Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life · 2012. 3. 2. · Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B...

10
Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 5251.notebook 1 March 02, 2012 Mar 1510:49 PM Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species The discipline of systematics classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships Systematists use fossil, molecular, and genetic data to infer evolutionary relationships Mar 1510:52 PM Concept 26.1: Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships Taxonomy is the ordered division and naming of organisms Binomial Nomenclature 18th century Carolus Linnaeus published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances Two key features of his system remain useful today: 1) twopart names for species 2) hierarchical classification

Transcript of Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life · 2012. 3. 2. · Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B...

Page 1: Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life · 2012. 3. 2. · Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 5251.notebook 2 March 02, 2012 Mar 1510:57 PM Figure 26.3 Hierarchical classification Mar

Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 525­1.notebook

1

March 02, 2012

Mar 15­10:49 PM

Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life

• Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

• The discipline of systematics classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

• Systematists use fossil, molecular, and genetic data to infer evolutionary relationships

Mar 15­10:52 PM

Concept 26.1: Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships

• Taxonomy is the ordered division and naming of organisms

Binomial Nomenclature

• 18th century ­ Carolus Linnaeus published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances

• Two key features of his system remain useful today: 1) two­part names for species2) hierarchical classification 

Page 2: Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life · 2012. 3. 2. · Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 5251.notebook 2 March 02, 2012 Mar 1510:57 PM Figure 26.3 Hierarchical classification Mar

Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 525­1.notebook

2

March 02, 2012

Mar 15­10:57 PM

Figure 26.3 Hierarchical classification

Mar 15­10:58 PM

Figure 26.4 The connection between classification and phylogeny

Page 3: Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life · 2012. 3. 2. · Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 5251.notebook 2 March 02, 2012 Mar 1510:57 PM Figure 26.3 Hierarchical classification Mar

Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 525­1.notebook

3

March 02, 2012

Mar 15­11:01 PM

Figure 26.5 How to read a phylogenetic tree

• Each branch point represents the divergence of two species

• Sister taxa are groups that share an immediate common ancestor

• A rooted tree includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

• A polytomy is a branch from which more than two groups emerge

• Application Example ­ Phylogenies of anthrax bacteria helped researchers identify the source of a particular strain of anthrax

Feb 27­11:16 PM

http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/famtree_v_phylog.html

Page 4: Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life · 2012. 3. 2. · Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 5251.notebook 2 March 02, 2012 Mar 1510:57 PM Figure 26.3 Hierarchical classification Mar

Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 525­1.notebook

4

March 02, 2012

Feb 27­11:16 PM

http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/famtree_v_phylog.html

Fish

Salamander

You

Common ancestor of all vertebrates

Common ancestor of four­legged vertebrates

Common ancestor of mammals

Cat

Mar 15­11:18 PM

Concept 26.3: Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees

• Once homologous characters have been identified, they can be used to infer a phylogeny

Cladistics

• Cladistics groups organisms by common descent

• A clade is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

• Clades can be nested in larger clades, but not all groupings of organisms qualify as clades

Page 5: Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life · 2012. 3. 2. · Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 5251.notebook 2 March 02, 2012 Mar 1510:57 PM Figure 26.3 Hierarchical classification Mar

Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 525­1.notebook

5

March 02, 2012

Mar 15­11:22 PM

Figure 26.10 Monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups

• A valid clade is monophyletic, signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

• A paraphyletic grouping consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

• A polyphyletic grouping consists of various species that lack a common ancestor

Jan 14­1:08 AM

(A) Cladists classify birds and reptiles together because they have a recent common ancestor and are a monophyletic group.  

(B) The evolutionary systematics approach considers both common ancestry and extent of divergence that has occurred since two taxa split.  Reptiles are a paraphyletic group.  Lizards, snakes, and crocodiles are phenotypically most similar, but crocodiles, dinosaurs, and birds are most closely related because they evolved most recently from a common ancestor. 

The cladistic approach, shown in (A) is preferred becaused it recognizes reptiles and birds as a monophyletic group.

Page 6: Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life · 2012. 3. 2. · Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 5251.notebook 2 March 02, 2012 Mar 1510:57 PM Figure 26.3 Hierarchical classification Mar

Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 525­1.notebook

6

March 02, 2012

Mar 15­11:27 PM

Shared Ancestral and Shared Derived Characters

• A shared ancestral character is a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon.

Example ­ ancestor of mammals have a backbone.

• A shared derived character is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade.

Example ­ all mammals have hair which is not found in its ancestor

• A character can be both ancestral and derived, depending on the context.

Example ­ backbone can be a shared derived character at a deeper branch point

Mar 15­11:33 PM

Figure 26.11 Constructing a phylogenetic tree

0 = character absent,  1 = character present

Page 7: Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life · 2012. 3. 2. · Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 5251.notebook 2 March 02, 2012 Mar 1510:57 PM Figure 26.3 Hierarchical classification Mar

Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 525­1.notebook

7

March 02, 2012

Jan 14­12:30 AM

Figure 5 : The information on patterns of evolutionary descent is the same regardless of the lengths of branches.

http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/reading­a­phylogenetic­tree­the­meaning­of­41956Source of Figure 5

Jan 14­12:25 AM

Figure 6 : These trees depict equivalent relationships despite being different in style.

http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/reading­a­phylogenetic­tree­the­meaning­of­41956Source of Figure 6

Page 8: Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life · 2012. 3. 2. · Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 5251.notebook 2 March 02, 2012 Mar 1510:57 PM Figure 26.3 Hierarchical classification Mar

Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 525­1.notebook

8

March 02, 2012

Jan 14­12:34 AM

Mar 15­11:54 PM

Concept 26.6: New information continues to revise our understanding of the tree of life

Now there are 3 domains ­ even broader than a kingdom!

Page 9: Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life · 2012. 3. 2. · Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 5251.notebook 2 March 02, 2012 Mar 1510:57 PM Figure 26.3 Hierarchical classification Mar

Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 525­1.notebook

9

March 02, 2012

Mar 16­12:10 AM

Mar 15­11:57 PM

Figure 26.21 The three domains of life

Page 10: Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life · 2012. 3. 2. · Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 5251.notebook 2 March 02, 2012 Mar 1510:57 PM Figure 26.3 Hierarchical classification Mar

Ch26 Phylogeny Tree of Life B 525­1.notebook

10

March 02, 2012

Mar 16­12:16 AM

Is the Tree of Life Really a Ring?

• Some researchers suggest that eukaryotes arose as an endosymbiosis between a bacterium and archaean.

• If so, early evolutionary relationships might be better depicted by a ring of life instead of a tree of life.