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Overview of the Financial Environment...Because adverse selection makes it more likely that loans...
Transcript of Overview of the Financial Environment...Because adverse selection makes it more likely that loans...
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Security Analysis
Overview of Financial Market
Environment and Conditions
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The Role of Financial Markets and
Institutions
A financial markets Market with assets (securities, financial instruments)
Sell and buy …
Transfer of funds…
Deficit subjects
Surplus subjects
Financial Market: a market in which financial assets (securities) such as stocks and bonds can be purchased or sold Financial intermediation – financial savings to investments
Payment system
Means of manage risk
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Role of Financial Markets
Transfer funds from those who have excess funds to those who need funds.
Students – student loan
Families – mortgages
Business – finance they growth
Government – finance their expenditures
One side supply funds the other side demand funds
Earn return but only if fund is available in financial market
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Role of Financial Markets
Surplus units – lenders, investors
Receive more money than they spend
Deficit units – borrowers
Spend more money than they receive
This relation is formally organized by
securities
Agreement between lender and borrower
Claim on the issuer
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Role of Financial Markets
Debt securities Represent debt incurred by issuer – credit, borrowed funds
Deficit units issue the securities to surplus units and…
…pay interest to surplus unit on a periodic basis (such as every six months)
Characteristics: Maturity date
Face value
Fixed or variable interest rate
Equity securities Represent equity or ownership in the issuer – stocks
Deficit unites issue the stocks to surplus money… …spend more money than they receive from normal operations
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Role of Financial Markets
Debt instruments Bonds, mortgages, mortgage-backed securities
Contractual agreement by the borrowers to pay the holder of the instrument fixed amounts at regular intervals until a specific date (maturity day), when a final payment is made.
The maturity of a debt instrument is the number of years until that instrument’s expiration date.
Debt instrument is Short – terms or
Long - term
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Role of Financial Markets
Equities Common stocks
Which are claims to share in the net income (income after expenses and taxes) and the assets of a business.
If you own one share of common stock in a company that has issued one million shares, you are entitled to 1 one-millionth of the firm’s net income and 1 one-millionth of the firm’s assets.
Equities often make periodic payments to their holders Dividends
They are considered long-term securities because they have no maturity day.
Owning stocks means that you own a portion of the firm and thus have the right to vote on issues important to the firm and elect its directors.
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Role of Financial Markets
Advantages and disadvantages
Debt vs. equities
Disadvantages of equities
Equity holder is residual claimant
Advantages of equities
Holders benefit directly from any increases in the
corporation’s profitability or asset value
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Type of Financial Markets
Money versus Capital Markets
Short-Term, < 1 Year
High Quality Issuers
Debt Only
Primary Market Focus
Liquidity Market--Low
Returns
Long-Term, >1Yr
Range of Issuer Quality
Debt and Equity
Secondary Market Focus
Financing Investment--
Higher Returns
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Type of Financial Markets
Primary versus Secondary Markets
New Issue of Securities
Exchange of Funds for
Financial Claim
Funds for Borrower; an IOU
(I owe you) for Lender
Trading Previously Issued
Securities
No New Funds for Issuer
Provides Liquidity for Seller
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Type of Financial Markets
Securities brokers and dealers are crucial to
a well-functioning secondary market
Brokers
Dealers
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Type of Financial Markets
Because over-the-counter dealers are in computer
contact and know the prices set by one another, the
OTC market is very competitive and not very
different from a market with an organized exchange.
Stock Exchange
Visible Marketplace
Members Trade
Securities Listed
New York Stock
Exchange
NASDAQ (2006)
OTC
Wired Network of
Dealers
No Central, Physical
Location
All Securities Traded
off the Exchanges
Forex
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How Financial Markets Facilitate
Corporate Finance Three segments of finance
Corporate finance How much funding to obtain and how to invest a proceeds to
expand their operation
Investment management Make a decision about form of financing and investing
Debt vs. Equity financing or investing
Financial markets and institutions Attract fund from investors and channel the funds to
corporation
Money market – borrow on short term basis Support existing operations
Capital market – obtain long term funds Support corporate expansion
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How Financial Markets Facilitate
Corporate Finance
Source: Madura, J.: Financial Markets and Institutions, 9th Edition
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Securities Traded in Financial Markets
Return Expected return from investment
Ex post
Ex ante
Mean of return
Risk Uncertainty surrounding the expected return
More uncertainty surrounding the expected return more risk
Standard deviation or variance
Coefficient of variation = expected risk (standard deviation)/ expected return (mean)
Amount of liquidity
Tax status
Normally High return with particular preference of low risk and adequate amount of
liquidity
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Securities Traded in Financial Markets
Money market securities
Only debt securities
Capital market securities
Bonds
Mortgages and Martgage-Backed securities
Stocks
Derivative securities
Speculation
Speculation on movement in value of underlying assets without having to purchase those assets
Leverage effect
Hedging
Commodities
Foreign currencies
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Money market
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Stocks
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Bond
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Commodity - gold
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Valuation of Securities in Financial
Markets
Each type of security generates a unique
stream of expected cash flows to investors
Capital gain, income
Each security has a unique level of
uncertainty surrounding the expected cash
flows
Valuation of securities = present value (PV)
of its expected cash flows
Discounted at a rate that reflects the uncertainity
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Impact of Information on Valuations
Source: Madura, J.: Financial Markets and Institutions, 9th Edition
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Financial Market Regulation
Many regulations were enacted in response to
fraudulent practices before the Great Depression
Asymmetric Information
Adverse Selection
Morale Hazard
In financial markets, one party often does not know
enough about the other party to make accurate
decision Lack of information creates problems in the financial system
on two fronts:
Before and after transaction
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Financial Market Regulation
Adverse selection
The problem created by asymmetric information before the
transaction occurred.
This occurs when the potential borrowers who are the most
likely to produce undesirable (adverse) outcome – the bad
credit risk – are the ones who most actively seek out a loan
and are thus more likely to be selected.
Because adverse selection makes it more likely that loans
might be made to bad credit risks, lenders may decide not
to make any loans even though there are good credit risks
in the market place.
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Financial Market Regulation
Moral hazard
It is the problem created by asymmetric information after
the transaction occurred.
Moral hazard in financial markets is the risk (hazard) that
the borrower might engage in activities that are undesirable
(immoral) from the lender’s point of view, because they
make it less likely that the loan will be paid back.
Because moral hazard lowers the probability that the loan
will be repaid, lenders may decide that they would rather
not make a loan.
Moral hazard leads to conflicts of interest
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Financial Market Regulation
Six types of regulations. 1. Restriction on entry
2. Disclosure
3. Restriction on Assets and Activities
4. Deposit insurance
5. Limits on Competition
6. Restriction on Interest Rate
Disclosure Incorrect information - poor investment decision
Attempt to ensure that businesses disclosure accurate information
Disclosure information is available only a small set of investors that have major advantage Goal to provide all investors with aqual access to information
Regulatory Response to Financial Scandals 2001 – 2002
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
The limited financial disclosure by firms is a major reason why there is much uncertainty surrounding their valuations
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Global Financial Markets
Improve of international transfer of funds between surplus and deficit units
Some countries have had financial market form a long time but there are also new market of transitive economies – emerging markets
Slow develop of financial markets in developing countries Lack of information
Low confidence in markets
Rare of prosecution
Low efficiency of fund channeling
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Perfect market E. Fama 1970’s
Characteristic of perfect markets
All information about any securities are available
You can buy any size of security
No existence of transactional costs
→ financial intermediaries are not necessary
Markets are imperfect
Information are not perfectly and freely available
Surplus unit are not able to identify creditworthiness of borrowers
Individual contracts are expensive
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Direct and Indirect Financing
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Role of Financial Institutions
Financial institutions
Depositary Institutions
Non-depository Financial Institutions
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Why are financial intermediaries and
indirect finance so important?
Transaction Costs Transaction costs, the time and money spent in carrying
out financial transactions, are a major problem for people who have excess funds to lend.
Financial intermediaries can substantially reduce transaction costs because they have developed expertise in lowering them, and because their large size allow them to take advantage of economies of scale.
For example
A bank knows how to find a good lawyer to produce loan contract, and this contract can be used over and over again in this loan transactions, thus lowering the legal cost per transaction.
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Why are financial intermediaries and
indirect finance so important?
Risk Sharing
Another benefit made possible by the low transaction costs
of financial institutions is that they can help reduce the
exposure of investors risk.
Financial intermediaries do this through the process known
as risk sharing.
They create and sell assets with risk characteristics that
people are comfortable with. The intermediaries then use
the funds they acquire by selling these assets to purchase
other assets that may have far more risk.
Asset transformation
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Depository Insitutions
Accept deposit → provide credit → purchase
securities
Offer deposit account
Repackage funds to provide loans
Accept risk
Expertise available
Diversification
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Commercial
Banks
$5 Trillion
Total Assets
Savings
Institutions
$1.3 Trillion
Total Assets
Credit Unions
$.5 Trillion
Total Assets
Types of Depository Financial Institutions
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Pension
Funds
Types of Nondepository Financial Institutions
Securities
Firms
Mutual
Funds
Financial
Companies
Insurance
Companies
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Nondepository Financial Institutions
Focused on capital market
Longer-term, higher risk intermediation
Less focus on liquidity
Less regulation
Greater focus on equity investments
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Comparison of Role among Financial
Institutions
Source: Madura, J.: Financial Markets and Institutions, 9th Edition
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Summary of Institutional Sources and
Uses of Funds
Source: Madura, J.: Financial Markets and Institutions, 9th Edition
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Consolidation of Financial Institutions
Rapid growth of mutual funds and pension
funds
Increased consolidation of financial
institutions via mergers
Increased competition between financial
Institutions
Growth of financial conglomerates
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Typical Structure of a Financial
Conglomerate
Source: Madura, J.: Financial Markets and Institutions, 9th Edition