Overview of the Role of Domestic Institutions in Standards- Setting and Testing: Can Goods and...

Overview of the Role of Overview of the Role of Domestic Institutions in Domestic Institutions in

Standards-Setting and Testing: Standards-Setting and Testing: Can Goods and Services Comply?Can Goods and Services Comply?

Spencer HensonSpencer Henson

University of GuelphUniversity of Guelph

CanadaCanada

Some Key Messages……..Some Key Messages……..

Impact of standards on trade is Impact of standards on trade is complexcomplex

Standards are a strategic issueStandards are a strategic issue Standards capacity is crucialStandards capacity is crucial Have choices in capacity developmentHave choices in capacity development Need to be innovative in capacity Need to be innovative in capacity

developmentdevelopment

OverviewOverview Standards and tradeStandards and trade Standards systemStandards system Product and process standardsProduct and process standards Standards developmentStandards development Conformity assessment Conformity assessment Technical and administrative capacitiesTechnical and administrative capacities Private sector strategiesPrivate sector strategies Enhancing capacitiesEnhancing capacities ConclusionsConclusions

Standards and TradeStandards and Trade

Incidence of standardsIncidence of standards Impact of standards on tradeImpact of standards on trade Strategic response to standards in Strategic response to standards in

tradetrade External inducements to External inducements to

standardizationstandardization

Incidence of StandardsIncidence of Standards

Greater incidence of standards globallyGreater incidence of standards globally Standards particularly prevalent in Standards particularly prevalent in

industrialised countriesindustrialised countries Increased transparency of standards Increased transparency of standards

implementationimplementation Greater range of standards being Greater range of standards being

implementedimplemented

Notifications of Technical Notifications of Technical Measures to GATT/WTO, 1981-Measures to GATT/WTO, 1981-

20022002

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

19

81

19

82

19

83

19

84

19

85

19

86

19

87

19

88

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

Notifications under SPS Notifications under SPS Agreement, 1995-2000Agreement, 1995-2000

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Low and Middle Income Countries High-Income Countries

Impact of Standards on Impact of Standards on TradeTrade

Many case studiesMany case studies Few quantitative estimatesFew quantitative estimates Use of proxies:Use of proxies:

Border detentionsBorder detentions Cross-notificationsCross-notifications

Very partial pictureVery partial picture

Egyptian Exports of Egyptian Exports of Potatoes to the European Potatoes to the European

Union, 1990-2002Union, 1990-2002

0

100000

200000

300000

4000001990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Tonnes

Egyptian Exports of Egyptian Exports of Groundnuts to the European Groundnuts to the European

Union, 1990-2002Union, 1990-2002

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Tonnes

Food Standards as Food Standards as Barriers to Barriers to US Food and Agricultural US Food and Agricultural

Exports, 1996Exports, 1996

Regulatory Goal

Number of Barriers

Estimated Trade Impact

($ million)

Average Trade Impact per

Barrier ($ million)

Plant health 2516.79 Animal health 868.82 Food safety 2288.00 Environment 0.51

Total

260

4424.73

17.02

Cross-Notification in SPS Cross-Notification in SPS Committee, 1995-2003Committee, 1995-2003

020406080

100120140160

Low and middle incomecountrues

High-income coutries

Food safety Plant health Animal health

Cross-Notification in SPS Cross-Notification in SPS Committee, 1995-2003Committee, 1995-2003

ComplainerComplainer

HighHigh Low/Low/MiddleMiddle

SubjectSubjectHighHigh 48%48% 62%62%

Low/Low/MiddleMiddle 52%52% 38%38%

EU Import Alerts, 1990-2003EU Import Alerts, 1990-2003

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

US Border Detentions of US Border Detentions of Egyptian Agri-Food Exports, Egyptian Agri-Food Exports,

20032003

0

10

20

30

40

Fru

it &

vegeta

ble

s

Herb

s &

spic

es

Confe

ctio

nery

Dair

ypro

duct

s

Oth

er

Reasons for US Border Reasons for US Border Detention of Egyptian Agri-Food Detention of Egyptian Agri-Food

Exports, 2003Exports, 2003

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Sal

monel

la

Filt

hy

Insa

nit

ary

Low

-aci

dca

nned

food

Pro

cess

not

appro

ved

Label

ling

Pes

tici

des

Unsa

fead

dit

ive

%

Strategic Response to Strategic Response to Standards in TradeStandards in Trade

ReactiveReactive ProactiveProactive

ExitExitWait for Wait for

standards and standards and give upgive up

Anticipate Anticipate standards and standards and leave marketleave market

LoyaltyLoyaltyWait for Wait for

standards then standards then complycomply

Anticipate Anticipate standards and standards and comply aheadcomply ahead

VoiceVoice Complain when Complain when standards appliedstandards applied

Negotiate before Negotiate before standards are standards are

appliedapplied

Comparison of Kenyan and Comparison of Kenyan and Indian Fish ExportsIndian Fish Exports

KenyaKenya Main export Nile perchMain export Nile perch Majority of exports to EUMajority of exports to EU Exports developed out of Exports developed out of

traditional local supply chainstraditional local supply chains Public & private sector food Public & private sector food

safety controls under-safety controls under-developeddeveloped

Sector challenged by excess Sector challenged by excess capacity & input shortagescapacity & input shortages

Lack of industry cooperationLack of industry cooperation Faced periods of restrictions Faced periods of restrictions

totalling over 2 years during totalling over 2 years during 1997-20001997-2000

IndiaIndia Main export shrimpMain export shrimp More diversified export baseMore diversified export base Supply chain evolved with Supply chain evolved with

export focus from outsetexport focus from outset Well-established public food Well-established public food

safety capacitysafety capacity Private sector food safety Private sector food safety

controls under-developedcontrols under-developed Sector challenged by excess Sector challenged by excess

capacity & input shortagescapacity & input shortages Well-established industry Well-established industry

cooperationcooperation Faced a ban for 5 months in Faced a ban for 5 months in

19971997

Comparison of Kenyan and Comparison of Kenyan and Indian Fish ExportsIndian Fish Exports

KenyaKenya Reform of administrative Reform of administrative

responsibilities for food responsibilities for food safetysafety

Wide-scale reform of Wide-scale reform of regulatory & enforcement regulatory & enforcement frameworksframeworks

Up-grading of processing Up-grading of processing facilities & controlsfacilities & controls

Investment in up-grading of Investment in up-grading of laboratory infrastructurelaboratory infrastructure

Evolution of industry Evolution of industry cooperationcooperation

IndiaIndia Reform of regulatory & Reform of regulatory &

enforcement frameworksenforcement frameworks Up-grading of processing Up-grading of processing

facilities & controlsfacilities & controls Investment in up-grading Investment in up-grading

of laboratory of laboratory infrastructureinfrastructure

Significant restructuring Significant restructuring of supply chainsof supply chains

Comparing the Comparing the Responses……Responses……

India achieved compliance in 5 India achieved compliance in 5 months… Kenya took 4 years!months… Kenya took 4 years!

Exporters left the market Exporters left the market Reactive exitReactive exit Some exporters were advantaged and Some exporters were advantaged and

complied early: complied early: Proactive complianceProactive compliance India made moves to comply from the India made moves to comply from the

start: start: Proactive complianceProactive compliance Kenya stonewalled and challenged the Kenya stonewalled and challenged the

standards: standards: Reactive voiceReactive voice

External Inducements to External Inducements to StandardizationStandardization

TradeTrade International standardsInternational standards World Trade Organization (WTO):World Trade Organization (WTO):

SPS AgreementSPS Agreement TBT AgreementTBT Agreement

SPS AgreementSPS Agreement

‘‘Appropriate level of protection’Appropriate level of protection’ HarmonizationHarmonization EquivalenceEquivalence

OverviewOverview Standards and tradeStandards and trade Standards systemStandards system Product and process standardsProduct and process standards Standards developmentStandards development Conformity assessment Conformity assessment Technical and administrative capacitiesTechnical and administrative capacities Private sector strategiesPrivate sector strategies Enhancing capacitiesEnhancing capacities ConclusionsConclusions

Standards SystemStandards System

All activities associated with All activities associated with standardizationstandardization

Focus:Focus: Public sectorPublic sector Private sectorPrivate sector

Elements:Elements: Regulations, rules & standardsRegulations, rules & standards InstitutionsInstitutions Technical, administrative & financial capacitiesTechnical, administrative & financial capacities


Approaches to standardizationApproaches to standardization Is a national standards body needed?Is a national standards body needed? Forms of standards institutionsForms of standards institutions Role of standards institutionsRole of standards institutions

Approaches to Approaches to StandardizationStandardization

‘‘Traditional’ ApproachTraditional’ Approach Key objectives:Key objectives:

Weights & measuresWeights & measures Health & safetyHealth & safety

Static structureStatic structure Domestic focusDomestic focus Public sector activityPublic sector activity Regulatory focusRegulatory focus

‘‘New’ ApproachNew’ Approach Domestic & external Domestic & external

focusfocus Extended infrastructureExtended infrastructure Flexible & dynamic Flexible & dynamic

structurestructure Public-private sector Public-private sector

activityactivity International recognitionInternational recognition ‘‘Voluntary’ standardsVoluntary’ standards

Standards and DevelopmentStandards and Development

Need for national standards infrastructureNeed for national standards infrastructure Developing countries do have choicesDeveloping countries do have choices Need to prioritise standards-related Need to prioritise standards-related focifoci Need to select between capacity-building Need to select between capacity-building

strategiesstrategies Issues and needs highly context-specificIssues and needs highly context-specific

One Size Does Not Fit All!One Size Does Not Fit All!

Prevailing scientific/technical/business Prevailing scientific/technical/business capacitycapacity

Level and forms of industrializationLevel and forms of industrialization Level of economic diversityLevel of economic diversity Importance of export marketsImportance of export markets Size profile of industrial sectorsSize profile of industrial sectors Domestic consumer needs/demandsDomestic consumer needs/demands Country sizeCountry size Administrative/political structureAdministrative/political structure Cultural norms.Cultural norms.


Approaches to standardizationApproaches to standardization Is a national standards body needed?Is a national standards body needed? Forms of standards institutionsForms of standards institutions Role of standards institutionsRole of standards institutions

Alternatives to a National Alternatives to a National Standards BodyStandards Body

Existing industrial and trade practicesExisting industrial and trade practices Standards of others:Standards of others:

Neighbouring countriesNeighbouring countries Trading partnersTrading partners International standardsInternational standards

Association with national standards Association with national standards body of neighbouring countrybody of neighbouring country

Regional standardization activitiesRegional standardization activities Existing organizationsExisting organizations


Approaches to standardiztaionApproaches to standardiztaion Is a national standards body needed?Is a national standards body needed? Forms of standards institutionsForms of standards institutions Role of standards institutionsRole of standards institutions

Positioning of Standards Positioning of Standards Institutions (2000)Institutions (2000)

Country Country

GroupGroupPublic Public SectorSector

Private Private SectorSector

Public-Public-PrivatePrivate

TotalTotal

Industrialised Industrialised CountriesCountries

27%27% 52%52% 21%21% 100%100%

Developing Developing CountriesCountries

88%88% 6%6% 6%6% 100%100%

TotalTotal 73%73% 17%17% 10%10% 100%100%


Approaches to standardiztaionApproaches to standardiztaion Is a national standards body needed?Is a national standards body needed? Forms of standards institutionsForms of standards institutions Role of standards institutionsRole of standards institutions

Role of Standards Role of Standards InstitutionsInstitutions

Establishing standardsEstablishing standards TestingTesting Third party certificationThird party certification AccreditationAccreditation MetrologyMetrology Standards informationStandards information

Egyptian Organization for Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality Standardization and Quality

ControlControl Established 1957Established 1957 Public sector body:Public sector body:

Ministry of Industry & technologyMinistry of Industry & technology Sole national authority:Sole national authority:

MetrologyMetrology Elaboration of national standardsElaboration of national standards Product certificationProduct certification TrainingTraining Relations with international standards Relations with international standards

bodiesbodies

OverviewOverview ContextContext Standards systemStandards system Product and process standardsProduct and process standards Standards developmentStandards development Conformity assessmentConformity assessment Technical and administrative capacitiesTechnical and administrative capacities Private sector strategiesPrivate sector strategies Enhancing capacitiesEnhancing capacities ConclusionsConclusions

Product and Process Product and Process StandardsStandards

Legal basisLegal basis Inter-relationships between Inter-relationships between

mandatory and voluntary standardsmandatory and voluntary standards ContentContent

Legal Basis of StandardsLegal Basis of Standards

Mandatory standardsMandatory standards Voluntary consensus standardsVoluntary consensus standards De FactoDe Facto standards standards

Mandatory StandardsMandatory Standards

Legal requirementsLegal requirements Promulgated by public institutionsPromulgated by public institutions Predominate in areas related to heath Predominate in areas related to heath

and safetyand safety Fall within purview of World Trade Fall within purview of World Trade

OrganizationOrganization

Voluntary Consensus Voluntary Consensus StandardsStandards

Established through formal coordinated Established through formal coordinated processprocess

Established by range of private Established by range of private organisationsorganisations

Based on consensusBased on consensus VoluntaryVoluntary

De factoDe facto Standards Standards

Uncoordinated processUncoordinated process Market competitionMarket competition Not mandatory in legal senseNot mandatory in legal sense Dominate through gain of market Dominate through gain of market

shareshare Become mandatory through Become mandatory through

commercial pressurecommercial pressure

Classifying StandardsClassifying Standards

Public Private

Mandatory

Voluntary

Inter-Relationships Between Inter-Relationships Between Mandatory and Voluntary Mandatory and Voluntary

StandardsStandards In many contexts operate side-by-sideIn many contexts operate side-by-side Voluntary standards evolve as Voluntary standards evolve as

mechanism to comply with mandatory mechanism to comply with mandatory standardsstandards

Mandatory standards use voluntary Mandatory standards use voluntary standards as reference pointsstandards as reference points

Voluntary standards become Voluntary standards become embedded in mandatory standardsembedded in mandatory standards

ContentContent

Performance Criteria

Product/ Process Methods

Standards DevelopmentStandards Development

Identifying standards needs and prioritiesIdentifying standards needs and priorities

Developing standardsDeveloping standards

Decision-makingDecision-making

Implementation and promotionImplementation and promotion

Review

Identifying Standards Needs Identifying Standards Needs and Prioritiesand Priorities

Processes:Processes: Needs identified by national standards Needs identified by national standards

bodybody Structured consultationStructured consultation Voluntary suggestionsVoluntary suggestions

Interested partiesInterested parties Factors in priority-settingFactors in priority-setting Decision-makingDecision-making

Interested PartiesInterested Parties

National/sub-national governmentNational/sub-national government Manufacturers/suppliers/distributorsManufacturers/suppliers/distributors Professional institutionsProfessional institutions Research institutionsResearch institutions ConsumersConsumers Regional standardization bodiesRegional standardization bodies

Factors in Priority-SettingFactors in Priority-Setting

Objectives of the standardObjectives of the standard Economic factorsEconomic factors Government requirementsGovernment requirements Regional/international standardsRegional/international standards CapacityCapacity ResourcesResources Relation with other standardsRelation with other standards

Standards DevelopmentStandards Development

Identifying standards needs and prioritiesIdentifying standards needs and priorities

Developing standardsDeveloping standards

Decision-makingDecision-making

Implementation and promotionImplementation and promotion

Review

Implementation and Implementation and PromotionPromotion

Actors:Actors: National standards bodyNational standards body Industry/trade/consumer organizationsIndustry/trade/consumer organizations Commercial training/certification Commercial training/certification

providersproviders Education institutionsEducation institutions

Functions:Functions: Information disseminationInformation dissemination TrainingTraining CertificationCertification

Revenue generationRevenue generation

Role of StakeholdersRole of Stakeholders

InclusionInclusion DisseminationDissemination TransparencyTransparency FacilitationFacilitation

Conformity AssessmentConformity Assessment Assessment of conformity with Assessment of conformity with

standardsstandards Close links with standardization processClose links with standardization process Levels:Levels:

AssessmentAssessment AccreditationAccreditation RecognitionRecognition

Forms:Forms: Supplier’s declaration of conformitySupplier’s declaration of conformity Product testingProduct testing Product certificationProduct certification Quality system registrationQuality system registration

Supplier Supplier Declaration of Declaration of

ConformityConformity

Role of Third PartyRole of Third Party

Product Product TestingTesting

Product Product CertificationCertification

Quality System Quality System RegistrationRegistration

AssessmentAssessment Supplier’s own Supplier’s own testing and testing and

quality quality assuranceassurance

SupplierSupplier

Testing productTesting product

Independent Independent laboratorylaboratory

Certification of Certification of products against products against

standard(s)standard(s)

Product certifierProduct certifier

Audit and Audit and registration of registration of

supplier’s supplier’s quality quality

assurance assurance systemsystem

Quality system Quality system registrarregistrar

AccreditationAccreditation AcceptanceAcceptance Accreditation of Accreditation of laboratory laboratory

competencecompetence

Public/private Public/private laboratory laboratory

accreditation accreditation programprogram

Accreditation of Accreditation of certifier certifier


Public/private Public/private certifier certifier


Accreditation of Accreditation of registrar registrar


Public/private Public/private registrar registrar


RecognitionRecognition AcceptanceAcceptance Official Official recognition of recognition of

laboratory laboratory accreditation accreditation

programprogram

Public authorityPublic authority

Official Official recognition of recognition of

certifier certifier accreditation accreditation

programprogram


Official Official recognition of recognition of

registrar registrar accreditation accreditation

programprogram


Mutual RecognitionMutual Recognition

Recognition of conformity Recognition of conformity assessment procedures by another assessment procedures by another partyparty

Key issue in world tradeKey issue in world trade FormsForms Promoted by World Trade Promoted by World Trade

OrganizationOrganization

Standardization Institute of Standardization Institute of Argentina Mutual Recognition Argentina Mutual Recognition

AgreementsAgreementsISO 9000ISO 9000

AENOR (Spain)AENOR (Spain) DQS (Germany)DQS (Germany) IMQ (Italy)IMQ (Italy) QMI (Canada)QMI (Canada) SQS (Switzerland)SQS (Switzerland) UNIT (Uruguay)UNIT (Uruguay) FCA Vanzolini (Brazil)FCA Vanzolini (Brazil)

Product CertificationProduct Certification AENOR (Spain)AENOR (Spain) ASTA (UK)ASTA (UK) CESMEC (Chile)CESMEC (Chile) DIN/DGWK (Germany)DIN/DGWK (Germany) DoT (USA)DoT (USA) ICONTEC (Colombia)ICONTEC (Colombia) INTECO (Costa Rica)INTECO (Costa Rica) IMQ (Italy)IMQ (Italy) UCIEE Brazil)UCIEE Brazil) UNIT (Uruguay)UNIT (Uruguay)

Inter-American Accreditation Inter-American Accreditation Council (IAAC)Council (IAAC)

Support Free Trade Area of the Support Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) in eliminating Americas (FTAA) in eliminating technical barriers to trade through technical barriers to trade through MRAsMRAs

Support market in demand for MRAsSupport market in demand for MRAs Maintain equivalence in accreditation Maintain equivalence in accreditation

programs:programs: Certification bodiesCertification bodies LaboratoriesLaboratories Inspection bodiesInspection bodies

Technical and Administrative Technical and Administrative CapacitiesCapacities

Elements of capacity:Elements of capacity: FunctionsFunctions CapacityCapacity

Forms of capacity:Forms of capacity: Institutional structures/proceduresInstitutional structures/procedures Physical infrastructurePhysical infrastructure Human capitalHuman capital SustainabilitySustainability

Location:Location: National/regionalNational/regional Public sector/private sectorPublic sector/private sector

Elements of Sanitary and Elements of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Control CapacityPhytosanitary Control Capacity

FunctionsFunctions CapacityCapacity Internal surveillanceInternal surveillance Import controlsImport controls Emergency quarantineEmergency quarantine Export controls and certificationExport controls and certification Responsiveness to new/emerging issuesResponsiveness to new/emerging issues Institutional structures/ Institutional structures/

proceduresprocedures Risk analysisRisk analysis Physical infrastructurePhysical infrastructure Analysis and diagnosisAnalysis and diagnosis Human capitalHuman capital Controls on inputsControls on inputs SustainabilitySustainability Pest and disease controlPest and disease control Hygienic practices in production, processing Hygienic practices in production, processing

and distributionand distribution MonitoringMonitoring Identification and traceabilityIdentification and traceability

Technical and Administrative Technical and Administrative CapacitiesCapacities

Elements of capacity:Elements of capacity: FunctionsFunctions CapacityCapacity

Forms of capacity:Forms of capacity: Institutional structures/proceduresInstitutional structures/procedures Physical infrastructurePhysical infrastructure Human capitalHuman capital SustainabilitySustainability

Location:Location: National/regionalNational/regional Public sector/private sectorPublic sector/private sector

ISO Survey of Developing ISO Survey of Developing Country MembersCountry Members

Undertaken in 2002Undertaken in 2002 Response rate 71%Response rate 71% Aimed to identify problems faced by Aimed to identify problems faced by

developing countries:developing countries: Standards-settingStandards-setting Conformity assessmentConformity assessment Information servicesInformation services

Reasons for Inadequacy of Reasons for Inadequacy of Technical RegulationsTechnical Regulations

1

2

3

4

5

Lack

of te

sting

facilitie

s

Lack

of

aw

are

ness o

fin

tern

atio

nal

standard

s

Lack

of n

atio

nal

standard

s

Inaqduate

imple

menta

tion

Lack

of

coord

inatio

n o

fte

chnica

lre

gula

tions

Conformity Assessment and Conformity Assessment and Accreditation ServicesAccreditation Services

0

20

40

60

80

100

Test se

rvices

Pro

duct

certifi

catio

n

Managem

ent

system

certifi

catio

n

Accre

dita

tion

of ce

rtifiers

Labora

tory

accre

dita

tion

%

Reasons for Inadequacy of Reasons for Inadequacy of Conformity AssessmentConformity Assessment

1

2

3

4

5

Lack oftesting facilities

lack ofconsum

eraw

areness ofconfom

rityassessm

ent

lack ofproductcertifi

ers

Lack ofm

anagement

systemcertifi

ers

Cost of

conformity

assessment

bym

ultinationalcertifi

ers

Problems Obtaining Problems Obtaining Standards InformationStandards Information

0

1

2

3

4

5

Lack

of

ICT/C

onnectivity

issues

Lack

of

aw

are

ness o

fsta

ndard

sin

form

atio

nse

rvice

Lack

of

coord

inatio

n w

ithte

chnica

lre

gula

tion b

odie

s

Lack

of

funds/fo

rex to

buy sta

ndard

s

lack

of

coord

inatio

nbetw

een

standard

sin

form

atio

nse

rvices

Lack

of e

xpertise

on in

form

atio

nso

urce

s

Number of ISO 9000 and ISO Number of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 Certifications in Egypt, 14000 Certifications in Egypt,

1994-021994-02

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

ISO 9000 ISO 14000

International ParticipationInternational Participation

World Trade Organization:World Trade Organization: SPS CommitteeSPS Committee TBT CommitteeTBT Committee

International standards-setting International standards-setting organizations:organizations: International organization for standardizationInternational organization for standardization Codex Alimentarius CommissionCodex Alimentarius Commission International Plant Protection ConventionInternational Plant Protection Convention World Organization for Animal HealthWorld Organization for Animal Health

Rate of Rate of Membership of Membership of Codex AlimentariusCodex Alimentarius

CommissionCommission

0

20

40

60

80

100

1987 1995 2001

%

Low-Income Lower Middle-Income

Upper Middle-Income High-Income OECD

High-Income Non-OECD

Attendance at Meetings of Attendance at Meetings of Codex Alimentarius Codex Alimentarius

CommissionCommission

0

20

40

60

80

100

1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003

%

Low-income Lower Middle-incomeUpper Middle-income High-income OECDHigh-income Non-OECD

Participation in Participation in Codex Codex Alimentarius Alimentarius Commodity Commodity

Committees, 2001-02Committees, 2001-02

0 20 40 60 80 100

Milk and Milk Products

Sugars

Fish and Fishery Products

Cocoa Products and Chocolate

Natural Mineral Waters

Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

Fats and Oils

Processed Fruit and Vegetables

%

Low-income Lower Middle-income Upper Middle-income

High-income OECD High-income Non-OECD

Private Sector CapacityPrivate Sector Capacity

Individual enterprisesIndividual enterprises ConsortiaConsortia Commercial capacityCommercial capacity Professional societiesProfessional societies Educational establishmentsEducational establishments Industry organizationsIndustry organizations

Private Sector StrategiesPrivate Sector Strategies

Importance:Importance: National marketsNational markets International marketsInternational markets

Private standards-settingPrivate standards-setting Individual versus collective strategiesIndividual versus collective strategies Strategic responseStrategic response

Strategic Response to Strategic Response to Standards in TradeStandards in Trade

ReactiveReactive ProactiveProactive

ExitExitWait for Wait for

standards and standards and give upgive up

Anticipate Anticipate standards and standards and leave marketleave market

LoyaltyLoyaltyWait for Wait for

standards then standards then complycomply

Anticipate Anticipate standards and standards and comply aheadcomply ahead

VoiceVoice Complain when Complain when standards appliedstandards applied

Negotiate before Negotiate before standards are standards are

appliedapplied

Enhancing CapacityEnhancing Capacity

Means to enhance standardization Means to enhance standardization capacitycapacity

‘‘Innovative’ approachesInnovative’ approaches Factors influencing effectiveness of Factors influencing effectiveness of

technical assistancetechnical assistance Mainstreaming standardization in Mainstreaming standardization in

development assistancedevelopment assistance

Means to Enhance Means to Enhance Standardization CapacityStandardization Capacity

Awareness and recognition:Awareness and recognition: UsersUsers ImplementersImplementers Political decision-makersPolitical decision-makers

Physical infrastructurePhysical infrastructure Human capitalHuman capital Institution-buildingInstitution-building

Building CapacityBuilding Capacity

0

25

50

75

100

Awareness Consensus Functionalcapability

Sustainableleadership

Building Standardization Building Standardization CapacityCapacity

Private Sector

Government

Civil Society

Institutions

‘‘Innovative’ ApproachesInnovative’ Approaches

Staff secondmentsStaff secondments MentoringMentoring TwinningTwinning Regional capacity-buildingRegional capacity-building Learning from one anotherLearning from one another

Twinning in the Trinidad and Twinning in the Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of StandardsTobago Bureau of Standards

Twinned with Singapore Productivity and Twinned with Singapore Productivity and Standards Board (SISIR)Standards Board (SISIR)

Period of 30 monthsPeriod of 30 months Selection of partner organization made by Selection of partner organization made by

TTBSTTBS Five potential organizations visitedFive potential organizations visited Activities:Activities:

Exchange of technical informationExchange of technical information Training attachments of TTBS managerial and Training attachments of TTBS managerial and

technical staff at SISIRtechnical staff at SISIR Visits of SISIR staff to TTBSVisits of SISIR staff to TTBS

CARICOM Regional CARICOM Regional Organisation for Standards and Organisation for Standards and

Quality (CROSQ) Quality (CROSQ) Developed out of Caribbean Common Market Developed out of Caribbean Common Market

Standards Council (CCMSC)Standards Council (CCMSC) Objectives:Objectives:

Facilitate trade within the Caribbean Single Facilitate trade within the Caribbean Single Market and Economy (CSME) and with other Market and Economy (CSME) and with other countriescountries

Enhance efficiency and quality in the production Enhance efficiency and quality in the production of goods and services within CARICOMof goods and services within CARICOM

Promote consumer and environmental protectionPromote consumer and environmental protection Operational in 2002Operational in 2002

Functions of CROSQFunctions of CROSQ

Harmonization of standards and Harmonization of standards and mutual recognition of conformity mutual recognition of conformity assessment proceduresassessment procedures

Promote CARICOM Standard MarkPromote CARICOM Standard Mark Regional accreditation body Regional accreditation body Support national standards Support national standards

infrastructure developmentinfrastructure development

Functions of CROSQFunctions of CROSQ Handle WTO-related mattersHandle WTO-related matters Promote and protect the interests of Promote and protect the interests of

member countries member countries Investigate and arbitrate in disputes Investigate and arbitrate in disputes Maintain cooperation and collaboration Maintain cooperation and collaboration

with other bodieswith other bodies

Effectiveness of Technical Effectiveness of Technical AssistanceAssistance

Administrative structuresAdministrative structures Awareness/recognition of standardizationAwareness/recognition of standardization Priority-settingPriority-setting ‘‘Appropriate’ capacityAppropriate’ capacity Leverage pointsLeverage points ParticipationParticipation Public-private partnershipsPublic-private partnerships Regional capacity-buildingRegional capacity-building

Technical Assistance and Technical Assistance and Mauritius Standards BureauMauritius Standards Bureau

Commonwealth Fund for Technical Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation (CFTC)Cooperation (CFTC)

ISO 9000 certification schemeISO 9000 certification scheme Laboratory accreditation schemeLaboratory accreditation scheme Visits, exchange and training with Visits, exchange and training with

British Standards Institution (BSI)British Standards Institution (BSI) Accreditation by Raad voor Accreditation by Raad voor

AccreditatieAccreditatie

Technical Assistance and Technical Assistance and Mauritius Standards BureauMauritius Standards Bureau

World BankWorld Bank Strengthening metrology, standards, testing Strengthening metrology, standards, testing

and quality infrastructure to enhance export and quality infrastructure to enhance export qualityquality

Elements:Elements: National quality systemNational quality system Management and institutional up-gradingManagement and institutional up-grading Complementary services and supporting facilitiesComplementary services and supporting facilities Enhancing reputation of standardization Enhancing reputation of standardization

infrastructureinfrastructure Establishment of national accreditation systemEstablishment of national accreditation system

Mainstreaming Mainstreaming StandardizationStandardization

Recognition of role of Standardization:Recognition of role of Standardization: Economic growth/competitivenessEconomic growth/competitiveness Social welfareSocial welfare

Standardization and basic capacity-Standardization and basic capacity-buildingbuilding

Governance issuesGovernance issues Role of civil societyRole of civil society

ConclusionsConclusions

Standardization capacity importantStandardization capacity important One size does not fit all…One size does not fit all… All sectors have a role to playAll sectors have a role to play Need to mainstream standardizationNeed to mainstream standardization Need for effective capacity-buildingNeed for effective capacity-building High cost-high benefitHigh cost-high benefit

Overview of the Role of Domestic Institutions in Standards- Setting and Testing: Can Goods and...

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