Overview Treatment of Addiction · •Cannot be cured but can be managed ... •Conditioned craving...

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10/14/2013 1 Overview Treatment of Addiction รศ.พญ.สุวรรณา อรุณ พงค์ไพศาล ภาควิชาจิตเวชศาสตร์ คณะแพทยศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยขอนแก่น Conceptual Developments in Addiction Epidemiologic and public health model Prevention 19 th century Failure of morals and character DSM -personality disorder Neurobiological process Reward pathway Pharmacotherapy Social Cognitive theory learnt/unlearnt behavior -CBT Disease process, Biologically determined Self-help movements -AA Science of Addiction Addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive substance seeking and use, despite harmful consequences Chronic Brain Disease Long lasting, like diabetes and hypertension Cannot be cured but can be managed The brain shows distinct changes after substance use that can persist long after the substance use has stopped Substances actually change the structure of the brain and how it works Relapsing Disease Because of addiction’s chronic nature, relapsing to substance use is not only possible but common Lapse and Relapse A lapse is a brief, often one-time, return to substance use A relapse is a complete return to using substances in the same way the person did before he or she quit A lapse can lead to relapse, but it doesn’t always Relapse can be avoided

Transcript of Overview Treatment of Addiction · •Cannot be cured but can be managed ... •Conditioned craving...

Page 1: Overview Treatment of Addiction · •Cannot be cured but can be managed ... •Conditioned craving lower dopamine in reward circuit ICSS: intracranialself-stimulation = the descending

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Overview Treatment of Addiction

รศ.พญ.สวรรณา อรณพงคไพศาล

ภาควชาจตเวชศาสตร คณะแพทยศาสตร

มหาวทยาลยขอนแกน

Conceptual Developments in Addiction

Epidemiologic and

public health model •Prevention

19th century

Failure of morals and character •DSM -personality disorder

Neurobiological process •Reward pathway •Pharmacotherapy

Social Cognitive theory

–learnt/unlearnt behavior -CBT

Disease process, Biologically determined •Self-help movements -AA

Science of Addiction

Addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive substance seeking and use, despite harmful consequences

Chronic Brain Disease

• Long lasting, like diabetes and hypertension

• Cannot be cured but can be managed

• The brain shows distinct changes after substance use that can persist long after the substance use has stopped

• Substances actually change the structure of the brain and how it works

Relapsing Disease

• Because of addiction’s chronic nature, relapsing to substance use is not only possible but

common

Lapse and Relapse

• A lapse is a brief, often one-time, return to substance use

• A relapse is a complete return to using substances in the same way the person did before he or she quit

• A lapse can lead to relapse, but it doesn’t always

• Relapse can be avoided

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Addiction and the Reward Circuit

• Our brains are wired to ensure that we repeat life-sustaining activities by associating those

activities with pleasure or reward

Emotional memories

Attention

Executive Decision: Making choices

พฤตกรรมแสวงหาสงทจะใหความสข

Ventral Pallidum

Endorphine GABA

Basal forebrain bundle

5HT Opiates

Amphetamine Cocaine Opiate

Cannabis Nicotine

Opiate Ethanol

Barbiturates Benzodiazepine

Nicotine

Addiction and the Reward Circuit

• The overstimulation of the reward circuit, which rewards our natural behaviors (eating, drinking,

sexual behavior), produces the euphoric effects sought by people who use psychoactive substances and teaches them to repeat the behaviour

Reward from naturally

rewarding behaviors (eating,

drinking, sex)

Reward from psychoactive substances

Addiction and the Reward Circuit

• The brain adjusts to the overwhelming surges in dopamine (and other neurotransmitters) by producing less dopamine or by reducing the number of receptors

Addiction and the Reward Circuit

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Dopamine Receptor Availability

Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2007). Science & Practice Perspectives, 3(2).

Healthy brain Brain with chronic cocaine use

Red=High levels of dopamine receptors

repeated substance use neuroadaptation BRAIN REWARD-CIRCUIT

• Sensitization Reflex response had been made more sensitive,

so that a subthreshold stimulus elicits a response.

• Conditioned craving lower dopamine in reward circuit

ICSS: intracranial self-stimulation = the descending myelinated, moderately fast-conducting component of brain reward circuit

•Tolerance: Needing more of a substance to get the same effect

Progression of Addiction 1

FAMILY

Substance

FAMILY

WORK

SPORTS

FOOD

FRIENDS

EXERCISE

FRIENDS

SCHOOL

Substance

FAMILY

Experiment user Occasional user Social user

Progression of Addiction 2

FAMILY

Substance

Substance

WORK

SPORTS FOOD

FRIENDS

EXERCISE

FRIENDS

SCHOOL

Substance

Substance

Hazardous user Harmful user

Progression of Addiction 3

Substance

Substance

Substance

Substance

Substance

Substance

Substance

Substance

Substance

Substance

Substance

Substance

Substance Dependent user

WHO’s ICD Criteria for Diagnosing

Substance Addiction or Dependence

• A strong desire to take the substance

• Difficulties in controlling its use

• Continuing to use despite harmful consequences

• Higher priority given to substance use than to other activities and obligations

• Increased tolerance

• A physical withdrawal state (sometimes)

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เกณฑการวนจฉยโรคตาม DSM-IV-TR : Substance Dependence บรรยายส าหรบ นศฑ.ป 5 ปการศกษา 2556

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รปแบบการใชสาร แสดงออกในลกษณะอยางนอย 3 ใน 7 ขอในชวงเวลาใดเวลาหนงตดตอกนอยางนอย 12 เดอน

1. การทนตอยา(tolerance) คอ ตองเพมปรมาณสารมากขน

2. อาการถอนยา(withdrawal) คอ เมอหยดใชสารนนจะเกดอาการขาดสารเฉพาะ

3. ใชสารปรมาณมากกวาหรอในระยะเวลานานกวาทตงใจ (loss of control)

4. มความตองการเสพอยตลอดเวลา (craving)พยายามลด/ควบคมการใชสารแตไมส าเรจ (unable to quit from substance use)

5. แตละวนใชเวลามากในกจกรรมทแสวงหาสารนนมาไวเสพ เมา และพกฟนจากเมา (preoccupied and compulsive use)

Global problem 14/10/56

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149-272 ลานคนทวโลก

Source: UNODC (2011)

15-39 ลานคนทวโลก

ใชสารเสพตดผดกฎหมาย

มปญหาการใชสารเสพตด -ตดสาร -ฉดสารเขาเสนเลอด -ใชสารระยะยาวเชน ฝน แอมเฟตามน โคเคน

11-21 ลานคนทว

โลก

Injected drug 18% HIV+ 50% Hep C

Impacts: Hep,TB Loss productivity Accidents Overdose deaths Suicide Violence

11.8m

8.7m

0.3m

Drinkers Smokers Drug users

Number of current alcohol, tobacco and

drug users (2011)

(ACSAN National Household Survey 2011)

DALYs lost by major risk factors in 2009

http://www.thaibod.net/

Only 150,000 – 200,000 alcohol and drug users received treatment each year.

Prevalence of Alcohol, Smoking, Substance

Use among Personnel of Faculty of Medicine KKU; Survey 2013: N= 935

Moderate risk 8.4% 10.2% 0% 0.5% 0.1% 0.5% High risk 0.5% 0.9% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Dependence syndrome Uncontrollable, poor responsible

Harmful use Poor controllable, less responsible

Abuse

Hazardous use Less controllable, responsible

Non-hazardous use, experiment or social use Controllable, responsible

Abstainer/non-user

Spectrum of Substance Use Definition of Substance Use Disorder

• Hazardous use: repetitive use at levels that places a person at

risk of harm of medical or psychological complications

• Harmful use: repetitive pattern of use that causes actual

physical damage (e.g. liver disease, hypertension) or

psychological harm (e.g. depression, anxiety; ICD10)

• Substance abuse: repetitive pattern of use during 12 months

which results in social complications, e.g. financial,

occupational and legal problems (DSM-IV)

• Dependence: an established syndrome of repetitive substance use, which is driven by internal forces

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Substance use disorders

• Substance abuse

• Substance dependence

Substance induced disorders

• Intoxication

• Withdrawal

• Delirium

• Dementia

• Amnestic disorder

• Psychotic disorder

• Mood disorder

• Anxiety disorder

• Sexual dysfunction

• Sleep disorder

Intox With Del Dem Amn Psy Moo Anx Sex Sle

Alcohol X X I/W P P I/W I/W I/W I I/W

Amphet. X X I I I/W I I I/W

Caffeine X X I I

Cannabis X X I I I

Cocaine X X I I I/W I/W I I/W

Hallucin. X I I I I

Inhalants X I P I I I

Nicotine X X

Opioids X X I I I I I I/W

Sedative X X I/W P P I/W I/W W I I/W

แนวทางการรกษาผมปญหาการใชสารเสพตด

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• บางคนหายไดเอง (แตนอยมากไมถง 10%).

• ตองมระบบการตรวจประเมนการรกษาอยางละเอยดครอบคลมทกดาน

• ตองใชการรกษาหลายรปแบบ หลายกจกรรม หลายขนตอน

• ตองใชบคลากรสหสาขาวชาชพทมความรความช านาญดานการดแลรกษาผปวยตดสารเสพตด ท างานรวมกนเปนทม

• ตองรกษาตอเนองเปนระยะยาว 3-6 เดอนเปนอยางนอย

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วฎจกรแหงการเปลยนแปลง (Stage of change) (Prochaska & DiClemente)

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Pre-contemplationเมนเฉย ไมตระหนกปญหา

Contemplation ลงเลใจ

Preparation เตรยมพรอม

Action หยดใชทนท

Maintenance หยดใชสาร

เรยนรวถชวตใหม

Recovery หยดถาวร ใชชวตในสงคม

อยางปกตสข Relapse/Recurrence

กลบไปใช ก าเรบซ า

Brief advice

Motivational enhancement Therapy

Relapse prevention •ยาลดอาการอยาก เชน naltrexone •MATRIX Program

CBT individual or group, MATRIX Program Therapeutic community (TC) Supported employment Alcoholic Anonymous (AA) Narcotic Anonymous (NA)

Detoxification 1-3 wks : treat

withdrawal syndrome

Brief intervention Motivational interviewing

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Motivation

•Dynamic

•Purposeful

•Intentional

•Positive •Changeable

COMPONENTS OF SUD TREATMENT: THE CONTINUUM OF CARE

The whole range of services a

client may receive directly from

a treatment program or

coordinated by the treatment

program

Four Parts of a Continuum of Care

1. Pretreatment

2. Primary treatment

3. Case management

4. Continuing care, including ongoing recovery

management

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Outreach Drop-in group

Residential treatment

Outpatient continuing care

VCT

VCT=voluntary counseling and testing

Psychiatric Evaluation for

depression Vocational

training

Case management

Pretreatment Components

• Outreach

• Screening and brief intervention

• Assessment and treatment planning

• Detoxification

Outreach Definition

• Reaching out to build connections from one

group or program to another

• Extension of services or assistance to persons

or groups not previously served

SUD Outreach

•Organized efforts to identify

and screen individuals who

may have a problem with

substance use

Photo credit: Family Health International, Hanoi,

Vietnam

Why Outreach?

• Because many people who use substances see treatment programs as:

▫ Intimidating (นากลว)

▫ Difficult to get to (เขาถงยาก)

▫ Too rigid or judgmental in their approach

(กฎเกณฑมากมายและไมยดหยน)

▫ Irrelevant to an individual’s immediate needs

(ไมตรงความตองการ) ▫ Too costly(แพง)

Outreach Goals

• Establish contact

• Build trust

• Develop relationships

• Provide needed health care linkages

• Engage individuals in SUD brief interventions or

treatment

Outreach Methods and Settings

• Community education with other agencies

• Talking with those who use substances at

homeless shelters, HIV or other medical

clinics, community centers, and drop-in

centers

• Education and screening at schools, social

centers, and clinics

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Other Outreach Efforts

• Paraprofessionals can go where substance use

is encouraged, such as dance clubs

• Peer educators can visit places frequented by

those who use substances

• Medical staff can provide brief interventions and

referrals wherever they work

Screening Purpose

• Screening tries to identify only whether a

problem exists and whether further assessment

is needed

Screening vs. Assessment

• Screening tries to identify only whether a

problem exists and what follow-up is needed

• Assessment tries to identify as closely as

possible the nature of an SUD and other issues

and the level of intervention that may be needed

Validity of a Screening Instrument

• The degree to which the instrument actually

measures what it claims to measure

• Internationally validated instruments:

▫ The AUDIT, a 10-item screening tool for

alcohol

▫ The Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance

Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST)

Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT)

แบบสอบถามชนดใหตอบเอง ม 10 ขอ

ใชเวลาตอบประมาณ 5 นาท

ประกอบดวยค าถามเกยวกบ

•ปรมาณ-ความถของการดม

•การดมแบบหนก (Binge drinking)

•อาการของภาวะตดแอลกอฮอล

•ปญหาจากการดมแอลกอฮอล

คะแนน 8-15 hazardous drinking

16-19 harmful drinking

20 dependent drinking

คะแนน >8 ส าหรบผชายอาย < 60 ป

หรอ >4 ส าหรบผหญง วยรน

หรอผชายอาย >60 ป = positive screen

Positive test screen

Severity level

University of Adelaide © 2009

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Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST)

แบบสมภาษณเชงโครงสราง ส าหรบคดกรองผมประสบการณการดมแอลกอฮอล สบบหร และใชสารเสพตดผดกกฎหมายอยางนอย 9 ชนด ในวฒนธรรมทแตกตาง

ม 8 ค าถาม พรอมแบบบนทกรายงานเพอแจงผลการประเมนพรอมค าแนะน าแกผรบบรการ ใชเวลาประมาณ 5-10 นาท

University of Adelaide © 2009

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รายละเอยดของค าถามใน ASSIST ค าถามท

รายละเอยด

1 สารเสพตดชนดใดบางทผรบบรการเคยใชในชวงชวตทผานมา

2 ความถของการใชสารเสพตด ในระยะ 3 เดอนทผานมา

3 ความถของความตองการหรอแรงผลกดนอยางรนแรงทจะใชสารเสพตด ในระยะ 3 เดอนทผานมา

4 ความถของปญหาสขภาพ สงคม กฎหมาย หรอการเงนทสมพนธกบการใชสารเสพตด ในระยะ 3 เดอนทผานมา

5 ความถของการไมสามารถท ากจกรรมทควรจะท าไดตามปกตเนองจากใชสารเสพตด ในระยะ 3 เดอนทผานมา

6 ในชวงชวตทผานมา เพอนฝง ญาต หรอคนอนเคยแสดงความเปนหวงดวยการเตอนเกยวกบการใชสารหรอไม

7 ในชวงชวตทผานมา เคยพยายามลด หรอหยดใชสารเสพตด แตไมประ สบความส าเรจหรอไม

8 ในชวงชวตทผานมา เคยใชสารเสพตดโดยการฉดหรอไม

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ในชวตของคณ คณเคยใชสารตอไปนหรอไม (นอกเหนอจากการใชทางแพทย) a) ผลตภณฑยาสบ (บหร ยาเสนแบบเคยว ซการ ฯลฯ) ไมเคย เคย

b) เครองดมแอลกอฮอล (เบยร ไวน เหลา) ไมเคย เคย

c) กญชา (กญชาแหง ยางกญชา น ากญชา ฯลฯ) ไมเคย เคย

d) โคเคน (โคก แครก ฯลฯ) ไมเคย เคย

e) ยากระตนประสาทกลมแอมเฟตามน (ยาบา ยาอ ไอซ สปด ยาลดความอวน ฯลฯ)

ไมเคย เคย

f) สารระเหย (กาว ทนเนอร เบนซล ไนตรส ฯลฯ) ไมเคย เคย

g) ยากลอมประสาทหรอยานอนหลบ (วาเลยม โรฮปนอล ดอมกม มาโน โซแลม ฯลฯ)

ไมเคย เคย

h) ยาหลอนประสาท (แอลเอสด อะซตค เหดเมา พซพ ยาเค ฯลฯ) ไมเคย เคย

i) สารกลมฝน (ฝน เฮโรอน มอรฟน เมทาโดน บพรนอฟน โคเดอน ฯลฯ)

ไมเคย เคย

j) ใบกระทอม ไมเคย เคย

k) สารผสมน าตมใบกระทอม (สคณรอย แปดคณรอย วนทคอล ฯลฯ)

ไมเคย เคย

l) สารอน ๆ ระบ............................................................... ไมเคย เคย

ค าถามท 1 (โปรดวงกลมลอมรอบค าตอบเฉพาะ “เคย”ในชองของสารแตละตว)

ถามถงการใชสารทกตว เรยกชอสารดวยค าทผปวยใช ยกตวอยางสารอนๆ ถาผปวยไมเคยใชสารตวใดกไมตองถามถงสารนนอกตอไป ไมมคาคะแนนส าหรบค าถามท 1

ในสามเดอนทผานมา คณใชสาร….ทคณกลาวถงบอยเพยงไร (สารตวทหนง สารตวทสอง ฯลฯ)

ไมเคย

1-2 ครง

ทกเดอน

ทก สปดาห

ทกวน

a) ผลตภณฑยาสบ (บหร ยาเสนแบบเคยว ซการ ฯลฯ)

0 2 3 4 6

b) เครองดมแอลกอฮอล (เบยร ไวน เหลา) 0 2 3 4 6

c) กญชา (กญชาแหง ยางกญชา น ากญชา ฯลฯ) 0 2 3 4 6

d) โคเคน (โคก แครก ฯลฯ) 0 2 3 4 6

e) ยากระตนประสาทกลมแอมเฟตามน (ยาบา ยาอ ไอซ สปด ยาลดความอวน ฯลฯ)

0 2 3 4 6

f) สารระเหย (กาว ทนเนอร เบนซล ไนตรส ฯลฯ) 0 2 3 4 6

g) ยากลอมประสาทหรอยานอนหลบ (วาเลยม โรฮปนอล ดอมกม มาโน โซแลม ฯลฯ)

0 2 3 4 6

h) ยาหลอนประสาท (แอลเอสด อะซตค เหดเมา พซพ ยาเค ฯลฯ)

0 2 3 4 6

i) สารกลมฝน (ฝน เฮโรอน มอรฟน เมทาโดน บพรนอฟน โคเดอน ฯลฯ)

0 2 3 4 6

j) ใบกระทอม 0 2 3 4 6

k) สารผสมน าตมใบกระทอม (สคณรอย แปดคณรอย วนทคอล ฯลฯ)

0 2 3 4 6

l) สารอน ๆ ระบ 0 2 3 4 6

ค าถามท 2 (เฉพาะสารทเคยใช วงกลมลอมตวเลขค าตอบเฉพาะทผรบบรการตอบ)

คะแนน ASSIST หมายความวาอยางไร

คะแนน

ระดบความเสยง

0 - 10

ต า

11- 26

ปานกลาง

≥27 สง

แอลกอฮอล (ขอ 2 ถงขอ 7)

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สารอนๆ (ขอ 2 ถงขอ 7) คะแน

ระดบความเสยง

0 - 3 ต า

4 - 26

ปานกลาง

≥27 สง

เชอมโยงระดบความเสยงกบแนวทางการบ าบดรกษา ระดบความเสยง

แนวทางการบ าบดรกษา

ต า ใหความรเกยวกบโทษของสารเสพตดตอสขภาพ ชกชวนใหเลกใช สงเสรมพฤตกรรมสขภาพ

ปานกลาง ใหการบ าบดแบบยอ ใหก าลงใจ ชกชวนใหเลกหรอลดปรมาณการใช และใหเอกสารกลบบาน นดตดตามผล

สง ประเมนเพมเตม และสงตอไปใหผเชยวชาญเพอดแลรกษาตอไป เชนเขาโปรแกรมMATRIX , Methadone program, TC program อาจจะใชการ

บ าบดแบบยอเปนการน าทางเพอให

University of Adelaide © 2009

46

(ควรใชการตดสนใจทางคลนกของคณเองประกอบดวย)

Brief Intervention

• Focuses on increasing a person’s insight into

and awareness of substance use and behavioral

change

• Can be provided through a single session or

multiple sessions of motivational interventions

by SUD or other professional or peer staff

Brief intervention: FRAMES

Feedback บอกผปวยใหทราบถงความเสยงอนตรายจากการใชสารเสพตด

Responsibility บอกผปวยทราบวาเปนความรบผดชอบของเขาเองในการท

จะลดความเสยงอนตรายจากการใชสารเสพตด

Advice to change แนะน าใหลด ละ เลกการใชสารเสพตด

Menu of strategies

เสนอวธการตางๆใหผปวยเลอก ส าหรบลด ละ เลกการใชสารเสพตด

Empathy แสดงความเหนใจ เขาใจ เปนมตร ไมตดสน และให

ค าปรกษาดวยทาททอบอน

Self efficacy ชวยใหผปวยเหนความสามารถของเขาเองในการทจะเปลยนแปลงพฤตกรรมกาวใชสารเสพตด

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Assessment Goals

• Provide a foundation for treatment planning

• Establish a baseline for measuring a client’s

progress

• Prioritize a client’s problems

• Set priorities for treatment and case

management interventions

• Identify client strengths and other recovery

capital that can support recovery

Assessment Tasks

• Engaging the client

• Obtaining the client’s history

• Collecting data on the client

• Observing the client during the first visit

Curr Opin Psychiatry 2012,25: 187-193.

Co-morbidity of Mental disorder with SUD

Alcohol use disorder Other Mental disorders 37%

Anxiety disorders 19%

Antisocial PD 14%

Mood disorders 13%

Schizophrenia 4%

Antisocial PD Alcohol use disorders 74%

Schizophrenia Alcohol use disorders 34%

Mood disorders Alcohol use disorders 22%

Anxiety disorder Alcohol use disorders 18%

Reiger et al, 1990

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Assessment Methods

• Clinical interview

• Assessment interventions

• Collateral sources, with client’s permission:

▫ Family

▫ Friends

▫ Employer

▫ Referral sources

• Urine or other testing for substances

สรา • CAGE, AUDIT

• MAST, SMAST (Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test)

• NAPS (Newcastle Alcohol-related Problem Scale)

สารเสพตดชนดอน

• WHO-ASSIST

• Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine dependence

• VOUDIT (Volatile substance Use Disorder Identification Test)

• KDST, KWS (Krathom Dependence Screening Test, Krathom Withdrwal Rating Scale)

• DrugCheck

เครองมอชวยวนจฉย addiction

• M.I.N.I.

• CIDI (Composite International Diagnostic Interview)

• ASI (Addiction Severity Index)

• SADQ (Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire)

• Tri-level method for alcohol consumption

• Timeline Follow Back

เครองมอตดตามการรกษา • CIWA (Clinical Institute Withdrawal

Assessment for Alcohol)

• AWS (Alcohol Withdrawal Scale)

• Amphetamine Withdrawal Questionnaire

• SOCRATES (Stages of Change, Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale)

Treatment Plan

• An individualized outline for treatment and

services based on the client’s specific needs

• Treatment plan identifies needs that

▫ Will be addressed during treatment

▫ Require referral to other treatment providers

▫ Will be deferred to a later time

• Determining the level of care the client needs

and is willing to accept includes

▫ Intensity

▫ Duration

▫ Setting

Treatment Planning Determinations

• This first step of treatment planning includes

determining whether:

▫ The program can meet the client’s needs or

should be referred

▫ Treatment for co-occurring mental or medical

disorders is needed

▫ The client is in need of supervised detoxification

Effective Treatment Plan

• Individualized

• Flexible

• Realistic

• Simple

• Useful

• Solution focused

• Clear

• Responsive to changes and progress

Detoxification

• The process of:

▫ Stopping substance use

▫ Clearing the substance from the body

▫ Managing the withdrawal syndrome

• is ONLY a first step toward recovery; it is a pre

treatment stage

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Withdrawal

• The particular signs and symptoms, the intensity of them, and the risk involved in withdrawal depend on: ▫ The substance used

▫ The amounts taken over time

▫ The length of time the substance was used regularly

• Medications can help with detoxification from: ▫ Alcohol

▫ Opioids

▫ Benzodiazepines

▫ Barbiturates

▫ Other sedatives

Goals of Detoxification

• To provide a safe withdrawal from substances of

dependence and to enable the person to

become drug free

• To provide a withdrawal that is humane

• To prepare the person for ongoing treatment

Types of Detoxification Services

• Outpatient, home-based, or residential services without

medication but with psychosocial support (social detox)

• Outpatient services with medication and periodic

monitoring (medication-supported)

• Inpatient services with medication (medically-managed)

Primary treatment 1. Education about SUD for clients and family members 2. Motivational approaches 3. Counseling : individual or group 4. Treatment for mental health problems 5. Medication-assisted treatment 6. Matrix model for methamphetamine & other stimulant use 7. Family approaches for couples and adolescents 8. Cognitive behavior therapy 9. Mutual help programs : 12-step facilitation therapy 10. Contingency management 11. Therapeutic community 12. Relapse prevention training 13. Employment training and general schooling for adolescents

and young adults 14. Substance testing

Substance Testing

• Testing can:

▫ Verify, contradict, or add to a client’s self-report of

substance use

▫ Identify a relapse to substance use

▫ Help assess the efficacy of the treatment plan and

the current level of care

▫ Encourage abstinence

• Type of testing

▫ Laboratory testing

▫ Point-of-care testing (POCT)

Group Counseling Purpose

• Provides opportunities for clients to develop

communication and socialization skills

• Creates an environment in which clients help,

support, and confront one another

• Introduces structure and discipline into the often

chaotic lives of clients

• Provides healthful norms and a supportive

environment

• Helps clients broaden understanding of their

recovery capital and barriers to recovery

Group Counseling Purpose—Part II

• Supports individual assessment of critical risk

and protective factors

• Advances individual recovery

• Provides a venue for group leaders to transmit

new information, teach new skills, and guide

clients as they practice new behaviors

• Group size between 8 and 15 members

• Meet no more than 1.5 hours

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Mutual-Help Programs

• Mutual-help programs are alternatives or enhancements to professional counseling

• Participants in mutual-help groups support and encourage one another to become or stay drug free

• 12-Step programs are perhaps the best known of mutual-help programs ▫ Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): 1930s

▫ Narcotics Anonymous (NA): 1950s

▫ Marijuana Anonymous

▫ Cocaine Anonymous

▫ Nicotine Anonymous

12-Step Programs for Family and Friends

• Nar-Anon (for all family members)

• Al-Anon (for adult or older adolescent family

members and friends)

• Alateen (for older children and younger

adolescents)

• Alatot (for young children)

CBT Approach to Treating SUDs

• Teaching clients skills that help them recognize

and learn strategies to:

▫ Reduce risks of relapse

▫ Maintain abstinence

▫ Solve problems

▫ Enhance self-efficacy

Cognitive-Behavioral Coping Skills

Therapy

• A structured CBT approach

• Each session includes:

▫ Discussion of the rationale

▫ Specific skill guidelines

▫ Behavioral rehearsal (skill role-plays)

▫ Practice exercises for a particular topic area

U.S. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral coping skills therapy manual: A clinical research guide for therapists treating individuals with alcohol abuse and dependence. Project MATCH Monograph Series, Volume 3. Bethesda, MD: Author.

Topic Areas

• Topic areas:

▫ Managing thoughts about using substances

▫ Solving problems

▫ Developing substance refusal skills

▫ Planning for emergencies and coping with a lapse

▫ Dealing with seemingly irrelevant decisions

CBT Effectiveness

• Documented effectiveness for SUDs involving: ▫ Alcohol ▫ Marijuana ▫ Cocaine ▫ Methamphetamine ▫ Nicotine

• Clients maintain skills and gains for a year after treatment

Source: U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2009). Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide, 2nd Ed. NIH Publication No. 09-4180. Bethesda, Maryland: Author.

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Therapeutic Community (TC)

• Intensive, long-term (up to one year) residential

model

• Community as method—The community as a

whole is the therapeutic agent with its:

▫ Social organization

▫ Staff and clients

▫ Daily activities

TC Structure

• Structured day includes ordered activities to:

▫ Counter disordered lives of clients

▫ Distract clients from negative thinking and

boredom

• Group sessions and job functions to teach

specific behaviors and skills

• Useful elements for clients with histories of

severe SUDs and criminal behavior

Key Therapeutic Factor

• Researchers documented that:

▫ Restoring warm, interpersonal relationships

reverses the damaging changes produced on

brain formation, function, and structural damage

caused by childhood neglect and abuse

• With the well-recognized TC role, each

participant is considered with love and respect

and as part of a new family, while filling affective

gaps

Source: Personal communication: Gilberto Gerra, M.D., Chief, Drug Prevention and Health

Branch, UNODC

Contingency Management (CM)

• Based on the behavioral principle that rewarding a behavior reinforces it, or makes it more likely to be repeated

• In SUD treatment, CM means that clients are given the chance to earn low-cost incentives, or rewards, for desirable behavior

• The process of becoming abstinent has its own eventual rewards, including: ▫ A healthier lifestyle

▫ Employment and self-sufficiency ▫ Educational opportunities

▫ Maintaining positive relationships

CM Motivation

• It takes a long time for internal rewards of abstinence to be experienced by the client attempting to make major behavioral changes

• So, CM uses other rewards to motivate: ▫ Treatment adherence ▫ Abstinence ▫ Lifestyle changes

• Motivates behavior change and abstinence by: ▫ Systematically rewarding desirable behaviors

• Reinforcers are positive, pleasurable, and rewarding events or objects

• Negative reinforcers are also effective, such as removing a fine or restriction

CM in General: Effectiveness

• CM has been documented as an effective

intervention for SUDs involving:

▫ Alcohol

▫ Stimulants

▫ Opioids

▫ Marijuana

▫ Nicotine

Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2009). Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide, 2nd Ed. NIH Publication No. 09-4180. Bethesda, Maryland: Author.

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Case Management

• An integral part of treatment

• The coordination of professional, social, and medical services to assist people with complex needs, often for long-term care and protection

Ongoing

recovery

Screening and

Assessment

Case Management—Purpose

• Monitor transitions of clients between levels of

care to assure there are no gaps in service

• Coordinate the range of services needed by

clients

• Serve as a single point of contact for each

client to find and mobilize needed resources

Case Management Functions Assessment

Service planning

Linkage and referral

Monitoring

Advocacy

Case Management

Services tend to be

scattered

or difficult to access Case managers

help put the pieces

together for clients

Community Reinforcement (CR)

• Uses social, recreational, familial, and vocational reinforcers, rather than material rewards or within-program privileges

• Is based on the premise that environmental resources can be effective in changing substance use behavior

• Has strong case management as an essential component

CR Approach Plus Vouchers

• Documented as an EBP:

▫ Intensive 24-week outpatient therapy for treatment of cocaine and alcohol addiction

• Treatment goals:

▫ Maintain abstinence long enough to learn new life skills to sustain abstinence

▫ Reduce alcohol consumption for clients whose drinking was associated with cocaine use

• Outcomes :

▫ Facilitate clients’ engagement in treatment

▫ Facilitate increasing periods of cocaine abstinence

CR Approach with Vouchers

Format

• Clients attended one or two individual counseling sessions each week, focusing on: ▫ Improving family relationships ▫ Learning skills necessary for reducing drug and

alcohol use ▫ Receiving vocational counseling ▫ Developing new recreational activities and social

networks

• Vouchers were used • Vouchers could be exchanged for retail goods

consistent with cocaine-free lifestyle

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Pharmacotherapy Is Used To…

• Aid in acute withdrawal or tapering

• Discourage use of a substance by reducing its reinforcing properties or by creating negative effects when the substance is used

• Aid early recovery by reducing cravings or counteracting longer-term symptoms of withdrawal

• Medications are available for alcohol, opioids, and nicotine

• Opioid medication must be prescribed by a medical practitioner

• WHO calls for combining pharmacotherapy with counseling (CBT and CM) and case management

Acute treatment for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome :5 S

Sedation Diazepam or Lorazepam Front –loading or Fixed dose regimen

Symptomatic Nausea/vomiting : Domperidone

Supplement B1 , folic, MTV, haloperidol

Supportive Environmental manipulation for safety

Standard care Correct underlying disease or complication

Clinical recommendation Drug type Indication Evidence rating

Naltrexone FDA approved for opioid and alcohol

dependence (conjunction with counseling and behavior therapy)

A

Acamprosate FDA approved for reduce craving in

alcohol dependence (conjunction with counseling and behavior therapy)

A

Disulfiram FDA approved (does not increase

abstinence rates or decrease relapse

rates or craving compared with

placebo, not recommended for routine

use in PCU)

B

Fluoxetine and other SSRIs

recommended for patients

with comorbid depressive disorders

B

Clinical recommendation Drug type Indication Evidenc

e rating

Topiramate recommended to reduce drinking

frequency and increase abstinence

B

Ondansetron recommended to reduce drinking

frequency and increase abstinence

B

Methadone used short term, to aid opioid withdrawal, or

long term as a maintenance therapy

A

Buphrenorphine (Subutex®)

partial agonist for both mu and kappa

receptors, compete with and displaces heroin

from the mu receptor sites –mixed agonist-

antagonist effect, ‘ceiling effect” – safe. It

used short term, to aid opioid withdrawal, or

long term as a maintenance therapy

A

Clinical recommendation Drug type Indication Evidenc

e rating

Nicotine

replacement therapy (NRT)

Smoking cessation therapy A

Bupropion recommended to reduce smoking

frequency and increase abstinence

A

Varenicline tartrate

A partial agonist at the α4β2 nicotinic

acetylcholine receptor, reducing reward

effects of nicotine

Dosage: 0.5 mg OD * 3 days, then 1 mg OD *

3 days and then 1 mg bid until the end of 12-

week treatment

A

Comprehensive assessment Presenting problem(s)

Alcohol and other drug use Medical and psychiatric co-morbidity

Social circumstance Motivation and treatment goals

Alcohol-Substance problems / dependence Low to moderate Moderate to severe

Brief intervention Patient requires withdrawal

management?

Withdrawal intervention

Intensive treatment interventions

Psychosocial interventions Motivational interviewing

Relapse prevention strategies CBT approaches

Intensive treatment interventions

Pharmacotherapy Self-help approaches

Residential rehabilitation programs

Effective in reducing/stopping substance use and related problems?

Follow-up and after-care strategies

Treatment plan to address Presenting problem(s), medical

psychiatric, social needs Coordinate service providers

Yes

Yes

No No

Commonwealth of Australia 2009.

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• รกษาอาการพษสารเสพตด

• รกษาอาการจตเวชทเกดจากสารเสพตด

• รกษาอาการถอนยา (withdrawal symptoms)

• รกษาภาวะแทรกซอน

• ฟนฟรางกาย สรางแรงจงใจ

ขนตอนท 1

• ฟนฟจตใจและฝกทกษะชวต ทกษะสงคม บ าบดครอบครว

• ฟนฟอาชพ การงานและสงคม

• ใชยาลดอาการ craving

• รกษาภาวะโรครวม

ขนตอนท 2

• การตดตามการรกษาหลงจากกลบเขาสชมชน 1- 2 ป

• ฟนฟจตวญญาณ ใชกระบวนการกลม 12 ขนตอน ไดแก AA, NA

• Community reinforcement

ขนตอนท 3

ขนตอนการบ าบดรกษาผตดสารเสพตด