OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning

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WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning

Transcript of OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning

Page 1: OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning

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OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage PlanningNetwork Coverage Planning

ISSUE1.0ISSUE1.0

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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Know the contents and process of network planningKnow the contents and process of network planning

Understand the uplink budget and its elementsUnderstand the uplink budget and its elements

Understand the downlink budget and its elementsUnderstand the downlink budget and its elements

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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning

Chapter 2 Uplink BudgetChapter 2 Uplink Budget

Chapter 3 Downlink Budget Chapter 3 Downlink Budget

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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning

1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning

1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning 1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning

1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning 1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning

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Definition and Category of Network Planning

Focus of the train:

Planning of radio network.

Definition:

Network planning means that proper network elements (NEs) are selected according to the network target, network evolution requirement, and cost, and then the quality, configuration, and connection mode of the NEs are determined to facilitate engineering implementation.

Categories:

Planning of core network

Planning of radio network

Planning of transmission network

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Importance of Radio Network Planning in 3G

Importance:

The construction cost of the mobile communications network mainly lies in the equipment investment

Among the three parts of the 3G network (radio access network, transmission network, and core network), the radio access network occupies more than 70% investment

The investment in the radio access network depends on the number and configuration of the BSs

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Compare WCDMA Network Planning with that of GSMCompare WCDMA Network Planning with that of GSM In the GSM system, the structure and frequenIn the GSM system, the structure and frequen

cy of the cellular network are planned in order cy of the cellular network are planned in order

to ensure that the co-frequency and adjacent-fto ensure that the co-frequency and adjacent-f

requency interference meet the call quality reqrequency interference meet the call quality req

uirementuirement

If the interference requirement is met, the numIf the interference requirement is met, the num

ber of supported subscribers can be calculateber of supported subscribers can be calculate

d based on the number of carrier frequencies d based on the number of carrier frequencies

and the number of timeslotsand the number of timeslots

The coverage of the GSM system depends on The coverage of the GSM system depends on

the transmit power of the transmitter and the dthe transmit power of the transmitter and the d

emodulation performance of the receiveremodulation performance of the receiver

The GSM mainly offers voice service, and the The GSM mainly offers voice service, and the

GoS and design objective are relatively simpleGoS and design objective are relatively simple

f1

f1

f2

f2

f3

f1

f1

f2

f2

f3

f3f1

f2f1

f3

f1

WCDMA uses the spread spectrum WCDMA uses the spread spectrum

technology, so it can realize 1×1 frequency technology, so it can realize 1×1 frequency

multiplexing without frequency planningmultiplexing without frequency planning

The capacity of each carrier in WCDMA is The capacity of each carrier in WCDMA is

"soft" because it is related to factors such as "soft" because it is related to factors such as

environment and adjacent-cell interferenceenvironment and adjacent-cell interference

The coverage of the WCDMA system is related The coverage of the WCDMA system is related

to the system load. If the system load to the system load. If the system load

increases, the coverage will shrinkincreases, the coverage will shrink

The WCDMA system supports services with The WCDMA system supports services with

different rate and QoS, including voice service, different rate and QoS, including voice service,

and their coverage capacity is different. In the and their coverage capacity is different. In the

network planning, the system performance network planning, the system performance

shall be optimized through reasonable shall be optimized through reasonable

planning and radio resource managementplanning and radio resource management

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1f1

f1f1

f1

f1

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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning

1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning 1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning

1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning

1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning 1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning

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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning

Optimal coverage for Optimal coverage for profitable servicesprofitable services

The 3G network is a multi-service network, so the network resources need be The 3G network is a multi-service network, so the network resources need be distributed among different services. The cell radius and coverage scheme shdistributed among different services. The cell radius and coverage scheme should be determined after the profitable services and their coverage quality are ould be determined after the profitable services and their coverage quality are determined. At the early stage of the 3G network, if the planning focuses on hidetermined. At the early stage of the 3G network, if the planning focuses on high-speed data service, it will result in waste of the BSs because there are not gh-speed data service, it will result in waste of the BSs because there are not enough servicesenough services

Competitive Competitive core servicecore service

Core service refers to the service that have a long-term effect on the network Core service refers to the service that have a long-term effect on the network development. It is possible that the core service is not profitable in a short peridevelopment. It is possible that the core service is not profitable in a short period, but is the attraction of the subscriber increase and service development, food, but is the attraction of the subscriber increase and service development, for example, high-speed data service. Therefore, the quality of the core service r example, high-speed data service. Therefore, the quality of the core service should be guaranteed in order to show the service and performance advantagshould be guaranteed in order to show the service and performance advantages of the 3G network and promote the operator's brandes of the 3G network and promote the operator's brand

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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning

Highest capacity based on limited resources Highest capacity based on limited resources

The capacity of the 3G network is mainly affected The capacity of the 3G network is mainly affected

by interference. Reasonable parameter planning by interference. Reasonable parameter planning

may help to reduce intra-cell and inter-cell may help to reduce intra-cell and inter-cell

interference, improve the cell capacity, and make interference, improve the cell capacity, and make

full use of the limited resourcesfull use of the limited resources

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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning

Lowest overall cost of network construction Lowest overall cost of network construction

The construction of the radio network goes through The construction of the radio network goes through

the lifecycle of the network. In the planning, further the lifecycle of the network. In the planning, further

development shall be considered, in order to development shall be considered, in order to

reduce the total cost of network constructionreduce the total cost of network construction

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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning

1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning 1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning

1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning 1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning

1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning

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Process of Wireless Network Planning

Radio Network Dimensioning (RND) Radio Network Dimensioning (RND)

At the early stage of the project planning, the future At the early stage of the project planning, the future

network is preliminarily planned, and the configuration and network is preliminarily planned, and the configuration and

the number of RAN NEs are output for preliminary project the number of RAN NEs are output for preliminary project

negotiation and for cost estimation in contract signingnegotiation and for cost estimation in contract signing

Pre-planning of radio network Pre-planning of radio network

At the mid stage of project planning, based on the At the mid stage of project planning, based on the

dimensioning output, the future network is planned in dimensioning output, the future network is planned in

detail, and the accurate network scale and theoretical site detail, and the accurate network scale and theoretical site

location are determined. A pre-planning report will be location are determined. A pre-planning report will be

output for mid-stage project and cost estimation in output for mid-stage project and cost estimation in

contract signingcontract signing

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Process of Wireless Network Planning

Cell planning of radio network Cell planning of radio network

At the later stage of project planning, based on the At the later stage of project planning, based on the

pre-planning output, each selected site is surveyed, pre-planning output, each selected site is surveyed,

and the related cell parameters are determined. If the and the related cell parameters are determined. If the

result is quite different from the planning, the cell result is quite different from the planning, the cell

parameters and planning effect should be checked parameters and planning effect should be checked

through simulation, and the output report would be through simulation, and the output report would be

the final radio network planning scheme that can the final radio network planning scheme that can

guide the project implementation guide the project implementation

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Process of Radio Network Planning

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Radio Network Dimensioning

Radio network dimensioning is a simplified analysis of the futurRadio network dimensioning is a simplified analysis of the future networke network

Objective:Objective:To obtain the network scale (Approximate BS quantity and To obtain the network scale (Approximate BS quantity and configuration), to obtain the construction period, and to obtconfiguration), to obtain the construction period, and to obtain information such as electronical cost and human resourain information such as electronical cost and human resource costce cost

Method:Method:Select a proper propagation model, and subscriber mobility,Select a proper propagation model, and subscriber mobility, distribution, and traffic models, and then estimate the site distribution, and traffic models, and then estimate the site quantity, cell quantity, coverage size and capacityquantity, cell quantity, coverage size and capacity

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Requirement of RND parameters

Information of coverage areaInformation of coverage area

The engineers of RNP should know exact information The engineers of RNP should know exact information about coverage area ,for example :about coverage area ,for example :

− Area , economy, populationArea , economy, population

− Distribution of terrainDistribution of terrain

− The information of mobile communication marketThe information of mobile communication market

Target of network Target of network

The target of network should include several factors:The target of network should include several factors:

− ServiceService

− Coverage area & Coverage qualityCoverage area & Coverage quality

− Network CapacityNetwork Capacity

− Target load of cellTarget load of cell

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Radio Network dimensioning (1st step )

Coverage information

Coverage area

Coverage probability

Capacity information

Traffic model

Service model

Subscriber density

Quality information

QoS requirement

GoS requirement

Demodulation threshold

System scale

Site quantity

System configuration

Sector structure

Carrier quantity

Network construction cos

t

Site cost

Equipment cost

InputInput OutputOutput

Coverage dimensioning

Capacity dimensioning

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Radio Network Pre-planning (2nd step)

Based on radio network dimensionBased on radio network dimensioning, the network pre-planning intening, the network pre-planning intends to determine the initial layout ands to determine the initial layout and theoretical location of the BSs and theoretical location of the BSs and select engineering parameters d select engineering parameters (BS location, network hierarchy, tr(BS location, network hierarchy, transmit power, antenna layout/type/ansmit power, antenna layout/type/direction/tilt angle, and so on) and direction/tilt angle, and so on) and some cell parameters (common chsome cell parameters (common channel, transmit power of traffic chaannel, transmit power of traffic channel, orthogonal factor, cell scramnnel, orthogonal factor, cell scrambling code, and so on) bling code, and so on)

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Radio Network Pre-planning (2nd step)

Based on the result of RND, Based on the result of RND, theoretical location of site, theoretical location of site, parameters of project, parameters of parameters of project, parameters of cell, We should carry out coverage cell, We should carry out coverage simulationsimulation

We should carry out more detailed We should carry out more detailed adjustment (for example amount of adjustment (for example amount of NodeB, configuration of NodeB, NodeB, configuration of NodeB, antenna altitude, antenna azimuth) antenna altitude, antenna azimuth) after analyzing the results of after analyzing the results of coverage simulationcoverage simulation

Finally ,we should get perfect Finally ,we should get perfect coverage resultcoverage result

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Radio Network Pre-planning (2nd step)

Radio Network Pre-planning reportRadio Network Pre-planning report

We should output Radio Network Pre-planning report after finishing We should output Radio Network Pre-planning report after finishing previous jobs. Radio Network Pre-planning report should include previous jobs. Radio Network Pre-planning report should include following factors:following factors:

− Introduce of project background Introduce of project background

− Information of planning area :area, population, clusterInformation of planning area :area, population, cluster

− Project of radio network pre-planning: site distribution map, site list Project of radio network pre-planning: site distribution map, site list ( include site name, latitude ,longitude, parameters)( include site name, latitude ,longitude, parameters)

− Performance of project :based on the simulation result Performance of project :based on the simulation result

− Appendix: statistical diagram about performanceAppendix: statistical diagram about performance

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Radio Network Cell Planning (3rd step)Flowchart of cell Flowchart of cell planning planning

站点勘测报告

站址选择

系统仿真

是否满足设计 目标?

无线网络规划 报告

清频测试

清频测试报告

无线网络预规 划报告

站址勘测

N

Site survey

report

Site selection

System

emulation

Design objective

met?

Wireless network

planning report

Noise test

Noise test report

Wireless network pre-planning

report

Site survey

N

站点列表

无线网络预规 划报告

是否新站点(名称 NewSite ) 是否 2G 站点?

输出 Search Rings

获得备选站点

能否确认站点条 件?

站点勘测报告

是否满足站址 要求?

Yes

站点勘测

清频测试 清频测试报告

Site list

New site (prefix: NewSite)? 2G site?

Output Search

Rings

Obtain

candidate sites

Site conditions determined?

Site survey report

Site requirement

met?

Yes

Site survey

No

Noise test Noise test report

Wireless network pre-planning

report Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

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Radio Network Cell Planning – site survey (3rd step) In fact , perfect site position could not be acquired. We must select some backup In fact , perfect site position could not be acquired. We must select some backup

site. But how can we select the backup site?site. But how can we select the backup site? Based on experience , backup site is selected in Based on experience , backup site is selected in SEARCH RINGSEARCH RING scope , scope ,

SEARCH RING =1/4*RSEARCH RING =1/4*R, at the same time ,we still consider its height., at the same time ,we still consider its height. We still pay attention to some other factors when we select the backup sites :We still pay attention to some other factors when we select the backup sites :

Radio propagationRadio propagation

− Site positionSite position

− Site heightSite height

− SurroundingSurrounding

Job implementationJob implementation

− Space of roomSpace of room

− Antenna installationAntenna installation

− Transmission Transmission

− Power Power

Commercial factorCommercial factor

− RentRent

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Radio Network Cell Planning – System Simulation (3rd step )

System Simulation classSystem Simulation class

Static simulationStatic simulation

− Static simulation would gain the perfStatic simulation would gain the perf

ormance of radio network based on ormance of radio network based on

“snapshot”“snapshot”

Dynamic simulationDynamic simulation

− Dynamic simulation would gain the Dynamic simulation would gain the

performance of radio network based performance of radio network based

on analysis of mobile subscribers.on analysis of mobile subscribers.

At present, Static simulation is in common uAt present, Static simulation is in common u

se. Monto Carlo simulation is one type of statise. Monto Carlo simulation is one type of stati

c simulationsc simulations

The example of Monto Carlo sThe example of Monto Carlo simulation imulation

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The example about Monto Carlo simulation

100%100% 100%100%20%20% 60%60%

0%0% 75%75% 40%40%60%60%

Access ratioAccess ratio

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Distribution of NodeBs

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Simulation diagram – pilot coverage intensity

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Simulation diagram – pilot coverage quality (Ec/Io)

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Coverage probability of 64k video call service

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Coverage probability of 144k Net Meeting service

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Coverage probability of 384k HTTP service

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Simulation result about pilot pollution

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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning

Chapter 2 Uplink BudgetChapter 2 Uplink Budget

Chapter 3 Downlink Budget Chapter 3 Downlink Budget

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Capacity–Coverage–Quality Relation between capacity, coverage, and quality of the WCDMA Relation between capacity, coverage, and quality of the WCDMA

system system

The WCDMA system is a self-interference system, and its The WCDMA system is a self-interference system, and its capacity, coverage, and quality closely related to each othercapacity, coverage, and quality closely related to each other

Capacity–coverage (e.g. cell breath)Capacity–coverage (e.g. cell breath)

− If the load increases, the capacity and interference also If the load increases, the capacity and interference also increase, and the coverage shrinksincrease, and the coverage shrinks

Capacity–quality (e.g. outer loop power control)Capacity–quality (e.g. outer loop power control)

− The system capacity may increase by lowering the quality of The system capacity may increase by lowering the quality of some connectionssome connections

Coverage–quality (e.g. AMRC)Coverage–quality (e.g. AMRC)

− The coverage may increase by lowering the quality of some The coverage may increase by lowering the quality of some connectionsconnections

容量

质量 覆盖

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Process of Coverage Planning

Environment features of the planned Environment features of the planned

area area

Site capacity Site capacity

Indoor coverage Indoor coverage

Coverage probability Coverage probability

Propagation model Propagation model

Equipment performance Equipment performance

Create link budget Create link budget

Obtain cell radius Obtain cell radius

Calculate site area Calculate site area

Specify site quantity

of the area

Specify site quantity

of the area

Maximum path lossMaximum path loss

Minimum cell radiusMinimum cell radius

Maximum site coverage areaMaximum site coverage area

Site quantity=planned area/site coverage area Site quantity=planned area/site coverage area

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Fundamental Principle

Link Budget: Link Budget Link Budget: Link Budget intends to estimate the intends to estimate the system coverage by system coverage by analyzing the factors of analyzing the factors of the propagation of the the propagation of the forward signal and forward signal and reverse signal, in order to reverse signal, in order to obtain the maximum obtain the maximum propagation loss after propagation loss after certain communications certain communications quality is ensuredquality is ensured

TX

CombinerDuplexer

Feeder

RX

Pout_BS

Lc_BSLf_BS

Ga_BSNodeB

TX

RX

Pout_UE

Ga_UEUE

CombinerDuplexer

PL_DL

PL_U

L

Body Loss

FadingMargin

PenetrationLoss

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Algorithm Introduction

PL_UL=Pout_UE +Ga_BS+Ga_UE –Lf_BS+Ga_SHO –Mpc– Mf PL_UL=Pout_UE +Ga_BS+Ga_UE –Lf_BS+Ga_SHO –Mpc– Mf

– – MI – Lp – Lb – S_BS MI – Lp – Lb – S_BS

− PL_UL: Maximum propagation loss of the Uplink PL_UL: Maximum propagation loss of the Uplink

− Pout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the UEPout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the UE

− Lf_BS: Cable loss Lf_BS: Cable loss

− Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS

− Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handoverGa_SHO: Gain of soft handover

− Mpc: Margin for fast power controlMpc: Margin for fast power control

− Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)

− MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)

− Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)

− Lb: Body lossLb: Body loss

− S_BS: Sensitivity of BS receiver (related to factors such as service and S_BS: Sensitivity of BS receiver (related to factors such as service and multi-path condition)multi-path condition)

Uplink (reverse)Uplink (reverse)

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

Max Power of TCHMax Power of TCH Body LossBody Loss Gain of UE Tx AntennaGain of UE Tx Antenna EIRPEIRP Gain of BS Rx AntennaGain of BS Rx Antenna Cable LossCable Loss Noise Figure (BS)Noise Figure (BS) Required Eb/No (BS)Required Eb/No (BS) Sensitivity of BS Sensitivity of BS Receiver Receiver UL Cell LoadUL Cell Load Interference MarginInterference Margin Background Noise LevelBackground Noise Level

SHO Gain over Fast FadingSHO Gain over Fast Fading Fast Fading MarginFast Fading Margin Minimum Signal Strength RequiredMinimum Signal Strength Required Penetration LossPenetration Loss Std. dev. of Slow FadingStd. dev. of Slow Fading Edge coverage ProbabilityEdge coverage Probability Slow Fading MarginSlow Fading Margin SHO Gain over Slow FadingSHO Gain over Slow Fading

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget 1.Max Power of TCH (dBm) 1.Max Power of TCH (dBm)

For a UE, the maximum power of each traffic channel is usually the For a UE, the maximum power of each traffic channel is usually the nominal total transmit power. There are many types of UE in a nominal total transmit power. There are many types of UE in a commercial network, so this parameters should be reasonably set in commercial network, so this parameters should be reasonably set in the link budget according to the specifications of a mainstream the link budget according to the specifications of a mainstream commercial cell phone and the requirement of the operatorcommercial cell phone and the requirement of the operator

Grade of UE power ( TS 25.101 v3.7.0 ( 2001-06 ) 6.2.1

Power Class Nominal maximum output power Tolerance

1 +33dBm +1/-3dB

2 +27dBm +1/-3dB

3 +24dBm +1/-3dB

4 +21dBm +2/-2dB

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

2. Body Loss (dB)2. Body Loss (dB)

For voice service, the body loss is 3 dBFor voice service, the body loss is 3 dB

Because the data service mainly involves reading and video, so the UE is Because the data service mainly involves reading and video, so the UE is relatively far from body, and the body loss is 0 dBrelatively far from body, and the body loss is 0 dB

3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)

In general, assume that the receiver gain and transmitter gain of the UE In general, assume that the receiver gain and transmitter gain of the UE antenna are both 0 dBiantenna are both 0 dBi

4. EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) (dBm) 4. EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) (dBm)

UE EIRP (dBm) UE EIRP (dBm) = UE Tx Power (dBm) - Body Loss (dB) + Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)= UE Tx Power (dBm) - Body Loss (dB) + Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget 5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi)5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi)

Kathrein 741794

Frequency range

1710~2170MHz (dual

band for DCS and

UMTS)

Polarization +45○, -45○

Gain 18.5dBi

HPBW (1920~2170MHz)Horizontal: 63○

Vertical:6.5○

Electrical tilt Fixed, 2○

Side lobe suppression for 1st side

lobe above horizon>14dB

Front-to-back ratio, co-polar >30dB

dimensioning (Height / Width /

Depth)

1302 mm / 155 mm / 69

mm

Weight 6.6kg

Kathrein 741790

Frequency range 1920~2170MHz

Polarization Vertical

Gain 11dBi

HPBW Vertical: 7○

Electrical tilt Fixed, 0○

dimensioning (Height) 1387 mm

Weight 5kg

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

6. Cable Loss (dB)6. Cable Loss (dB) It includes the loss of the feeders and conneIt includes the loss of the feeders and conne

ctors between the cabinet top and the antennctors between the cabinet top and the antenna connector. a connector.

− Lower jumper Lower jumper

− ConnectorConnector

− Feeder Feeder

− Upper jumper Upper jumper

− Etc.Etc.

Except for the feeder, the loss is relatively coExcept for the feeder, the loss is relatively constant. Assume that the connecter loss is 0.8 nstant. Assume that the connecter loss is 0.8 dB. dB.

− 7/8-inch feeder: 6.1 dB / 100m for 2GHz7/8-inch feeder: 6.1 dB / 100m for 2GHz

− 5/4-inch feeder: 4.5 dB / 100m for 2GHz5/4-inch feeder: 4.5 dB / 100m for 2GHz

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget 7. Noise Figure (dB)7. Noise Figure (dB)

Noise figure (NF): It is used to measure the noise performance of an Noise figure (NF): It is used to measure the noise performance of an amplifier. It refers to the ratio of the input SNR to the output SNR of thamplifier. It refers to the ratio of the input SNR to the output SNR of the antennae antenna

TThermalhermal noise of receiver (unit bandwidth): noise of receiver (unit bandwidth):

− PN = K×T×BW×NF PN = K×T×BW×NF

= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)

= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB)= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB)

NF NF = SNR= SNRii / SNR / SNRoo = (S = (Sii / N / Nii) / (S) / (Soo / N / Noo))

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

8. Eb/No Required (dB) 8. Eb/No Required (dB)

It is obtained through link simulation. It is related to the following:It is obtained through link simulation. It is related to the following:

− Configuration of receiver diversity Configuration of receiver diversity

− Multi-path channel condition Multi-path channel condition

− Bearer type Bearer type

9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)

Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)

= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg(3.84MHz/1Hz)= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg(3.84MHz/1Hz)

+ required Eb/No (dB) - 10lg[3.84MHz/Rb(kHz)]+ required Eb/No (dB) - 10lg[3.84MHz/Rb(kHz)]

= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[1000 * Rb (kHz)] + Eb/No (dB)= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[1000 * Rb (kHz)] + Eb/No (dB)

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

10. Background Noise Level (dBm)10. Background Noise Level (dBm)

External electromagnetic interference sources: External electromagnetic interference sources:

− Wireless transmitters (GSM, microwave, radar, Wireless transmitters (GSM, microwave, radar,

television station, and so) television station, and so)

− Automobile ignition Automobile ignition

− Lightning Lightning

− ……

For the planning for a specific area, it is For the planning for a specific area, it is

recommended to estimate the local interference recommended to estimate the local interference

through noise testthrough noise test

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

11. Penetration Loss (dB)11. Penetration Loss (dB)

Indoor penetration loss refers to the difference between the average signal Indoor penetration loss refers to the difference between the average signal strength outside the building and the average signal strength of one layer of strength outside the building and the average signal strength of one layer of the buildingthe building

The penetration loss is related to building type, arrive angle of the radio The penetration loss is related to building type, arrive angle of the radio wave, and so on. In the link budget, assume that the penetration loss is wave, and so on. In the link budget, assume that the penetration loss is subject to the lognormal distribution. The penetration loss is indicated by subject to the lognormal distribution. The penetration loss is indicated by average penetration loss and standard deviationaverage penetration loss and standard deviation

It is uneconomical to provide better indoor coverage through an outdoor BS. It is uneconomical to provide better indoor coverage through an outdoor BS. The indoor coverage shall be provided through a reasonable indoor The indoor coverage shall be provided through a reasonable indoor coverage solutioncoverage solution

In the actual construction of a commercial network, the penetration loss In the actual construction of a commercial network, the penetration loss margin is usually specified by the operator in order to compare the planning margin is usually specified by the operator in order to compare the planning results of different manufacturersresults of different manufacturers

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

12. Fast Fading Margin (dB)12. Fast Fading Margin (dB)

In the link budget, the demodulation performance of the used receiver is thIn the link budget, the demodulation performance of the used receiver is th

e simulation result based on the assumed ideal power control. In an actual e simulation result based on the assumed ideal power control. In an actual

system, because of the limited transmit power of the transmitter, non-ideal fsystem, because of the limited transmit power of the transmitter, non-ideal f

actors are introduced in the closed loop power controlactors are introduced in the closed loop power control

Effect of power control margin on the uplink demodulation performance: Effect of power control margin on the uplink demodulation performance:

− The simulation shows the following: When the HeadRoom is large, the tThe simulation shows the following: When the HeadRoom is large, the t

arget Eb/No set in the outer loop power control is appropriate to the simarget Eb/No set in the outer loop power control is appropriate to the sim

ulation result under the ideal power control. As the power margin decreulation result under the ideal power control. As the power margin decre

ases, the Eb/No gradually increases (if the power margin decreases by ases, the Eb/No gradually increases (if the power margin decreases by

1 dB, the required Eb/No increases by about 1 dB). If power control per1 dB, the required Eb/No increases by about 1 dB). If power control per

formance is almost not available, the BER/BLER cannot be ensuredformance is almost not available, the BER/BLER cannot be ensured

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget 13. Edge coverage Probability13. Edge coverage Probability

When the transmit power of a UE hits the threshold, but the path loss does When the transmit power of a UE hits the threshold, but the path loss does not meet the requirements for the lowest receive level, the link will be discnot meet the requirements for the lowest receive level, the link will be disconnected. onnected.

For a UE at a distance of d, the link disconnection probability is as follows: For a UE at a distance of d, the link disconnection probability is as follows:

ρ(d) = Pmax_UE – S_min – 10γlg(d)ρ(d) = Pmax_UE – S_min – 10γlg(d) ,, It refers to the difference between tIt refers to the difference between the average loss of the paths at a distance of d and the allowed maximum he average loss of the paths at a distance of d and the allowed maximum path loss for ensuring the connection. path loss for ensuring the connection.

The average fading component is 0, and the standard variation is σThe average fading component is 0, and the standard variation is σ

})(Pr{

})lg(10_Pr{

})lg(10_Pr{

})(_Pr{)(Pr_

minmax

minmax

minmax

d

dSUEP

SdUEP

SdPLUEPdoutage

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SF x dnorm x 0

30 20 10 0 10 20 300

0.02

0.04

0.06

SF x 8( )

SF x 10( )

SF x 12( )

x

SF_M x pnorm x 0

20 16 12 8 4 0 4 8 12 16 200

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

SF_M x 8( )

SF_M x 10( )

SF_M x 12( )

x

Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget 14. Slow Fading Margin (dB)14. Slow Fading Margin (dB)

Key point: Property of normal distributionKey point: Property of normal distribution

Slow Fading Margin (dB) = required edge coverage Probability×Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB) Slow Fading Margin (dB) = required edge coverage Probability×Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB)

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

15. Uplink Cell Load15. Uplink Cell Load

Uplink cell load is used to measure the uplink load of a cellUplink cell load is used to measure the uplink load of a cell

The higher the uplink cell load, the higher the uplink interferenceThe higher the uplink cell load, the higher the uplink interference

If the uplink load is about 100% , the uplink interference becomes infinite, If the uplink load is about 100% , the uplink interference becomes infinite,

and the corresponding capacity is the limit capacityand the corresponding capacity is the limit capacity

N

jjjN

jUL W

vREbvsNoiLi

11

11

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

16. Uplink Interference Margin (dB)16. Uplink Interference Margin (dB)UL

N

jN

TOT

LP

INoiseRise

1

1

1

1

1

50% Load — 3dB50% Load — 3dB60% 60% LoadLoad — 4dB — 4dB75% 75% LoadLoad — 6dB — 6dB

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

17. SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB)17. SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB)

The soft handover gain includes two parts: The soft handover gain includes two parts:

− Multiple Multiple irrelevantirrelevant soft handover branches lower the requi soft handover branches lower the required margin for fading, which results in multi-cell gain.red margin for fading, which results in multi-cell gain.

− Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover –macrGain for the link demodulation of the soft handover –macro diversity combining gaino diversity combining gain

The SHO Gain over Fast Fading refer to the macro diversity cThe SHO Gain over Fast Fading refer to the macro diversity combination gainombination gain

This value is obtained through simulation. The typical value is This value is obtained through simulation. The typical value is 1.5 dB1.5 dB

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

18. SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)18. SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)

As mentioned above, the soft handover gain includes two As mentioned above, the soft handover gain includes two parts:parts:

− Multiple irrelevant soft handover branches lower the Multiple irrelevant soft handover branches lower the required margin for fading, which results in multi-cell required margin for fading, which results in multi-cell gain.gain.

− Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover –Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover –macro diversity combination gainmacro diversity combination gain

The SHO Gain over Slow Fading refers to the multi-cell The SHO Gain over Slow Fading refers to the multi-cell diversity combining gaindiversity combining gain

This value is obtained by simulationThis value is obtained by simulation

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

19. Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)19. Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)

After the interference factors and the factors degrading the pAfter the interference factors and the factors degrading the p

erformance are considered, the signal strength required by terformance are considered, the signal strength required by t

he correct demodulation is receiver sensitivity in the networkhe correct demodulation is receiver sensitivity in the network

Minimum Signal Strength RequiredMinimum Signal Strength Required

= Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm) - Gain of Antenna (dBi)= Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm) - Gain of Antenna (dBi)

+ Body Loss (dB) + Interference Margin (dB)+ Body Loss (dB) + Interference Margin (dB)

+ Margin for Background Noise (dB) - SHO Gain over fast fa+ Margin for Background Noise (dB) - SHO Gain over fast fa

ding (dB) + Fast Fading Margin (dB)ding (dB) + Fast Fading Margin (dB)

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

Summary: Cell edge path loss Summary: Cell edge path loss

Based on the maximum path loss allowed by the link, the Based on the maximum path loss allowed by the link, the path loss at the cell edge can be calculated if the fading path loss at the cell edge can be calculated if the fading margin and soft handover gain for providing the required margin and soft handover gain for providing the required edge/area coverage probability and the penetration loss of edge/area coverage probability and the penetration loss of indoor coverage are consideredindoor coverage are considered

Path Loss (dB) = [ EIRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal Strength Path Loss (dB) = [ EIRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm) ]- Penetration Loss (dB) - Slow Fading Required (dBm) ]- Penetration Loss (dB) - Slow Fading Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)

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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network PlanningChapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning

Chapter 2 Uplink BudgetChapter 2 Uplink Budget

Chapter 3 Downlink BudgetChapter 3 Downlink Budget

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Fundamental Principle

Link Budget: Link Link Budget: Link Budget intends to Budget intends to estimate the system estimate the system coverage by coverage by analyzing the factors analyzing the factors of the propagation of the propagation of the forward signal of the forward signal and reverse signal, in and reverse signal, in order to obtain the order to obtain the maximum maximum propagation loss after propagation loss after certain certain communications communications quality is ensuredquality is ensured

TX

CombinerDuplexer

Feeder

RX

Pout_BS

Lc_BSLf_BS

Ga_BSNodeB

TX

RX

Pout_UE

Ga_UEUE

CombinerDuplexer

PL_DLPL_U

L

Body Loss

FadingMargin

PenetrationLoss

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Algorithm

PL_DL=Pout_BS – Lf_BS+Ga_BS+Ga_UE +Ga_SHO –Mpc– Mf – MI – Lp – LPL_DL=Pout_BS – Lf_BS+Ga_BS+Ga_UE +Ga_SHO –Mpc– Mf – MI – Lp – Lb – S_UEb – S_UE

− PL_DL: Maximum propagation loss of the downlinkPL_DL: Maximum propagation loss of the downlink

− Pout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the BSPout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the BS

− Lf_BS: Cable lossLf_BS: Cable loss

− Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MSGa_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS

− Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handoverGa_SHO: Gain of soft handover

− Mpc: Margin for fast power controlMpc: Margin for fast power control

− Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)

− MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)

− Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)

− Lb: Body lossLb: Body loss

− S_UE: Sensitivity of UE receiver (related to factors such as service and S_UE: Sensitivity of UE receiver (related to factors such as service and multi-path condition) multi-path condition)

Downlink (forward)Downlink (forward)

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Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget

Max Power of TCHMax Power of TCH

Cable LossCable Loss

Gain of BS Tx AntennaGain of BS Tx Antenna

EIRPEIRP

Gain of UE Rx AntennaGain of UE Rx Antenna

Body LossBody Loss

Noise Figure (UE)Noise Figure (UE)

Required Eb/No (UE)Required Eb/No (UE)

Sensitivity of UE Receiver Sensitivity of UE Receiver

DL Cell LoadingDL Cell Loading

Interference MarginInterference Margin

Background Noise LevelBackground Noise Level

SHO Gain over Fast FadingSHO Gain over Fast Fading

Fast Fading MarginFast Fading Margin

Minimum Signal Strength RequiredMinimum Signal Strength Required

Penetration LossPenetration Loss

Std. dev. of Slow FadingStd. dev. of Slow Fading

Edge coverage ProbabilityEdge coverage Probability

Slow Fading MarginSlow Fading Margin

SHO Gain over Slow FadingSHO Gain over Slow Fading

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Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget 1.Downlink Cell Load

Downlink cell load factor is defined in two ways:Downlink cell load factor is defined in two ways:

Downlink cell load at the receiver:Downlink cell load at the receiver:

This definition is similar to that of the uplink cell load:

− The higher the downlink cell load, the higher the cell transmit power, and the higher the receiver interference.

− When the downlink cell load is 100% , the corresponding capacity is the limit capacity of the downlink.

Downlink cell load at the receiver:Downlink cell load at the receiver: The ratio of the current cell transmit power to the maximum BS transmit power. Characteristics:

− The higher the downlink cell load, the higher the cell transmit power. The downlink cell load is related to service type, UE receiver performance, cell size, and BS capability.

N

jj

jjjDL vW

REbvsNoi

1

1

Currently, the later definition is used in the link budget tool.Currently, the later definition is used in the link budget tool.

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Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget

2.Downlink Interference Margin (dB)

Downlink interference at UE receiver:Downlink interference at UE receiver:

The downlink load factor is:The downlink load factor is:

The link budget tool uses the following typical values:

− orthogonal factor : It is obtained through simulation. It is related to

environment type and cell radius.

− Cell edge adjacent-cell interference factor : 1.78

N

N

N

n nj

T

j

Tj

N

total

P

PPL

PPL

P

P

IjNoiseRise

1 ,

1)1(

)( 本

N

n nj

ownjjDL PL

PLf

1 ,

,,

j

J

jjDLj

jjjob

DL fW

RVNE

1,)1(

/ ,where,where

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