Overview of Mycotoxins in India with special reference to...
Transcript of Overview of Mycotoxins in India with special reference to...
Overview of Mycotoxins in India with special reference
to Aflatoxins
F Waliyar
Important Mycotoxins
• Aflatoxins• Ochratoxins• Fusarial toxins
–Fumonisins–Zearalenone–T2-toxin–Deoxynivalenol–Nivalenol
Mycotoxin Affects
• Crops• Food and feed chain• Animal production• Marketability of food• Exports
Effects of Mycotoxins
• Adverse effects on human health and livestock
• Blood tests have shown very high percentage of population of several countries in Asia and Africa are exposed to aflatoxins
• Affect quality• Siginificant economic losses
Losses due to Mycotoxins
• 25% of world food crops are affected annually
Economic Loss in Crops
• Germination rate• Seedling vigour• Grain quality
Mycotoxins in Cereals
Fungi that produce Mycotoxins in Sorghum
Fungus MycotoxinAspergillus flavus Aflatoxins B1
Penicillium spp. Ochratoxin AFusarium moniliformeFusarium proliferatum
Fumonisin B1
Fusarium sps T2-Toxin, Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol
Fusarium equisetiF. Moniliforme, F. OxysporumF. Semitectum, F. Solani, F. Sporotrichiodes
Zearalenone
Fungi that produce Mycotoxins in Pearl Millet
Fungus MycotoxinAspergillus flavusA. Parasiticus
Aflatoxins
Aspergillus ochraceus Ochratoxin AFusarium semitectumF. Chlamydosporum
DeoxynivalenolNivalenolZearalenone
F. ChlamydosporumF. Moniliforme
Moniformin
• Aflatoxin contamination in India.–Groundnut and groundnut by-
products
Introduction
• Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus /A. parasiticus
Effect of Aflatoxin on Health
• Human beings and livestock– Cattle– Poultry
• Deleterious effects– Teratogenic– Immunosuppressive – Many times enhanced in the presence
of hepatitis B and C viruses – Carcinogenic
Aflatoxin Contamination in Crops
• Many crops are affected:–Maize, Groundnut, Soybean, Cotton,
Chili, and many spices etc..• Aflatoxin can occur at all stages of
crop production:–Pre-harvest, harvest, and during
storage–Milk quality
Aflatoxin Contamination in Crops (contd)
Contamination in haulms
• Small pods not removed
• Fed to cattle– Affect
animal health
Marketability
• Limiting factor for exports to developed countries
• Regulations are stringent–4 µ g/kg <: EU
–None: Japan
Survey of Aflatoxin in Ananthapur and Chittor
• Groundnut pods - Farmer’s fields • Groundnut kernel and cake samples
collected from– Farmers– Oil miller storage– Trader’s storage– Supermarkets– Retail shops
Distribution of Aflatoxin Levels in Ananthapur and Pileru (Chittoor)
01020304050607080
<10 10-30 30-100 100-500 >500
Aflatoxin (ug/kg)
Perc
ent o
f sam
ples ATP
PLR
Aflatoxin Contamination in Different Mandals of Ananthapur, Andhra Pradesh
Market Samples
Crop% Samples
>permissible limit (10 µg/kg)
% Samples >100 µg/ kg
Maize 43 9
Sorghum seed 0 0
Soybean cake 89 0
Groundnut cake 100 76
Groundnut seed 31 15
Cotton cake 100 0
Aflatoxin Levels in Storage Samples - Ananthapur
No. of samples with aflatoxin (µg/kg) Source
10-30 31-100 101-500 >500
Farmer storage 1 4 2 1
Traders storage 23 13 27 6
Oil millers storage
32 15 8 9
Insect damaged 9 2 1 8
Groundnut cake 10 0 43 2
Pod with haulms 15 7 0 2
Milk Samples
• 466 milk samples collected from urban, peri-urban and rural areas of Andhra Pradesh
Incidence and Range of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Samples
No. of samples with AFM1content (µg/L) (range)
Sample typeNo. of samples 0-0.5 0.6-
1516-30 31-
50
Raw milk (peri-urban)
116 8 59 37 12
Raw milk (rural) 236 155 74 3 4
Milk packets 44 28 11 5 0
Powdered milk (g of dry milk/ml of solution)
10 5 5 0 0
Milk products (g of dry milk/ml of solution)
10 7 3 0 0
Cow milk 50 33 17 0 0
Buffaloes Milk
• Milk analyzed from buffaloes fed with haulms/small pods. 22.5% of samples showed >0.5 ng/L of AFM1
ICRISAT’s approach to manage Aflatoxin contamination
• Genetic resistance• Cultural practices• Biological control• Post harvest technologies• Biotechnology
Conclusions
• Some post-harvest cultural practices, which can lead to minimization of mycotoxin contamination are being tested
• Focus in some villages of Ananthapur where there is high levels of aflatoxin
• Most of the farmers and producers were not aware of aflatoxin. A major awareness campaign is going on
Conclusions (contd.)
• Varieties with lower levels of infection and contamination are being tested in farmers’ participatory varietal selection
• There is a need to develop strategies to reduce aflatoxin contamination in groundnut-based animal and poultry feeds.
Conclusions (contd.)
• Human health issues need to be undertaken• A. flavus cause human disease
– Fungal infections of central nervous system (CNS)
– Aspergillosis of the CNS is the most common fungal infection in the histologically verified series from India (NIMS report)
THANK YOU
www.aflatoxin.info