Overview of the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and the...
Transcript of Overview of the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and the...
Page 1 Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards
EEE 802
Overview of the IEEE 802.22 Working Group
Activities and the IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR)
Standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks
Point of Contact
Dr. Apurva N. Mody,
Chair, IEEE 802.22 Working Group
Chairman, WhiteSpace Alliance®
www.ieee802.org/22
www.WhiteSpaceAlliance.org
+1-404-819-0314
This presentation was compiled by the Participants of the IEEE 802.22
Working Group as well as the Participants of the WhiteSpace Alliance.
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Disclaimer…
“At lectures, symposia, seminars, or educational
courses, an individual presenting information on
IEEE standards shall make it clear that his or her
views should be considered the personal views of
that individual rather than the formal position,
explanation, or interpretation of the IEEE.”
http://standards.ieee.org/ipr/disclaimers.html
This presentation was compiled by the Participants of the IEEE 802.22
Working Group as well as the Participants of the WhiteSpace Alliance.
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802.22
WRAN
Courtesy, Paul Nikolich,
Chair, IEEE 802
IEEE Standards Association Hierarchy
802.15
WPAN
802.11
WLAN
• IEEE is world’ s
largest professional
organization with a
mission of
Advancing
Technology for the
Humanity.
• IEEE SA has more
than 350 standards
working groups
Wi-FAR™ Wi-Fi™ ZigBee™
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IEEE 802.22 WG on Cognitive Radio Based Spectrum Sharing and Wireless Regional Area Networks
IEEE 802.22 Standard – Wireless
Regional Area Networks:
Cognitive Radio based Access in
TV White Spaces
802.22.1 – Std for
Enhanced
Interference
Protection using
beaconing
802.22.2 – Std for
Recommended
Practice for
Deployment of
802.22 Systems
802.22a –
Enhanced
Management
Information Base
and Management
Plane Procedures
802.22b
Enhancement
for Broadband
Services and
Monitoring
Applications
IEEE 802.22 WG is
the recipient of
the IEEE SA
Emerging
Technology Award
802.22.1a –
Advanced
Beaconing
IEEE SA awards
ceremony
P802.22.3 -
Spectrum
Characterization
and Occupancy
Sensing (SCOS)
Task Group
IEEE 802.22 Standard for
Operation in Bands that
Allow Spectrum Sharing
Standard Completed
Work Ongoing
Work about to Begin
ISO Approved
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IEEE Std. 802.22-2011 Published Standard Title and Scope
Title: IEEE Standard for Information Technology— Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems - Specific requirements -
Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) - Part 22: Cognitive Wireless
RAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications: Policies and Procedures for Operation in the TV Bands
Scope: This standard specifies the air interface, including the cognitive
medium access control layer (MAC) and physical layer (PHY), of point-to-
multipoint wireless regional area networks comprised of a professional
fixed base station with fixed and portable user terminals operating in the
VHF/UHF TV broadcast bands between 54 MHz to 862 MHz.
The IEEE Std. 802.22-2011 was approved by the ISO/
JTC1 / SC6. This new standard will be referred to as the
ISO/IEC/IEEE Std. 8802-22:2015 - Press Release
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P802.22b Amendment: Enhancements for Broadband Services and Monitoring Applications
Scope: This standard specifies alternate Physical Layer (PHY) and
necessary Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) enhancements to IEEE
std. 802.22-2011 for operation in Very High Frequency (VHF)/ Ultra High
Frequency (UHF) TV broadcast bands between 54 MHz and 862 MHz to
support enhanced broadband services and monitoring applications. The
standard supports aggregate data rates greater than the maximum data
rate supported by the IEEE Std. 802.22-2011. This standard defines new
classes of 802.22 devices to address these applications and supports
more than 512 devices in a network. This standard also specifies
techniques to enhance communications among the devices and makes
necessary amendments to the cognitive, security & parameters and
connection management clauses. This amendment supports mechanisms
to enable coexistence with other 802 systems in the same band
P802.22b Amendment in its Final Stages of Approval
within the IEEE. Planning to Forward this Standard to
ISO for Consideration through the PSDO Process
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IEEE Std. 802.22a-2014 Amendment: Management and Control Plane Interfaces and Procedures and enhancement to the
Management Information Base (MIB)
Scope: This amendment defines a new clause for Management and
Control Plane Interfaces and Procedures to the existing IEEE Std 802.22-
2011 for operation in VHF/UHF TV broadcast bands between 54 MHz and
862 MHz. The Management Information Base (MIB) structure
enhancements include changes to comply with the ASN.1 format and
support for the new clause. Modifications to the existing clause on
Primitives for Cognitive Radio Capabilities to align it with the content in the
MIB clause and the new clause are also defined.
The IEEE Std. 802.22a-2014 Approved by the IEEE in
2014. Planning to Forward this Standard to ISO for
Consideration through the PSDO Process
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IEEE Std. 802.22.1-2010 and the Advanced Beaconing (Revision)
Title: IEEE Standard for Information Technology--Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems--Local and metropolitan area
networks--Specific requirements Part 22.1: Standard to Enable Spectrum Sharing
using Advanced Beaconing
Scope: This standard specifies methods for spectrum sharing using advanced
beaconing. The beacon specifies a format that facilitates its detection at low Signal
to Noise Ratios. It contains information about a system that requires interference
protection and is willing to share the spectrum with other systems. The Standard
defines Physical Layer (PHY) and Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) for
advanced beacon operation in High Frequency (HF), Very High Frequency (VHF),
Ultra High Frequency (UHF) (3MHz to 862 MHz) and the S-Band (2 GHz – 4 GHz).
Enhanced security features, spectrum management, self- organizing network and
relay capabilities are included in the beacon specification. The beacon supports
spectrum sharing with licensed wireless microphones, radars, fixed and
transportable space to earth receiver stations and other services. This standard
supports mechanisms to enable coexistence
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IEEE Std. 802.22.2-2012 – Recommended Practice for Installation and Deployment of 802.22 Systems
Title: IEEE Standard for Information Technology— Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems - Specific requirements -
Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) - Part 22.2: Recommended
Practice for the Installation and Deployment of IEEE 802.22 Systems
Scope: This document recommends best engineering practices for the
installation and deployment of IEEE 802.22
systems to help assure that such systems are correctly installed and
deployed.
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IEEE P802.22.3 – (New) - Spectrum Characterization and Occupancy Sensing (SCOS) Task Group
Title: IEEE Standard for Information Technology— Telecommunications
and information exchange between systems - Specific requirements -
Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) - Part 22.3: Standard for
Spectrum Characterization and Occupancy Sensing
Scope: This Standard defines a Spectrum Characterization and
Occupancy Sensing (SCOS) System. It specifies measurement
parameters and device behaviors. It includes protocols for reporting
measurement information that enable coalescing the results from multiple
such devices. The standard leverages interfaces and primitives that are
derived from IEEE Std. 802.22-2011, and uses any on-line transport
mechanism available to achieve the control and management of the
system. Interfaces and primitives are provided for conveying value added
sensing information to various spectrum sharing database services. This
standard specifies a device operating in the bands below 1 GHz and a
second device operating from 2.7 GHz to 3.7 GHz.
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Overview of the IEEE 802.22 Working Group
Activities and the IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR)
Standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks
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Providing cost-effective RURAL broadband is a
significant opportunity
• Today, 70% of the people in the world (5.1 Billion people)
do not have access to high speed (> 1Mbps) internet.
More than half the population in the world live in rural
areas with hardly any access to broadband.
• It is expensive to lay fiber / cable in rural and remote areas
with low population density. Wireless is the only solution.
Backhaul / backbone internet access for rural areas is very
expensive (50% of the cost)
• Traditional wireless carriers have focused on urban areas with
high populations density (faster Return on Investment) using
licensed spectrum
• This has created a DIGITAL DIVIDE / OPPORTUNITY
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The Connectivity Challenge
“The Digital Divide
continues to be the
Development
Divide” Irina Bokova,
Director General -
UNESCO
“The Marketplace
has not solved this
digital divide
between 2000-2015,
and it likely won’t
solve it between
2015-2030 without a
new approach”
LDCs = Least Developed Countries (48 countries)
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The Reality of the Affordability & Reach Challenge
Billions of People on
Earth
Average Annual Income
(pa)
Affordable monthly
communications spend
1st Billion $29,206 $205
2nd Billion $12,722 $53
3rd Billion $5,540 $23
4th Billion $2,987 $12
5th Billion $1,771 $7
6th Billion $1,065 $4.4
7th Billion $540 $2.25
(Source: Richard Thanki, University of Southampton, from UN & ITU Data)
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Spectrum is currently underutilized
Spectrum utilization ~6.5% Spectrum allocation ~100%
TV Whitepaces (TVWS) is the first step – Spectrum
Sharing in Other Bands is next
Unused spectrum exists from … time to time, & location to location
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TV Band WhiteSpaces: Can help Alleviate Digital Divide
Legend
Available TV channels
None
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 and +
Source: Gerald Chouinard, CRC and Industry Canada
Southern Ontario and Quebec, Canada
Many Channels
Available in
Rural Areas
Urban Areas
• VHF / UHF bands traditionally have highly
favorable propagation characteristics.
Penetrating through foliage and structures,
they reach far and wide
• Rural areas and developing countries
have significant un-used TV Band
Channels also known as the White
Spaces.
TV Channel Availability for Broadband
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TV WhiteSpace Availability in the United States
Peter Flynn, Texas Instruments,
White Space - Potentials and
Realities
Today, more than 30 TV Channels (180 MHz) are Available in
Rural United States which may be used for Broadband
Internet Access. This un-used or under-utilized spectrum is
called the WhiteSpace.
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UHF Band-IV (470-590MHz) Utilization in India
Band Characteristics
At any place at least 12 out of 15 channels are always available
3
2 15 channels of 8MHz each
4 Better propagation characteristics than existing unlicensed band
1 Primary user: Doordarshan 373 transmitters overall
5 Potential for providing affordable rural broadband
* Using protection/pollution viewpoint [Mishra-Sahai’09]
IIT-Bombay analysis reveals that at least 100MHz unused in UHF Band-IV from 470 MHz – 585 MHz
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The Magic of TV White Space
It has 3 to 5 times broader coverage and range of microwave
Fewer access points = greatly reduced cost
This opens up a vast clean spectrum at no cost
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IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) Applications
Rural Broadband
and Backhaul
BEFORE
Now
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TVWS Regulations in Various Countries
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Availability of TVWS
TV broadcast area
TV White Space
The calculation of radio propagation is based on the FCC regulation.
TV data in Japan is taken from a data book.
Many TV Channels are available in Rural Areas. IEEE 802.22 is
Designed for Rural Areas and Developing Countries
Page 23 Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards
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IEEE 802.22 Applications
Triple play
Environment
monitoring
Critical infrastructure
monitoring
Border protection
Emergency broadband
infrastructure
Cellular offload
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C. W. Pyo, Use Cases for IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR(TM)) Smart Grid and Critical Infrastructure Monitoring
Remote
medical service
IEEE 802.22 Applications
Archipelago
and marine
broadband
service.
Servicing oil
rigs
• TVDB = (TV Database)
• LC- CPE = Low Complexity CPE
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IEEE 802.22 Enables Cognitive Machine to Machine Communications
IEEE 802.22 is applicable to Smart Grid
Applications
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IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) Summary
• First IEEE Standard for operation in Television Whitespaces
• First IEEE Standard that is specifically designed for rural and regional area
broadband access aimed at removing the digital divide
• First IEEE Standard that has all the Cognitive Radio features
• IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) provides Broadband Wireless Access to Regional,
Rural and Remote Areas Under Line of Sight (LoS) and Non Line of Sight
(NLoS) Conditions using Cognitive Radio Technology (without causing
harmful interference to the incumbents).
• Cognitive Radio technology added to a simple and optimized OFDMA
waveform (similar to the OFDMA technology used in other broadband
standards
• Meets all the regulatory requirements such as protection of incumbents,
access to the database, accurate geo-location, control of the EIRP etc.
• Large regional area foot print can allow placement of the Base Station closer
to the area with cheaper internet backhaul / backbone.
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Overview of the IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) Standard
• Core Technology - Cognitive radio technology
used to co-exist with and protect the primary
users (incumbents).
• Representation – Commercial industry,
Broadcasters, DoD, Regulators, and Academia
• Membership – 30 on an average (over 5 years)
• CONOPS - VHF and UHF band operation
allows long range propagation and cell radius of
10 – 30 km, exceptionally extensible to 100 km
in favorable conditions with only 4 Watts of
Transmit Power.
• PHY - Optimized for long signal propagation
distances and highly frequency selective fading
channels (multipath with large excess delays).
• MAC – Provides compensation for long round
trip delays to provide service to up to 100 km.
• Unique features introduced for Cognitive Radio
based operation: database access, spectrum
sensing, spectrum management, incumbent
protection, coexistence, geo-location and
security
• Portability – IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR(TM)) allows portability (nomadic use). In case the rules do change, IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR(TM)) PHY is designed to support mobility of up to 114 km/h (no hand-off is included in the current version).
PHY optimized to
tolerate long
channel response
and frequency
selective fading
MAC provides
compensation for
long round trip
delays
Cognitive radio based un-
licensed usage, ideally
suited for rural broadband
wireless access
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IEEE 802.22 CONOPS
• Operation in the VHF / UHF Un-used or Under-utilized Spectrum also known as the WhiteSpaces.
• Network Topology – Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) or Point to Point (PtP) for Middle Mile and Backhaul.
• Max EIRP and Cell Radius – Fixed BS and Fixed Subscribers using 4W EIRP, Cell Radius 10 – 30 km,
exceptionally extensible to 100 km under favorable conditions. 802.22 protocol has been Optimized for
long signal propagation distances. (Higher power BS allowed in countries outside the USA)
• Portable Subscribers Supported.
• Tx / Rx antenna – BS uses sectorized or omni-directional antenna. At the subscriber Tx /Rx antenna is
directional with 14 dB of front-to-back lobe suppression,
• Sensing antenna requires horizontal and vertical polarization sensitivities to sense TV and microphone
signals, and omni-directional pattern.
• Geo-location - GPS based geo-location is mandatory, and high resolution terrestrial geo-location
(triangulation) is embedded in the standard
Sensing and GPS Antennas
Directional Tx / Rx Antenna at the Subscriber
Omni-directional Tx / Rx Antenna at the Base Station
Broadband Internet Connectivity
using TV WhiteSpaces
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IEEE 802.22 Cognitive Node: Reference Architecture (Clause 5)
IEEE 802.22 Provides Three
Mechanisms for Incumbent
Protection
• Sensing
• Database Access
• Specially Designed Beacon
Security Sub-layers are
introduced to protect non-
cognitive as well as cognitive
functions
Cognitive Plane is used to
control the Cognitive Radio
Operation. Security
Sublayer 2 is introduced for
protection against Cognitive
Threats
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IEEE 802.22 – Cognitive Radio Capability (Clause 10)
Spectrum Manager
Policies
Incumbent Database
Service
Incumbent Database
Spectrum Sensing RF sensing performance
0.1%
1.0%
10.0%
100.0%
-26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2
SNR (dB)
Pro
ba
bil
ity
of
mis
de
tec
tio
n (
Pm
d)
Energy - 1dB Pfa=10% 5 ms
Energy - 0.5dB Pfa=10% 5 ms
Energy - 0dB Pfa=10% 5ms
Thomson-Segment Pfa=10% 4 ms
I2R Pfa=0.1% 4ms
I2R Pfa= 1% 4ms
I2R Pfa=10% 4 ms
Qualcomm Field Pfa=10% 24 ms
Qualcom Field Pfa=1% 24 ms
Thomson Field Pfa=10% 24 ms
Thomson Field Pfa=1% 24ms
Channel Set Management Subscriber Station
Registration and Tracking
Self Co-existence
time
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 3 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3
Super-frame N (16 Frames) Super-frame N+1 (16 Frames)
… … …
Coexistence Beacon WindowsData Frames
TV Channel
X
Geo-location
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IEEE 802.22 – PHY Features (Clause 9)
PHY capacity Mbit/s bit/(s*Hz) PHY performance: SNR (dB)
Mod. Rate CP= 1/8 Mod. Rate SNR
QPSK
1/2 3.74 0.624
QPSK
1/2 4.3
2/3 4.99 0.832 2/3 6.1
3/4 5.62 0.936 3/4 7.1
5/6 6.24 1.04 5/6 8.1
16QAM
1/2 7.49 1.248
16QAM
1/2 10.2
2/3 9.98 1.664 2/3 12.4
3/4 11.23 1.872 3/4 13.5
5/6 12.48 2.08 5/6 14.8
64QAM
1/2 11.23 1.872
64QAM
1/2 15.6
2/3 14.98 2.496 2/3 18.3
3/4 16.85 2.808 3/4 19.7
5/6 18.72 3.12 5/6 20.9 Note: includes phase noise: -80dBc/Hz at 1 kHz
and 10 kHz and -105 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz
• PHY Transport - 802.22 uses Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) as
transport mechanism. Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is used in
the Upstream
• Modulation - QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM
supported
• Coding – Convolutional Code is mandatory.
Either Turbo, LDPC or Shortened Block Turbo
Code can be used for advanced coding.
• Pilot Pattern - Each OFDM / OFDMA symbol is
divided into sub-channels of 28 subcarriers of
which 4 are pilots. Pilot carriers are inserted
once every 7 sub-carriers. Pilots cycle through
all 7 sub-carriers over 7 symbol duration. No
frequency domain interpolation is required
because of low Doppler spread in TV bands.
• Net Spectral Efficiency - 0.624 bits/s/Hz – 3.12
bits/s/Hz
• Spectral Mask - IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR(TM))
PHY flexible to meet Spectral Mask
requirements in various countries
Data Rates in NLOS Conditions
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• Long distance communication in the VHF/ UHF Band needs to deal with
severe multipath and delay spread conditions
• Frequency selective with large excessive delay
– Excessive delay (measurements in US, Germany, France*)
• Longest delay: >60 μsec
• 85% test location with delay spread ~35 μsec
– Low frequency (54~862 MHz)
– Long range (up to 100 km)
– Slow fading
• Small Doppler spread
• (up to a few Hz)
TV Channel Modeling – IEEE 802.22 Supports Large Multi-Path Delay Absorption for Long Distance
Communications (Clauses 7 and 9)
* WRAN Channel Modeling,
IEEE802.22-05/0055r7, Aug 05
Information provided by TV
Broadcasters
Profile C
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Excess delay (usec)
Re
lati
ve
att
en
ua
tio
n (
dB
)
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IEEE 802.22 – Frame Structure (Clause 7)
• Time Division Duplex (TDD) frame structure Super-frame: 160 ms, Frame: 10 ms
• OFDM/ OFDMA Transport
• QPSK up to 64 QAM modulation supported
• Convolutional codes and other advanced codes supported
• Throughput: 22-29 Mbps per TV channel WITH NO MIMO. MIMO and channel bonding increase the throughput
• Spectral Efficiency: 0.624 – 3.12 bits / sec / Hz
• Distance: 10 km minimum. Upto 30 km and even 100 kms
• MAC supports Cognitive Radio features
• Self-coexistence Window (SCW): BS commands subscribers to send out CBPs for 802.22
Co-existence Beacon Protocol (CBP) burst used for 802.22 self co-existence
and terrestrial geo-location
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Concept of IEEE 802.22 Frame Operation (Clause 7)
The propagation time for
CPEs beyond 30km will
be accommodated by
scheduling of late
upstream bursts
BS
CPE
T=0
T=10ms
Neighbor Cell CPE
Neighbor BS
Down Stream BurstsUp Stream Bursts
SCW
Home Cell Coverage
Neighbor Cell Coverage
Long distance From BS
Short distance From BS
Frame N
CPE
Contention
for all CBP
transmitters
The allocation of burst
could be based on
distance of CPE from BS
in order to compensate the
propagation delay under
overlapping cells
IEEE 802.22 systems are
designed to accommodate
propagation delays and
channel delay spreads of
up to 100 km.
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IEEE 802.22 – Geo-location (Clause 10)
Satellite-based geo-location • Requires GPS antenna at each terminal
• NMEA 0183 data string used to report to BS
Terrestrially-based geo-location: • Normal BS-CPE ranging process: provides
coarse ranging to an accuracy of 147.8 ns
(44.3 m)
• Extended ranging process: augments the
accuracy of the ranging process to 1 ns (0.3 m)
by a more accurate scheme using the complex
channel impulse response
• Off-line geo-location calculation: All the
information acquired at the CPEs is transmitted
to the BS which can delegate the calculation of
the CPE geo-location to a server.
List of echo amplitudes and delaysrelative to the terminal 2 sampling time
IDFT
Time
QI
Time
Cyclic prefix
Convolution with thechannel impulse response
Time
QI
QI
2048 samples
QI
QI
QI
Complex
correlation
OFDM carrier setdistorted by channel
Frequency
...
QI
Frequency domain response of aDirac pulse distorted by channel
Frequency
...
Carrier phase reversal
based on the PN-sequence
IDFT
Channel impulse responserelative to the sampling time
QI
QI
QI
QI
τ 1
QI
τ 1
τ 2τ 3
Amplitude1 Delay
1
Amplitude2 Delay
2
Amplitude3 Delay3
Amplitude4 Delay4
etc...
Y
Y/X
2048 carriers BPSKmodulated by PN-sequence
2048 time domain samples
2048 carriers
2048 carriers
2048 I&Q samples at sampling
period (i.e., every 180 degrees)
High resolution bandlimited impulse response
(e.g., every 1 degree)
QI
2048 x 180 I&Q samples
at every degreeQIDFT
Signal transmittedto terminal 2
Signal sent back to terminal 1
Frequency
...X
PN-sequence
Signal receivedby the user terminal
OFDM carrier set
Resolution= sampling period / 180
-
1
0
1
Precise time sample
Imaginary
Real
-1
0
1
I
Q
Sampling times
Imaginary
Real
Channel impulse response
relative to the sampling time
Signal Processing Flow for the Terrestrial Geo-location
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IEEE 802.22 – Self Co-existence (Clause 7)
time
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 3 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3
Super-frame N (16 Frames) Super-frame N+1 (16 Frames)
… … …
Coexistence Beacon WindowsData Frames
TV Channel
X
Spectrum Etiquette (Enough channels available)
On Demand Frame Contention
(Two or more cells need to co-exist on the same channel)
Number x – represents operating channel
Number y – represents backup channel
Number z (double underline) – represents candidate channel
Primary user
appears
Requires that information on
operating, backup and candidate
channels of each cell is shared
amongst WRAN cells: exchanged
by CBP bursts.
Self-coexistence
window (SCW) does not
have to be allocated at
each frame.
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Security Sub-layer 1
Architecture for Data / Control
and Management Plane
• Provides traditional security –
PHY / MAC Layer Security
IEEE 802.22 Security Sub-layer Architecture (Clause 8)
Security Sub-layer 2 Architecture
for Cognitive Functions
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IEEE 802.22 Chipset and Device Makers
• Saankhya Labs, an Indian Fabless
Semiconductor company
– Providing IC/Modules for building next
generation 802.22 (Wi-FAR) networks
• Carlson Wireless, an internationally
recognized Device Manufacturer of the
WhiteSpace Radios
• Hitachi / NICT TVWS field experiments
using IEEE 802.22 and IEEE 802.11af.
• Successful downstream and upstream
data transmission at 12.7 km distance
between IEEE 802.22-based base
station and customer premises
equipment, at a speed of 5.2 Mbps and
4.5Mbps, respectively: Link
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IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) Products being Released
• IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR) Spec compliant
Base Station
• Highlights
– Non-Line of Sight connectivity
– Point-to-Point & Point to Multi-point topology
– Wireless Back-Haul for long-range P2P links
– TDD (Time Division Duplex) or FDD
(Frequency Division Duplex) modes
– Encryption and authentication
• Features – Long range upto 20 Km
– Frequency band: 300MHz to 700 MHz
– Configurable bandwidth: 1 to 8MHz
– Modulation Scheme:: OFDMA with coding support from BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM & 64-QAM with configurable code rate
– Max link rate: 30Mbps per 8-MHz channel
– Receiver sensitivity: -98dBm for QPSK
– RF Power: Upto 30dBm conducted power
– Adjacent & alternate channel blocker immunity
– Integrated PoE
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P802.22b Amendment: Enhancements for Broadband Services and
Monitoring Applications
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P802.22b Amendment: Enhancements for Broadband Services and Monitoring Applications
Scope: This standard specifies alternate Physical Layer (PHY) and
necessary Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) enhancements to IEEE
std. 802.22-2011 for operation in Very High Frequency (VHF)/ Ultra High
Frequency (UHF) TV broadcast bands between 54 MHz and 862 MHz to
support enhanced broadband services and monitoring applications. The
standard supports aggregate data rates greater than the maximum data
rate supported by the IEEE Std. 802.22-2011. This standard defines new
classes of 802.22 devices to address these applications and supports
more than 512 devices in a network. This standard also specifies
techniques to enhance communications among the devices and makes
necessary amendments to the cognitive, security & parameters and
connection management clauses. This amendment supports mechanisms
to enable coexistence with other 802 systems in the same band
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IEEE P802.22b Usage Cases
Category Usage Cases Properties
A) Smart Grid
& Monitoring
A1) Regional Area Smart
Grid/Metering • Low capacity/complexity CPEs
• Very large number of monitoring
CPEs
• Fixed and Potable CPEs
• Real time monitoring
• Low duty cycle
• High reliability and security
• Large coverage area
• Infrastructure connection
A2) Agriculture/Farm House
Monitoring
A3) Critical Infrastructure/Hazard
Monitoring
A4) Environment Monitoring
A5) Homeland Security/Monitoring
A6) Smart Traffic Management and
Communication
B) Broadband
Service
Extension
B1) Temporary Broadband
Infrastructure
(e.g., emergency broadband
infrastructure)
• Fixed and Portable CPEs
• Higher capacity CPEs than
Category A)
• High QoS, reliability and security
• Higher data rate than Category
A)
• Easy network setup
• Infrastructure and Ad hoc
connection
B2) Remote Medical Service
B3) Archipelago/Marine Broadband
Service
C) Combined
Service
C1) Combined Smart Grid, Monitoring
and Broadband Service • Category A) and B)
Page 43 Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards
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Smart Grid, Monitoring and Broadband Services on P802.22b
Usage
Regional Area Smart
Grid/Metering by Low
Capacity/Complexity CPEs
(LC-CPEs) such as smart
meters
Properties
1) Low capability/
complexity CPE (LC-
CPE)
2) Large number of fixed
LC-CPEs
3) Low duty cycle, high
reliability and security
4) CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul
for LC-CPEs as well as
perform monitoring
Topology
Fixed Infrastructure mode Fixed Point-to-Multipoints
Communications
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P802.22b Amendment Considerations
• P802.22b standard
– considers to support low energy consumption and low complexity
CPEs
– considers to support ad hoc connection (such as peer-to-peer
connection, multi-hop connection) among portable CPEs for
emergency broadband infrastructure
– considers to support very large number of CPEs with low energy and
complexity for monitoring a regional area
– considers to support high reliability and QoS for critical applications
such as medical service, hazard monitoring, etc
– considers to support real time monitoring system with low latency.
– considers CPEs with multiple operation modes [eg. low and high
capabilities]
– considers supporting interface with various sensors
– considers supporting higher data rate by channel aggregation.
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P802.22b - System Overview
PHY Layer
PHY Modes PHY Operation Mode
1
PHY Operation Mode
2
Channel bandwidth 6, 7, or 8 MHz
Payload Modulation QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, MD-
TCM
Multiple Access OFDMA
FFT Size 2048 1024
Data Rate Up to 513 Mbps Up to 404.39Mbps
MIMO 2 x 2 and 4 x 4
MAC Layer
Communications Direct connection and Relay connection
Supported devices Up to 8192 CPEs
Device categories Advanced BS (A-BS), Advance CPE (A-
CPE), Subscribe CPE (S-CPE)
Multi-channel
operations
Select unused TV bands from WSDB
Page 46 Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards
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802.22b Relay-Frame Format
Relay Frame
Access
Zone
An access zone is
operated for A-BS and all
other CPEs directly.
Relay Zone A communication zone
between any A-CPE and
an S-CPE or A-BS. A
relay zone is
operated as one of the
following two relay zones
- centralized relay zone
(CRZ) and distributed
relay zone
(DRZ).
802.22b Relay enhances connection reliability, reduces the network
management overhead, and could extend the service coverage of A-
WRAN.
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P802.22b - Multi-channel Operation
The multi-channel operation can improve the individual A-CPEs
throughput
1. by decreasing the total number of associated A-CPEs per operating
channel, or
2. by increasing the number of operating channels assigned to the
associated A- CPEs
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IEEE 802.22 Revision will Incorporate Various Amendments and Specify More Generic System for the
Bands that Allow Spectrum Sharing
IEEE 802.22 Revision Project has been Approved. It will Start in Q1 of 2015
Title: IEEE Standard for Information technology-- Local and metropolitan area
networks-- Specific requirements-- Part 22: Cognitive Radio Wireless Regional Area
Networks (WRAN) Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
specifications: Policies and procedures for operation in the Bands that Allow
Spectrum Sharing where the Communications Devices may Opportunistically
Operate in the Spectrum of the Primary Service
Scope: This standard specifies the air interface, including the cognitive radio
medium access control layer (MAC) and physical layer (PHY), of point-to-multipoint
and backhaul wireless regional area networks comprised of a professional fixed
base station with fixed and portable user terminals. The standard specifies operation
in the bands that allow spectrum sharing where the communications devices may
opportunistically operate in the spectrum of the primary service, such as 1300 MHz
to 1750 MHz, 2700 MHz to 3700 MHz and the VHF/UHF TV broadcast bands
between 54 MHz to 862 MHz.
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Conclusions • IEEE 802.22 Working Group has created Cognitive Radio and Spectrum Sharing
Technologies that are applicable to Television Band White Spaces as well as
Other (e. g. Radar) Bands
• IEEE 802.22 defines the First IEEE Cognitive Radio Standard for operation in
Television Whitespaces
• IEEE 802.22 is the First IEEE Standard that is specifically designed for rural and
regional area broadband access aimed at removing the digital divide
• IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) provides Broadband Wireless Access to Regional, Rural
and Remote Areas Under Line of Sight (LoS) and Non Line of Sight (NLoS)
conditions without causing harmful interference to the incumbents.
• Other IEEE 802.22 supporting technologies such as the IEEE 802.22.1 Advanced
Beaconing and new IEEE 802.22.3 Spectrum Characterization and Occupancy
Sensing (SCOS) Study Group will create enabling technologies for spectrum
sharing.
Page 50 Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards
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References
• IEEE 802.22 Working Group Website – www.ieee802.org/22
• Apurva Mody, Gerald Chouinard, “Overview of the IEEE 802.22 Standard on Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) and Core Technologies” http://www.ieee802.org/22/Technology/22-10-0073-03-0000-802-22-overview-and-core-technologies.pdf
• WhiteSpace Alliance: www.WhiteSpaceAlliance.org
• Get Completed IEEE 802.22 Standards Here: http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.22.html