Overview of Burley Tobacco Production in the USA Dr. Gary Palmer University of Kentucky.
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Transcript of Overview of Burley Tobacco Production in the USA Dr. Gary Palmer University of Kentucky.
Overview of Burley Tobacco Production in the USA
Dr. Gary PalmerDr. Gary Palmer
University of KentuckyUniversity of Kentucky
Good Agricultural Practices
Produced in a timely mannerProduced in a timely manner Good management essentialGood management essential
Use of agronomically sound Use of agronomically sound practicespractices
Economically viable returnsEconomically viable returns High yield per acreHigh yield per acre
Reduce Environmental Impact of Reduce Environmental Impact of ProductionProduction
What Will the Term Quality Mean?
Desirable for buyerDesirable for buyer Contracted amount suppliedContracted amount supplied Cured properlyCured properly Free of foreign materialFree of foreign material Low in undesirable elementsLow in undesirable elements
NornicotineNornicotine NitrosaminesNitrosamines nitrate & nitritesnitrate & nitrites Low pesticide residueLow pesticide residue
• No unlabeled pesticides No unlabeled pesticides • No excessive residues of labeled chemicalsNo excessive residues of labeled chemicals
Timely Production
Seeding so that plants will Seeding so that plants will be ready to set on timebe ready to set on time Watch weather reports to Watch weather reports to
reduce gas expensereduce gas expense Controlling environment to Controlling environment to
minimize temperature & minimize temperature & disease related damagedisease related damage
Disease preventionDisease prevention To reduce delaysTo reduce delays To improve transplant To improve transplant
quality quality
Terramaster for pythium control
Transplant on time Can improve yield Can improve yield Reduce disease Reduce disease
incidenceincidence Blue moldBlue mold Virus complexVirus complex
Some curing Some curing concernsconcerns
What’s the difference between a good farmer and a bad farmer?
Some Varieties Will Be Dropped Screening is expensive and older varieties would cost Screening is expensive and older varieties would cost
too much to justify upkeep too much to justify upkeep Good alternatives are available to replace most older Good alternatives are available to replace most older
varietiesvarieties A good disease package will be essentialA good disease package will be essential Use of some varieties may dropUse of some varieties may drop
14 x L814 x L8• High managementHigh management• Tendency to initiate suckers earlyTendency to initiate suckers early
KY 907KY 907• Lodging & qualityLodging & quality
TN 86TN 86• QualityQuality
Public varieties may not be screenedPublic varieties may not be screened Make sure that the variety you use has been screened Make sure that the variety you use has been screened
Burley Tobacco Variety TrialAcross 8 Locations – 4 Grades
455 410 454 420 476 448 402 442 436 444
1070 1098 1124 1116 1124 1098 1101 1094 1206 1008
1095 1054 946 999 1051 923 1001 1019 959984
428 430 447 456 491452 472 478 459 507
305930343140299029903048 2976 29442971 2921
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Yie
ld k
g/h
a
Flyings Lugs Leaf Tips
Locations: Clinton, Henry, Taylor (3), Trimble(2) & Wayne Counties
Nitrogen Use
Optimum levelsSoil Level of N Lbs. N/ac
High 150-200Medium 200-250Low 250-300
Nitrogen Changes in Competing Countries
BrazilBrazil Changes
Rate • From 250 – 300 kg/ha• To 160 kg/ha
Type • From Ammonium Nitrate & Urea• To Soda Potash (100% Nitrate
Nitrogen)
Effects of Nitrogen Source on Burley Yield
Lincoln Co. – Dan Cooper Farm
483 507 547 522 548 430 478
1252 1239 1251 11601368
1286 1303
617 614 638606
727581
710
90
203
114
2622491229726422287243523592353
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
556 U 333 U 300 AN
750 AN 450 AN 300 AN
450 AN 645 CN
450 AN 625 SN
450 AN 714 14-0-14
LSD
kg/ha
Flyings Lug Leaf
Number =kg/ha, U = Urea, AN = Ammonium Nitrate, CN=Calcium Nitrate, SN = Sodium Nitrate14-0-14 is a calcium & potassium nitrate mix. Initial nitrogen was broadcast with addition sidedressed
Disease Management
Crop RotationCrop Rotation PreventionPrevention Conservation Conservation
TillageTillage Utilization of Utilization of
disease free disease free landland
Black Shank: Rotation Resistant Varieties Ridomil Sanitation
Blue MoldPreventative
AcrobatActigard
Avoid ShadeLow wet areasInfected Transplants
Controlling Red Aphids
AdmireAdmire PlatinumPlatinum
Pesticide Concerns
Illegal pesticidesIllegal pesticides Could void contractCould void contract
Indiscriminant use of labeled Indiscriminant use of labeled pesticidespesticides Endosulfan (Golden Leaf)Endosulfan (Golden Leaf) MHMH
Recommended Sucker Control
14 L/ha MH + 4.68 L/ha of either 14 L/ha MH + 4.68 L/ha of either PrimePrime+ + or Butralinor Butralin
Coarse NozzlesCoarse Nozzles Full cone spray patternFull cone spray pattern Raindrop particle sizeRaindrop particle size Size depend on speed of Size depend on speed of
application equipmentapplication equipment
Average MH Residues by State1997-2003
0102030405060708090
100110120
ppm MH
1997 71.21 57.32 65.04
1998 79.47 48.48 69.66
1999 80.13 45.07 71.54
2000 48.4 44.13 45.61
2001 38.66 23.98 32.33
2002 38.2 33.93 34.79
2003 35.21 22.58 29.93
KY TN ALL
Limited sample numbers on all but KY and TN 2000 - 2003 values are from warehouse sales only
Consistent Supply
Topping
Top can vary by companyTop can vary by company May change in the future May change in the future
Top to 23-24 leavesTop to 23-24 leaves For companies looking for more tipsFor companies looking for more tips
Topping height can influence other factors Topping height can influence other factors Leaf spreadLeaf spread Cured leaf colorCured leaf color Root developmentRoot development
Nicotine levelsNicotine levels Disease incidenceDisease incidence
Harvest date
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2 3 4 5 6
Weeks After Topping
Yie
ld k
g/h
a
Harvest mature tobacco Harvest mature tobacco Usually at 4 weeks after Usually at 4 weeks after
toppingtopping Weather may delayWeather may delay Late maturing varieties may Late maturing varieties may
need more timeneed more time
Quality
Yield
Harvest Problems Avoid GreenAvoid Green SunburnSunburn MudMud
Curing Burley Tobacco
Curing Problem
Low humidity/high temperatureDrying, not a cure
Low humidity/satisfactory temperatureVariegated, piebald or green tobacco
Low or high humidity/low temperatureGreen tobacco
High humidity/high temperatureHouse burn, microbial growth and
excessive weight loss
Percentage of Tobacco Stripped into Each Grade from
8 Locations
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Flyings Lugs Leaf Tips
Flyings 15.81% 14.18% 15.88% 15.16% 16.13% 16.19% 14.09% 15.22% 14.99% 15.80%
Lugs 34.87% 36.76% 38.27% 37.68% 35.83% 37.71% 37.07% 36.59% 39.92% 34.34%
Leaf 35.02% 34.65% 30.98% 32.14% 32.36% 30.54% 32.84% 32.24% 30.29% 32.52%
Tips 14.31% 14.41% 14.86% 15.02% 15.68% 15.56% 15.99% 15.95% 14.80% 17.34%
H403 HB04P K14XL8 KT200 KT204 N126 NC5 NC6 R7-12 TN90
Locations: Clinton, Henry, Taylor (3), Trimble(2) & Wayne Counties
“Crop Throw”
TypicalTypical Flyings – 4 leavesFlyings – 4 leaves Lugs – 9 leavesLugs – 9 leaves Leaf – 8 leavesLeaf – 8 leaves Tips – 4 leavesTips – 4 leaves
Contract DemandContract Demand Flyings – 1-3 leavesFlyings – 1-3 leaves Lugs – 4-6 leavesLugs – 4-6 leaves Leaf – 11-12 leavesLeaf – 11-12 leaves Tips – 4-6 leavesTips – 4-6 leaves
Market Prep & Storage Wait till cure is completeWait till cure is complete
No fat stemsNo fat stems AvoidAvoid
High moistureHigh moisture High pressure during High pressure during
balingbaling Non-tobacco related Non-tobacco related
materialmaterial StorageStorage
Minimal amount of timeMinimal amount of time Avoid plasticAvoid plastic Provide ventilationProvide ventilation