OverviewOverview

Who are the minorities in Europe today? Who are the minorities in Europe today? Three waves of international migrantsThree waves of international migrants Refugees and asylum-seekers todayRefugees and asylum-seekers today Europe’s Muslim minoritiesEurope’s Muslim minorities Challenges for European societiesChallenges for European societies ConclusionsConclusions

Minorities in Europe TodayMinorities in Europe Today

Indigenous peoples & regional Indigenous peoples & regional minoritiesminorities

RomaRoma

Post - WWII ImmigrantsPost - WWII Immigrants

Refugees and asylum-seekersRefugees and asylum-seekers

Minorities in Europe TodayMinorities in Europe Today

Indigenous peoples & regional Indigenous peoples & regional minoritiesminorities

o Basque in Spain, FranceBasque in Spain, Franceo Sami in Sweden, Finland, NorwaySami in Sweden, Finland, Norwayo Ethnic minorities in Russian Ethnic minorities in Russian

Federation & Federation &

Central Eastern European countriesCentral Eastern European countries

……not part of today’s topic not part of today’s topic

Minorities in Europe TodayMinorities in Europe Today

Roma PeopleRoma Peopleo Roots in the Indian subcontinentRoots in the Indian subcontinent

• Arrived in what is now Europe in the 14Arrived in what is now Europe in the 14thth century century• Several subgroups e.g. Sinti, Kale, Romanichal, Several subgroups e.g. Sinti, Kale, Romanichal,

RomaRoma• Romani language still spoken by some, several Romani language still spoken by some, several

dialectsdialects

o Historically semi-nomadicHistorically semi-nomadico Most Roma today settled inMost Roma today settled in

““camps”camps”

Roma Social Outcomes in EuropeRoma Social Outcomes in Europe

• Family life: young marriage, endogamy, extended Family life: young marriage, endogamy, extended family ties family ties

still common among Romastill common among Roma• Education: one-third complete primary school, children Education: one-third complete primary school, children

often often

struggle with languagestruggle with language• Occupation: informal economy,Occupation: informal economy,

agriculture, forestry, beggingagriculture, forestry, begging• Poverty: highrates of poverty & Poverty: highrates of poverty &

unemployment, poor healthunemployment, poor health

• Widespread Anti-Roma prejudice: Roma = CrimeWidespread Anti-Roma prejudice: Roma = Crime

Minorities in Europe TodayMinorities in Europe Today

Minorities in Europe TodayMinorities in Europe Today

Who are the minorities in Europe today? Who are the minorities in Europe today?

o Indigenous peoples & regional minoritiesIndigenous peoples & regional minoritieso RomaRomao Post - WWII ImmigrantsPost - WWII Immigrantso Refugees and asylum-seekersRefugees and asylum-seekers

OverviewOverview

Who are the minorities in Europe today? Who are the minorities in Europe today?

Three waves of international migrantsThree waves of international migrants

Three Waves of Migrants

• 1950s-70s Guestworkers & Post-Colonials

• 1990s-Now Waves of refugees from political upheavals and war in Europe, Africa, Middle East

• 2004-now New Labor Migrants

First Wave, WWII – 1970s

• Germany: Guestworkers from Turkey…also Greece, Italy, Spain, Yugoslavia

• Netherlands, Austria, even Sweden: Guestworkers from Morocco and Turkey

First Wave, WWII – 1970s

• U.K. invited workers from the former British empire e.g. India, Pakistan, Jamaica

MV Empire Windrush 1948

Trafalgar Square, 1960s