Overview of JAXA Activities on Sustainable Space Development and

Space Situational Awareness

26 February 2015

Shizuo YAMAMOTO

Vice President, JAXA

CONTENTS

1. Japan’s Space Activities Structure

2. JAXA Organization / SSA Activities

3. JAXA’s Role in SSA Activities in Japan

4. Overview of JAXA Activities for SSA and Related Activities

Conclusion

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1. Japan’s Space Activities Structure

Mid-term Plan Mid

-ter

m G

oals

Strategic Headquarters for Space Policy

Cabinet Office (Office of National Space Policy)

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC)

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)

Space Policy Committee

Other Ministries

Council for Science and technology (Committee on Space Development & Utilization / Aeronautical Technologies)

2

2. JAXA Organization / SSA Activities

General Auditor Office

Institute of Aeronautical Technology

Satellite Applications Mission

Directorate II

Mamoru ENDO Vice President

Shizuo YAMAMOTO Vice President

Yoshiyuki HASEGAWA Vice President

Safety and M

ission A

ssurance Departm

ent

Naoki OKUMURA President

Kiyoshi HIGUCHI Senior Vice President

Center Director, Tsukuba

Tsukuba Space C

enter A

dministration D

epartment

Yoshikazu KATO Vice President

Institute of Space and Astronautical

Science (ISAS)

General Auditor

Yuichi YAMAURA Vice President

Kazuhiro NAKAHASHI Vice President

Saku TSUNETA Vice President

Human Spaceflight Mission Directorate

Lunar and Planetary Exploration

Program Group

Space Transportation

Mission Directorate

Satellite Applications Mission Directorate I

Aerospace Research and Development Directorate

Strategic Planning and Management International Relations New Enterprise Promotion Security and Information Systems Chief Engineer Office Engineering Digital Innovation Center

General Affairs Finance Contract Human Resources Public Affairs Ground Facilities Space Education Evaluation and Audit

Spectrum

Managem

ent Office

Consolidated S

pace Tracking and D

ata Acquisition D

epartment

Environm

ental Test Technology C

enter

Prom

otion Office for C

ollaboration with

Universities and R

esearch Institutes

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3. JAXA’s Role in SSA Activities in Japan

• JAXA is the one and only agency that can conduct SSA activities including observation and orbit determination of space objects by optical telescopes and radar, and collision avoidance maneuvers against space objects approaching to JAXA satellites.

• Limited observation opportunities and capabilities of assets in Japan impose constraints on securing spacecraft from the threat posed by space objects.

• JAXA has an ability to perform detailed conjunction assessment with JAXA original analysis data and conjunction data provided by JSpOC, which are made available by MOU on SSA Services and Information sharing between Japan and U.S.

• On 9th January 2015, new “Basic Plan on Space Policy” established, which states: – Establishing SSA system in Japan and enhancing the capability – Building up SSA operational framework by integrated with governmental

bodies and JAXA

JAXA, being as “the core organization that provides technical support for the entire governmental development and utilization of space projects”,

cooperates with related bodies which promote SSA activities for stable use of space. 4

Orbit Determination Optical Observation [GEO]

Radar Observation [LEO]

Re-entry Analysis

Conjunction Assessment

(CA) for JAXA satellites & Collision Avoidance Maneuver (CAM)planning

Collision Avoidance (COLA) Analysis for New Launch

Deorbit Planning &

Consultation

4. Over view of JAXA Activities for SSA and Related Activities

ISS Orbit (TOPO) A-Train satellites (CARA team)

JSpOC

JAXA Satellite Tracking Station Network

JSF:Japan Space Forum

JSF Bisei Space Guard Center

[BSGC] JSF Kamisaibara

Space Guard Center [KSGC]

JAXA Terminal

JSF:Japan Space Forum

5

JAXA HQs

JAXA Satellites

H-IIA, H-IIB, Epsilon

Risk Management

CA, CAM, Deorbit Planning, Re-entry

COLA

JSpOC

Ephemeris Observation Data

0

60

120

180

240

300

360

420

480

540

600

4.1 Optical Observation for GEO

BSGC Optical Sensor Capability and Activity • Longitude Coverage: 68 degE to 200 degE • Altitude: approx. 2,000 km to 40,000 km • Sensitivity: approx. 80 cm to 1 m on GEO

– Observe space objects approaching to JAXA satellites – NEO (Near Earth Object) observation Figure 1. BSGC Longitude Coverage

68°200°

E E

Observation coverage on GEO

NP

Figure 2. Space Object Distribution Figure 3. BSGC Telescope Observation (Japan origin)

6

JFY2011 Hp ≧ 30,000km

～

38622

43621 ～

1622 3621

～

3622

13621 ～

13622

23621 ～

23622

33621 ～

33622

35621 ～

35622

35781 ～

35782

35791 ～

35792

35871 ～

35872

36121 ～

36122

38621

LEO

GEO

Disposal orbit

Altitude(h) [km]

Number of Space Object

Space Object [TLE] Space Object (Japan origin) BSGC Observation Orbit Determination 1337 Space Object Japan origin / All

Space Track [TLE] : 103 / 3547 BSGC Observation : 103 / 1168 Orbit Determination : 102 / 415

BSGC Telescope Observation 6 Jul. 2000 ～ 31 Dec. 2014

4.2 Radar Observation for LEO

KSGC Radar Sensor Capability and Activity • Capability: 1 m in diameter at 600 km range • Phased Array Radar with mechanical scanning in AZ direction

– May observe multiple space objects simultaneously (Max. 10 objects) – May observe reentry objects

JAXA is developing a real-time orbit estimation software for single pass observations

at a single station

Figure 4. Observation Range and Objects

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KSGC

Government Visible information Based on TIP_msg

4.3 Reentry Analysis

Long Term Prediction (Year, Month)

Short Term Prediction (week)

Re-entry Phase (Day, Hour)

JAXA HQ Visible information

Based on TIP_msg & JAXA Original Analysis data (R&D) 8

TLE 60day_msg TIP_msg

Observation Data

JSpOC

24 ○SAT DEB T 1.582E-06 3.360 -0.264 1.720 -2.874 12.904 2015/02/22 10:45:45.38325 ○SAT DEB U 1.767E-07 9.938 9.829 -0.256 -1.446 14.850 2015/02/22 14:08:32.89926 ○SAT DEB V 3.741E-07 6.864 4.071 -1.877 -5.199 14.119 2015/02/22 19:40:56.85927 ○SAT DEB AC 5.041E-07 6.450 -1.559 -1.918 -5.958 14.291 2015/02/23 07:16:36.02828 ○SAT DEB AD 1.853E-07 9.720 -7.192 -1.264 -6.415 14.736 2015/02/23 08:59:53.69729 ○SAT DEB AE 2.464E-07 8.411 7.544 -0.540 -3.680 14.899 2015/02/23 21:45:00.74430 ○SAT DEB AF 2.962E-07 8.130 -0.419 -4.367 6.845 12.710 2015/02/23 21:49:19.58431 ○SAT DEB AG 2.887E-07 7.948 0.742 -7.245 -3.183 5.993 2015/02/23 21:53:48.11332 ○SAT DEB AC 6.043E-07 5.891 1.209 -1.767 5.488 14.291 2015/02/23 07:16:34.808

27 ○SAT DEB T 1.047E-04 0.413 -0.271 -0.160 0.267 12.904 2015/02/22 10:45:44.90928 ○SAT DEB U 1.791E-07 9.871 9.772 -0.243 -1.371 14.850 2015/02/22 14:08:31.96129 ○SAT DEB V 2.095E-07 9.171 4.084 -2.789 -7.724 14.119 2015/02/22 19:40:56.333

TCA-1day 1 ○SAT DEB F 4.447E-07 6.521 -5.927 -0.950 2.548 14.101 2015/02/17 01:31:39.2622 ○SAT DEB G 3.314E-06 2.392 2.180 0.594 -0.786 12.974 2015/02/17 08:54:35.6633 ○SAT DEB W 3.049E-07 7.569 7.557 0.012 0.423 14.854 2015/02/17 19:02:40.550

4.4 Conjunction Assessment (CA) for JAXA satellites & Collision Avoidance Maneuver (CAM)planning

TCA day-2 TCA day-1 TCA day

Judge Period

TCA Point CAM Point

（TCA-2.5 circles*）

TCA Point

Satellite Orbit

Debris Orbit

Ephemeris Screening Update the approaching information

Ephemeris Screening Result ⇒The risk of a close approach

… …

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Date(UTC) NoName Name

Max Probability

TCA-2day 1 ○SAT DEB A 3.736E-07 6.851 1.032 -6.176 2.781 6.167 2015/02/16 00:44:52.2292 ○SAT DEB B 1.366E-06 3.597 3.403 -0.741 0.902 11.589 2015/02/16 03:17:24.1523 ○SAT DEB C 1.926E-07 9.540 1.926 0.670 -9.319 15.010 2015/02/16 07:05:07.354

MinRange

【T】[km]

MinRange

【C】[km]

RelativeVelocity[km/sec]

TCA(UTC)TARGET Primary estimation Min

Range[km]

MinRange

【N】[km]

OBJECT

…

…

CAM GO/NOGO

（TCA-24Hours*）

*an example

Data shown in the table are just examples

4.5 COLA & Deorbit

• Collision Avoidance (COLA) Analysis for New Launch Before a launch, close approach analysis is performed with manned spacecraft (mainly ISS) based on intended trajectory of the vehicle so that no close approach below a threshold is confirmed.

• Deorbit Planning & Consultation

Provide support to estimation of residual fuel and to deorbit planning of operational satellites so that retired satellites can be moved to disposal orbit as per the international guideline.

10 AKARI (ASTRO-F)

Apogee End of Operation

Perigee

Altit

ude

[km

]

R

N

T

4.6 The History of Debris Observation in JAXA

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1989 1991 1994 2000 2001 2002 2004 2007 2009 2013 2014

Study on observing Space Debris by Telescope

Conceptual study for a space debris observation system by Telescopes and Radar

Observation by KSGC Radar

▲50cm Telescope

Experimental observation by Telescopes

Observation by BSGC Telescope

▲1m Telescope

4.7 Cooperation between Japan & U.S. on SSA

May 2013, MOU on SSA services and information sharing (U.S. to Japan) May 2014, Agreement on SSA information sharing (Japan to U.S.)

12

two-way SSA information sharing Japan U.S.

JSF Bisei Space Guard Center [BSGC]

JSF Kamisaibara Space Guard Center [KSGC]

13

* The number denotes a number of satellites that were in operation within the period specified.

Number of satellites

Number of CAMs performed

LEO： 14 11

GEO： 4 0

Total： 18* 11

Reference period: Jul. 2009 to Jan. 2015

Avoidance Operations of JAXA Satellites – Summary

Conclusion

• JAXA has been engaged in space debris mitigation efforts. – Observation: since 1989 – Established JAXA’s own“Space Debris Mitigation Standard” in 1996, and

JAXA revised this standard based on the guideline of COUPUS established in 2007.

• Triggered by MOU on SSA Services and Information sharing between Japan and U.S. and establishment of “Basic Plan on Space Policy”, SSA activities in Japan are expected to be enhanced.

• JAXA, as “the core organization that provides technical support for the entire governmental development and utilization of space projects”, cooperates with related bodies which promote SSA activities for stable use of space.

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Thank you for your kind attention.

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