UMTS)
Polarization +45○, -45○
Gain 18.5dBi
HPBW (1920~2170MHz)Horizontal: 63○
Vertical:6.5○
Electrical tilt Fixed, 2○
Side lobe suppression for 1st side
lobe above horizon>14dB
Front-to-back ratio, co-polar >30dB
dimensioning (Height / Width /
Depth)
1302 mm / 155 mm / 69
mm
Weight 6.6kg
Kathrein 741790
Frequency range 1920~2170MHz
Polarization Vertical
Gain 11dBi
HPBW Vertical: 7○
Electrical tilt Fixed, 0○
dimensioning (Height) 1387 mm
Weight 5kg
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
6. Cable Loss (dB)6. Cable Loss (dB) It includes the loss of the feeders and conneIt includes the loss of the feeders and conne
ctors between the cabinet top and the antennctors between the cabinet top and the antenna connector. a connector.
− Lower jumper Lower jumper
− ConnectorConnector
− Feeder Feeder
− Upper jumper Upper jumper
− Etc.Etc.
Except for the feeder, the loss is relatively coExcept for the feeder, the loss is relatively constant. Assume that the connecter loss is 0.8 nstant. Assume that the connecter loss is 0.8 dB. dB.
− 7/8-inch feeder: 6.1 dB / 100m for 2GHz7/8-inch feeder: 6.1 dB / 100m for 2GHz
− 5/4-inch feeder: 4.5 dB / 100m for 2GHz5/4-inch feeder: 4.5 dB / 100m for 2GHz
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget 7. Noise Figure (dB)7. Noise Figure (dB)
Noise figure (NF): It is used to measure the noise performance of an Noise figure (NF): It is used to measure the noise performance of an amplifier. It refers to the ratio of the input SNR to the output SNR of thamplifier. It refers to the ratio of the input SNR to the output SNR of the antennae antenna
TThermalhermal noise of receiver (unit bandwidth): noise of receiver (unit bandwidth):
− PN = K×T×BW×NF PN = K×T×BW×NF
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)
= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB)= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB)
NF NF = SNR= SNRii / SNR / SNRoo = (S = (Sii / N / Nii) / (S) / (Soo / N / Noo))
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
8. Eb/No Required (dB) 8. Eb/No Required (dB)
It is obtained through link simulation. It is related to the following:It is obtained through link simulation. It is related to the following:
− Configuration of receiver diversity Configuration of receiver diversity
− Multi-path channel condition Multi-path channel condition
− Bearer type Bearer type
9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)
Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg(3.84MHz/1Hz)= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg(3.84MHz/1Hz)
+ required Eb/No (dB) - 10lg[3.84MHz/Rb(kHz)]+ required Eb/No (dB) - 10lg[3.84MHz/Rb(kHz)]
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[1000 * Rb (kHz)] + Eb/No (dB)= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[1000 * Rb (kHz)] + Eb/No (dB)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
10. Background Noise Level (dBm)10. Background Noise Level (dBm)
External electromagnetic interference sources: External electromagnetic interference sources:
− Wireless transmitters (GSM, microwave, radar, Wireless transmitters (GSM, microwave, radar,
television station, and so) television station, and so)
− Automobile ignition Automobile ignition
− Lightning Lightning
− ……
For the planning for a specific area, it is For the planning for a specific area, it is
recommended to estimate the local interference recommended to estimate the local interference
through noise testthrough noise test
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
11. Penetration Loss (dB)11. Penetration Loss (dB)
Indoor penetration loss refers to the difference between the average signal Indoor penetration loss refers to the difference between the average signal strength outside the building and the average signal strength of one layer of strength outside the building and the average signal strength of one layer of the buildingthe building
The penetration loss is related to building type, arrive angle of the radio The penetration loss is related to building type, arrive angle of the radio wave, and so on. In the link budget, assume that the penetration loss is wave, and so on. In the link budget, assume that the penetration loss is subject to the lognormal distribution. The penetration loss is indicated by subject to the lognormal distribution. The penetration loss is indicated by average penetration loss and standard deviationaverage penetration loss and standard deviation
It is uneconomical to provide better indoor coverage through an outdoor BS. It is uneconomical to provide better indoor coverage through an outdoor BS. The indoor coverage shall be provided through a reasonable indoor The indoor coverage shall be provided through a reasonable indoor coverage solutioncoverage solution
In the actual construction of a commercial network, the penetration loss In the actual construction of a commercial network, the penetration loss margin is usually specified by the operator in order to compare the planning margin is usually specified by the operator in order to compare the planning results of different manufacturersresults of different manufacturers
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
12. Fast Fading Margin (dB)12. Fast Fading Margin (dB)
In the link budget, the demodulation performance of the used receiver is thIn the link budget, the demodulation performance of the used receiver is th
e simulation result based on the assumed ideal power control. In an actual e simulation result based on the assumed ideal power control. In an actual
system, because of the limited transmit power of the transmitter, non-ideal fsystem, because of the limited transmit power of the transmitter, non-ideal f
actors are introduced in the closed loop power controlactors are introduced in the closed loop power control
Effect of power control margin on the uplink demodulation performance: Effect of power control margin on the uplink demodulation performance:
− The simulation shows the following: When the HeadRoom is large, the tThe simulation shows the following: When the HeadRoom is large, the t
arget Eb/No set in the outer loop power control is appropriate to the simarget Eb/No set in the outer loop power control is appropriate to the sim
ulation result under the ideal power control. As the power margin decreulation result under the ideal power control. As the power margin decre
ases, the Eb/No gradually increases (if the power margin decreases by ases, the Eb/No gradually increases (if the power margin decreases by
1 dB, the required Eb/No increases by about 1 dB). If power control per1 dB, the required Eb/No increases by about 1 dB). If power control per
formance is almost not available, the BER/BLER cannot be ensuredformance is almost not available, the BER/BLER cannot be ensured
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget 13. Edge coverage Probability13. Edge coverage Probability
When the transmit power of a UE hits the threshold, but the path loss does When the transmit power of a UE hits the threshold, but the path loss does not meet the requirements for the lowest receive level, the link will be discnot meet the requirements for the lowest receive level, the link will be disconnected. onnected.
For a UE at a distance of d, the link disconnection probability is as follows: For a UE at a distance of d, the link disconnection probability is as follows:
ρ(d) = Pmax_UE – S_min – 10γlg(d)ρ(d) = Pmax_UE – S_min – 10γlg(d) ,, It refers to the difference between tIt refers to the difference between the average loss of the paths at a distance of d and the allowed maximum he average loss of the paths at a distance of d and the allowed maximum path loss for ensuring the connection. path loss for ensuring the connection.
The average fading component is 0, and the standard variation is σThe average fading component is 0, and the standard variation is σ
})(Pr{
})lg(10_Pr{
})lg(10_Pr{
})(_Pr{)(Pr_
minmax
minmax
minmax
d
dSUEP
SdUEP
SdPLUEPdoutage
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SF x dnorm x 0
30 20 10 0 10 20 300
0.02
0.04
0.06
SF x 8( )
SF x 10( )
SF x 12( )
x
SF_M x pnorm x 0
20 16 12 8 4 0 4 8 12 16 200
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
SF_M x 8( )
SF_M x 10( )
SF_M x 12( )
x
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget 14. Slow Fading Margin (dB)14. Slow Fading Margin (dB)
Key point: Property of normal distributionKey point: Property of normal distribution
Slow Fading Margin (dB) = required edge coverage Probability×Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB) Slow Fading Margin (dB) = required edge coverage Probability×Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
15. Uplink Cell Load15. Uplink Cell Load
Uplink cell load is used to measure the uplink load of a cellUplink cell load is used to measure the uplink load of a cell
The higher the uplink cell load, the higher the uplink interferenceThe higher the uplink cell load, the higher the uplink interference
If the uplink load is about 100% , the uplink interference becomes infinite, If the uplink load is about 100% , the uplink interference becomes infinite,
and the corresponding capacity is the limit capacityand the corresponding capacity is the limit capacity
N
jjjN
jUL W
vREbvsNoiLi
11
11
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
16. Uplink Interference Margin (dB)16. Uplink Interference Margin (dB)UL
N
jN
TOT
LP
INoiseRise
1
1
1
1
1
50% Load — 3dB50% Load — 3dB60% 60% LoadLoad — 4dB — 4dB75% 75% LoadLoad — 6dB — 6dB
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
17. SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB)17. SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB)
The soft handover gain includes two parts: The soft handover gain includes two parts:
− Multiple Multiple irrelevantirrelevant soft handover branches lower the requi soft handover branches lower the required margin for fading, which results in multi-cell gain.red margin for fading, which results in multi-cell gain.
− Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover –macrGain for the link demodulation of the soft handover –macro diversity combining gaino diversity combining gain
The SHO Gain over Fast Fading refer to the macro diversity cThe SHO Gain over Fast Fading refer to the macro diversity combination gainombination gain
This value is obtained through simulation. The typical value is This value is obtained through simulation. The typical value is 1.5 dB1.5 dB
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
18. SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)18. SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)
As mentioned above, the soft handover gain includes two As mentioned above, the soft handover gain includes two parts:parts:
− Multiple irrelevant soft handover branches lower the Multiple irrelevant soft handover branches lower the required margin for fading, which results in multi-cell required margin for fading, which results in multi-cell gain.gain.
− Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover –Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover –macro diversity combination gainmacro diversity combination gain
The SHO Gain over Slow Fading refers to the multi-cell The SHO Gain over Slow Fading refers to the multi-cell diversity combining gaindiversity combining gain
This value is obtained by simulationThis value is obtained by simulation
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
19. Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)19. Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)
After the interference factors and the factors degrading the pAfter the interference factors and the factors degrading the p
erformance are considered, the signal strength required by terformance are considered, the signal strength required by t
he correct demodulation is receiver sensitivity in the networkhe correct demodulation is receiver sensitivity in the network
Minimum Signal Strength RequiredMinimum Signal Strength Required
= Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm) - Gain of Antenna (dBi)= Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm) - Gain of Antenna (dBi)
+ Body Loss (dB) + Interference Margin (dB)+ Body Loss (dB) + Interference Margin (dB)
+ Margin for Background Noise (dB) - SHO Gain over fast fa+ Margin for Background Noise (dB) - SHO Gain over fast fa
ding (dB) + Fast Fading Margin (dB)ding (dB) + Fast Fading Margin (dB)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
Summary: Cell edge path loss Summary: Cell edge path loss
Based on the maximum path loss allowed by the link, the Based on the maximum path loss allowed by the link, the path loss at the cell edge can be calculated if the fading path loss at the cell edge can be calculated if the fading margin and soft handover gain for providing the required margin and soft handover gain for providing the required edge/area coverage probability and the penetration loss of edge/area coverage probability and the penetration loss of indoor coverage are consideredindoor coverage are considered
Path Loss (dB) = [ EIRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal Strength Path Loss (dB) = [ EIRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm) ]- Penetration Loss (dB) - Slow Fading Required (dBm) ]- Penetration Loss (dB) - Slow Fading Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)
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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning
Chapter 2 Uplink BudgetChapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink BudgetChapter 3 Downlink Budget
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Fundamental Principle
Link Budget: Link Link Budget: Link Budget intends to Budget intends to estimate the system estimate the system coverage by coverage by analyzing the factors analyzing the factors of the propagation of the propagation of the forward signal of the forward signal and reverse signal, in and reverse signal, in order to obtain the order to obtain the maximum maximum propagation loss after propagation loss after certain certain communications communications quality is ensuredquality is ensured
TX
CombinerDuplexer
Feeder
RX
Pout_BS
Lc_BSLf_BS
Ga_BSNodeB
TX
RX
Pout_UE
Ga_UEUE
CombinerDuplexer
PL_DLPL_U
L
Body Loss
FadingMargin
PenetrationLoss
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Algorithm
PL_DL=Pout_BS – Lf_BS+Ga_BS+Ga_UE +Ga_SHO –Mpc– Mf – MI – Lp – LPL_DL=Pout_BS – Lf_BS+Ga_BS+Ga_UE +Ga_SHO –Mpc– Mf – MI – Lp – Lb – S_UEb – S_UE
− PL_DL: Maximum propagation loss of the downlinkPL_DL: Maximum propagation loss of the downlink
− Pout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the BSPout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the BS
− Lf_BS: Cable lossLf_BS: Cable loss
− Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MSGa_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS
− Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handoverGa_SHO: Gain of soft handover
− Mpc: Margin for fast power controlMpc: Margin for fast power control
− Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)
− MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)
− Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)
− Lb: Body lossLb: Body loss
− S_UE: Sensitivity of UE receiver (related to factors such as service and S_UE: Sensitivity of UE receiver (related to factors such as service and multi-path condition) multi-path condition)
Downlink (forward)Downlink (forward)
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Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
Max Power of TCHMax Power of TCH
Cable LossCable Loss
Gain of BS Tx AntennaGain of BS Tx Antenna
EIRPEIRP
Gain of UE Rx AntennaGain of UE Rx Antenna
Body LossBody Loss
Noise Figure (UE)Noise Figure (UE)
Required Eb/No (UE)Required Eb/No (UE)
Sensitivity of UE Receiver Sensitivity of UE Receiver
DL Cell LoadingDL Cell Loading
Interference MarginInterference Margin
Background Noise LevelBackground Noise Level
SHO Gain over Fast FadingSHO Gain over Fast Fading
Fast Fading MarginFast Fading Margin
Minimum Signal Strength RequiredMinimum Signal Strength Required
Penetration LossPenetration Loss
Std. dev. of Slow FadingStd. dev. of Slow Fading
Edge coverage ProbabilityEdge coverage Probability
Slow Fading MarginSlow Fading Margin
SHO Gain over Slow FadingSHO Gain over Slow Fading
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Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget 1.Downlink Cell Load
Downlink cell load factor is defined in two ways:Downlink cell load factor is defined in two ways:
Downlink cell load at the receiver:Downlink cell load at the receiver:
This definition is similar to that of the uplink cell load:
− The higher the downlink cell load, the higher the cell transmit power, and the higher the receiver interference.
− When the downlink cell load is 100% , the corresponding capacity is the limit capacity of the downlink.
Downlink cell load at the receiver:Downlink cell load at the receiver: The ratio of the current cell transmit power to the maximum BS transmit power. Characteristics:
− The higher the downlink cell load, the higher the cell transmit power. The downlink cell load is related to service type, UE receiver performance, cell size, and BS capability.
N
jj
jjjDL vW
REbvsNoi
1
1
Currently, the later definition is used in the link budget tool.Currently, the later definition is used in the link budget tool.
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Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
2.Downlink Interference Margin (dB)
Downlink interference at UE receiver:Downlink interference at UE receiver:
The downlink load factor is:The downlink load factor is:
The link budget tool uses the following typical values:
− orthogonal factor : It is obtained through simulation. It is related to
environment type and cell radius.
− Cell edge adjacent-cell interference factor : 1.78
N
N
N
n nj
T
j
Tj
N
total
P
PPL
PPL
P
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IjNoiseRise
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1)1(
)( 本
N
n nj
ownjjDL PL
PLf
1 ,
,,
j
J
jjDLj
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RVNE
1,)1(
/ ,where,where
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