Overview of Reproduction continued 3. Physiology –sex chromosomes: XY = M; XX = F ( most) ZZ = M...
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Transcript of Overview of Reproduction continued 3. Physiology –sex chromosomes: XY = M; XX = F ( most) ZZ = M...
![Page 1: Overview of Reproduction continued 3. Physiology –sex chromosomes: XY = M; XX = F ( most) ZZ = M and ZW = F (Poeciliidae & Tilapia spp) some fishes have.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dff5503460f94ae6cb4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Overview of Reproduction continued
3. Physiology– sex chromosomes:
• XY = M; XX = F (most)
• ZZ = M and ZW = F (Poeciliidae & Tilapia spp)
• some fishes have 3 or more sex chromosomes
– sex not under complete genetic control• hermaphrodites--both sexes (many in Serranidae)
– usu. one sex at a time– exception hamlet (serranid)
• sex changes--bluehead wrasse
end
butter hamlet
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bluehead wrasse (Labridae)
female & juv.
male
• harem
• dominance hierarchy
• dominant F becomes Mend
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Overview of Reproduction continued
3. Physiology continued– parthenogenesis -- egg develops w/o fertilization
• Ex: Amazon molly– all female– produce genetic clones
• Ex: gynogenesis in Phoxinus (Cyprinidae)– all female– gynogenesis--sperm required, DNA from male not
incorporated in embryo
end
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Reproductive Modes in Fishes:• Oviparous -- egg layers; most fishes
– internal or external fertilization
• Ovoviviparous– internal fertilization– eggs hatch internally– live birth– yolk only nutrition– EX: Lake Baikal sculpins
• marine rockfishes
• some sharks
end
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Lake Baikal
Approx. 400 mi. long
> 1 mi. deep
5315 ft
end
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Reproductive Modes in Fishes: continued
• Viviparous--live birth– nutrition provided directly by mother– EX: embryonic cannibalism -- a few sharks
• fins against uterine wall -- surf perches• placenta-like structures--pericardial tissues in
Poeciliidae
end
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nurse shark embryosend
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lemon shark pup
yolk sac and stalk function like placenta and umbilical cordend
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Reproductive Strategies:Energy Investment
egg size: number vs. survivability
carp > 2,000,000
salmon 1500-2000
parental investment: energy vs. surviv.
nest building
parental care
mouth brooders--cichlids; ariids
end
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Parental care: pouches (seahorses, pipefishes)
end
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femalemale
end
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Parental care: guarding
bullhead--both sexes
smallmouth bass--males
end
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end
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Sensory Perception
• Most fishes have familiar senses:– sight– hearing– smell– taste– touch
• Senses generally similar to those of other verts.
end
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Overview of Sensory Differences
1. Chemoreception– taste & smell; distinction blurred in water
2. Acustico-lateralis System– sensing of vibrations; hearing & lateral line
3. Electroreception– sensing electromagnetism from earth & orgs.
4. Pheromones– chemical messages from other fish
end
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1. Chemoreception details
• Olfaction & taste --sense chemicals
• Differences:– location of receptors:
• olfaction -- special sensory pits
• taste -- surface of mouth, barbels
– sensitivity• olfaction -- high
• taste -- lower
end
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Olfaction details:• Sense food, geog. location, pheromones• structure -- olfactory pit
– incurrent & excurrent openings (nares) divided by flap of skin
– olfactory rosette -- sensory structure; large surface area
• water movement driven by:– cilia – muscular movement of branchial pump – swimming
end
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Olfaction details continued:• Sensitivity varies--high in migratory spp.• Odors perceived when dissolved chem. makes
contact with olfactory rosette• anguilid eels detect some chems. in conc. as low
as 1 x 10-13 M !– M = # moles per liter
• salmon detect amino acids from the skin of juveniles
• sea lampreys detect bile acids secreted by larvae• directional in nurse, hammerhead sharks
end
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Taste details-- short-range chemoreception
• detects food, noxious substances
• sensory cells in mouth and on external surfaces, skin, barbels, fins
• particularly sensitive to amino acids, small peptides, nucleotides, organic acids
end
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end
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2. Acoustico-lateralis system
• Detects sound, vibration and water displacement
• Functions in orientation & balance
• Organs:– inner ear (no external opening, no middle ear,
no ear drum)– lateral line system
end
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Hearing details:
• sound travels farther & 4.8 x faster in water
• sound waves cause body of fish to vibrate
sensory structure of ear
sensory hairs otolith
end
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Hearing details continued:
• inertia of otoliths resist vibration of fish
• sensory hairs bend, initiating impulse
• nerves conduct impulse to auditory region of brain
end
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Hearing details continued:
• certain sounds cause insufficient vibration– weak sounds– high frequency– distant sounds
• enhancements for sound detection– swim bladder close to ear– swim bladder extensions (clupeids, mormyrids)– Weberian apparatus--ossicles (ostariophysans)
end
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Structure of Inner Ear:• 3 semicircular canals--fluid-filled tubes w
sensory cells (hair-like projections)
• 3 ampullae--fluid filled sacs w sensory cells
• 3 sensory sacs containing otoliths– otoliths--calcareous bones; approx. 3x as dense as
fish
Gna
thos
tom
ata
• 1 in Myxini• 2 in Cephalaspidomorphi
end
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Fish Inner Ear: Fig. 10.2
semicircular canal
lagena
otolith (sagitta)
utriculus
otolith
sacculus
otolith
ampullae
end
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Function of inner ear components:
• semicircular canals & ampullae --– detect acceleration in 3D
• utriculus & otolith -- – gravity and orientation
• sacculus/sagitta & lagena/otolith -- – hearing
end
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end
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Lateral line
• detects water movement– low frequency vibrations– specialized for fixed objects and– other organisms
• Neuromasts -- fundamental sensory structure– single or part of lateral line system
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epidermis
Neruomast: Fig 10.4
water
fish
cupula
sensory cells
background pulse rate
increasing pulse ratedecreasing pulse rate
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Lateral Line (cross section) Fig. 10.5
subeipdermal tissue
epidermis
lateral line porescupulae
lateral line canalendolymph
end
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Lateral Line (cross section) Fig. 10.5
vibrations
nerve impulse to brain
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Lateral line details:• often well-developed on head
• system poorly developed in lampreys and hagfishes--neuromasts only
• often no lateral line in inactive fishes
• well-developed in blind cave fishes
• functions like a sort of sonar– exploration -- higher speed “swim-by”
end